ICCTP 2011: Towards Sustainable Transportation Systems

Most bridge engineering projects can be accomplished by more than one feasible design alternative. We must perform an analysis to determine which one of the mutually exclusive alternatives is preferred. Economic analysis of bridge life-cycle cost is one of factors that decide feasible design alternatives that can be compared. Based on computing-theory of highway construction cost, we analyzed bridge life-cycle cost. It was composed by bridge constructing costs, operating costs which occupy a biggish proportion of bridge life-cycle cost and disposal costs which pay for the society, environment, bridge configuration research and implementation. Bridge constructing costs involves planning, project feasibility study, designing and constructing cost, which has decreasing influence on the future bridge operating period costs. Bridge life-cycle economic cost model includes a bridge configuration design cost model, constructing a cost model, management, maintenance and a repair cost model, as well as other cost models like projects bring benefits to user, society and environment.

In order to analyze the adaptability between transportation corridor and the development of urban agglomeration spatial structure, this paper introduces the concept of elastic coefficients, using a comprehensive elastic coefficient as a measure to analyze the adaptability between them from the angle of development. First, a index system of urban agglomeration spatial structure is built and index weights are ranked by the process of analytic hierarchy. Then a hundred-mark valuation system is used to convert indexes with different dimensions into corresponding score values. Comprehensive evaluation value is seeked by multiplying the score values to their index weights respectively and summing them up. Thirdly, the comprehensive elastic coefficient is given by using transportation volume of transportation corridor and the comprehensive evaluation values of urban agglomeration spatial stucture are used as parameters. Then adaptability is analyzed based on the comprehensive elastic coefficient. At last, a numerical example is given to illustrate the method.

The development of regional aviation cannot only positively affect the development of economy, but can also accelerate the building of the domestic local aviation operation system and allow the forming and development of our aviation innovation system to improve our nation's aviation. Based on the review of the domestic and foreign development status of the regional aviation transportation, this paper analyzes the challenges of regional aviation and suggested that safety, quality and benefit should be the goals to improve our regional aviation transportation. The suggestions related to inspiration policy, optimization of the aviation transportation structure and operation paradigms of regional aviation development may help this industry solve its challenges, achieve an effective economic use and the development of our regional aviation transportation and accelerate the development of our aviation so that our civil aviation can shift from the big to the strong.

Maritime transport has big impacts on national and international economics. The African shipping market has continued to grow in the most recent years despite the 2008 crisis. In most African countries, the role of ports in the national economy is also important but so far it is least compared to the developed countries and many Asian countries. The objective of this paper is to analyze the global situation of African ports, their modes of administration, and the different factors that affect their development. On the other hand, we examine the Chinese ports evolution and the different reforms that have been done to make those ports more efficient. Shenzhen port is closely examined from the port terminal operating modes, the shipping market and the port administration model to the impact of different reforms on the port productivity. Finally, this paper explains how this experience could be helpful for African ports development.

In the context of low-carbon economy, through the analysis of the development trend and development environment of low-carbon economy, this work puts forward the innovational concept of low carbon core competence of China's railway transport enterprise. On the basis of summarizing China's rail transport energy consumption structure, proportion and energy-saving efficiency, comparing railway transport with other transport modes detailed and comprehensively in the areas of energy consumption, land occupation, carbon dioxide emissions, external costs, etc, we concluded that railway is the core to establish and develop a low-carbon integrated transport system. Furthermore, this article bring forward specific measures, such as promoting the "replace oil with electricity" projects, speeding up high-speed railway construction, optimizing railway organization models, innovating low-carbon consumer marketing strategy and promoting green railway development to further improve the low-carbon core competence of China's railway transport enterprises.

It is shown by the practice that cooperation and competition are ubiquitous in the freight transportation market. The relationships among freight transportation modes are laid out on diagrams. Modality of competition or cooperation and its evolvement paths are investigated through theoretic analysis of synergetic models and the demonstration of China. We conclude: (1) the relationships among different freight transportation modes can be classified as no-relationship, competition-leading, cooperation-leading, and competition. These relationships can be laid on a two-dimension phase diagram (2) there are three mainstream evolvement modalities of the freight transportation market driven by competition-cooperation: "No-relationship — Competition-leading — and Coopetition", "No-relationship — Competition-leading — Cooperation-leading" and "No-relationship — Competition-leading — Coopetition and — Cooperation-leading."

This paper mainly studies the fare integration of urban railway and bus from the angle of coordinated development of these two modes. The function between total public transit demand and ticket prices is set up according to the analysis of interaction between urban public transport passenger flow and fares. Logit model is used to establish the mode split rate between urban railway and bus. On this basis, considering some factors like generalized cost of travel, efficiency of public transport enterprises, service levels, fare subsidy etc, optimal control theory is applied to build the pricing model of fare integration for urban railway and bus from the perspective of the social and economic benefits. Taking the public transport of Changchun for example, empirical analysis is made to verify the validity of the model.This research could provide a theoretical basis for government to establish the system of ticket pricing or of ticket prices.

The rough sets theory is applied in this paper to assess the significance of factors influencing the safety of ship navigation in harbor waters. Following the accidents analysis, the main factors are extracted and the decision table is also presented. With the RSES software and data collected from Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) of China, the whole procedure of calculating importance values are illustrated.

Governments in many countries propose the bus system as a priority and give the bus system a large amount of financial subsidies. However, because of the informational asymmetry between the government and the bus company, the bus company has the chance to change the policy loss into operating loss, which will increase the government financial pressure. So it is very important to carry out the evaluation of the supervision, examination and the inspired mechanism of the financial subsidies. In this paper, it analyzes the feasibility of implementing inspired mechanism with every bus subsidies mode, basing on the analysis of the currently existing bus subsidies mode. Using the principal-agent theory, this paper gives out the measuring method of the public transport financial subsidies based on the inspired mechanism. It has a guiding role for the implementation of the bus financial subsidies.

In order to research the relationship between the development of the highway and road freight and to analyze the influence of highway classification on road freight, qualitative and quantitative research is accomplished to measure the impact extent on road freight from different highway grades, by applying the methods of path analysis according to the comparative advantage theory. It is emphasized that the development of high-grade highway is the predominant factor in the constraints of road freight. Simultaneously, low-grade highway contributes to road freight through high-grade highway as well, in respect that the collector-distributor function of low-grade highway is mutually restricted by the across function of high-grade highway. This result indicates that on the behalf of road freight, investments should be maintained in the construction of high-grade highway and at the same time, the rational distribution of highway should be improved.

Capital is a very important piece of basic data for the railway investment project. It is important to decide the capital contribution for every investor, which influences the indices of the economic evaluation. This paper first analyzes the problems and reasons of capital calculations in the present economic evaluation process, and later proposes a dynamic algorithm about calculating the capital, which comes from the static investment and the capital ratio. Then through analyzing a case, it compares the differences between each capital contribution which are calculated according to static ratio and dynamic ratio partly for each investor, and analyzes the influence to the final indices of the economic evaluation.

In this paper, the problems of the external logistics system design of the Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone are studied. Firstly, the external logistics network is designed. The network includes the main road, railway and logistics node (e.g. sea port, container freight station, railway freight station and dry port etc.) in the Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone. Secondly, models for dry port and intermodal terminal locations are developed. Using the OD of export and import container cargo, the optimal dry port and intermodal terminals location is obtained. Finally, measures or policies to improve the efficiency of external logistics system of Taiwan Straits Economic Zone are provided.

In order to improve the coverage rate of public transportation and make it possible for residents to travel conveniently, some cities opened a number of new bus routes. But due to the low revenue of those routes, the public transportation company has to trim their cost by sacrificing the service quality. Hence citizens complain about this frequently. In such a case, this paper proposes the concept of a cold route (what is could route, explain here) and analyzes its characteristics first, Then, it takes the cold route subsidies of Shenzhen Eastern Bus Group as an example and lastly, analyzes their revenues and costs. Based on the description of the game relation among the government, the public transportation company and residents, this paper uses a normal distribution model to develop the subsidy method. This method makes the government, the public transportation company and residents all part of a win-win situation. This paper can also be used as a reference for opening new routes.

This paper analyzes the development of the highway in the world's 25 most developed countries and makes a statistical analysis, while finding that the development of the highway in developed countries has experienced two stages: the first one is economic-driven and the second is population-driven. The paper points out that in the first stage, the construction of the highway is highly related to the economic development, but later it has less of an impact. At this time, on the contrary, the rising of population (or precisely, the number of drivers) becomes the main factor of promoting the development of highway net, or comes into the stage of population-driven. This study makes a? theoretical reference for the trend of highway development in China.

Road transportation has been playing a powerful rule in national economic growth. It lays the foundation for the social and economic development. However, the development of road transportation relies on immense resources and intensive energy input. In this paper, we review the status of current rules and legislations targeting road transportation energy conservation and identify both achievements and problems during recent decades. This study can assist future industry management and energy-saving measure implementations.

With the swift development of our social economy, the transportation problems of our cities have become more and more serious. The public traffic with large capacity, low energy consumption, and low pollution have been placed on the agenda. To develop public traffic is a way to solve transportation problems of our cities. And an effective Bus Dispatch is necessary for an advanced bus system. Thus, the research of the bus dispatch is important for the improvement of bus dispatch management level. Above all, the bus dispatch mainly influences the passengers' satisfaction and bus company's interests. In order to evaluate the bus dispatch scheme, we should ascertain the evaluation indicators for passengers' satisfaction and bus company's interests. Secondly, we should quantify the evaluation indicators as their different units. Then, we could construct a multiple objective programming model, containing passengers' and bus company's satisfaction, in accordance with the evaluation indicators' weight. Finally, we solve the multiple objective programming models by utilizing Genetic Algorithm. Then we could compare the total satisfaction for passengers and the bus company between the before and after optimization based on some certain cities' data.

Based on the perception of image and the use of image tackling software, some rudimentary handles of images are accomplished first, after that, within the method of re-filtration, other important procedures such as choice of Region of Interest (ROI), searching for the lanes and the definition of vehicle are processed under the circumstance of dynamic vision. At last, the distance between the target car and the host car are calibrated with the help of binocular technology. Besides, other parameters such like velocity, acceleration and etc, which were collected with other equipment, are combined with the image-derived parameters. Then, with the help of clustering method, a classifying warning model which determines whether to accelerate or to decelerate, is established so as to optimize the driving safety on the highway.

This study took non-motorized travel in Wuhan as a concrete example via the compatibility quantitative analysis, it deduced a computation module which included the coordination degree (CD) and the coordinated development degree (CDE). Meanwhile, the above two indexes were taken as evaluation criteria in classifying the coordination degree of non-motorized travel and the relevant economic development. Through the study of the evaluation system, the coordination degree was divided into three levels as to offer a comprehensive evaluation on non-motorized travel in Wuhan. The research aimed to provide theoretical references for the transportation constructive decision makers.

The purpose of this paper is to study the prerequisites to investments in inter-city railways. The author used a financial analysis to demonstrate the feasibility of the inter-city railway in a view of the balance between transportation revenue and expenditure, and then determined the required critical conditions that can help to avoid financial risk. With these critical conditions, the author established a model to calculate the standard passenger flow based on a back-stepping approach. Finally, the author created a recommended prerequisite to investing inter-city railways, expressed in the intensity of passenger flow.

To ease traffic congestion on urban roads, an appropriate system of evaluation indicator for traffic management must be established. This paper studies the evaluation contents of urban traffic management level and its features. Based on the initial selection of the evaluation indicator through the unit and integration test methods, this paper talks about the indicators related with the road traffic static supply, public transportation development, the road traffic dynamic demand, the intelligent traffic management level and traffic civilization. The evaluation indicators system of road traffic management level, which is appropriate to the current cities development, is established based on the adjustment of the previous indicator systems, which provides references to authorities for evaluation and policies-making.

In recent years, traffic congestion caused by accumulated rainwater has become a severe problem in cities during rainy or stormy days. The objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between vehicle speed and the depth of the accumulated rainwater. Thus, a model of economic losses caused by accumulated rainwater and traffic congestion has been built. In this paper, economic losses are divided into two sections: indirect and direct economic losses. The latter is the focus of this study. The direct economic losses include the losses of oil consumption due to the decrease of vehicle speed and the loss of time value due to traffic congestion on rainy days. A model of economic losses of oil consumption has been created with the knowledge of vehicle engineering, and the parameters in the model have been calibrated after investigation. In the research of loss of time value, the criterion of time value is estimated by the use of the social economy. The relationship between the vehicle speed and the economic losses on rainy days has been quantified in this paper, which provides a scientific model for the evaluation of urban traffic on rainy days.

The main purpose of this paper is to simulate the effects of congestion pricing in traffic peak hours in order to find an optimized charging scheme. A two-level programming model is developed to illustrate the gaming process between the road supervisor/decision-maker and road users. The upper linear level describes the aim of decision-makers of reducing the travel time for the travelers and controlling the traffic emissions. The lower level describes the reaction of travelers, including choosing the trip modes and travel route. Finally, a solution of the two-level programming model based on the particle swarm optimization is designed in C # programming. In the case study of Beijing city, it is estimated that the implementation of congestion-charging would reduce traffic emissions in the charged area by 13%, and the total travel time would decrease by 5%.

The Variable Speed Limit (VSL) system is a dynamic freeway control system, which can be used to adjust the posted speed limit in response to the real-time traffic flow characteristics and weather conditions. The primary objective of this paper is to select the optimal posted limit of VSL on freeways by evaluating the effects of control strategies. A widely used microscopic simulation package, PARAMICS, was used and the control strategies were integrated into the simulation model through the Application Programming Interface (API) using C++ programming language. Eight control strategies were tested for their effects on traffic safety and traffic efficiency. The simulation results show that the optimal duration of intervention is 15 minutes , which allows most of the control strategies to reduce the crash potential. Compared to the non-VSL control strategy, the optimal posted speed limit under 15 minutes for intervention duration is 110km/h, which significantly reduces the crash potential, and does not increase the total travel time. The research results proposed in this paper provide transportation professionals some important and helpful information for selecting the optimal posted speed limit of Variable Speed Limits on freeways.

A 13,000-km High Speed Railway network will be built in the next three years in China, making the competition between the intercity bus and intercity railway inevitable. In the intercity passenger transportation market where both of the two sectors exist, cooperation was not apparent in the market. To avoid losing the market, intercity bus operators adopted new methods, including price reduction, bus frequency increase, and the construction of new stations far away from intercity railway station. This paper presents a pricing model between two commuting modes, intercity bus and intercity railway, based on the game theory. The current cases show that the intercity bus sectors are losing their market as the intercity railway comes into commission. This paper proposes a model to describe how ticket price and profit varies under different parameters.

The transportation system is one of the main driving forces of economic activity, and without efficient transport networks, there can be no competition for regional development. The paper firstly reviews the theory of the relationship between the transportation system and regional development and points out the dynamics of the regional disparity. Next, the paper analyses the regional development patterns of certain Chinese cities and the reason for megacity expansion. At last, two types of policies are given to promote regional balance.

Redistribution of revenue from road congestion pricing is the key to the implementation of road congestion pricing, especially in as it contributes to overcoming public aversion to congestion pricing. However, how to redistribute the congestion pricing revenue still awaits further studies, particularly in China. This paper first reviews previous work on revenue redistribution theory both at home and abroad, then introduces several successful instances of congestion pricing systems, including ones in Singapore and London At the same time, their successful experiences in revenue redistribution are analyzed. Finally, it proposes some implementation strategies for revenue redistribution in China according to our current situations of urban transportation.

The National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS), which were last revised in 2005, require every public bridge to be inspected at least once every two years. Since the 1980's, the USDOT has spent millions of dollars for technology development of bridge rehabilitation and repair. This study focuses on U.S. bridge maintenance policies. The feasibility and practicality of current bridge inspection and replacement policies are briefly reviewed in this paper. A Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for bridge inspection and maintenance investment allocation strategies is the major component of the paper. A sample of bridges in three counties of North Carolina - Mecklenburg, Beaufort, and Rutherford - are chosen as representing metropolitan areas of the Piedmont, coastal, and mountain areas respectively. This CBA analysis indicates that appropriate increases for funding of bridge inspection and maintenance will result in significant monetary savings in agencies' bridge replacement programs.

In this paper, we propose an optimal toll-points road pricing strategy based on the artificial bee colony (ABC) method for the second-best road pricing problem. Then a comparison is made between optimal toll-points road pricing strategy and cordon pricing schemes. It shows that the ABC algorithm can solve the road pricing problem well and a comparison is also made between genetic algorithm and ABC method for the same optimal problem of road pricing. An analysis is made to explain the results obtained by two methods, and it is recommended that ABC method should be studied further in road pricing research.

To fix the traffic problems in the developmental process of small towns, the planning method of a small-town traffic system is imminently asked for studying and improvement. For this reason, this paper combines the node important degree and traffic location theory into a system to propose a new planning method of a small-town traffic system by stating and analyzing the traffic problems of small towns. This method is used for transit traffic system planning and interior traffic system planning of small towns respectively. Finally, the case cited in the paper demonstrates that this method could solve the traffic problems existing in small towns effectively and ensures the stable and rapid development of small towns.

Firstly, domestic and international literatures about road network density research were reviewed, and it was found that reasonable road network density had not been studied deeply enough. Then based on Queuing Theory, road network density was analyzed from the perspective of improving travel efficiency and decreasing time-consumption. It is concluded that in the city center and other areas where congestion is likely, a high-density and one-way road network system would be more beneficial than the alternatives. In the suburbs and other areas with better traffic conditions, a relatively low-density and large-space road network system is more suitable. Finally, rational road network density values in urban central areas and other areas are recommended.

In this paper, the concept of mobility reliability is proposed with an assumption that the network has a binary operation mode for uncongested and congested states which are distinguished by a given level of service (LOS). And the unit mobility reliability is evaluated with statistical method based on historical data, while mobility reliability at network level is evaluated based on weighted average of the unit reliability over an area. According to the speed data for three months derived from floating cars, the road mobility reliability at both road unit and network level in Beijing had been calculated; and then, the possible influencing factors that affect the mobility reliability were analyzed. The result shows that mobility reliability of urban road network has a certain correlation with network saturation (V/C ratio), road network density, etc.

Traffic status of a region is typically related to its land-use patterns. This paper aims at forecasting traffic generation based on urban land-use patterns that are derived from single high spatial resolution remote sensing satellite images. Since the gross floor area, building density, and the building volume cannot be obtained directly from a single satellite image, we present a new method to solve this problem. The method involves extracting the shadow of a building and measuring its length in the image, calculating the number of floors and gross floor area of a building, as well as the building volume of a traffic zone. To avoid multiple correlations among urban land use indexes, we used a Partial Least-Square principle (PLSR) method to establish the relationship model between traffic generation and urban land-use patterns. The model was tested and yielded results consistent with observations suggesting that the model is effective in forecasting traffic generation. The results also show that indexes related to land use intensity have the most significant influence on the traffic generation.

Referring to the 1251 survey data of rural population in 14 provinces of China, the influence factors of trip selection frequencies were analyzed. Based on the theory of disaggregate discrete choice and its modeling method, four daily trip frequencies including 0,1,2,3 times and more were selected as the alternatives of trip frequencies; the characteristic variables affecting frequency choice and the method getting their values were determined; and a multinomial logit (MNL) model was developed. Another 400 trip data of rural population were selected to testify the model's validity. The result shows that the maximal absolute error between statistical data and computational values by MNL is 3.9%. Therefore, MNL model has high accuracy.

Although the treatment of non-traversable median sections and directional median openings makes the road segment where the driveway intersects run in a more efficient way, it brings some adverse impacts (i.e. more delay and conflicts) to the downstream intersection. To assess how the increased U-turning vehicles influence the operational performance at the downstream signalized intersection, a total of 80 hours of traffic data and corresponding geometry data were collected at 66 roadway segments in the Tampa Bay area of Florida. Based on the field data collected, a Negative-Binomial model is developed to estimate the expected number of U-turning vehicles on a left-turn approach at a signalized intersection during peak periods. The proposed model has only five independent variables and all of these variables can be easily measured in the field. Combining the research results of this study and our previous studies, a complete procedure is provided to help transportation engineers evaluate the impacts of indirect driveway left-turn treatments on traffic operations at downstream signalized intersections.

In order to optimize the layout programming of urban parking facilities, this paper firstly analyzed the characteristics of on-street and off-street parking facilities. Secondly, we established on-street and off-street parking layout models respectively with the target of minimizing walking distances from parking spaces to drivers' destination with corresponding restrictions combined to set up the coordinated layout model. Finally, a case is demonstrated to prove the maneuverability of the method. The results show that the relocated on-street parking facilities have better effects on parking convenience, while berths supplied by off-street parking facilities account for a larger proportion to meet total parking demands.

Based on the presuppositions of some endogenous operation's characteristics about the transit system, such as the bus operational routes, bus departure interval at the start stop, etc., and assumptions of some exogenous factors' characteristics, such as mean and variation on the bus travel time on road links and the bus staying time on bus stops, the service reliability of the bus stop's berth for the dwelling demand of buses at bus stop is studied and the calculating formulas for it is proposed, which can figure out the possibility of multiple buses encountering at a bus stop in arbitrary time interval. A new concept, α -reliability, is defined to measure the service reliability. Some conclusions are gained: 1) The encounter possibility at the stop of the buses varies time periodically; 2) the service reliability will be influenced if any of factors change, and some applications are also provided in the end.

Travel mode choice forecasts receive wide attention in travel behavior analysis. Most traditional mode choice models are based on the principle of random utility maximization. Alternatively, mode choice is a pattern recognition problem, where different human behavior determines the choices among travel mode alternatives. In this study a new artificial intelligence model, support vector machine, is applied to travel mode choice modeling. The support vector machine model is tested and compared with a nested logit model and a multilayer feed forward neural networks model in terms of both fitting and testing results. The analysis of actual investigation data shows that the model has fast convergence and high precision, which is of great importance for travel mode choice prediction.

Parking demand forecast is the important part of static traffic issues. In this paper, fully considering the main influencing factors of parking demand, a parking demand forecasting model based on principal component analysis and BP neural network is established. In this model, the parking demand forecasting influencing factors are obtained by principal component analysis. The parking demand forecasting model is established based on BP neural network. Finally, the model is verified by an example.

This study is to present the current practice of modeling the impact of roadway tolls with the mode choice model. Classification of explanatory variables reveals that four interrelated dimensions of analysis impose significant influence on mode choice, including socioeconomic, travel cost, temporal and categorical. The technologies to acquire input data are explained based on two types of data sources: surveys and observations. The procedure of populating and calibrating the logit model is described to determine the coefficients associated with each explanatory variable. The impact magnitude of influence factor is summarized and the elasticity of each variable is investigated based on a wide range of analyses. This study provides a solid methodology to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of operational decisions, such as the implementation of variable toll pricing or traffic demand management schemes. Crucial statistics such as elasticity and mode split also emerge from mode choice modeling, giving planners and policy makers a powerful tool to manage the present and future transportation environment.

For providing a standard method for land-use planning of urban rail transit areas and resolving the issue of sustainable development this paper proposes the index system of guidelines for land-use planning and analyzes the interaction between land-use planning and transportation planning. Taking transport oriented and limited land-use into account, a quantified analysis is proposed as the scientific approach for creating urban planning guidelines. Riverside Newtown, a "Two-Oriented" Society in Changsha, is used to illustrate (via planning software) that the method presented in the paper is practicable, rational and the embodiment of interaction between land use and transportation.

In order to improve existing highway network planning theory and methodology systems and make them more efficient and rational in utility of limited road construction resources, this article analyzes the internal economic mechanism of highway network planning and development by applying system analysis method according to transportation demand theory. Combined with the fact that the essential function of highways is to serve transportation, we search out the disadvantages of current planning theory. Four constraint factors of highway network planning are proposed: construction cost, transportation cost, land use cost, and highway network efficiency. By analyzing the mutual constraint relations among these four factors, we construct the single factor programming model and the comprehensive programming model, and propose the corresponding algorithm.

In order to grasp the distinct roles of different highway network nodes, a hierarchical division method is built to measure the highway network node functions in the article. The problems of existing node hierarchical division method and corresponding influencing factors are deliberated by system analysis method, according to transportation demand theory and gray system theory. Then, combined with transportation demand characteristics, four influence factors of highway network node hierarchical division are proposed, and the gray node hierarchical division method is constructed based on gray system theory. On this basis, we pose an empirical analysis of the highway network nodes in Shandong province. The results of instance verification are demonstrated to be closer to reality. Consequently, the advanced method provides a reference for highway network programming.

Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and its approach of investigation, this paper explores the psychological factors influencing public transport use behavior. Questionnaires containing TPB variables such as intention, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control are designed and SPSS is used to analyze the relationships among the variables. Correlation analysis and regression models show TPB can well explain public transport use. The behavior is positively correlated with intention and attitude and high coefficients are obtained by regression. People with more positive attitudes will have higher intention and be more inclined to use public transport. Attitude is then actively affected by speed, freedom, convenience and other qualities of a travel mode. The conclusions can help transport planning and management to better understand travelers' behaviors and psychological demands and then formulate corresponding policies so as to enhance the competitiveness of public transport.

There are causal relationships among travelers' activity participation, travel patterns and travel mode. Bicycle is one of the most important travel modes for Chinese travelers. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships among travelers' socio-demographic characteristics, household characteristics, activity participation, travel patterns and bicycle usage. For this purpose, this paper presents a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to capture these causal relationships. Several structural equation model systems are estimated in order to explore different relationships. This approach is demonstrated with a case study of Suzhou, China. Both direct and indirect effects of the influencing factor on bicycle usage can be found. The results of the paper can provide some useful insights into the mechanism of bicycle trip generation.

Reasonable prediction of trip mode choice of urban residents is the foundation of effective implementation of traffic demand management and traffic control strategy. Combined with trip survey data of residents, this paper first analyzes main factors influencing trip mode choice of urban residents. Then, prediction models are built respectively based on a multinomial logit model and probabilistic neural network. By using these two models, probability of each trip mode choice is calculated and residents' final choice is estimated. Finally, an accuracy test of these two models is completed by calculating their hit rates and errors. The results indicate that the prediction model built based on probabilistic neural network can enhance prediction accuracy and overcome the inherent defects of a multinomial logit model. Therefore, it can predict trip mode choice of urban residents more effectively.

This paper analyzes the deficiencies of the traditional method of passenger OD survey as well as provides a new transport investigation method based on Google Maps. Through a friendly user interface platform, the method eliminates the need for manual data entry by using a standardized form of data. While avoiding the separation of the survey and the statistics, it also greatly enhances the credibility of the data and saves the costs of survey and data entry. Moreover, the method increases interest, reduces the work intensity, and improves the accuracy. In all, vast vistas are opened up through this method.

As one of the most important indexes of road network performance, network capacity reliability can be used in the analysis of the uncertainty and randomness of the network. In order to analyze the impact of a traveler's route choice behavior with different preference on network capacity reliability, a bi-level programming model of network capacity reliability was proposed. The lower programming model was an integrated transportation network equilibrium model with the consideration of the elastic demand and the generalized travel cost including the expected travel time, variable travel time and travel time reliability. The preference of traveler's route choice behavior was reflected by the weights of the various parts of the generalized cost function and other parameters. Iterative method and Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the model and a numerical example with a small network was provided to demonstrate the application of the model. The results show that a traveler's route choice behavior with different preferences has a great effect on the road network capacity reliability, which may provide a basis for road network planning, design and maintenance.

Study on the taxi planning under strict policy is a way to develop taxi industry in China. By analyzing the policy of restricted growth of taxicabs since 2000, the authors propose that the main problem of the taxi industry is that the supply of taxicabs is highly deficient, which causes serious rising prices of taxi license to become an instable element in the industry. This paper presents planning goals which are composed of better policy objectives, balance between demand and supply, coherence with quantity of taxicabs, fares and quality of service, equal services to different groups of people and better service coverage in the city. Taxi planning contents are to determine the total number of taxicabs, level of service, service coverage zoning, ways of service and service facilities under a policy framework of parties which are beneficial in urban society. Additionally, the paper also discusses the process of taxicab planning based on public policy analysis.

In order to further analyze and optimize urban slow-moving traffic networks, this study introduces a complex network theory into the planning of slow-moving traffic networks. Based on the construction of a complex network and the analysis of basic network characteristics, a method was put forward to analyze static structure characteristics of slow-moving traffic networks. Through analyzing structure indexes such as degree, closeness and between-ness, the importance of network structures and the method of road network classification based on urban slow-moving traffic network were shown. Then, the hub nodes were founded and the grade classification method was put forward. The example shows that the analysis method of urban slow-moving traffic networks based on a complex network is feasible and could be used to further classify and optimize a network through the static structure indexes.

Based on the review and summarization of related literature, an improved two-lane traffic flow lattice model is proposed by considering the surrounding lattices and lane changing threshold. The stability condition for the new model is obtained using the linear stability theory. It shows that the modified lattice model leads to better stabilization of the system compared with the existing lattice models. The jamming transitions among the freely moving phase, the coexisting phase, and uniform congested phase are studied by nonlinear analysis and numerical simulations. Traffic jams are described by a kink-antikink solution obtained form the MKdV equation which is derived from the lattice model near the critical point. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, showing that the stability of traffic flow can be enhanced effectively when the surrounding lattices and lane changing threshold are considered.

Urban Complex is a new concept of the combination of multiple-function architecture subsystems, including hotel, office, residence and entertainment, etc. The parking requirements and characteristics are quite different from those of general city buildings'. In this paper, the traveler behavior characteristics in Urban Complex are analyzed first; and the correlation coefficients matrix among different functional subsystems is built. Then a modified parking generation rate model of the Urban Complex is developed. This model can eliminate the parking repetition in traditional parking generation rate model. The validation result shows that the model has higher accuracy in parking demand prediction.

Regarding the one-way restriction as a special case of the lane-allocation operation, this paper formulates the general lane-allocation problem (GLAP) as a mathematical program with complementary constraints (MPCC). Recognizing day-to-day and within-day travel demand variations, another counterpart of the MPCC is formulated to obtain a robust lane-allocation scheme that performs better against a set of worst-case demand scenarios. Solution algorithms based on active sets are proposed to address the problems by sequentially solving some relaxed-MPCC and a binary knapsack problem. A numerical example is presented to validate the proposed model and algorithm.

In order to improve the accuracy of modeling, a wavelet de-noising support vector machine (WD-SVM) is proposed based on the time-frequency property of wavelet transform and the superior classification function of support vector machine (SVM). First, the original data is de-noised using wavelet technology, and then adopted to construct SVM models which with Polynomial kernel, Radial basis kernel, and Sigmoid kernel respectively are used in real-time traffic incident detection on highways. So as to testify the validity and portability of the models, a simulation experiment is designed using I-880 data, and a combined index is also devised to evaluate the results comprehensively. The result shows that different kernels make different detecting results, and one of the most outstanding performance kernels is Polynomial. In addition, by comparison of the traditional SVM model and WD-SVM proposed in this paper, it finds that the WD-SVM shows a significant advantage on detection rate (DR), false alarm rate (FAR) and mean time to detection (MTTD).

Parking facility capacity and city road network capacity are interrelated, and this results in problems such as parking disorder and transportation inefficacy if they are out of balance. So it is necessary to study the relationships between them in order to confirm the supply and distribution of parking facilities. This paper introduces the concept of road network capacity in the programming of parking facilities. The supply of curb parking facilities is the vinculum of parking supply capacity and road network capacity in the city. A model considering capacity configuration of parking facilities and networks is established to satisfy the expectation level of network service and balance the parking supply and network capacity. Finally, an example in (1∼4 park area) the city of TongLin in the Anhui province is demonstrated to prove the maneuverability of the method.

In order to enhance the utilizing efficiency and accessibility of curb parking and minimize the impact on dynamic traffic flow, this paper focuses on an urban road without separation and analyzes the traffic delay caused by vehicles deviating from a parking facility and driven into curb parking spaces in the influenced area of a signalized intersection. We then analyze the total delay time of the signalized intersection and establish a model to describe the relationship among the delay time-D_i, the distance from the stop line to the curb parking lots L₀, the signal cycle length C and the time of red light r. Taking the curb parking lots on Tianjin road in Nanjing city for application, we research the relationship between D_i (caused by two aspects consisting of the first berth and the distanceL₀) and C as well as r. The results show that different degrees of traffic saturation result in different values of L₀, and the signal control parameters also have great effects on the total delay time.

As a kind of brand-new traffic facility, the role of underground expressways in a traffic system is usually illustrated by sharing rates which are limited by travel distance, time, speed, cost and other factors. A Logit model is often used to obtain a sharing rate, however, the fatal disadvantage of Logit usually causes imprecision. This paper proposes using a Mixed Logit model to obtain a sharing rate considering the above four factors, selects utility data from different travel scenes in the network of an underground expressway and conventional road and uses a simulation algorithm of statistical analysis software SAS to calibrate utility function parameters. Finally, this study determines the sharing rate of an underground expressway form. The research shows that the sharing rate based on a Mixed Logit model is more reasonable and advantaged for evaluating the effects of an underground expressway.

The public transportation integrated circuit (IC) card is widely used to provide a new data source for collecting passenger trip behavior information. IC card information (i.e. card id, route number, vehicle number, and card swiping time) in combination with global position system (GPS) information (i.e. route number, vehicle number, positioning longitude, positioning latitude, positioning time, and speed) and bus station location information (i.e. route number, direction, station sequence, longitude, and latitude) can be used to infer passenger trip original station. Based on the deduced original station and distance matrix between stations from the Transcad model with shortest path method, trip chaining is taken as a basic principle to infer trip transfer station and destination station. Then the Origin- Destination (OD) matrix is expanded by the primary IC card record total and total passenger trips from ticket-fare data in route level.

Ambiguous path problem is the key to promote expressway network tolling which is generally solved by physical methods. Unfortunately, these methods have high costs. There are also some statistical methods that can solve the problem theoretically, but their accuracies are too low to be convincible. The key point to solving the problem in theory is to get a stable distribution trend of route flows through the distribution of daily network traffic flows. In this paper, the problem is described as a traffic assignment problem. First, a numerical example is given to prove that the basic traffic assignment model and its normal algorithms can't solve the problem effectively. Then, an applicable model which is based on origins of flows is presented, as well as its algorithm. At last, an idea to solve the ambiguous path problem in theory is presented according to the features of the network and flows in Guangdong province.

One of the most effective methods to release the traffic congestion is rationalizing the structure of the traffic modes which have relationship with the travel time value (VTT) of passengers. The paper puts forward the calculation formula of the travel time value based on the theory of random utility maximization, using the model of maximum entropy to analyze the distribution of the travel time value. The distribution model of the travel time value is solved by the improved algorithm of BFGS. A numerical example is provided to estimate the value of travel time, the chosen proportion of different traffic modes has been analyzed by the curve of travel time value and the curve of cost. It also reveals the proportion of travel choice mode varies on service level and fare. The conclusions provide reference on how to regulate the travel choice modes.

Human activities have been influenced by more and more frequent natural disasters in recent years. Highway infrastructures are seriously damaged and the reliability is declined dramatically. In order to strengthen the resistant ability against disasters of the highway network and reduce losses caused by natural disasters, the research of the highway lifeline planning was proposed. Firstly, the connotation and functional characteristics of the highway lifeline were investigated. Secondly, the planning principles and ideas were proposed on the basis of recalling the existing highway network planning theory and methods. Thirdly, the planning contents of the highway lifeline were discussed from the three main points: 1) the risk distribution of natural disasters in regional highway network, 2) the evaluation on the resistant ability against disasters of highway network, 3) the road planning of lifeline. Finally, a case of the highway lifeline planning was applied to the highway network of Hangzhou.

On the basis of analyzing the transportation network design problem, a bi-level objective model is proposed. The upper model considers the views of a transportation planner to design a more optimal network structure; the lower considers the views of a network user to find the shortest path. This study uses an improved stepped-up chaos optimization algorithm to calculate the model. The new algorithm is based on the characters of traditional chaos optimization algorithm, through constantly shrinking the searching area and adjusting parameters to make the searching results converge upon the optimal numerical value faster. The author use MATLAB programming to calculate the example network. The result shows that the improved model and algorithm are all effective. Both the model and algorithm can be used to provide scientific guidance for transportation network optimization.

In order to analyze transfer behavior of the passenger inside the transfer hub when traveling on the multimodal transportation network, transfer state changes inside the hub were studied to formulate the generalized path cost between origin-destination pairs. A SUE passenger flow assignment model based on the generalized cost was built by considering congestion effect caused by the transfer volumes inside the hubs and the passenger volume on the links outside the hubs. A numerical example was employed to validate the performance of the proposed model.

In order to select highly-correlated sectional samples in building the relationship models between physical characteristic parameters and traffic flow characteristic parameters the road sectional characteristic cluster model is developed for urban expressways. An improved SAGA-K-Means cluster algorithm is proposed to optimize both number of clusters and the cluster results for physical and traffic flow characteristic matrixes. A cluster matching model for expressways is developed by considering the physical characteristic data and traffic flow characteristic data as two sources of data. The intersection samples of matched physical and traffic flow characteristic clusters are considered as the highly-correlated sectional samples. The proposed road sectional characteristic cluster model is tested using data from 200 expressway sections in Beijing. The result indicates that the proposed model could increase the correlation coefficient values of physical and traffic flow characteristic parameters of road sectional samples.

Dry bulk shippers are mostly enterprises with large transport volume and relatively low tariffs. The dry bulk transport vessels needs large investments with great risk of operation. Therefore, the majority of dry bulk shipping business through the use of its own anchored leasing cooperative and other modes to meet customer service needs to ensure the conditions of reducing the risk. An allocation model is developed medium-large enterprises based on analysis of the dry bulk shipping capacity allocation status, current capacities, medium-sized dry bulk shipping business organization model features, business risk and transport efficiency. This will give the theoretical reference for shipping companies making transport capacity optimization and the operation risk reduction.

The number of bicycle passing events was proposed as a good indicator to evaluate the level of service of bicycle roadways. However, modeling methods that can be used for quantitatively calculating the number of passing events were quite few. The primary objective of this study is to develop a Cellular Automaton (CA) model firstly used for modeling the bicycle passing events and validate the calculation accuracy of the proposed model. Bicycle operating and overtaking rules were developed in the CA model. Field data of passing events were collected on four physically separated bicycle roadways in Nanjing city. The collected data were compared with the prediction results of CA model. It is found that the CA model provides a reasonable accuracy in predicting the number of bicycle passing events. Time-space diagrams analysis shows that bicycle flow is congested and the overall mean speed decreases under high density traffic condition.

This paper builds a two-stage model to predict the Urban Rail Transit (URT) share rate of the cities with no rail presently. The first stage will predict the proportion of the transport structure with no rail using transfer curve. At the second stage, some influencing factors are selected as characteristic variables of the utility function to forecast passengers transferring from other traffic modes to rail based on multinomial logit model (MNL). Maximum likelihood estimation is adopted to calibrate the parameters. Finally, take Suzhou as an example to apply the model and analyze the sensitivity of each factor. The results shows that the URT share rate can be improved by reducing waiting time, access time, rail fares and increasing the speed of rail, among which reducing rail fares works best, reducing access time a little less and reducing waiting time the least.

Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) Systems provide drivers with dynamic information on parking within controlled areas which combine traffic monitoring, communication, processing and dissemination technologies to provide the service. This paper employs questionnaires to investigate the impact of the Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) Systems on drivers in Nanjing. Three logistic regression models were developed to relate drivers' awareness, understanding and response to person, trip and information characteristics. We can find out that the response is strongly related to age, trip purpose, familiarity and evaluation of the effectiveness of the PGI systems. In the studies that which factor is the most important of drivers to select park and which park information is the most requested of drivers, most respondents take into account the convenience of park rather than the parking fees and state their preference for park information about availability of parks, location of parks, how to find available parks and location of alternative parks when preferred is not available, but few drivers request price of parks, road congestion and regional map. This requires that PGI systems should cater for drivers' personalities, trip as well as park behavior characteristics.

The impedance function model is widely used as a tool to provide a more accurate description of the relationship between the traffic volume and speed. However, the classical model can only be applicable to the traffic flow with no other influence and the recommended values for the parameters are not fit for Chinese conditions. Besides, impedance function model does not apply to the urban roads with bus stops. This paper summarizes the situation of the current study on impedance function and introduces the classic BPR model. Two bus-stop related factors are chosen as parameters to modify the original impedance function model after conducting qualitative analysis and correlation analysis. The parameters are calibrated by data of Nanjing City. The results indicate that the model proposed by this paper can reflect traffic flow with the influence of bus stops well.

It is important influence on the construction of road network efficiency that the developing scales of the urban road network how to determine. In order to reach to the objective that effectiveness optimal and rationality economic for the urban transport road, the method of flow — density for the developing scale of the urban road network had been proposed. It was based on analyzing the method of road network density, the theory of traffic flow and application of TRANSCAD. Finally, the paper analyzed the procedure of above methods by the case, and proved the rationality and reliability of the methods.

Better understanding the factors that influence bicyclists' riding comfort will provide transportation professionals useful information for bicycle facility design and management. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of contributing factors to the bicyclists' riding comfort perceptions on physically separated bicycle roadways in urban areas in China. To achieve this objective, field data was collected at 29 physically separated bicycle roadway segments in urban areas in Nanjing city. Based on the data, a proportional odds model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of factors on cycling comfort. It is found that factors significantly influencing riding comfort on physically separated bicycle roadways include the width of bicycle lane, separation form to pedestrian, number of uncontrolled access, residential surrounding and presence of bus stops.

Guide signs play an important role on the campus traffic engineering design but the facts show that guide sign's effectiveness cannot meet the need of traffic features of campus with the national standards GB5768-2009. So this article explores in the establishment of the campus feature and the design of campus guide sign, study on design theory and methods based on city road and represent a scheme for the hierarchically constructed layout design. The result of this study can be used to amend the design form of campus guide sign and as a reference for concerned design and construction department to update future principles of campus guide sign settings.

In order to determine the reasonable scale of the urban road and minimize the cost of construction and the supply of urban road resources, we make use of the theory of bi-level programming to establish the reasonable road gradation model, which takes total road length, traffic supply-demand matching relationship, road capacity and road area supply as constraints. The road network of Huizhou is analyzed by using the model. The optimal solution of road grade for of main trunk road, secondary trunk road and branch road is obtained. It indicates the optimization of road network in the city and shows the urban road network optimization model is reasonable and feasible.

Actual headway oscillating around expected headway (oscillating process) is a theoretical basis of steady-state car-following model. To explore the relationship between the oscillation amplitude and average velocity of following vehicle, we studied the real traffic flow from steady-state car-following on Beijing urban expressway. When average velocity of the following vehicle changed within a certain range, the amplitude described a piecewise linear function; when average velocity of the following vehicle was less than the lower threshold of this range, the amplitude tended to 0; when average velocity of the following vehicle was greater than the upper threshold of the range, there was no significant correlation between the amplitude and average velocity of the following vehicle. The threshold of the range and the inflection point of the piecewise function might relate to driving environment, vehicle and driver attributes.

With the rapid development of China's economy, the car number has increased sharply, novice drivers also appear in large numbers in the road. The experienced and novice drivers differ in driver's behavioral characteristics, by which the capacity of urban road section will be influenced. In this paper, a car following experiment was designed to obtain the behavioral parameters of Chinese drivers, such as following distance, speed, etc., and then by the experimental data processing, the similarities and differences between experienced and novice drivers in terms of headway and time headway was analyzed, and get the relationship between them and speed. At last, a calculation model of road capacity based on the headway and time headway was established and based on the experimental data. A conclusion is obtained that with the increase of novice driver proportion the capacity will decrease.

With the boom of tourist travel recently, the frequency of leisure activities is increasing, which results in rising of tourism traffic. Tourist travel brings great pressure to urban roadway network, highways as well as attractions. Many traffic challenges emerged, such as traffic jams, parking difficulties, etc.; these problems greatly reduced tourists travel satisfaction. In this study, investigations were conducted to make sure the travel characteristics of three kinds of scenic spots including the landmark, natural beauty and cultural heritage sites. Factors which have an effect on choice of traffic modes and destinations were analyzed including personal property, travel features, traffic states, traffic mode preferences and tourist traffic management measures. Binary Logit (BL) regression was used to set up model of traffic mode choice. The key factors which affect traffic mode choice were acquired from the BL model, including: travel scale, visit times, per capita daily consumption, age, private cars possession and attractions types.

Discerning free driving from car-following state is an important issue in modeling driver's longitudinal behavior. Existing studies suggested that there is a turning point for correlation coefficient of leading and following vehicles' speed between free driving and car-following states. In this paper, by applying the adopted method to trajectory data, a longer 12 s time gap threshold between free driving and car-following is reported. Also a notable difference across experienced and beginner driver groups is found. This study could provide some evidence on driver behavior heterogeneity, and also raise the doubt for a universal "free" vehicle standard.

The evaluation of transportation network in economic circle is studied based on the relevant knowledge of grey theorem. On the basis of considering each factor of transportation network in economic circle, the multilevel grey evaluation of transportation network in economic circle is presented and the countermeasures of transportation network in economic circle are also recommended. This method combines the qualitative with the quantitative analysis and then focuses on the latter. It is applied to the practical evaluation of transportation network in Pearl River Delta economic circle. The results indicate that the multi-ingredient transportation network in economic circles assessment can be transformed into the single-object decision by using this method, and the results can directly show the integrative level of transportation network in economic circle and offer the reliable basis for making policies.

This paper mainly studies the travel time impedance functions of urban transportation networks including two parts: the uninterrupted flow function and interrupted flow function. On the basis of uninterrupted flow's speed-flow relationship, we propose a piecewise method to research on its impedance function. In the interrupted flow function, links and intersections are considered separately. Each kind of turn delay at signal intersections is estimated through the delay function of HCM2000. The impedance functions are used in a macroscopic simulation model to prove the feasibility in practice.

Centering on mixed traffic congestion pricing for the coexistence between private cars and public transport vehicles, this paper elaborates the concept of asymmetric impedance under the mixed traffic and calculations of impedance function about private cars and public transport vehicles are respectively given from a practical point of view. A bi-level programming model for congestion pricing was established which can apply to general city network especially on the condition of non-symmetric impedance. The bi-level programming model's lower level established objective function is based on the traffic assignment theory. The function of the upper level is established with the target of the traffic managers, which is minimizing the total travel time. The ultimate decision objective is to seek a value which can make two levels achieve a state of "optimal." Finally, the model is solved with the help of penalty function algorithm and step acceleration method, and gives examples, the results of which show that the charge on the congested road can reduce traffic, influence travel behavior of travelers and improve the proportion of public transport options.

Bicycles running in intersections will occupy lanes of motor vehicle if bicycle flow rate is high. The interference from bicycles will decrease capacity of motor vehicles in an intersection. Meanwhile, the increase of lane width bicycles occupy can increase bicycle traffic capacity. In this study, the relationships among occupied lane width, bicycle traffic capacity, decrease of motor traffic capacity and bicycle traffic demand were explored. However, little documentation is available on these issues. Our field investigation was conducted in Nanjing to get plenty of data. Statistics methods were developed to quantitatively modeling relationship curves. It is found that occupied lane width is a Logistic function of bicycle traffic demand, while bicycle traffic capacity and decrease of motor traffic capacity are cubic functions of bicycle traffic demand. The finding of the research can be used for intersection construction, reformation and management to meet large bicycle traffic demand and alleviate the interference.

A Multinomial logit model is adopted to analyze mode choice behavior based on household travel survey data in 2010 in Zhongshan, which is a medium city of Guangdong province in China. The total mode share includes walk, bicycle, e-bike, motorcycle, car and bus. Since travelers often chain multiple activities together in a trip chain for greater efficiency and convenience, the influence of trip chain on mode choice is considered in this research by classifying trips to single trip, simple trip chain and complex trip chain. The model estimation results show that trip chaining has significant effects on mode choice and travelers scheduling more activities in their trip chain are more likely to choose flexible modes such as automobile, motorcycle, e-bike, and bicycle. These findings have important implication in increasing public transportation service and improving activity-based modeling system.

The analysis on the park and ride demand is the basis for the planning and construction of park and ride facilities. This paper analyzes the characteristics of park and ride demand distribution by the park and ride demand survey data in Beijing. Then the demand density (or intensity) distribution chart was obtained by the Kernel density estimation method. Lastly, the paper discusses the relation between the park and ride intensity and effected factors based on the Structural equation modeling theory. The conclusions are that the poorer the traffic condition for the destination, the higher the public traffic service level, the closer the distance from the departing area to the park and ride facility for the travelers, the smaller the travel angle, the bigger is the park and ride demand intensity. The study results give some references for the demand forecasting of the park and ride in metropolis.

Pedestrians have a significant effect on capacity of signalized intersections with channelization island. This paper analyzes the regular arrival pattern of pedestrians and shows that the arrival frequency of pedestrians is consistent with negative binomial distribution. When comparing different processes of pedestrians crossing between signalized intersection with channelization island and the typical one, pedestrians spillover quantity mainly influenced by the total amount of traffic volume, direct proportion changes with the traffic volume volatility. It also discusses the capacity calculation of right-turn lane with accept gap model and how pedestrians influence the capacity of the right-turn lane. Pedestrian influence of straight lane capacity is focused on headway and a sound sample typical value and variance from P-P figure found that the randomness of intersection capacity of Dongda and Wuyi Road signalized intersection in Fuzhou meet the normal distribution well.

Weights and degree of membership is very important in the intersection scheme evaluation. The weights were usually constant, the membership function was normally determined subjectively. Aimed at dealing with the deficiencies of index weighting and membership degree determination in traditional intersection scheme evaluation methods, the hierarchy variable weights fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was proposed. First, by taking the traffic safety, efficiency, convenience, economy and environmental protection as objects, the evaluation index system was established. Then, the constant weights was determined by analytical hierarchy process; the constant weights of key indexes was adjusted using the local variable weight method, including both the functions of "punishment" and "promotion"; the self-judgment method was applied to generate the membership degree of each factors; and the fuzzy evaluation method was used to give the value of comprehensive evaluation. Finally, its validity has been proven in a research which evaluates and optimizes an intersection in Nanjing.

As many arterial highway pass through rural areas, traffic participants' safety consciousness are not high and many intersections adopt unsignalized control methods of main road preferential, the traffic accident rate about the non-vehicle and pedestrians traversing these intersections has relation with the delay length. By using probability theory and mathematics induction, this paper has setup the delay model of probability density distribution function when non-vehicles and pedestrians traversing the main roads.Then obtain the average delay model and the least time that majority of non-vehicles and pedestrians can pass through the main roads safely.

To solve a kind of storage problem which owns the following characteristics, that is, requirement amount is random and indeterminate, a new novel kind of storage programming model is proposed by applying the random programming technique and method, and the random parameters in this model are permitted to have a much more general form. Simulated annealing algorithm is employed to search the optimal solution of this model and thus establish the strategy of ordering goods. The algorithm has been realized in Matlab environment and has been used to analyze a realistic storage problem of watercraft fittings. Computational results showed that this storage model and using simulated annealing to solve it could be efficient.

This paper studies vehicle lane changing behavior in urban arterial streets and analyzes characteristics of driving behaviors when taking lane changes. It also does research on the relation indexes, such as distance between a lane changing vehicle and its surrounding vehicles and their speed. Thus, some basic rules on vehicle lane changes based on driving behaviors are produced and a basic lane changing model is established.

A quantitative method for the severity of traffic conflict in intersection is proposed. It assumes moving elements as points. By using the video image sequences, the moving parameters of vehicles are obtained. The conflict time is chosen as criterion of the severity of traffic conflict in this paper. The less of the conflict time, the traffic conflict is more serious. The severity of conflict is estimated according to established model and conflict time under the point assumption of moving elements. A case recorded by video is analyzed. The result shows that the model can be used to detect serious traffic conflict. It can be used in analysis of traffic safety in intersection.

Generally, the urban freight volume increase makes positive association with the social economy development. To the cities with different industrial structure, the degree of association has gaps and even some negative correlations. The classic forecasting methods of freight volume, which usually take the historical data of the GDP or the freight volume as the basis, have general flexibility but cannot reveal the impression that the urban development and industrial reconstructing gave to freight volume variation, and the forecasting precision is not desirable. This paper adopts a combination forecasting method, make positive analysis by the case of Shanghai, using the freight volume per GDP forecasting method and sub-industry regression forecasting method to get original predicted result, then use the weighted mean to get the final result with the select the weight number by the development tendency of urban industrial structure. The result is proved to be more accurate after test, and the method would be of theory and practical value in logistics planning region.

Dynamic analysis is the very effective method for both the improvement of traditional cross section model and the analysis of travel behavior. The study tries to apply dynamic analysis method in travel behavior into the stated preference for route choice and to find the changing structure in time. For these purposes, dynamic model is established by LISREL to validate its significance and to improve the cross section model. As results of applied model, variable parameters on travel time information are statistically significant with high values, which mean that they have greatly an effect on route choice. While roads which penetrate the downtown are regarded as negative to the route choice, one that is a roundabout road is considered as affirmative. The model containing the concept of both serial correlation and stated dependence shows the highest goodness of fit and is reasonable to be applied to dynamic behavior analysis. As the time interval becomes large, parameter values of serial correlation and stated dependence become small. That is, serial correlation and stated dependence has inverse proportion ratio to the time interval.

In this paper, based on deeply analyzing the traditional algebraic method for arterial coordination control and pointing out its deficiency, the optimized method of calculating the green wave bandwidth and the value of signal offsets and the best match method of intersection is proposed following the design principle of maximum green wave bandwidth and making use of the time-space diagram for arterial coordinate control. The examples effectively demonstrate that the algebraic optimization method can make an arterial coordinate control system get a green wave bandwidth as wide as possible and obtain a green wave bandwidth practically and accurately.

In order to solve the problems of road traffic safety macroscopic evaluation and traffic safety level classification in China, an index system which consists of 14 relative indexes for road traffic safety macroscopic evaluation was established taking into account the synthetic influences of human, vehicle, road, and socio-economic developmental levels on traffic safety. Then, a new PCA (principal component analysis)-CA (cluster analysis) method was put forward based on the math theory of PCA and CA. Firstly, the PCA method was used to reduce the dimensions of the multi-index data, and then the I_RTS (index of road traffic safety) was constructed for the order of road traffic safety situation of samples being evaluated. Secondly, the K-means clustering method was applied to safety level classifications taking I_RTS as variables. Last, 2006 road traffic accident statistical data of certain provinces in China was selected as examples, and the analysis results show that there are differences in the order of road traffic safety situation by comparative study on the PCA-CA method, projection pursuit (PP) method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (PCE) method.

The purpose of this paper was to better quantify the effects of bicycle traffic on vehicular delays at signal intersections with pre-right-turn lanes. Through videotaping several signalized intersections with pre-right-turn lanes in Kunming City, Jilin City, and Changchun City of China, traffic flow data was collected to analyze the interference between the vehicle flow and bicycle flow. It is found that with the increase of the bicycle traffic volume, the bicycle lanes become congested, and bicycle traffic is more likely to encroach into the travel path of motor vehicles, and thus results in the excessive vehicle delays. On the basis of empirical data, a calculation model was developed to quantify the relationship between the oversaturated bicycle flow and the additional operating delay caused by the bicycles. The result of the analysis can be used to calculate the capacity of the signalized intersections with pre-right-turn lanes and assist in developing guidelines for installation of pre-right-turn lanes at signalized intersections.

To illustrate the working conditions of different intersections, the efficiency model was studied. Potential conflict intersection and actual conflict intersection were divided into two basic different types, whose efficiency models were developed both based on volume and speed. Comparison of efficiency between two types of intersections under different volume conditions shows: efficiency of actual conflict intersection was higher than that of the potential conflict intersection when the volume of the conflict traffic flows was low and lower when the volume of conflict traffic flows was relatively high. The conclusion indicates: efficiency index accords with the actual working condition and can be applied to the selection of different control modes.

The forecasting of traffic flow is an important thesis of the research of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). A good method of traffic flow forecasting can play a very important role in traffic control and transportation programming. This paper first analyzed the Kalman filter theory in detail considering the following features of the Kalman filter method: choose the forecast factors flexibly, forecast accurately, and calculate expediently. Then a short-term traffic volume forecast model based on the Kalman filter theory was established. At last, the paper simulated one segment of the Jing-Jin-Tang freeway using the traffic flow data from a historical monitoring database in order to verify the availability of the advanced model. This research may provide a basis for traffic data analysis and a support for traffic management and traffic control.

Due to unexpected events such as traffic jams etc. in the real world, using an unreliable bus scheduling scheme is ineffective. This paper studies the regional bus scheduling problem with bus task reliability to minimize operating costs for all vehicles where some side constraints such as depots capacities and fueling are considered. The mathematical model is formulated in a form of the integer programming problem in "Block Based" formulation ways, and solutions are obtained by ant colony optimization (ACO). Finally, an example shows a model as well as its algorithm's correctness and effectiveness.

Based on the speed data and fuel consumption information from the Jinan BRT vehicle traveling data recorder, this paper analyzed the cumulative time-fuel consumption and time-distance variation rules to find out the bottleneck points causing delays. The probability distribution curve fitting was analyzed by the method of kernel density estimation, and the test indicates that the travel speed of BRT presents some characteristics of normal distribution. The statistical analysis indicates that there is obvious PM-low-peak and AM-low-peak of travel speed in workdays. Road right guarantee is the important condition to ensure high speed of BRT. The bigger the travel speed will be, the less the fuel consumption will be. The fuel consumption of an 18 m length BRT vehicle is more than that of a 12 m length vehicle. Finally, the operation level of Jinan BRT speed was evaluated, and improvement strategies were suggested based on the analysis of speed characteristics.

Lane Management Techniques (LMT) discussed in this paper is a traffic flow control measure for multilane freeways by means of restricting lane access by vehicle type and limiting speed by lane and by vehicle type. Five methods of lane management are analyzed and compared in this paper. Lane utilization ratio, times of lane-changing, and speed difference between different lanes and different vehicle-types are selected and used as evaluation indices.. Using an eight-lane freeway in southern China as an example, we developed a calculation model considering variables such as road, traffic and management conditions. Based on the simulation software using VISSIM, a suitable lane management measure is selected for this eight-lane freeway. LMT can also be applied to other multilane freeways by taking different design parameters and traffic composition into consideration.

This paper breaks away from traditional ideas about dividing road service levels by saturation (V/C). From the concept of "level of service", it researches the indicators which the drivers or passengers can directly experience, such as vehicle speed, running time, congestion level, driving freedom, safety, comfort, convenience, operating costs and so on. On this basis, it constructs evaluation index system and establishes a model of multistage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. At last, it verifies the model by example and takes the comparative analysis of freeway section level of service under the condition of limited speed and unrestricted speed. It concludes that the relatively high speed and flow is corresponding to the highest relative service level.

In this paper, a new statistic car-following regulation was described and car-following model was established by means of the time delay differential equation of chaos dynamics. Using a high precision GPS receiver we collected the time serial data that represented drivers' behaviors and vehicle status in real traffic flow. A complete course of car-following was divided up into three stages, acceleration, steady, and deceleration stage. Using the dynamic gathered measures, we analyzed the average acceleration as a compartmentalized index to reveal the relationship between the distance headway and the following vehicle velocity in an acceleration stage and deceleration stage, the regression relationship between the response time of the following driver and the following vehicle velocity in the deceleration stage and the regression relationship among expected distance headway, headway and following velocity by means of mathematical statistics. We made out the relationship between the following vehicle acceleration and the distance headway, and the relationship between the following vehicle acceleration and the following vehicle velocity in a steady stage. And we validated these relationships using simulation tests.

To mitigate the ever-worsening congestion in urban areas, the reversible lane system is introduced as an alternative. The system is divided into five function zones, and the basic facilities required for each zone are illustrated. Three processes, namely clearance, entrance and exit, constitute the whole implementation procedure of a reversible lane system. The section saturation of 0.8 and the directional distribution factor of 2/3 are recommended for the criteria to activate the reversible lane system. An optimization model is developed to determine the number of lanes to be converted for reversible use. The reliability of a reversible lane system is measured in terms of safety, operation, and capacity. The results of before-and-after simulation in VISSIM show that the travel time decreased 38.73% and average vehicle delay decreased 50.70%, which is an indication that the reversible lane system is an effective option for the mitigation of urban congestion.

Traffic flows are key parameters for design, channelization, and signal control of the intersection. Thus, it is important to study how to correct the output of the assignment model so it can be used for the intersection design. This paper uses the assigned and observed traffic flows of some intersections as the input/output factors to train the neural network to obtain an intersection traffic forecast model. In order to train the neural network, the number and location of the sampled intersections are determined, and traffic flows in the intersection are collected. Then, the surveyed and assigned data neural network is trained. Finally, the accuracy of the trained model is examined.

Selection of the survey method is one of the primary issues that the survey team needs to resolve in the process of personal travel survey. In-home surveys, telephone surveys, mail surveys, Internet surveys, GPS surveys, and mobile phone information-based observation surveys are commonly used methods, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages, as well as application conditions. This paper analyzes the applicable conditions of each method in China from the perspectives of sample representative, data reliability and accuracy, survey organization, time, and cost. It was found that the two-stage in-home survey was the most appropriate method for the personal travel survey in China, so the implementation process of this method was also discussed.

At present, various types of traffic monitoring devices have been brought into wide use. However, these devices are often out of control because devices are not supervised. The efficiency of real-time display device utilization is limited. To this end, we have developed a wide range management system in order to manage the various information of traffic monitoring devices effectively. In this article, we describe the GIS-based traffic monitoring devices management system (GTMDMS), which is multi-department, cross-regional and cross-traffic. The main parts of the system including system framework, functional design, network architecture, and Oracle database design are introduced. Moreover, ARCGIS as a development tool is used for visual development in this system. This system provides a technical support for the full and effective management and use for the transportation resources.

First, the characteristics of ramp setting in 4 groups and 8 types among terminal collector expressway, highway and urban expressway are compared with the case of Shanghai Hongqiao Terminal. Then, the relationship among flow, density and speed is studied through micro-simulation and cross-classification taking speed and ramp spacing as indicators. It is concluded that ramp setting influences the level of service of terminal collector expressway. It might provide references to other similar design and management projects.

In order to perfect our capacity study of urban road intersections, the short lane group was defined by means of hypothesis testing, it was learned that time headway of vehicles passing through an intersection is subject to the shifted negative exponential distribution. Using the Ashworth method, the values of critical gap and follow-up time of merging vehicles passing through an intersection were obtained. Then applying gap acceptance theory, the maximum traffic volume model to calculate traffic volume merging from outer shared through lane to inner through lane was obtained, and the simplified calculation model was derived as well. On the base of the research above, the capacity calculation model of the through short lane group was derived. Research indicates that the capacity of the through short lane group is equal to the capacity of the inner through lane adding to the minimum value between the capacity of the outer shared through lane under the condition of absence of the short lane and the maximum traffic volume which can merge from the outer shard lane to the inner through lane.

As the economic development of society advances, the traffic flow of expressways also shows this trend of fast growth. Especially during the holidays such as the Spring Festival, minor vacations and Golden-week holidays, the traffic flow increases sharply. This article is based on a large amount of research data about the traffic flow of expressways during the holidays. It is well described in detail regarding the characteristics of time distribution, space distribution and the traffic surrounding expressway transportation during the holidays. A thorough analysis of the reasons for usual and unexpected traffic congestion is made in this paper. Also the associated measures of expressway operation and management during the holidays, such as the capacity of road network, the dynamic control of traffic flow, the prevention of and emergency response to incidents, are proposed.

Pedestrian traffic plays an important part in traffic systems. Pedestrian traffic violation, rather than vehicles, is one of the main causes of traffic accidents at at-grade intersections. In this article, in order to analyze various behavior responses to the red indication, the end of a green phase and red phase, field observations, videos, and questionnaires were undertaken to collect field data for the research. Conclusions were made and potential improvements were recommended. The research provided theoretical support on setting pedestrian crossing parameters.

Interactions of right-turning vehicles and straight going bicycles occurs frequently at signalized intersections under traditional signal control schemes, which causes unsafe and inefficient operation of traffic. In this paper, a signal control scheme is proposed with the objective of changing the above-mentioned unfavorable conditions for the better. This scheme takes the operational characteristics of vehicle-flow in the entrance lane and bicycle-flow under serious consideration. The results show: the proposed scheme helps to improve the utilization of the entrance lane and green time within the intersection, conflicts between right-turning vehicles and straight going bicycles are also avoided. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the optimal allocation of time and space resources of the intersection.

Level-of-service of signalized intersection is an important index that can reflect the condition of an intersection. It also reflects the degree of the condition provided by the intersection that can meet the requirement of smoothness and safety. Comprehensive evaluation of signalized intersections' level-of-service plays an important role in rational design and traffic improvement scheme of intersections. By the intensive analysis of evaluation indexes of existing traffic state, saturation, average queue length, and delay are selected as comprehensive evaluation indexes. Considering characteristics of evaluation indexes, indexes weighted sum is used to build a comprehensive evaluation function. In view of the more objective evaluation on availability of information, the theory of Information Entropy is adopted to determine the weight coefficients of these evaluation indexes. Reference to the classification standard of exiting signal intersection service level, suggested value of signal intersection service level corresponding to the comprehensive evaluation function is given. Example analysis showed that the comprehensive evaluation method and level graded was feasible, and evaluation results were consistent with the existing methods.

According to the question on existing single-distribution models to inadequately describe the traffic flow characteristic parameters, road traffic flow possesses obvious multi-state variation characteristics in condition of microcosmic, combined with mixed-Gamma distribution dense characteristics, the time headway and space headway fitting method is proposed on the conditions of multi-state traffic. Due to the complexity of the fitting function, the rapid calculation of traffic flow characteristic parameters is achieved by using expectation maximization algorithms, through controlling the number of branches of mixed Gamma distribution effectively in condition of the relative error under 5%. Furthermore, traffic flow procedures have been developed based on the Monte-Carlo method. Comparing the simulation results with the actual survey data and analyzing the results verify the reliability of the program, which lays a foundation for further study of traffic simulation on the condition of multi-state traffic flow.

Existing traffic hubs have shown to exert significant effects upon the alleviation of traffic congestion in Beijing in recent years. However, due to their defects in capacity, efficiency, comfort and other aspects, the attractiveness of public transport to the public is at a competitive disadvantage to private cars. It is still a problem when evaluating and increasing the transfer performance of traffic hubs efficiently. This paper presents a typical evaluation indicator system. The specific indicators include: transport capacity matching degree, bypassing degree, average walking distance, conflicts safety, transfer comfort, etc. Based on the calculating method of each selected indicator, field investigations on Xidan station, Jianguomen station, and Guomao station of Beijing subway line 1 were conducted to obtain the required basic data. The Principal Component Analysis was used later to evaluate these hubs. According to the analysis result, advantages and disadvantages of each station were discussed together with recommendations.

Roadside parking is an ordinary parking mode, and vehicles pulling in and out of parking areas will disturb the normal running of dynamic traffic, which certainly will produce negative impact on road capacity, but the influence coefficient has not been calculated accurately because of the lack of an explicit model. Based on a two-way four-lane road, this paper analyzes the disturbance on dynamic traffic by vehicles pulling in and out of parking spaces. By means of formula deduction, the model of influence coefficient is established, and the model of road capacity for curbside parking is provided. Finally, it presents countermeasures to improve capacity, which will provide certain theoretical basis to better guide parking design and management.

A kind of special outside left-turn lane design has been increasingly used in urban areas in China recently. Unlike the traditional design, the special left-turn lane design locates the left-turn lane to the right of through lanes. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of various factors such as traffic conditions, and the influence of geometric characteristics on driver's selection of outside left-turn lanes. Using traffic data collected from 10 particular approaches, a binary logic model was developed and found that the chance of a left-turning driver choosing the outside left-turn lane increases when the major-street traffic volume and the queuing length in inside left-turn lane increases; and decreases when the distance from the upstream side-street to the signalized intersection increases. Left-turning heavy vehicles and upstream side-street left-turning vehicles generally prefer outside left-turn lanes. Several guidelines were made to help designers in determining whether an outside left-turn lane is needed.

The correlation degree model between adjacent signal intersections is the most important component of subarea partition algorithms. In this article, factors that affect partition are classified into static factors and dynamic factors. We mainly focus on the two dynamic factors, which are cycle length and platoon length. The cycle length correlation model is established by considering the cycle length difference between seed intersection and non-seed intersection. Then by adopting platoon dispersion and the ratio of platoon length to phase green time, the platoon correlation model is developed to depict the benefits of signal coordination control. Based on the two above models, an integrated correlation model is developed to quantify the correlation degree of adjacent intersections. At last, Chang's model, which is a representative achievement in subarea partition cited by the Traffic Control Systems Handbook, is compared with our model by way of examples. The results show that our model outperforms Chang's model in depicting correlation degree between intersections. This research can provide theoretical support for subarea partition and signal control.

Information is an important factor that influences travelers' behavior. Considering the information validity feedback, the decision procedure of travelers in regular travel is analyzed in conditions of with and without traffic information, the recognizing procedure and calculation method of travelers in these two kinds of conditions are put forward through comparison analysis, and the analytic model for traffic information utility was established. The sensitivity of traffic information utility affected by the quality of traffic information, the stability of traffic system, and experience of travelers are analyzed. The result indicated that the effect of information is on one hand to change the unknown choice options to known ones, and on the other hand to further the cognition of previous known options. The result develops a new way for analyzing the effects of traffic information, and provides a theory foundation for travel selection behavior under the condition of traffic information.

Train formation was brought into the train plan of urban rail transit, then the train formation length, train operational period, and its train count can be optimized together. On the basis of analyzing the passenger flow general travel cost and considering the transport capacity, the requirements of traffic organization, corporation benefits, and passenger traffic demand reasonably, the constraint conditions and objective functions were given. The multi-objective optimization model for train plan of urban rail transit was presented. According to the characteristics of the model and practical experience about train plan, the three-phase solution method was designed. The instance of Changsha metro line 2 shows that the method can solve a good result with high efficiency.

The traditional setting of a cycle length is based on the goal of the minimum total delay, while the green ratio is proportional to vehicle flow ratio in a phase, and large-sized vehicles and miniature vehicles are converted to standard vehicles, but the conversion ratio is not necessarily reasonable from the perspective of energy consumption. In this paper, the optimization goal of the cycle length is minimum energy consumption, and the green ratio was determined by the ratio of energy consumption and the degree of saturation in a phase, which aims to save the energy under the premise of unimpeded traffic at an intersection.

Based on the embedded and terminal technology, an algorithm for the log image volume measure was designed to develop the mobile terminal log volume measuring subsystem to achieve the acquisition and real-time upload of original departure photos and data in the process of timber transportation. By this transportation law enforcement subsystem based on mobile communication, law enforcement officers can remotely download the original departure photos and compare them with the actual transportation conditions to carry out accurate inspection without stopping. When they discover illegal transportation behaviors, they conduct on-site forensics by mobile phone and print a penalty notice, where photos and GPS information ensure the stringency and objectivity of law enforcement forensics. Meanwhile, experiments show that with support of this system the timber transportation inspection posts in the forest regions of southern China are able to achieve intellectualization and standardization of transportation inspection, which can automatically release legitimate vehicles to effectively reduce inspection time and improve the efficiency of timber transportation in order to promote harmony development of the timber transportation environment.

In recent years, curb parking has been widely used in the central business district because of convenience and short walking distance. However, curb parking reduces the width of road, and takes over non-motor pavement. This causes the mixture of vehicles, bicyclists and pedestrians resulting in traffic chaos and the delays of parking arrival and departure. This paper, taking the Central Business District (CBD) of Hohhot as an example, investigates the impacts of curb parking under the condition of high traffic volume related to the normal dynamic of traffic flow. According to the statistics of the survey, an acceleration-deceleration model and a car-following model are proposed, forming a combined model for the impact of dynamic traffic flow caused by curb parking.

Very few studies on urban taxi operation have been conducted. Research on taxi market mainly focuses on the equilibrium of supply and demand. The floating car technology makes it possible to collect real time operating data of taxis, which supports the particular study on urban taxi operation status and can lead to more refined taxi operation management. About 40 million floating car data records from taxis in Shenzhen, China are used as the sample for this research. Taxi service status in several subareas on different dates or during different time is analyzed. The statistics show development trend for taxi trips by subareas, dates and time period during the day as well as significant difference in demand level. Due to the clear functional layout and agglomeration of land use in cities, taxi service status is stable given a relative small subarea and short statistical time interval. Based on the characteristics retrieved from the statistics, an index describing the ease at which taxis can pick up passengers is proposed. This analysis could help taxi companies accommodate the new environment and refine their operation and scheduling management according to the new data.

With the increasing pressure of left-turn vehicles in urban arterials, multiple phases of signal control are chosen as the main pattern. Four intersections of an arterial in Qingdao city are selected as the main object of study. Each intersection is four-legged with a two-way eight-lane major street and two-way four-lane minor street. Four patterns of phases and sequence are researched including two-phase control, Split Phasing, leading left-turn phasing and lagging left-turn phasing in major street. 1024 simulation tests are designed by using PASSER software. Average delay of each vehicle is calculated by using the hill-climbing method. The optimized results of different combined phases and sequences with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% left-turn volume are given as the base of arterial coordination control of local agency.

A practical thinning-based license plate recognition method is presented in this paper. This method combines the advantages of the projection, structure needle and symmetry features to recognize characters. First it thins the binary character image with the method based on the index table, and gets the peak feature which includes value and location from both the horizontal and vertical projections of the thinned image. The initial recognition could be achieved with these features. For some characters, their projections are too similar to be distinguished. These require the needle features to be extracted to get further recognition. Finally, the local symmetry features are extracted recognizing the similar characters. In this paper the test of 1732 characters (numbers and English letters) taken in various illumination conditions of license images resulted in the correct recognition rate over 95%.

Most road and railway intersections are vertical crossings, but according to the location of the intersection and the traffic demand of the railway, there are also grade crossings. The grade crossings have a significant influence on urban roads. On the basis of theoretical studies and examples in Nanjing, we analyzed the factors such as crossing closed time and traffic capacity. We analyzed the influences that the factors have on road intersections and traffic jams. The condition of the traffic jams are then evaluated, models built and the delay of the intersection analyzed. This paper also presents measures for widening crossroads, reducing crossing closed time and taking measures for traffic control. The resulting measures should help to alleviate the traffic condition.

In order to provide reasonable and accurate traffic status information for the traffic managers, a new method for traffic state recognition based on vague set theory is proposed. According to the characteristics of discreteness, fuzziness, and time-variant in the detecting units, decision-making information of adjacent detections units at the same level is merged to obtain a sequence of traffic state blocks. A weighted distance formula is proposed to turn the position and length of traffic state block into weights, and based on which, the fusion and recognition model of traffic states information on high-grade highway segment is established. The example also shows the validation of the effectiveness of the model, provides a new way for recognition of traffic state information model on high-grade highway segment.

Urban land redevelopment has caused travel demand changes and traffic flow divergence in its time-space distribution, past research focused on the state of the traffic flow, and cannot reflect current shifts. With urbanization, research on the traffic impact caused by land redevelopment is of urgency. This paper analyzes the shifting of the space-time distribution of traffic flow based on the study of traffic impact caused by land redevelopment using characteristic indices to reflect the shifting of traffic flow, after analyzing the already existent indices. This paper includes two new indices and an index system. The research findings of this paper include land redevelopment decision making for scale based on the resources of the transportation system. Included indices can also be used in the traffic impact analysis.

Based on random stream distribution theory of traffic engineering and taking the random property of Traveler's Path Choice into account, establishes an urban road network congestion charging double-level planning model by Logit model. Leader takes entire traffic network system optimum and total travel cost minimum under equilibrium as the objective function. Follower takes each road traffic flow optimum as the objective function. Solve the model by method of successive algorithm and penalty function, and tests by simulated dates, the result shows that trip cost would cut down 12.75% by congestion charging under a simulated road network, and the established model could relieve urban road congestion effectively.

Flexibility of scheduling and operation are important factors of bus rapid transit (BRT). Determining the headway and routes combinations according to the travel demand is the key in schedule optimization of BRT. This paper analyzes the existing model and establishes optimal mathematical model for BRT scheduling. This helps to determine the optimal bus headway and routes aiming to minimize the total travel time of passengers and operating costs of BRT. A genetic algorithm (GA) which applies two-dimensional 0–1 coding to represent pass-by stops sets and frequency was designed to solve the problem. Different schedule is determined by one-point crossover of GA. Finally, the model and the algorithms are illustrated as B1 of BRT in Guangzhou. Paramics-based simulation and evaluation results show that the method can improve BRT scheduling optimizing efficiency.

Origin-Destination (OD) matrices estimation is one of the key components in traffic planning and traffic control. Based on the maximum-entropy model, a solution by Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed. As an example the Guangzhou Neihuan Road traffic survey data is used to show the importance of current traffic counting points selecting principles. Two new principles are presented. Results show that this solution is able to solve the OD matrices estimation problem. The principles of setting traffic counting points tested in this paper play a very important role in the OD matrices estimation problem.

This paper used the traffic software VISSIM imitating the one-way traffic network, got the data of every index concerning vehicle, road segment, cross and road network with three kinds of one-way traffic network. This paper then studied and got the best distance between two roads of one-way traffic by compare matrices found that the best distance between two roads of same one-way traffic network different under different cross and network conditions. The results indicate that VISSIM software can be combined with comparative matrices as an effective analytical process and method; it can decide the best distance between two roads of different one-way traffic network.

Parking guidance sign boards provide real-time parking information for en-route drivers. The locations of sign boards affect their guidance effect. Considering the service objective of sign board parking flow on a network, the utility of sign boards may be expressed as the function of the degree of parking facility and the parking flow. The method for determining the utility of sign boards is developed, with the objective of maximization of the utility of sign boards, and a planning model for determining the optimal locations of sign boards is presented and the solution method of the model also presented. An example is included to illustrate the procedure of the proposed model. The model is an efficient method to determine the optimal locations of sign boards, providing a theoretical foundation for the planning of sign board placement.

Establishing a simulation model to study the microscopic characteristics of bicycle-flow, is often effective in understanding urban mixed traffic flow issues. While the bicycle cellular automaton model evolves, it shows that usually two or more bicycles choose the same unoccupied destination cell for bicycle flow's snaking and interweaving characteristics. Recent bicycle cellular automaton models have solved this problem using equal random probability to decide which bicycle to update the destination cell, which does not reflect the rider's psychological impact. The socio-psychological force is introduced to improve the bicycle cellular automaton model here, and to get the rejection probability to resolve the problem stated above. By running models improved and not, results show the improved model describes the track of bicycle-flow better by reducing the unreasonable "go and stop" phenomenon. This new model is more suitable for rejection probability than equal random probability because it responds to the rider's conflict characteristics.

In this paper, a novel assessment technique for ship traffic safety in the constrained waters was proposed based on ship's track automatic control technique. The ship-track controller is developed based on adaptive fuzzy control technique, and can force a ship to steer on the prescribed path automatically. Consequently, an impersonal and advising strategy of ship steering/maneuvering action on the investigated constrained waters can be achieved. The simulation results provide a comparison of the advising policies between the experts' maneuvering and the automatic control maneuvering on the marine simulators. Thus, the evaluation of ship traffic safety is conducted and performed by this mode. The results in this paper will provide a safe, reasonable and scientific reference policy on ship handling and the traffic safety assessment in the constrained waters.

The objective of this study is to improve the performance of traffic incident detection algorithms on urban roads. The concept of algorithm performance reliability is introduced to make decision fusion which combines the results of the automatic incident detection algorithm based on floating car data and inductive loop detector data. The decision fusion algorithm in this article includes three modules: 1) Detection algorithm module based on inductive loop detector data; 2) Detection algorithm module based on floating car data; 3) Module of decision fusion, introduce the concept of algorithm reliability, calculate the weights of module, and use the weighted average method to make decision fusion. Finally, VISSIM simulation system was used to get the traffic flow data, and implement the algorithm using MATLAB. The simulation results show the algorithm of decision fusion is better than automatic incident detection algorithm of single data-source.

The accuracy of FCD-based techniques for real-time traffic information service mainly rely on the quality of collected data, including the categories, the coverage rate, the number of samples for different grades of roads, and the distribution of sample data, etc. among which the coverage rate of different grades of roads is the most important. Since Shenzhen first supplied real-time traffic information service in 2006, responses have been enthusiastic. The service has also been tested in a variety of ways. The accuracy of real-time traffic information service is reported to be above 78.7%, which gains a high degree of recognition from the industry. This is due to the solution to the problem of road coverage rate.

To model car-following behavior and make the model extend easily from micro-behavior to macro traffic phenomenon, we use headway as the drivers' decision variable for changing velocity and establish the car-following model. First, the universe of running vehicles is divided into car-following and free driving with the two-fluid theory for reference. The mixed distribution model is presented to describe the characteristic of measured headway distribution. Second, the parameters correlated with car-following behavior are selected from the mixed distribution model and used to design the car-following model. The established car-following model simulated individual vehicle actions with comparing headway changing and the driver's expecting to adjust the velocity of vehicle. Finally, verified the effect of car-following model with numerical simulations. The results showed that the car-following model can simulate individual vehicle behavior in many situations effectively and reflects the status of macro traffic platoon in some extent with combining dynamic multi-individual vehicles.

Based on taxi GPS data, a method of calculating intersection approach queue length and delay is put forward. In this paper, each approach is divided into several sub-segments by every 20 meters. A new method of traffic condition analysis is established, taking sub-segment speed as threshold, the starting point of queue and the queue length are gained dynamically. Based on the location of the queue staring point, a method for calculating delay time is given. The algorithm is concise and practical and can generally estimate traffic conditions. With this method, information about queue length and delay can supplement available algorithms providing a basis for real-time traffic information release.

In this paper, we developed a novel method to automatically detect abnormal pedestrian crossing behavior based on video processing. Firstly, crossing pedestrian trajectories are obtained from motion detection and tracking. For estimating the crosswalk zone, we use start points and end points to construct the start point set and the end point set. These two point sets are fitted by 2-dimension Gaussian Mixed Model (2-D GMM) to extract the distribution of entry and exit zones. We use a K-means algorithm to acquire the initial parameters of GMM, and use an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to optimize the parameters. Based on these steps, the crosswalk region can be estimated automatically with the predefined hypothesis. A pattern-matching algorithm based on Bayes classifier is presented for abnormal pedestrian crossing detection. The proposed approach has been implemented and tested at crosswalks in the real world. Experimental results show good performance of abnormal pedestrian crossing detection.

Video detection is a valuable application in intelligence transportation systems. Some common traffic flow parameters like volume, velocity and vehicle category could be estimated automatically by video detection in real-time. At present, most of Video detection systems focus on algorithms designed and applied for day-time conditions. In this paper, a visual-based vehicle detection method for nighttime conditions is developed. Firstly, we consider there were two kinds of traffic scenes at nighttime: lamp scene and non-lamp scene. We calculate the illumination visibility of the region of interest (ROI) background image to divide traffic scenes into two predefined categories based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). Then, Different algorithms are used to complete the vehicle detection for two night scenes. At last, we test our approach with several video sequences from realistic traffic scenes including lamp scenes and non-lamp scenes. Experimental results show good performance of vehicle detection for nighttime conditions.

A traffic mix of vehicles and bicycles widely exists on urban roads in China. Not only do bicycles significantly influence the vehicles' speed, but vehicles in different lanes also interfere with each other, which reduces the capacity of the road and seriously disturbs the normal traffic order. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop a model to quantify the impact on vehicle speed under the interference of bicycles and vehicles in adjacent lanes. According to the vehicle stream characteristic in different lanes, the hydrodynamics concept of dynamic viscosity is applied and the Newton inner-friction law is used to model the complex phenomenon of interference among different lanes. With the traffic flow data in typical mixed sections collected by using the video-based traffic flow detection technology, the model is calibrated to explain the velocity characteristic of vehicles in different lanes, of practical significance in studying traffic flow.

This paper studies the efficiency of integrated signal control in ramp networks involving on-ramps, off-ramps, side roads and their intersections. To reach this goal, a representative simulation scenario for such ramping area is built and tested in three famous transportation simulations: S-PARAMICS, TransModeler 2.0 and VISSIM 4.3. The simulation results indicate that the integrated control strategies can efficiently reduce the average travel time on main roads and alleviate the traffic congestion between on-ramp and off-ramp areas. The differences between these simulations are also discussed.

The paper proposes a simulation-based approach to determine the small sample size of probe vehicles with consideration of road network coverage and link average speed estimation. The simulation is designed to analyze the change of the elasticities of network coverage and estimation accuracy with sample size below 5%, using random sampling and regression analysis. The experiment data is collected from arterial roads under different traffic conditions in Dalian. Simulation results show that the most sensitive point of the performance of probe sample size is 2.5%–3%, considering the cost of construction of probe vehicle systems, which ensures that probe vehicles can collect data on 90% of the network links and 70% of the link average speed estimation have relative error within 20%. The analytical result indicates that small sample probe information is effective in the detection of traffic flow in real-time.

Short-term traffic flow forecasting is an important part of the research field of intelligent transportation systems. Although K-NN based nonparametric regression has been used in short-term traffic volume forecasting for a long time, some questions still exist, especially where the database is too large and hard to search. In order to improve the accuracy and computing speed of the proposed algorithm, this paper uses a new method called MW model to solve this problem and to improve this advanced method. Results show that the model was verified accurate and effective.

In order to provide drivers better parking service and to balance supply and demand balance for car parks, a new approach for constructing an intelligent parking service environment composed of parks, cars and parking information service center (PISC) is proposed. Based on distributed control theory, a city is divided into a number of districts each of which is equipped with a PISC. The PISC is implemented based on an extended FIPA architecture through using a mobile agent, message queue, agent container and agent execution environment. The agents in the service environment can automatically execute park searching, and parking price negotiation. A negotiation algorithm based on time-driven bidding mechanism is also employed to the whole parking price negotiation process between Car Agents and Park Agents. Algorithms simulation results show that the prolonged predetermined negotiation time can increase the negotiation times and lower the algorithm's convergence speed.

Map matching is the core issue for floating car technology, which needs to be well addressed. For centralized map matching with floating car data, many general map matching algorithms are not suitable, due to the long time interval and large amount of data. To address this problem, a novel map matching algorithm is proposed, in which two new concepts, namely Confidence Point (CP) and Maximum Delay Constraint Dynamic Time Window (MDCDTW), are introduced. This algorithm integrates the simple weight matching algorithm and the optimal matching path search algorithm which takes into account the topology information of roads as well as the arrival reasonable time restriction of vehicle. Using this algorithm, we can first set the maximum delay constraint (real-time constraint), and then obtain the optimal matching result by considering minimal information of historical vehicular trajectories and delay. Besides, this algorithm has no cumulative matching error due to the CP, so it doesn't affect the subsequent matching. The proposed algorithm is tested on Guangzhou complex urban road network. The performance of the algorithm is very promising for the normal roads and the highly complicated roads, such as the elevated roads and parallel roads.

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies of Paramics have been deployed to alleviate traffic congestion on the expressways in the city of Beijing, China,. This paper has discussed several types of technologies including variable message signs, variable speed limit signs, actual traffic controls and ramp metering. These technologies have provided advanced traffic control strategies to guide drivers during congestions to improve the efficiency of the city transportation network, to improve traffic flow and travel time and filter the on-ramp traffic to access freeways. A case study is also presented to demonstrate that the travel delay decreases over 20 percent after the installation of these advanced ITS-based traffic guidance and control strategies.

With travel information demand increasing, travel information service to traveler is becoming more and more important in China. However, the existing travel information service systems developed by the provinces are far from perfect, with many issues to be solved including the quantity and quality of the data/information service in terms of data/information collection, up-dating timeliness, accuracy, manner of dissemination, effectiveness and efficiency, as well as user convenience. Based on field surveys, the current development status and limitation of travel information service system (TISS) in China is analyzed carefully, with gaps identified in terms of demand and supply, as well as information service quality in different regions. National TISS development strategy is proposed, which will have the effect on promoting TISS related products, value-added information service and industrial chain development so as to achieve long-term sustainable development and operation of TISS across the country.

Bus-arrival-time information service is a key component of an Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS). Instantaneous and accurate prediction of bus-arrival-time can improve the quality of transit service. With the input of tested historical bus travel time, a combined bus-arrival-time prediction model is promoted with a self adaptive exponential smoothing algorithm to predict interzone-section travel time and a statistical algorithm for multi-section travel time prediction. An experiment was conducted to compare the performance between the multi-section travel time (MSTT) based model and the sum of multi section travel time (STT) based model, with measures of mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The prediction results show that the MSTT based model outperformed the historical multi STT based model in terms of accuracy, reliability and precision.

Dynamic Origin-Destination (OD) demands are essential input for on-line traffic control, dynamic traffic-assignment simulation and management systems. Although various models of dynamic Origin-Destination estimation have been presented, estimation error will rapidly increase as scale of road networks expands. This article puts forward a method for the dynamic Origin-Destination estimation of a large-scale road network on the basis of geographic information system (GIS). The proposed model which only depends on measurable time series of mainline from traffic counts can automatically realize dynamic Origin-Destination estimation in some small region by reconstructing OD matrixes. The model will be embedded in intelligent traffic systems and provide essential data for real traffic dynamic management. It is a good method to realize dynamic OD estimation of large-scale road network.

In some large cities, it is not easy to find a parking space due to the high traffic demand. With the assistance of wireless communications, many safety-related and no-safety related applications can be deployed in the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Parking port finding is one of the useful VANETs applications. In this paper, we discuss a parking space finding method based on VANETs. To send the free parking places information to the drivers efficiently, a clustering multi-hop routing method is proposed. Compared with the other routing methods, the simulation results prove that the developed method is effective.

In this paper we analyze the impact of different traffic information on drivers' compliance with information and preference for information. Traffic information includes radio information, variable message sign information and on-board navigation information. The analysis of the drivers' compliance with different traffic information is undertaken using a stated preference approach and the distinct multinomial logic models of drivers' preference for different traffic information are set up. The results confirm earlier findings that the young people and the people who familiar with road network are less incline to follow information. The analysis also reveals that different traffic conditions have different impacts on drivers' preference for information. The impacts of radio traffic information and variable message sign information are very similar in congestion and slow. But when an incident happens, the more motorists tend to prefer radio information.

The scene of surveillance video is usually wide and variable, and the target vehicles inside it are often small. Surveillance videos usually are not suitable for intelligent video applications, such as video vehicle detection. To solve this problem, an extraction method of road structure for surveillance video is proposed for intelligent applications. The principle of the method is developed to first extract road regions of surveillance videos by accumulating movement regions in video image sequences. Based on it, the left and right borderlines of road regions are pulled out using the Hough transform according to the statistical characteristics of road structure in surveillance video. Experiment results have shown that the road structure can be extracted precisely and effectively from the surveillance video of freeway and city expressway.

This paper describes a preliminary study on a merging control algorithm of vehicles on freeways by using VII based on V2V and V2I wireless network communication. Vehicular operation characteristics during the merging process were analyzed. A cooperative driving algorithm based on virtual vehicle concept was proposed to achieve ramp merging without collision. The case where one vehicle and two vehicles were merged into the platoon on main lane was discussed respectively in detail. Simulation results have shown that the merging algorithm could effectively avoid the jump of the velocity and accelerate of merging vehicle. However, the vehicle following the leading vehicle on ramp lane is disturbed signficantly by the leading vehicle.

By reasonably integrating modern communications, automatic control, sensors and other technology, Vehicle Infrastructure Integration system (VII) can distribute and balance traffic information between vehicles and infrastructure so as to enhance traffic safety and efficiency. The function of Highway Curve Collision Avoidance Warning System and some traditional traffic safety methods are analyzed. On this basis, physical and logical system framework is designed. In this system, a vehicle exchanges location information and velocity vectors with nearby vehicles through wireless communication, as well as calculating relative position and speed. Furthermore, Collision Risk Indicator (CRI) is introduced to predict vehicular collisions where the system can warn a driver according to the value of CRI. The simulation experiment results confirm the validity of the collision avoidance algorithm.

Increasing traffic congestion arouses concern with the reliability of transportation systems. In particular, the interference between adjacent intersections often results in the devastation of local road networks. This paper first defines the category of linked intersections and concludes the influencing factors and determination standard on the nature of linking. The paper proposes the concept of linked-intersection reliability, and advances the research category due to the construction of linked intersections. Furthermore, according to the methodology that functional failure should be determined by demand-capacity, this paper develops the model for intersections based on D/C, the model for road section based on congestion level, and combined model based on series system. Last, the applicability of the model is analyzed.

An intelligent and automatic traffic congestion detection method is proposed to reduce labor intensive monitoring work. The developed approach, applied on expressways, is to gather traffic congestion information using surveillance videos. The speed of traffic flow, defined as "macro optical flow velocity, is calculated from video pixel's motion directly. The calculation progress includes two steps: 1) extract the feature points, which meeting three conditions: corner, strong motion and main direction consistency; and 2) calculate optical flow vectors of feature points using LK algorithm. The average value is determined as the macro optical flow velocity. According its continuous time feature and other characteristic, the traffic congestion status is automatically and directly detected. The test results of surveillance videos from Guangzhou-Shenzhen expressway have shown that the proposed method could automatically detect traffic congestion in 10 seconds.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has expanded from planning and lands, surveying and mapping and the military, to the many trades and sectors of social life. Its basic theory and techniques are evolving and being perfected. At present, Techniques of Continuous Operational Reference (CORS) based on multiple reference stations network RTK (Real Time Kinematic) are booming in transportation studies and attracting a lot of researchers from universities and companies. This paper, based on the CORS system development actuality, introduces application of CORS system in road traffic domains and discusses the theories and methodologies for CORS system for transportation studies. Next, typical applications such as traffic management, logistics management, intelligent navigation, traffic information services, and traffic securities are presented in detail. The outlook for the development prospects of CORS system technology and transportation are highlighted at the end of this paper.

This paper introduces basic situation of the construction and application of China's urban public security traffic command system, and points out the obvious shortage of application of the system in each province and city compared with the annual fund of ten billion Yuan invested in its construction. Through the analysis on the causes leading to "high input in construction and low efficiency in application", the lack of legal regulations and guidance documents is revealed to be one of the relatively fundamental causes. Through the further comparative analysis on the construction and application of the traffic management business information system such as vehicle registration system, a number of recommendations in rule making, establishment of institutions, post setting and business process of the public security traffic command system are proposed.

This paper discusses the role which Internet of Things technology plays in enhancing the level of intelligent road traffic management, and its benefits by analyzing the development of intelligent traffic management system and its existing problems in China. This paper expounds the current-stage application of Internet of Things technology in road traffic management fields, such as motor vehicle and driver management, traffic signal control, and electronic toll collection. Next it looks forward to the future application of Internet of Things technology in road traffic management fields, such as traffic command center, management of traffic law enforcement, traffic accident prevention, and management of traffic equipment and facilities. The paper also makes suggestions on facilitating the application of Internet of Things in traffic management, in terms of strengthening organization and guidance, research on critical technology, demonstrative application, and standards formulation.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of intervention startup threshold in Variable Speed Limits (VSL) system for improving traffic safety and identify the optimal startup threshold. The micro-simulation software PARAMICS was selected and applied to conduct the evaluating tests of different strategies. Crash potential was used as the crash prediction method to evaluate the real-time traffic safety, and five levels of intervention startup threshold were tested for their effects on traffic safety and operation efficiency. The results have shown that the VSL system can significantly improve traffic safety on roadways. The startup threshold level with high intervention frequency was the best startup threshold. Compared to non-control strategy, it can reduce the crash potential by 50% with a marginal increase in travel time, 0.3%. The findings proposed in this paper provide important and helpful information for determining the optimal control strategy of Variable Speed Limits.

We construct a safety-oriented driving environment perception and reconstruction system based on multi-sensors and multi-signal processing technology. On one side, this system can automatically acquire and save vehicle dynamic state information, traffic environment information and driver behavior information simultaneously, which realize the perception of real-time driving environment. On the other side, with the data acquired, a real comprehensive driving environment can be reconstructed accurately. Experiments show this system is an important and powerful technical tool for researchers to analyze the driver behavior characteristics, the effect of interaction between driver-vehicle-environment on traffic safety, the reason for traffic accidents and other such kinds of problems related to traffic safety.

The prediction of fixation on traffic signs was conducted based on image characteristics. The fixation prediction model which is based on a model of visual attention was set up and improved through the process of Gaussian pyramid creation, visual feature extraction and conspicuity map generation, as well as the saliency map generation. The model was validated with the aid of an eye tracking system. Similarity and linear distance were selected as two indicators to evaluate the accuracy of model. The experimental results show that the model has a good accuracy on the prediction of traffic sign with both letters and symbols.

This paper reports a system which can automatically measure axle load and other traffic data from passing vehicles. The system selects quartz piezoelectric sensor for weighing, which can meet the demand of axle load measurement in different speeds, especially under high-speed states. It also selects low-power embedded data collection controller PEC-3710 of Advantech for field data collection. The paper introduces the system's structure, working principles, key technologies and software design. The test results show that the system is stable, reliable and able to obtain the comprehensive traffic information accurately, and it's easy to realize a real-time monitoring and dynamic management of highway vehicles.

With the development of hardware for on-board navigation equipment, more and more functions such as 3D map route guidance are applied for assisting driving. It is difficult to realize lane-level route guidance because of the accuracy of single GPS receiver. On the basis of modeling of 3D digital maps, a lane-level positioning method was presented combined with virtual differential GPS with a single GPS receiver, height aiding, and collision detecting technique in this paper. The process of map matching was divided into two steps in order to get lane-level position. At the first step, the single GPS parameters were amended through virtual differential technology and height aiding technology in order to improve the precision. Then a method of lane-level map matching was implemented in 3D digital map based on the collision detection technology. Tested by DGPS data, the method was proven to fulfill the demands of vehicle navigation systems.

Having examined some shortcomings in existing car-following models, this study put forward to a new optimal velocity function (desired velocity) based on the dynamic equilibrium theory. The paper discusses its formation and validity in details. In addition, the research has also developed an improved dynamic model based on the well-known "stimulus-response" pattern. The paper presents its oscillation stability using the Lyapunov stability theory on motion. In a summary, this research contributes to advance car-following theories.

Recently, Intelligent Vehicle Infrastructure Cooperation System (IVICS) was proposed and became a focused area of frontier research. Different from traditional ITS technology, IVICS enables a safer, smarter and greener traffic environment since full-scale data of traffic network can be easily obtained through vehicle-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-infrastructure (V2I) communications. In this paper, we first investigate the main characteristics of IVICS and then study data collection based on vehicle infrastructure cooperation, which plays an extremely important role in various kinds of traffic applications. A secondary development using Visual C#.NET is applied to current commercial traffic simulator VISSIM 4.30 through its COM interface. Virtual Road-Side Units (RSUs) and On-Board Equipments (OBEs) which realize V2V and V2I Communications are embedded in the simulator. Finally, a prototype system is developed to demonstrate the practicality.

Operators of parking guidance and information (PGI) systems often have difficulty providing the best car park availability information to drivers in periods of high demand. A new PGI configuration model based on the optimized combination method is proposed by analyzing parking choice behavior. This paper firstly describes a parking choice behavioral model incorporating drivers perceptions of waiting times at car parks based on PGI signs. Then Relationships are developed for estimating the arrival rates at car parks based on driver characteristics, car park attributes and car park availability information displayed on PGI signs. A mathematical program is formulated to determine the optimal display PGI sign configuration to minimize total travel time. A genetic algorithm is used to identify solutions that reduce queue lengths and total travel time. These procedures were applied to a PGI system operating in Deqing Town near Shanghai, producing significant reductions in total travel time of parking vehicles.

Short-term traffic flow forecasting has been an interesting research area in ITS. During the past three decades, various prediction models have been developed and shown mixed degrees of success. This paper reviews the methods on short-term traffic flow forecasting and points out that the novel methods and proper combination of methods should be the developmental trend for the short-term traffic flow forecasting.

The primary objective of this paper is to study and develop a GIS-based coding approach and system which will provide the foundation and support for the realization of intelligent management of complicated traffic networks. We choose the links and nodes in an urban network as the entity elements, and design GIS-based coding forms, following the rules of uniqueness, expandability, flexibility, and stability. Then, we institute the appropriate coding regulations, thereby defining the mark symbols of different digits in the codes. We focus on the detailed design and program implementation of the calculating algorithm of the position coordinates and the spatial location coding algorithm for road elements. Last, we develop the Beijing Automatic Road Coding System using Visual Basic and Map Objects, which completes the coding for all the nodes and links in the Beijing GIS network.

Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD), proposed by Geroliminis and Daganzo, describes the network-wide average relation between the number of vehicles in the network and the output flow of the network. We study the influence of real-time traveler information on MFDs. We use TransModeler to model and simulate the real-time propagation of traveler information as well as the drivers' route choice behaviors. The influences of several model parameters, including informed percentages, reroute time intervals and the acceptable delay level, are also examined. The homogeneity of road sections' density distribution under different parameters is also investigated. We propose a Weighted Average Model to explain real-time information's influence on MFDs from the perspective of special density homogeneity. The results show that more evenly distributed special density can produce larger weighted average of segment flows corresponding to higher network-wide outflow. Therefore, this model helps us understand the real-time information's influence from a macroscopic view point.

Real-time link speed estimation plays an important role in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Recently, traffic data is gradually being collected by probe vehicles such as taxis equipped with GPS receivers. The number of probe vehicles may vary with time on the road. This creates a problem that the accuracy of link speed may decline sharply if there is not enough GPS data. The aim of this research is to propose a new method for repairing link speed data when there is an insufficient number of a probe vehicle using a Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) for this purpose. According to the number of probe vehicles, a self-adaptive filter is designed to merge the measured value and the predicted value. An arterial road in Guangzhou city was selected as a case study to test the proposed method. The performance test illustrates that the proposed method provides significantly better results than a normal speed estimation method.

A driver's emotional state is integral to road safety. Unhealthy emotions such as anger, sadness, and fear influence a driver's judgment particularly under bad weather conditions. Independent Component Analysis may be analyzed and used to extract features of a driver's emotion from images and a Support Vector Machine is used to classify a driver's unhealthy emotional expressions. Images of a driver's expression under real-time driving conditions are acquired with a Logitech C905 CCD camera attached to a Lenovo ThinkPad T41 computer. Training and testing sample sets of emotional expression images are preprocessed through color image cutting, scale normalization, and grey processing, and standardized gray images of 108 x120 pixels are acquired. Six cross-validation experiments for recognizing a driver's angry emotion are carried out and the average recognition rate is 93.3%. Therefore, theory analysis and the cross-validation results indicate that the Independent Component Analysis and Support Vector Machine are effective in recognizing a driver's unhealthy emotional expression.

In recent years, more than 300 accidents related to the road transport of dangerous goods (RTDG) occurred in China, arousing the attention of the government. There are various causes of accidents: transport vehicles, dangerous cargo, weather, and road infrastructure (such as bridges/tunnels). Therefore, a monitoring system is needed to dynamically examine potential hazards and to regulate the RTDG. In this paper, according to the data resources for road and transportation in China, a three-layer framework for a monitoring system is proposed to dynamically regulate the RTDG. The three layers are information collection, network, and application. Highway infrastructure and information sharing system databases, constructed by the China Transport Department, also provide necessary information. Unlike the monitoring types that only use GPS, the proposed framework involves more information, and full use of databases resources, making it more suitable for dynamically monitoring RTDG in China.

At the present time, the accident in tunnel remains at a high level all over the world. The traditional way of preventing road traffic accidents is mainly based on vehicle dynamics. Human factors are taken less into account. In light of this, this study takes on a "people first" philosophy, using physiological and mental knowledge, and analyzing the relationship between the driver's physiological and mental reaction to the traffic safety of tunnel qualitatively. Eye tracking and multiple parameter physiological detectors were used to measure changes of the pupil and the heart rate as the driver drives through the tunnel, concluding that the driver feels tension when driving through the tunnel. Finally, some useful advice is given.

Creating qualitative measures of driver workload is a major challenge associated with matching road, transportation, and environmental conditions to driver ability. Furthermore, humanizing road safety should reduce accidents. This study had two parts: seventeen drivers were tested in a simulator cabin that emulated a scenic which is the same as a test highway. Six drivers were tested on a real highway. Driver workload was assessed by measuring the changes in heart rate and pupil size. We found road alignment and driver workload are inversely correlated at certain speeds. We divided driver workload into three levels: comfortable, moderate tension, and high tension. Regression analysis was used to determine the differences among levels. Despite similar conditions, a difference in driver workload between the simulation and the real highway was observed. The results were used to obtain three levels of control criteria for pupil size and heart rate, which was used to evaluate driver workload.

A road weather information system (RWIS) integrates technologies on the collection, transmittal, modelling, and propagation of weather and road condition information. As the technology becomes more advanced, the need for implementing the RWIS in a manner that will benefit the safety of the travelling public becomes more important. Research on standard or specifications for RWIS have gradually warranted special recognition. Due to the lack of a unified framework to provide a blueprint of RWIS standard, the research on standard or specifications for RWIS can not be conducted effectively in different regions of China. This paper presents the crucial efforts made to develop the framework of road weather information systems (RWIS) standard in China.

How to evacuate large untrained persons from passengers ship during emergency situations is an urgent topic that needs to be addressed. This paper focuses on the effect of the ship's careening on persons' evacuating speed. Based on the evacuation theory of buildings on land, Dynamic Theory was used to analyze person's movement behavior on the careening ship and deduce the evacuation speed model. Finally, simulation analysis was performed by using the speed model built above. The simulation results show the influence of the door's width and ship's careening angle on the evacuation time.

The objective of this research is to understand how Chinese traffic policemen view the traffic safety and management in China. Based on a questionnaire survey to about 100 policemen in four cities, the study has researched some relative road safety problems from the perspectives of the public security traffic managers. Informed conclusions that the safety awareness and behavior of the transportation participants and the safety standard of the road infrastructures are the two most important aspects affecting road safety; the imperfect operation system and law systems of traffic safety management and outdated facilities are serious problems in traffic safety management; the people of 13–25 years old age group, urban migrant workers and rural residents, non-motor vehicles and motorcycles are the major groups who need to be managed; evaluation and to enhance safety performance of transportation participants' behavior should be based on their subjective initiative, focus on traffic safety awareness, traffic behavioral habits, traffic safety laws and regulations and knowledge of safe behavior; the theory and method of traffic behavior safety assessment are unitary, group variation is obvious, the evaluation index weights are difficult to determine. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an auxiliary evaluation system.

By analyzing the relationship of traffic flow instability and the detection index of pavement distress, an evaluation method of pavement safety state was presented on the basis of pavement distress detection. The detection index of pavement distress was selected based on the dependence analysis and qualitative analysis. According to the distribution tendency of the coefficient of variance of speed standard deviation (CV) value, the effectiveness of the detection index value of pavement distress, which could be used as safety state evaluation index, was verified, and the influences of traffic flow and truck percentage on the CV value distribution were analyzed under the simulation environment. The CV value distribution data simulated according to the similar traffic patterns in the pavement data were collected to analyze the correlation of CV value and pavement detection index, then the relationship model between CV value and pavement detection index value was established and the safety state of freeway pavement could be determined based on the variation of CV value. The results show that through the point of view of traffic flow, the pavement safety state of freeway can be evaluated by the CV value.

In order to study the car-following behavior of different vehicles, a metro-count 5600 data collection system was employed to collect traffic flow data such as speed, time headways, etc. Vehicles were classified into two types, including Car and Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV). Characteristics of time headways and following distances of different car-following patterns were statistically analyzed and a capacity model was established to analyze the influence of speed and proportions of different vehicles on the capacity of mixed traffic flow composed of different vehicles. The result indicated that the average time headways of Car-Car and Car-HGV patterns were about 0.5s less than that of HGV-Car and HGV-HGV patterns. At 30–70km/h, time headways of the four car-following patterns maintained at 4.50±0.50s stably and the linear fitting equations of following distances showed good fitting. The capacity of mixed traffic flows decreased with the increase of speed and car proportion.

Inter-regional highway traffic organization and dispatch is very difficult and important in China. Highway congestion causes accidents and results in ever-changing traffic conditions and flow. This paper forecasts transport conditions in areas affected by traffic accidents by analyzing the types and characteristics of traffic emergencies. In order to improve police response speed and ability in traffic emergencies, this paper presents the framework for an emergency response plan database based on the forecast, integrating traffic police dispatching, emergency traffic organization, related departmental interaction and on-site incident-disposal teams. This paper also proposes an optimization model and algorithms of emergency decision making, a model and algorithms that have been applied to typical provinces including JiangSu, ZheJiang and JiangXi Province. The results are submitted as decision-making suggestions.

Safety study of driving behaviors to reduce traffic accidents is of great significance. The primary objectives of the study were to investigate the relation between driver overtaking behaviors and traffic safety. Twelve drivers of different proficiency were selected for an experiment on a driving simulation system platform. A simulation scene of overtaking on a two-lane highway was set up. The subjects overtook in the virtual scenarios at different speeds. A total of twelve parameters - including speed, acceleration, time of overtaking process, the changes of distance and other parameters - were extracted during the experiments. These data together with the results of a DBQ (Driving Behavior Questionnaire) were analyzed and evaluated by the multiple linear regression method. The results showed that three motion parameters had a strong correlation with drivers' safety. Finally, the study presents a linear model of safety assessment of driver overtaking behavior on two-lane highways. The model may help to identify safe and unsafe drivers and reduce the number of traffic accidents.

This paper is a study on the impact of traffic conditions on drivers' visual behavior. Traffic conditions were divided into three types: light traffic, medium traffic and heavy traffic. Driving simulators and Eye-trackers were used to test drivers' visual behavior. According to the eye movement statistics data, the eye movement behavior of the driver under different traffic condition are as follows: 1) the fixation duration focused between 0–300 ms, and the saccade amplitude frequency of the driver concentrated between 0.5 degree to 2.0 degree; 2) As the volume of traffic increased, the mean fixation duration and the standard deviation increased; 3) Traffic volumes had a significant impact on the horizontal search range, saccade amplitude, and saccade velocity.

A driver anticipates the trajectory and speed of his driving behavior, and this is referred to as the driver expected trajectory and speed. A driver's expected trajectory and speed directs his or her specific driving behavior, and any anticipation error could possibly cause a traffic accident. A driver's anticipation comes from his or her driving experience and is restricted by objective conditions such as road environment, vehicle performance, etc. This paper analyzes the external constraint conditions from the aspects of roadway geometrics and vehicle handling, puts forward the constraint equation of the desired path, and the decision model for the desired speed respectively.

Drivers operate vehicles in accordance with the perception, reaction, and operation three-step in the horizontal curves. Driver perception, reaction, and operation relative to the maximum speed limit will cause added risk. When the vehicle leaves the horizontal curve, accidents happen. Therefore, through the analysis of the operation in the curve, a kinematic analysis method is used to develop the maximum safe speed calculation model from operation accuracy of driver. The model can be used to calculate road speed limits and road safety design value.

Traffic guide signs are very important for traffic safety. The selection and layout of information has a strong impact on the effectiveness of guide signs. All of the previous studies on the traffic guide signs are aimed at characters, even though graphic symbols are a main feature of these kinds of signs. This research does not only take the traffic guide symbol from previous character recognizing experiments, it selects guide signs, which contain the basic graphic symbol or other typical graphic symbols, as the experimental subject and acquired the recognizing time for the graphic symbols through a specially designed simulation experiment. The relation between the recognition time of characters and graphic symbols was revealed by descriptive statistics and difference comparison. The information quantity checking standard for the graphic symbols was given and modification suggestions for the national standard were provided.

The relationship between traffic flow, road characteristics, and light accidents was researched, and a Generalized Linear Model of minor accidents was established. It is found that motor vehicles' traffic flow, segment length, and number of lanes are positive for accidents on road segments. The sections without isolation between non-motor vehicle and motor vehicle lanes have more accidents. Compared with other types of land use, the sections for business use have more accidents. However, the marked center-line and speed limits have no significant influence on minor accidents. Based on these conclusions, some suggestions for improving city safety are proposed.

Based on the analysis of emergency resources scheduling factors and the features of one kind special dynamic incident (hidden-trouble vehicles), the adaptability of classic scheduling models are evaluated. An improved optimization model of dynamic emergency resources scheduling in expressway is developed. Finally, the expressway network in Jiangsu Province is used to validate the model. With the historic data and the new model, a new emergency resource scheduling scheme is given, which can effectively schedule a police officer for holding off the hidden-trouble vehicle.

A macro-evaluation index system of Regional Road Safety Level was established and an evaluation model was evaluated by AHP theory and fuzzy logic theory considering the present stage of road traffic safety management system in China. The weights of each index determined by AHP and the ultimate outcome were evaluated by fuzzy theory. The membership function was constructed with the linear interpolation method. According to data collected from 31 provinces in China, the critical values of each level for every indicator were determined. And the road safety level and Road Safety Index were also obtained. The Road Safety Level of the same region during different periods and the different regions in the same period can be compared with each other directly. The worse evaluation index could be concluded and some measures can be taken to improve the regional road safety level. Finally an example was given using the data from the southern city. The rationality and feasibility of the model are verified.

The factors which affect the occurrence of traffic accidents are very complicated and of great uncertainty. There is some relationship between various influence factors of traffic accidents. Some influence factors dominate the development trends of traffic accidents. This paper uses the method of grey relational analysis to deal with the statistical data of traffic accidents in Beijing from 2002 to 2009. We select nine influence factors of traffic accidents for analysis, and find four influence factors, including number of trucks, total population, total length of highways, and number of large motor vehicles with higher grey relational grade, and set up the macro prediction model GM(1,N). Then the prediction result is undesirable and the probable reason is that the variation tendency of the influence factors is opposed to the variation tendency of traffic accidents.

Pavement conditions have a significant effect on the stability of traffic movement. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of freeway pavement conditions on traffic flow stability. Measuring 17 freeway sections from an on-ramp to an off-ramp and 250 locations, the research team has collected more than 1250 data from five kinds of variables including SRI, PCI, RQI, RDI, and PSSI along the Shanghai-nanjing freeway. Analyzing the effects of pavement conditions on traffic flow, this study chooses exact, representative, and independent ones including SRI and PCI from variables. Under consideration of traffic volume, C_v (standard deviation of speed/interval average speed) is simulated. The data analysis results show that SRI and PCI together have a high relationship to C_v in a regression model. From the perspective of traffic safety, this study provides a new method for evaluating the effect of pavement conditions on freeway safety.

Traffic safety propaganda, as a social public safety campaign, mainly depends on traffic management departments in China. This campaign needs greater social participation, if it is to be successful. This research focuses on the factors that can attract public attention to traffic safety propaganda. The research target is enterprise whose role in such campaigns is generally overlooked. Based on questionnaire surveys carried out in April and July, 2010, the paper uses a logistic model to establish a relationship between a desire to participate and requirement elements which include propaganda purposes, methods, ensuring and incentive measures. To solve the problem of huge amount of variables, factor analysis is adopted to replace variables with principal components. Application of the model identifies the principal components of propaganda purposes and methods that have great influence on the decision of participating in the traffic safety propaganda. Analysis concludes that the influencing factors of traffic safety propaganda in enterprises have a significant effect on the basis for policy making and solutions based on requirements.

This paper selects five crossing places to study road and junction crossings. The five places include: 1) the road crossing near the intersection, 2) a multiple-roadway (at least three) crossing, 3) the road crossing near a bus stop, 4) the intersection, and 5) the intersection within one of imports is three-dimensional form of crossing. Based on the survey, this paper gives a summary of the main factors leading to a traffic crash from road users' behavior, safety measurements, traffic channelization, and so on. In order to reduce conflicts and improve the safety of vulnerable road users, improvement countermeasures are provided. We adopt the multi-criteria method—Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to structure an evaluation system for vulnerable road users, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures above.

In order to improve the capability of traffic emergency management on a large bridge and ensure the safe use of the bridge, the demand for the bridge in a traffic emergency, e.g., traffic accidents or severe weather conditions, must be analyzed. A review of the possible circumstances when an emergency involves traffic safety or causes traffic congestion was conducted. Emergencies are ranked in accordance with criteria, such as the sphere of influence and severity of potential accidents. Additional research will examine the corresponding emergency measures to meet emergency management needs.

To contain mass casualty accidents in road transport, this paper analyzes the cases of grievous road traffic accidents in which the number of deaths exceeds ten in China from 2004 to 2009. First, the main causes of the accident were statistically analyzed with a set of significant variables which were chosen from accident-inducing factors by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Second, some aspects of multiple-vehicle and single-vehicle accidents, such as accident form, road type, and road alignment, were further investigated. The results show that bus-truck crashes in multiple-vehicle accidents account for a large proportion of such accidents and occur mostly on the national and provincial trunk highways. In 139 single-vehicle accidents, the highest frequency of accident form is vehicle-falling, followed by overturn. Finally, the paper puts forward corresponding improvement programs on vehicle-falling accidents and bus-truck crashes.

The driver's subjective perception of road safety during driving has a very important influence on traffic safety. The paper introduces the study of a driver's subjective perception of road safety in driving. It analyzes the production mechanism, three kinds of generating patterns, the influencing factors, and the characteristics of the influence on traffic safety. It lays a good foundation for further research on how to improve traffic safety based on driver's subjective perceptions of road safety.

Traffic accidents are caused by a variety of factors, while major accident inducements are different for specific districts. Effective activities can be done to reduce potential traffic risk by studying the mechanisms of accident formation for a particular area. This paper applies a biochemical factorial experiment method to traffic accidents' inducement analysis, and describes the processes of modeling and data processing in detail. Causes and their additive effects that significantly affect the accident quantity of a specific district can be distinguished in this manner, while the traditional statistical method only provides some simple percentages. Strengths and weaknesses of this new idea are both discussed based on a simple illustration. Data processing is mostly done by SPSS in this paper.

The reflective raised pavement marker is one of the most important traffic safety devices, but its high damage rate seriously affects its value. The research begins with the analysis of the failure modes and causes of destruction of reflective raised pavement markers, based on a survey. A finite element analysis model is set up using ANSYS to carry out mechanical analysis. During analysis, the load is divided into two types: static load and dynamic load. Two types of load are used in the finite element analysis model in ANSYS to simulate the stress concentration points at the most likely sites of damage. The data being analyzed in ANSYS is imported into FE-SAFE to simulate the failure process of reflective raised pavement markers under the given load. Then the service life and the rolling frequency of the pavement marker is calculated by simulation. The results of this research can be used in order to improve the structural design of reflective raised pavement markers.

The frequent occurrence of natural disasters in recent years has had a serious impact on highway traffic. The key to disaster-resistant construction is to adopt an effective corresponding construction strategy. Hangzhou highway is offered as a case study in this paper. Based on a drawing of the Hangzhou arterial highways network topology and combining it with an analysis of historical disaster data of Hangzhou regional highways, this paper studies the Hangzhou highway network's key feature of disaster resistance and network stability of, which is the foundation of a natural disaster resistance evaluation the of highway network. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is explored and the evaluation value of the ability against natural disaster is 83 scores, which lies in the general level. Moreover, this paper identifies the Hangzhou highway's weaknesses against natural disaster through the use of retrospective analysis and proposes corresponding construction measures.

In order to evaluate and guide the traffic behaviors of traffic participants in China sensibly, it is important to design a traffic behavior safety evaluation and decision support system (TBSE-DSS). First, four subsystems (Dialogue Generation and Management Subsystem, Database Management Subsystem, Model Base Management Subsystem, Problem Oriented Analysis Subsystem) of TBSE-DSS and function modules belonging to these subsystems were proposed based on the fundamental structure of the decision support system and the analysis of questionnaire survey data of traffic behavior safety. Then, using the IDEF0 modeling technique, a general design framework for TBSE-DSS was proposed to describe the whole system as well as the function modules systemically and structurally, and three levels of hierarchical decomposition structure are presented. The IDEF0 models of TBSE-DSS can provide both system structure and information flow for further detailed design and software development.

The research presented in this paper studied the relationship between simulated traffic conflicts using the surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) approach, and those measured in the field using traditional traffic conflicts techniques. Both traffic and conflict data were collected at 6 yield-controlled freeway ramp terminals in Nanjing. A series of linear regression models were developed to relate simulated traffic to real world traffic conflict. It was found that the relationships between simulated conflict and both total and severe conflict situations observed in the real world were in fact statistically significant, and also that the distribution of conflict types was reasonably similar. However when the conflict traffic volume was low, the relationship was not as significant. The research team also found that the linear regression model, based on conflicting traffic volumes, explained a higher percentage of variations in both total and severe conflicts observed in real world.

At present, there are lack of quantitative evaluation indexes and methods for the expressway alignment consistency at home and abroad. In order to study the method, an eye tracker is used to collect dynamic vision data and vehicular GPS is used to collect actual operation speed. Considering the drivers' visual feelings on the expressway alignment, the video information is used to get the quantitative relationship between the drivers' dynamic vision and vehicles' actual operation speed. Based on the relationship between the rate of expressway accidents and the rate of visual information change, the evaluation model is built, which uses the rate of visual information as the index for evaluating the alignment consistency. In addition, the evaluation model is corrected by the operation speed. The practical engineering applications show that this evaluation model is reasonable and practical. The evaluating results are consistent with the conclusions of related standards.

On the basis of the statistical analysis for the accident material, this paper gives the weights of the accident influence factors by using the analytic hierarchy process and establishes the weight matrix. It combines the accident characteristics and divides the levels of accident severity. Using the entropy-maximizing method which contains the heaviest information, it creates the accident membership functions. Then, the accident probability is drawn under specific situations. Combining accident probability with accident severity under specific situations, it puts forward prevention measures of traffic accidents. Finally, through a concrete instance, gathering the main index of the influence, it calculates the accident probability and severity, and demonstrates its feasibility and reliability.

Automated speed enforcement (ASE) has been considered an effective approach to reduce speeding on freeways. Until recently, however, impacts of ASE on vehicle speeds on freeways are still not clear in China. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ASE in reducing vehicle speeds and speeding on freeways. To achieve the research objective, vehicle speed data were measured at three treatment segments and three control groups with a radar gun. Statistical testing was conducted to compare speeds at deployment locations of ASE and those from control locations or control groups. It is found that the spatial extent of speed reduction effectiveness of ASE on cantilevers is about 1.6 km to 2 km, while the spatial extent is about 1 km for ASE by roadside. Both of the two methods shave significant effectiveness in reducing speeds and speeding.

This article presents a driver fatigue recognition model based on a BP neural network that was developed to identify a driver's fatigue level both subjectively and precisely. Fatigue level was classified into the following four levels: alert, mild fatigue, deep fatigue, and drowsiness. Alpha rhythms, beta rhythms, delta rhythms, the mean of heart rate, and standard deviation of R-R intervals were selected as input parameters of the BP neural network and the driver's fatigue level was set as the output parameter. Part of the experimental data, collected from the JiangYan freeway, was used to train the BP neural network model, and the parameters of the model were calibrated. Then residual data was used to test the effectiveness of the model. Results showed that the model can recognize driver fatigue levels with high precision.

In 2008, China was hit by exceptionally severe disasters of low temperature, freezing rain, and snow, causing congestion on main line national highways linking core economic regions. These disasters seriously effected road traffic and the social economy. By analyzing temperature data gathered with mobile road surface detection equipment and by factoring in the effect of terrain, landforms, and climate, this study optimizes the location of road weather sites for the Jingshen expressway based on thermal mapping technology. It builds a road weather monitoring and warning service system that monitors in real-time, warns at different grades, provides information service, and plays an exemplary role in the Ministry of Transport's highway network alarm emergency service. It also provides a useful resource for expressway transport management under ice and snow conditions in winter.

Traffic safety reliability is an important index in the safety assessment of road traffic systems, which is helpful to effectively prevent traffic accidents and enhance safety. After the traffic safety reliability of road traffic systems is defined, the safety reliability models of traffic participants are set up by analyzing correlation of traffic participant behavior, and the safety reliability model of vehicles is established on the logical machinery relationship of vehicles. The road safety reliability model is built on the characteristics of road composition. Finally, the safety reliability model of road traffic system is constructed on the internal structure relationship within the road traffic system. All these models will lay a certain foundation for traffic safety theory research.

This study aims to develop classification models capable of identifying real-time traffic conditions prior to sideswipe crashes. A machine learning algorithm named support vector machine (SVM) was applied as the classifier. Historical loop detector data for sideswipe crashes and corresponding non-crash cases were collected from Interstate 894 in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The collected detector data were aggregated into three sets of traffic parameters, all of which describe variances between adjacent lanes. Each set of traffic parameters were then explored as potential inputs into SVM classifiers respectively. Classification results showed that averages of volume, speed, and occupancy combined with absolute differences of volume, speed, and occupancy between adjacent lanes provide the best classification accuracy, specifically, an 84.6% identification of sideswipe crashes and non-crash cases. The finding in this study also indicated that SVM is an effective tool in identifying sideswipe crash prone traffic conditions.

This paper studies spatial patterns and private spaces of pedestrian groups. We found that group members always maintain relatively fixed positions when walking, so that the group keeps stable patterns in low density free pedestrian flow. Through empirical observations and statistics, common spatial patterns of groups with different numbers of members were derived. By analyzing the relationship between the interactive behavior of group members and of group spatial patterns, we defined several functional zones of the group and established the concept of Expected Private Space of Group (EPSG). On the basis of calculating distribution of group members around the barycenter with observational data, we obtained the shape and location of each functional zone, and a geometric model of EPSG was built to describe the formation variation of the groups in a pedestrian stream.

When incidents such as accidents or construction zones occur on a highway section during inclement weather, highway administrators should carefully set speed limits on the upper stream of the roadway section while implementing other diversion measures to avoid further crashes or severe congestion. Testing the speed limit effects on actual roadways during bad weather, the researchers conducted a microscopic simulation study via VISSIM to evaluate and compare the comprehensive safety effects of these speed limits combinations under two typical traffic organization scenarios. The results suggested that speed limit combinations could be quantitatively evaluated and also provided a set of optimized speed limits for inclement weather.

In recent years, frequent safety accidents have resulted in great loss to the national property. It is important to carry out risk assessment of construction safety on mountainous freeways. A fussy synthetic assessment model of construction safety on mountainous freeways, as well as a relevant safety assessment factor system, was established. The weights of factors were calculated by analytic hierarchy process. Using Cauchy distribution, subjection function of factor sets and judging matrix were gained. Result vector was calculated and safety status grade on freeways was estimated through fussy assessment. The construction safety status of five work sites on Hubei Hurongxi Freeway was evaluated using fussy evaluation model. Construction safety evaluation ranks and degrees of all work sites were calculated. Results show the situations of safety control management and the securities of the second and third work site should be strengthened. Analysis reveals the whole safety on site can be achieved by effectively adopting fussy assessment.

Earthquakes have serious destructive and catastrophic impact on people's lives, because they always happened suddenly and unpredictably. Thus, it is necessary to conduct some research on urban earthquake emergency corridor planning. This paper analyzes the actual traffic demands of earthquake emergencies and comes up with the determinant factors of earthquake emergency corridor planning. In addition, this study proposes some principles on earthquake emergency corridor planning based on the consideration of those determinant factors. At the same time, a quantitative evaluation model based on road reliability is provided in this study. As a case study, EEC planning practice for Beijing is conducted.

Monitoring is important for urban road traffic safety management. Our proposed disaster prevention and mitigation reasonable response projects, , emergency rescue and large equipment transport can produce great social effects. Based on the applications of the simulation software, the status of emergency management and analysis of the emergency management system is discussed and establishes the design framework and processing for the emergency management system of the urban road network, thereby proving the rationality of the methods.

Different ventilation modes and smoke exhaust methods will influence the smoke spread and toxicity distribution during fires in subway tunnels and also threaten the passengers' safe emergency evacuation. In order to supply the support needed the for passengers' safe emergency evacuation, the flow rules of smoke exhaust during different fire ventilation modes are studied based on the practice of Tianjin Metro. According to the hypothesis of burning mid carriage stops in the middle of the tunnel, based on the Probability Density Function (PDF) combustion model, the k-ɛ turbulence model and the P-1 radiation model, the simulation models of the toxic smoke flowing status at different ventilation modes are set up with FLUENT software. In accordance with the theory of smoke "Effect of Boundary Layer Attachment," the simulation models are proved to be reliable. Studies revealed that the smoke spread scope, the temperature and the smoke toxicity distribution in subway tunnels are varied in different ventilation modes. The simulation results show that the ventilation mode, with the aisle doors opened in the non-accident tunnels postponing pressure, could be used in the subway tunnel with 10MW fire intensity. With this ventilation mode, not only the toxic smoke can be followed and controlled efficiently, but also the passengers' evacuation time can also be increased. The research may give an important reference for the efficient ventilation mode choices, as well as for the passengers' evacuation project during a subway tunnel fire.

In order to prevent overtaking and speeding and improve road safety, a new median facility was installed in a two-lane bi-directional tunnel. The objective of the research presented in this paper was to evaluate the safety and practical effect of the facilities. The observations of traffic operation and vehicles speed were carried out on a tunnel with the facilities and a tunnel without the facilities. The result showed that the facilities had achieved the anticipated effect on overtaking prevention and reduction of mean speed and speed standard deviation.

The research of three reservoir water gorges as traffic accident mechanisms has important practical significance for effectively preventing water traffic accidents, establishing the water transportation safety pre-warning mechanism and countermeasure library. This thesis analyzed the hazard-formative factors from the four aspects of man, ship, environment and management, based on the three reservoir water gorges transportation element and accident characteristics. Based on the Bayesian network model, this thesis reveals the interaction of hazard-formative factors and discusses the consequence that may be caused by the inherent law of hazard-formative factors. Through analyzing the process of uncertainty to certainty, it studies the accident causing mechanism, and does some empirical studies, providing the reference for the subsequent research.

To optimize emergency facility location and improve the reliability of accident rescue on highway networks, this paper presents an emergency facility location model based on level of rescue travel and develops a corresponding solution procedure. First, in terms of traffic flow state, travel time and number of rescue routes, the proposed location model formulates the objective function in the presence of rescue travel level and constraints with coverage conditions. Then, a Lagrangean relaxation heuristic algorithm is designed for solving the problem. Finally, an example shows that the proposed method applies to location problems with large-scale highway networks and large-quantity demand points, and supplies a new facility location method for highway emergency management.

Rapid urbanization levels create serious town road traffic safety conditions in China. The study of town road traffic safety is therefore essential. This paper analyzes the characteristics of town traffic and town road traffic safety. It establishes a town road safety evaluation system based on the PSR model. The town road safety evaluation model is based on Set Pair Analysis. Finally, the model is used to analyze and evaluate the town road traffic safety of Lianyungang city. The results show that the method can make an objective and reasonable evaluation of town road traffic safety. Many factors affect town traffic safety. It is also difficult to appraise the level of town traffic safety scientifically. Each factor often interacts with others and there are multiple traffic safety objectives. Our challenge is to select a reasonable evaluation indicator and to include all the various indicators in the urban traffic safety evaluation.

As more Chinese families can afford their own cars, a large number of novice drivers have obtained their licenses and begun to drive. This paper discussed the safety differences between Chinese novice and experienced drivers under car-following situations on urban roads. Based on two safety indicators, time gap and time to collision (TTC), an experiment collecting the parameters of driving behavioral characteristics under real road traffic conditions was designed for experienced and novice drivers respectively. According to the analysis, the range of time gap for safe, hesitant, and unsafe car followings were proposed for novice and experienced drivers respectively. Safe TTC under car-following situations was related to speed of following vehicles and the speed difference between leading vehicles and following vehicles. The relations equations were established for experienced and novice drivers separately. "Safe stopping time" was derived to simplify the equations.

The traffic flow parameters of the basic segment, diverging and converging section, weaving section, and directional, semi-directional and loop ramp of these three interchanges were collected by field experiment. The simulation model of typical vehicle desired speed, deceleration and acceleration, and lane changing model on converging and diverging section were calibrated and validated with field collected datum within VISSIM software. The speed — flow curves of different segments of the interchange were determined by simulation experiments. And these curves can be used to obtain the capacity of whole of interchange and different segments of the interchange. Density was regarded as classification index of level of service and flow-density curves, which represents the operating conditions in interchange, was developed through simulation datum. And through these curves level of service of the interchange were discussed. Finally, the capacity and level of service of diverging section, converging section, weaving section and all kinds of typical ramps and whole of interchange are provided.

A driver's sight distance is not only one of the important indexes used in analysis and evaluation of road design and operating quality, but also an important factor in ensuring road safety. The existing model of sight distance has some disadvantages, such as low levels of accuracy and sight distance changes are not continuous. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new method of sight distance calculation based on three-dimensional (3D) image technology. This study also analyzes the sight distance changes of horizontal curves through the comparative analysis of different algorithms used to determine sight distance. The results show that the sight distance calculation method based on 3D image technology is accurate, effective and can obtain the sight distance curve, which changes continuously along the course. This method is applicable in sight distance analysis for existing roads as well as roadways not yet established.

Traffic safety has received increasing attention. Many macro level safety models explore the relationship between crash occurrence and explanatory variables. Although road network pattern is an essential aspect for transportation planning, studies of its safety effect are limited. In this paper, the meshedness coefficient was used to mirror the network structure and examine its effect on traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level safety. Data of 662 TAZs from Orange County, Florida, U.S.A. were collected. A conditional autoregressive model which considers the spatial correlations among TAZs was developed. Estimation results showed the meshedness coefficient performed well in capturing the nature of network patterns, as well as in building relationship with zonal level crashes. This study indicates that, besides traditional network size variables such as road length, structure of road network should also be considered in developing more precise zonal safety prediction models.

While it is generally agreed that access management has a significant effect on traffic safety, present research on access is not enough to support the government to establish access design standards in China. Access features, traffic and roadway features of 161 segments from 8 suburban arterials have been collected for this research. Statistical analysis was conducted to understand the relationship between access characteristics and slight crashes, severe crashes, and total crashes. A Negative Binomial regression is used to investigate access and other factors. The significant factors which contribute to the occurrence of crashes are finally identified. The results show that the angle of access between 78 and 105 degrees, access width between 10 and 20.1 meters have less influence on crashes than others. It is proved that numbers of access points, access spacing, road location, road alignment, average operating speed, and traffic volume of trailers all have significant impact on safety.

This paper considers the traffic safety command problems of treating emergencies in multiple-level coordinates of large highway networks. Working with inter-province, inter-department, and inter-road networks, the study fixed the importance and urgency of constructing a traffic emergency command center. On this basis, this paper not only analyzes the way to divide different levels and the function of different levels, but also describes the logic framework, including vertical and horizontal directions, and the control construction and logic of multiple-level coordinates. Then, it discusses the data processing mode, structural module and function of the visualization technology of multiple-platform remote command information. Finally, the situations of some provinces and cities under development and in construction are summarized.

In order to improve the service level of interchange, with the help of MC5600, the paper investigates the operating speed and car traffic volume at the interchange area of Shenyang-Dalian and Beijing-Shenyang highway, using traffic flow theory, traffic engineering, and other theories for guidance. It continues by carrying on an in-depth study of the data using the method of mathematical statistics and computer technology to analyze the traffic composition and actual capacity of different lanes. Based on this, the paper obtains the operating speed regulations of different truck, percentage of large vehicles though analysis, and establishes traveling capability model of different truck percentage of large vehicles. This provides theoretical evidence for highway network planning, highway design, and highway construction project evaluation scientifically.

The location and design of highway toll stations are responsible for many traffic accidents. The authors conduct a safety evaluation of key points of toll stations, including location, design parameters, service level and capacity, speed coordination and driver heart physiology. Targeted improvement measures are put forward as a result of this evaluation.

This paper elaborates the feasibility of the practice of game theory in Chinese transportation. Since transportation is integral to a large economy, reduce costs, and serving as social welfare, it echoes the characteristics of game theory. Game theory is both competitive and cooperative at the same time and hence can be applied to transportation.

Over-dispersion and temporal correlation are two major problems in longitudinal data when analyzing crash frequency on freeways. Neglecting such problems may result in underestimation of standard errors and misleading inference for regression parameters. Therefore, appropriate methods need to be proposed to get the unbiased predictions. The primary objective of this study is to illustrate the application of Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) to the analysis of crash frequency data with over-dispersion and temporal correlation. The study will also investigate the relationships between crash frequency and contributing factors. To achieve these research objectives, crash data was collected from 2006 to 2008 on Guangshen freeway in China. A GEE Negative Binomial model was proposed and the effectiveness of the model was also examined. It was found that three variables, including the logarithm of annual traffic volume, days of severe weather, and days of bad visibility significantly affect the crash frequency on freeways.

Driver fatigue is one of the main causes for traffic accidents. It is very important to identify fatigued driving to prevent traffic incidents objectively and accurately. Detecting drivers' physiological signals is an important method of identifying fatigued driving. Moreover, special attention has been paid to physiological signals as methods for detecting fatigues driving, such as with ECG (electroencephalography) and EEG (electrocardiogram) tests. In this paper, ECG and EEG data were collected through experiments conducted through a driving simulator. The ECG trend was obtained based on statistical analysis. Moreover, we compared EEG signals under the awake and fatigued states by combining the video and the ECG trend. The EEG characteristics were then extracted, and the EEG threshold value is obtained. The effectiveness of these indices is evaluated in further experiments. The results could be used as the foundation for future studies on driver fatigue.

Drunk driving is a serious threat to traffic safety. But there are many serious deficiencies for current identification methods, which are based on drivers' physiological parameters. Operating the steering wheel belongs to continuous driving behavior and the previous research reveals that the steering wheel performance is closely related to driver state. In this study, steering wheel angle signals from both unimpaired drivers and alcohol-impaired drivers were collected and processed through wavelet analysis. Furthermore, the time-frequency characteristics of the signals in the two states were extracted. The results show that the frequency of adjusting the steering wheel was significantly higher during unimpaired driving. Conversely, sudden adjustment of steering wheel during alcohol-impaired driving was more likely. Based on the coefficient feature of wavelet analysis, the standard deviation of detailed coefficients of wavelet analysis was proposed to be one of the indices for identification. The validity was demonstrated by additional experiments.

To solve the problem of safety evaluation in the alignment design of a highway, a horizontal alignment indices-based design consistency method was studied. The key indices of horizontal alignment, such as the ratio of the individual curve radius to the average radius (CRR), curvature change rate (CCR), and the ratio of the individual tangent length to the average tangent length (TLR) are put forward. The relationship between horizontal alignment indices and fatal crashes on XIHAN mountainous freeways is analyzed as a case study. The results shows that there are higher accident rates when CRR ranged from 0.4 to 0.6, with CCR of about 100∼190 gon/km on horizontal curves, and with TLR below 0.9 on tangents. The application on the mountainous freeway indicates that the CRR, CCR, and TLR are key indicators to the degree of traffic safety.

Driving distraction is considered to be one of the main contributing factors in casualty crashes. Many methods were proposed to measure driver distraction. The effect of secondary tasks on situation detection was examined in this study. The ability of a stable driving when approaching a risky situation was assessed using a fixed driving simulator. The participants were required to drive in the virtual urban environment which included one risky situation under two conditions. The first condition was a normal condition in which the drivers only needed to drive without interference (control group). Meanwhile, the other condition requires the drivers to calculate the sum of two numbers while driving (experiment group). The lateral operation performance was measured by the driving simulator. The lateral deviation in the lane and lateral distance to risk situation within the 100m distance of risk situation were the measurements used to analyze the influence of dual tasks. The results indicate that the Mean Lateral Deviation of the experiment group increased and the lateral distance decreased when compared with the control group. This study provides evidence of detrimental effects of dual tasks on lateral performance when approaching risky situations.

This paper focuses on the effect of highway curves on driver gazing behavior in a driving simulator. In this study, eye gazing data were collected using an eye tracker, and gazing parameters were analyzed to locate the divisions between driver gazing regions. The results of the experiment showed that drivers focused on the middle region during the driving process. Moreover, when the vehicle was passing through a curved road, the proportion of attention focusing on the middle region increased. The result indicated that highway curves obviously affected the proportion of drivers focusing on the middle region. As the radius of the curve increased, drivers' gazing points would move from the two sides of the road to the middle region. The results from this research may be used to reveal drivers' gazing behavior, provide insight for visibility research of road signs and markings, and improve the design of traffic safety facilities.

The effects of speed bump on reducing vehicle speeds are still unclear though they have been extensively used on local streets in China. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of speed bump on speed reduction on local streets. The research team measured 3,000 vehicle speed observations at 15 locations around speed bumps on local streets in Nanjing area in China. The results of t-tests show that the vehicle speeds at the speed bump were significantly lower than those at upstream and downstream control locations at the treated sites. The reductions in mean speed were 6.7 km/h and 7.0 km/h in two treatment sites, and the reductions in the 85^th percentile speed were 5.0 km/h and 8.7 km/h. The influence area of speed bump is generally less than 120 m.

The goal of this study is to find out how freeway tunnel lighting impacts traffic safety. Data were collected from a simulation model of VISSIM. It was found that a vehicle drives at a steady speed without a noticeable fluctuation in the middle of the tunnel so the studied segment of the tunnel should be surrounding the entrance and exit area of freeway tunnel. Surrogate index of speed differences between sections was used to estimate the traffic safety level instead of accident index. Guo's model was compared with the data analysis results. It demonstrated that Guo's model suffered from one drawback: the model was developed without taking account of speed variation just as vehicles enter and leave the tunnel. In order to give a comprehensive understanding of lighting impacts on safety, an improved model was developed to account for the speed difference of sections and to create a compound lighting index throughout the entrance and exit area of freeway tunnels.

Vehicle bumping at bridge-head widely exists at roadbed-bridge transition section and directly affects traffic safety. In this study, the mechanism of vehicle bumping at bridge-head was studied to find out quantitative indexes of bridge that caused the vehicle bumping at bridge-head by the roots. Secondly, on the basis of the mathematical relationship between bridge indexes and velocity difference, deceleration was selected as the parameter of traffic flow to evaluate traffic safety. Finally, the evaluation criterion of traffic safety and threshold value of each safety level was raised. Thus, the impact of vehicle bumping at bridge-head on traffic safety could be evaluated directly by bridge indexes.

The speed bump is an important speed control device which has been extensively used to reduce vehicle speeds or speeding on local streets. However, few traffic simulation packages provide the modules for such speed control devices. The primary objective of this study is to develop a VISSIM module for simulation of traffic operations on highway segments in the vicinity of speed bumps. A Reduced Speed Area (RSA) was created in the VISSIM module to approximately simulate drivers' behavior in vicinity of speed bumps in the real world. To achieve the research objective, vehicle speed data were collected at 15 different locations in vicinity of a speed bump on Wenlan Road in the Nanjing area. Genetic algorithm was used for calibration and validation procedure of the RSA module. It was found that the calibrated VISSIM module provided reasonable simulation of speed reduction effects of speed bumps on multilane highways.

Numerous efforts have been devoted to investigating the relationship between traffic crashes by severity and explanatory factors. However, traditional methods estimate the crash frequency of each severity level separately, neglecting the correlations of severity levels, which can result in biased model estimations. The primary objective of this study is to develop a multivariate Poisson-lognormal regression model (MVPLN), which can simultaneously model crash counts by severity, to evaluate the effects of contributing factors to crash frequency and to identify the correlations among different severity levels. Crash data were collected at 263 exit ramps on freeways in Florida, United States. The Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method was used to get the estimation solution of MVPLN model. Significant correlations were identified among crash counts at different severity levels. The effects of crash-related factors of each severity level were explored in the MVPLN model considering the correlation structure.

Traffic conflict is a surrogate safety measure which has been widely used for evaluating the safety of an entity. In past years, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the severity of traffic conflicts. Traditionally, time to collision (TTC) and distance to collision (DTC) were used by transportation professionals for defining the severity of traffic conflicts. However, the current research on traffic conflict severity does not reflect the possible injury of potential crashes. The primary objective of this study is to use kinetic energy to evaluate the severity of different types of traffic conflicts. Seven different types of traffic conflicts at signalized intersections were considered in this study. To achieve the research objective, researchers use kinetic energy as the measure of conflict severity. In order to get the seven different types of conflicts' kinetic energy indicators, traffic conflict data were collected at 9 intersections in the Nanjing area in China. The severities of the seven types of conflicts were conducted by kinetic energy. The results of the research can be directly used by transportation professionals for determining the severity of different types of traffic conflict. More importantly, the conflict severity based on kinetic energy can be considered an indicator of the severity of potential collisions.

Along with the rapid development of highways in China, traffic safety problems are becoming more and more serious. Hence, there is a growing concern focusing on freeway crash studies. The main objective of this paper is to study the relationship between traffic safety and traffic flow state and to discover dangerous traffic flow states that lead to crash occurrences. The traffic flow data and crash data collected from a 15 kilometer section of the I-880 freeway in the state of California, United States are applied in this paper. To extract the characteristics of dangerous traffic flow state leading to crash occurrences, K-means clustering analysis combined with odds ratios statistics are used to classify traffic flow into 5 different traffic flow states. The results show that two of these five traffic flow states have significant relationships with crash occurrences. And the odds ratio value 3.945 and 3.102 of these two states quantify the impact on crash occurrences of these two states. In other words, when traffic is exposure to these two traffic flow states, the risk of a crash occurring is increased by 2.945 and 2.102 times respectively.

Prediction of incident duration is very important in Advanced Traffic Incident Management (ATIM). Predicting accurately the duration of a traffic incident is necessary to effectively reroute traffic around the incident and to clear traffic, in general, away from the incident's area. In this paper, Support Vector Regression (SVR) is employed to predict the incident duration. In our experiments, we used one incident data set collected from an expressway in the Netherlands. The data set is divided into two parts; one is for model development, and the other is for the model validation. The experiment results, including error analysis, indicate that the prediction model based on Support Vector Regression (SVR) can obtain high accuracy for incident duration. This model can effectively be applied to traffic incident detection and clearance systems.

There are various factors affecting driving behavior and each factor has different levels to be discussed in detail, which makes it very difficult to analyze how each factor affects driving behavior. To analyze driving behavior effectively, it is essential to determine what factors are the key affecting factors. Therefore, based on the orthogonal experimental design theory, this paper designs an analysis experiment on driving behavior and puts forward a method to identity the key factors affecting driving behavior. In turn, the method greatly aids in conducting effective experiments on driving behavior and in the efficient analysis of experimental data.

This paper presents a comparative study on the behavior of the non-motorized driver when encountering flashing green and green countdown indicators during the traffic signal transition phase. For this study, a statistical analysis of the stop/pass decision process with flashing green and green countdown was carried out through the identification of non-motorized driver behavior. The change trend of deceleration and acceleration during the signal transition phase was used to identify the driver's decision point. Results of the analysis show that drivers of non- motorized vehicles make earlier stop/pass decisions with the green countdown indicator than with flashing green. Based on the analysis of driver's speed when approaching the stop line, as well as the proportion of passing vehicles during amber and all red indicators between the flashing green and green countdown, it can be concluded that both flashing green and green countdown signals are dangerous for non-motorized vehicles, though flashing green is more dangerous.

Using the prevention and control principle of the prevention-oriented road traffic accident, this study established a virtual detection and calculation system to discover potential safety hazards in road traffic environments using the harmonized principle of combined driver-vehicle-road operation. This system is based on the perception of drivers' road safety, behavioral characteristics of judgment and speed control, characteristics of vehicle brake heat fading and dynamical characteristics of the vehicle-road system. We are then able to realize quantitative perspicuity of the type, ingredient, and distribution of potential safety hazards in road traffic, as well as the possible form of accidents, before putting new roads or reconstructed roads into use. Using these results, we could clearly make a rectification request or implement active control measures in order to prevent future road traffic accidents. This study technology has been used in the accident prevention projects of six mountain roads, including BaoLong and XiHan highway, and has achieved the expected results.

The goal of this paper is to identify the cause and process of vehicle-fixity crashes. Based on the collection of the typical accident cases related to vehicle-fixity crashes, this study examines the refined calculation and simulation reconstruction of vehicle-fixity crash accidents using the vehicle dynamics model, elastic mechanics and the finite element method. This study builds the analysis and reconstruction system of vehicle-fixity crash accidents on VC++ platform. Using this system, this study can obtain data and the spot diagram drawing of the actual vehicle-fixity crash accident on Xianning Western Road in Xi'an. Accordingly, the system has an important application value to the analysis of the vehicle-fixity crash accident.

Generating fast and inexpensive digital road maps and databases from high-resolution satellite imagery is becoming possible for various applications. Especially for highway safety evaluation, the highway geometric parameters are the most important. Recently, Google Earth has been in great use in many aspects, and high-resolution images can be easily obtained. The algorithm of road extraction from satellite image has been widely proposed in the world. However, highway features can vary in different resolution aerial images, and even be affected in the same picture by cars and trees. This paper introduces an integrated method of extracting the central dividing strip to get the basic shape of the road and then fitting the discontinuous pixels of centerline as a spline. In the end, the curve radius can be calculated by the tool scale legend given by Google Earth. The program for this study is developed in MATLAB 2009a language under the Windows XP operating system. In accordance with the outcome of experiments, the algorithm proposed here has high precision and a good robustness in different resolutions of pictures.

This paper presents the needs for strengthening emergency response and coordination management on the regional freeway network. To support this case, the definitions of key terms such as "regional freeway network" and "emergency" are provided, along with the classification of different kinds of emergencies and their characteristics. Finally, the necessity of constructing an aid and cooperation system for emergencies on the regional freeway network is illustrated. Based on the theory of workflow and segmentation, the aid and cooperation system is constructed to include the modules of decision-making and organization, information sharing, traffic control, on-site aid and resource preparedness. This paper also presents the factors and typical operating modes for each function module. This system is conducive to regional cooperation efforts, including resources and assistance to increase aid efficiency.

The effectiveness of urban transportation systems after earthquakes has a significant impact on the functionality of disaster relief. This paper primarily discusses the validity of the transportation system as a whole, as well as the reliability of certain sections of a road. Two levels of anti-seismic reliability for urban transportation systems are considered, including the evaluation and analysis of the individual link and the network system. Theories and methodologies are discussed, leading to the application of network reliability theories to the main road networks and the transportation system network chart of Fuzhou. An analysis of transportation system anti-seismic reliability is performed after adopting an on-site inspection and perfecting the basic data.