ICCTP 2009: Critical Issues In Transportation Systems Planning, Development, and Management

While the structure and functions of transit information systems have been widely explored, there exist bottlenecks of information quality. Transit information providers need to understand the travelers' needs correctly. To find out the structure of transit information needs, a survey on transit travelers has been conducted in Wuhan, China. It is discovered that the transit travelers in Wuhan rely heavily on conventional means in making trip plans, and the potential of internet-based spatial transit information service has not yet been fully explored. The investigation reflects the current situation of intelligent transit passenger service, as well as the potentials of development in the future.

By using the structural analysis program ANSYS, finite element models are established based on a box girder with varying thickness of the bottom slab, thickness of the inclined web, inclination of the inclined web, thickness of the vertical web, and thickness of the top slab of cable-stayed bridge. In order to consider the effects of the adjacent zone out of the girder section, the internal forces of the two-end surface that were obtained by the horizontal shaft system analysis were exerted on each model. Also, the weight, cable force, and pre-stressed force including girder longitudinal, diaphragm transverse and inclined web vertical direction are considered. Based on the above, the three-dimensional stresses of the box girder with different working situation are analyzed. By the result of above static analysis, the reasonable proposals on thickness of the bottom slab and thickness of the inclined web and inclination of the inclined web and thickness of the vertical web and thickness of the top slab of cable-stayed bridge are proposed. Analysis shows that the stress distributions of main girder are reasonable when the bottom slab thickness is around 30cm, the inclined web thickness is around 30cm, the inclined web inclination is 150 ∼ 152°, the vertical web thickness is around 40cm and the top slab thickness is around 22cm.

In order to design the appropriate crashworthy structure of a locomotive vehicle, the two-layer thin-walled structures were taken as research objects. The efficient non-linear explicit dynamic finite element analysis software, ANSYS/LS-DYNA, was adopted to research the energy absorption characteristics of the one-layer thin-walled structure and the two-layer, thin-walled structure. The results have shown that the evaluation parameters (the energy-absorbing efficiency, the buffer index) of energy absorption characteristics of two-layer, thin-walled structures are better than those of one-layer structures. An idea of using two-layer thin-walled structure as an energy-absorbing element of a crashworthy vehicle is put forward. The results of simulation on two-layer, thin-walled structures with different shapes have also shown that the dimensions of the inner-layer have effect on energy absorption characteristics.

The level of roadway lighting is an important factor for the safety of roadways during the nighttime, especially for pedestrians. Past studies have shown that over fifty percent of pedestrian crashes occurred during nighttime. Most of these were fatal and severe injury crashes. These results make it clear that proper design and timely maintenance of street lighting will definitely help improve the safety of the roadway system. To evaluate the roadway lighting systems and maintain their functionality, it is essential to perform field lighting measurements. Currently, field measurements of roadway lighting systems are often conducted by handheld light meters at a short sample section of roadways. The evaluation of an entire corridor or a longer roadway section is difficult when using the traditional manual measurement methods. This study addresses this difficulty by developing a mobile lighting measurement system that can be used to collect massive lighting level data in a safe and efficient way. In this study, a mobile lighting measurement system was developed and installed in a test vehicle to collect illuminance data along a corridor of U.S. 19 in Pinellas County, Florida. The night time pedestrian crash data were collected for a three year period. The preliminary study shows that the frequency of nigh time pedestrian crash at low lighting level segments is much higher than those segments with a high illuminance level.

We discuss the combining of micropile substructures to produce a new retaining and reinforcement structure for slopes. Each substructure is an element comprising of several separated micropiles connected by a roof plate. The structure has the advantages of small pile length, easy and quick construction, operational safety, and low cost. It can be applied to a moderate or small slope or in landslide control projects. In particular, the structure is very suitable for dealing with project emergencies. According to the general load features of the structure, it is believed that the part of the structure above the slip surface of a landslide may be regarded as a single rigid frame under landslide thrust and that the part under the slip surface may be treated as an elastic axial bar model. In this way, internal forces of the structure and the required length of the anchoring section of the micropiles can be obtained. This information is used directly in practical design. Analysis shows that each micropile in the structure is mainly loaded by an axial force, but the roof plate is principally subject to a bending moment. The new structure and the analysis method proposed in this paper are successfully used in practice for a cutting slope in a Guangyuan-Bazhong expressway project in Sichuan Province, China, and the performance of the structure is verified.

In order to study the mechanical characteristics of fly ash soil, fly ash and silty clay were mixed according to the proportions 1:4, 1:2, and 1:1 by dry weight with the water content of 15%, 17%, and 19% to test the static characteristic of fly ash soil. The test results show that the compressive strength of fly ash soil (1:2) slowly decreases with the increase of water content and is greater than 150 MPa when the water content ranges from 15% to 23.5%; the deformation modulus of fly ash soil (1:2) decreases with the increase of water content, while still greater than 3 MPa; the compressive strength of fly ash soil with three kinds of lime soil ratio decrease with the increase of water content, but when lime soil ratio is 1:2, the compressive strength is greater than the others. Through the test of dynamical characteristics, we obtained that the dynamic strength of fly ash soil increases with the increase of confining pressure, and the dynamic strength, dynamic modulus, and shearing strength of the fly ash soil (1:2) are better than the others. The frost heave test shows that the amount of frost heave decreases with the increase of fly ash content, which performs strongly in the early stage of frost heave and is gradually stabilized later.

This paper covers a project that conducted methods of self-balanced pile tests with three-dimensional numerical simulation analysis on effects of karst caves on the load capacity of bridge foundations located at hidden caves. Taking Nanpanjiang Bridge in Yunnan as a case study, it carried out static loading tests on No.1 Pier, No.2 pier and No.1 pile which foundations are free from caves. Then it adopted the finite element method to establish a cave-rock-pile foundation three-dimensional analysis model for systematically analyzing effects of top plates with different thickness and caves with different sizes and locations under different working conditions on the loading capacity of bridge foundations. Furthermore, soils having four different conditions surrounding piles under each working condition were also considered and analyzed. It was found that the distance between roof of the cave and pile tip was the main factor affecting the loading capacity of the pile foundation. The research results were successfully applied in evaluating loading the capacity of a pile foundation in Nanpanjiang Bridge in Yunnan. Thus, the research results improved utilization and reliability of roof of karst caves in highway construction.

The conventional studies of traffic landscape mostly focused on the aesthetical requirements from the designers' perspective. However, there has been a lack of concern and research from the users' perspective, which serves as the basis of traffic landscape design and construction. This paper, which is based on the tram construction project in Zhangjiang Area, Shanghai, explores the user's preference to traffic landscape. Users include drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and nearby residents. To explore the preferences for traffic landscape elements among different people in different districts, a survey was conducted to sample users' attitudes towards traffic landscape. The relative importance of various landscape elements can be simultaneously evaluated from this survey.

Traffic incident automatic detection and recognition play an important role in traffic management and controlling. For the problems of automatic traffic incident detection and recognition, a method is proposed based on wavelet decomposition and support vector machine (SVM) with vehicle acoustic signals. Vehicle acoustic signals are decomposed with the wavelet analysis, and the power in different frequency is regarded as the different incident eigenvectors and also as training samples of SVM traffic incident classifier. By the processing of normal driving, braking and crash incident acoustic signals, the result shows that the proposed method is an effective method for automatic traffic incident detection and recognition.

Traffic accidents in cold regions have both general trends of change and periodic fluctuation due to the cyclical changes of the climate. Considering that Grey System Prediction Model can reflect the general trends of change visually, and Periodic Extensional Prediction Model mainly reflects the periodic fluctuation, the paper adopts the way for the Gray-Periodic Extensional Combinatorial Model to predict the traffic accidents in cold regions. This model considers both the development trends and periodic fluctuation of the traffic accidents. Finally an example analysis is given to fit and predict the road traffic accidents in cold regions, and the analysis results showed that the Gray-Periodic Extensional Combinatorial Model was suitable for the prediction of road traffic accidents in cold regions, and the fitting and prediction accuracy was much higher, which provides theory reference and practical basis for the traffic accident management and control in cold regions.

The optimization layout of rescue sites is the premise of implementing traffic resources dispatch and improving rescue efficiency. The multi-objective demands for locating rescue sites on roads cannot be easily satisfied with the traditional single-objective rescue facilities. Based on determined objects used for location, the model of multi-objective decision is proposed to provide suitable schemes of location of rescue sites on road. Integrating traditional models of location, such as p-medians, p-centers, maximum covering location and backup covering, the founded model of multi-objective locations satisfy quick response objects by minimizing the maximum rescue time, satisfy service efficiency objects by maximizing the covering demands and minimizing the total weighted time, and satisfy the demand-oriented objects of serious accidental rescue by maximizing the backup covering demands. Combined with analysis, for example, parametric programming is used to analyze the model, which shows that the model is feasible, and can be used as the theoretical basis for locating traffic rescue sites on roads.

Human, vehicle and road are three essential factors in transportation system. There is an important relationship between traffic accident and the system coordination under the normal driving condition. It can be verified by field experiments and calculation. The speed is an integrative index that appropriately shows the relationship among human, road and vehicle. Each vehicle has its own accelerating and decelerating movement by the two-dimensional form, which can be affected by road geometric and also has an impact on traffic accident. Based on vehicles' operational characteristics, authors use two-dimensional speed difference to show vehicles' movement law, and develop the road safety analysis and evaluation models and safety criteria for the horizontal alignment by using theory analysis and actual accident investigation method.

Risk evaluation models are developed to improve decision making regarding the safety of highway transportation of "toxic gas" hazardous materials. Based on ANN (Artificial Neural Network) theory and the Back Propogation (BP) method, a new risk evaluation model has been established utilizing the assessment indices of the inherent hazard of transported gas, the traffic accident rate of road sections and the population density of roadside areas. 12 road sections whose risk levels have been determined by a fuzzy synthetic evaluation model are used to train the network to an evaluation error less than 10^–5. Simulation results show that the proposed model in this paper improves on previous published models and has wide applicability.

Relative merits of different residuals used in the construction of objective function and weight coefficients in single-objective function for structural model updating are investigated in this paper based on the improved genetic algorithm (IGA). Presently there are three residuals which are used mostly in finite element (FE) model updating: frequency residual, mode shape residual, and modal flexibility residual. Relative merits of the three residuals are analyzed through the simulation of a simply supported beam. Then, model updating is studied comparatively based on IGA. Frequency is the main characteristic parameter of bridge structure, which has high identification precision and should be used with priority. When there are several updating parameters, information should be complemented. If identification error of the mode shape is relatively less, the complement of the mode shape is feasible. In the end, through the analysis of weight coefficients for different residuals in single-objective function, it can be seen that the model updating performance is better when the frequency residual has a larger weight coefficient.

An important consideration in underground expressway plan and design is how to locate passageways providing services. This paper develops a new model to address issues involving demand decay, share rate, and efficiency of passageway simultaneously. The model is built with the objective of maximizing efficiency; and an iterative algorithm using the network equilibrium model is developed to obtain the steady share rate and to determine passageway locations with the maximal efficiency. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the flexibility and effectiveness of the model and algorithm. The results show that the algorithm can obtain the steady share rate, and get the model convergent. In addition, the passageway locations will be globally optimized.

According to engineering practice's experience and theoretical research, the evaluation index system of bridge construction organization design is established. Based on entropy theory, the optimum model for the design scheme of construction is set up. This model is established on indices of different schemes to build up a non-fuzzy judgment mathematical matrix and standardize it to calculate entropy, then these indices are applied in calculating entropy weight. Then we can calculate the attribute matrix and seek the ideal point. Finally we can get the best scheme by priority order degree of distance or nearness degree between all schemes and the ideal point. Examples show that the construction management plan selected based on the entropy theory has strong evaluating capability and is simple and effective. This method is instructional in all-around evaluations.

This paper defined the quantitative relationship between the times of drivers' unauthorized lane changes and the times of traffic conflict by traffic conflict technology, then the influence coefficient of unauthorized lane change behavior. The concept of lane change frequent-degree is also given in this paper, then the influence of traffic safety from the characteristic of frequently changing lanes about taxi is analyzed and calculated.

Traffic safety is a difficult problem around the world. It is desirable to analyze the crash distribution rules to reduce traffic crashes. However, extensive research is needed to support policy-makers and road safety engineers to make scientific decisions and to take effective measures in China. The objective of the paper is to reveal the distribution rules of crashes in China. Using statistics data, this paper discusses crash frequency and severity distributions by various factors, including temporal dimension, road factors (such as road classes or functions, geometric alignment, etc.), vehicles factors, and drivers' factors in details. The distributions of crash type and crash causes are also examined in the paper. A series of useful and interesting conclusions are available for domestic and overseas traffic policy-makers and road safety engineers.

The tunnel is a permanent construction and the lining is a main part in the tunnel structure. So the quality of lining construction should affect the traffic safety. In order to maintain the existing void between initial lining and surrounding rock or in the secondary lining construction, ground-penetrating radar nondestructive testing technology and polymer grouting technology for maintenance of tunnels has been presented. First use ground penetrating radar to analyze the distress and voids in the tunnel lining. Then use ground penetrating radar to evaluate quality of the whole structure and determine the disease scope of the tunnel, maintain void region with polymer grouting technology. The field test results show that the use of polymer grouting technology can repair the tunnel distress, and provide an ideal manner for tunnel quick maintenance.

The random disturbance parameter γ is introduced into the cellular automaton (CA) model of traffic flow to simulate the cases of car-stopping, hitting the car ahead, and other vehicular crashes occurring on the freeway. By analyzing the disturbance vehicles in the driving environment of different visibilities of foggy weather, the correlations of limited speed and the safe spacing for optimum visibility are developed. The safe spacing and average safe velocity of the vehicle under different visibilities are simulated and analyzed, thus providing the theoretical gist for freeway administrative departments to establish and implement the management strategies.

Two-motor-drive electric vehicles (TMDEVs) have developed significantly in recent years. An important residual problem for this vehicle type is how to coordinate the operation of the driving motors for stable vehicle handling. In order to improve the turning stability of TMDEVs a control scheme, based on the target slip rate of driving wheels, is proposed to distribute the torque of both motors. First a dynamic model of TMDEVs and the tire model are described. Second a control strategy based on the target slip rate using a slide mode control method is specified. Then a dynamic analysis and simulation are conducted. The results show the proposed strategy can make the driving tires achieve the target slip rate and improve the turning stability of this vehicle.

In Shanghai, the Metro is a major part of a modern urban transit system. Essential to the safe operation of the metro station is the design for emergency evacuations. Based on the comparative study of different simulation theories and methods of group evacuation behavior, Exodus V4.06 and Smartfire V4.1 were employed to simulate the evacuation under different risks in one metro station in Shanghai. The computation result shows that people's distribution in the station has significant influence on the evacuation time and the exits used; the intervention on evacuation route, such as the proper guidance from the working staff, is essential to ensure the right choice of evacuation route, evacuation time saving, and personnel safety.

This paper applies the cluster analysis method to categorize the 17 sample companies in a high-tech park in terms of their workshop area. First of all, the annual freight traffic volume per unit workshop area has been used as the index to cluster the 17 sample companies into 4 groups. The results show that each group of companies produces the similar products. Secondly, the workshop area or site area of a company correlates well with its annually generated freight traffic. The regression analysis shows a linear correlation between the workshop area (or site area) of the company and its annual freight traffic volume. These models can be applied to predict the freight traffic volume for the planning high-tech park.

Vertical dynamic response of a high speed passenger car considering elastic vibration has been investigated, in which car body is modeled as a simple uniform elastic Euler-Bernoulli beam with free ends. It is found that vibration in the elastic model is bigger than in the rigid one. In order to reduce the vertical flexural vibration, an effective and practical method is introduced, which is to paste free damping layers on the outside sheathing of the car body. The calculations show that it is a useful measure for improving the riding comfort of the high speed car. The thicker the damping materials attached, the better the ride comfort will be. But considering the weight it may introduce, only 3mm bitumen based damping materials is enough to get a satisfactory result.

Determining deformable location, size, and depth of vehicle is important during the process to reason a road accident. The use of close-range stereo photogrammetry in traffic accident scene investigations is vital for providing such information in more detail comparing with traditional methods. A case study is introduced to verify the method using the paralleling axis stereo vision theory, which provides accurate three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the deformation-related feature points, and describes the location and the range of the vehicle deformation.

In order to evaluate traffic safety level in the 30 provincial capital cities (except Lhasa) of China, the correlation between the number of traffic accident fatalities and social-economic factors were analyzed. It shows that the number of traffic accident fatalities in the provincial capitals cities of China is markedly correlative with the gross regional product (GRP), population, passenger traffic, and freight traffic. According to the correlation, six feasible evaluation indices were put forward, including fatalities per 100000 people population, fatalities per 100 million GRP, passenger traffic fatalness, freight traffic fatalness, fatalities per accident, and mortality of traffic accident. Then they were transformed into four uncorrelated principal components based on principal component analysis. Finally, the four principal components were used to estimate the evaluation score of traffic safety level for the 30 provincial capital cities. The 30 provincial capital cities were ranked by road safety level. The results show that the differences in road safety among the 30 provincial capital cities were comparatively distinct in 2006.

Space positioning information model and logic model of traffic facilities are established, by studying the internal organizational structure of Geodatabase model. On the basis of the data of Jilin province expressway, the spatial database is designed in detail with seamless integration of database management model, by analyzing the characteristics of spatial database of traffic facilities. The traffic management system is realized by secondary development of GIS, the software of which includes VB.NET, ArcGIS Engine and ArcSDE. The system implementation verifies the superiority of the GIS model, provides a scientific and efficient management tools for traffic facilities management.

Compared with traditional collection methods using detectors or sensors, floating-car data collection has advantages such as a broad coverage area, low cost installation and maintenance costs and little influence from external sources. Therefore, floating-car data is being broadly applied in traffic relative studies. Traffic original data usually contains some random components, which disturb the distinction of traffic status. The original data must be de-noised in order to filter these random components. This paper presents wavelet analysis to de-noise the original data from floating-car data collection. In this paper, the data from RTMS (Remote Traffic Microwave Sensor) collection is treated as true data. Traffic original data, from various ring mainlines of Beijing on various days, are processed through wavelet threshold de-noising. The experiment results show that de-noised data is better than the original data in terms of evaluation indexes. For example, MSE of the de-noised data can drop as low as 6.36% and the correlation coefficient can be increased by more than 1.18%.

To encourage the use of public transit modes and/or discourage the use of auto for the commuter trip, deep discount policy was provided and implemented in May 2006 in Beijing. To estimate responses of urban travelers to Deep Discount policy, the choice behavior survey was carried out in Beijing, including passengers' individual characters, trip behavior and their choices to railway and bus under certain conditions. And the influence factors of mode split are analyzed. Then traveler mode choice model considering different ticket ratio between railway and bus was established and the mode choice behavior are specified and estimated. The estimation results suggest that ticket cost and ticket cost ratio between bus and railway are the most cited factors in explaining ridership growth and shift. The conclusion will provide an analysis tool for an evaluation of the effectiveness of deep discounts actions. Also the result can provide the Deep Discount policy sustain for the increasing of the trip proportion of public traffic.

In order to ensure the safety of the bridge operation, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) or regular tests should be carried out. SHM or regular tests are very important for large structures such as suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, cross-ocean bridges, towers, and so on. Much more attention have been paid to some advanced technologies for SHM or regular tests. In order to collect signals wirelessly in civil engineering structure monitoring, a Wireless Dynamic Testing System was designed by modularization and system method, which combines bridge structure detection technique, computer technology, modern sensor technology, wireless communication, and system technology. The wireless testing system consists of a master station and several substations. The master station is composed of a control center subsystem and a data transmission subsystem. The substation is composed of a data transmission subsystem and a gathering subsystem. The software system consists of controlling, data, and Single Chip Microcomputer processing. Finally, the wireless measurement system is tested by a field test of the Sifangtai Cable-stayed Bridge.

This paper presents a non-contact method measuring asphalt pavement surface texture based image processing technology and fractal theory to overcome the deficiencies of conventional volumetric method. The pavement surface texture images are acquired using ordinary CCD camera. Then fractal analysis on contour of gray level, which is extracted from binary image by target segmentation at adaptive threshold value and edge detection, is made. A fractal dimension of contour of gray level, scale-independent, is determined. This study comprises field tests and laboratory tests. A regression equation of FDC and MTD measured by sand patch test is built, and a statistical correlation based on a good coefficient of determination (R²) for the data is obtained in the preliminary results. It is observed that the FDC decreases with the MTD. At last, the possibility of replacing volumetric by this measurement in the practical application is discussed.

The joint style of the connecting section is one of the key problems of the simple-continuous system. The cost of bridge structure, the difficult degree of construction, and the performance of application are all determined by its joint style. In this paper, a new joint style, that is, applying externally pre-stressing for the connecting section, has been proposed based on the theories of externally pre-stressing systems and post-continuous technologies at home and abroad. Firstly, by using the finite element analysis software "ANSYS", the nonlinear full-stage simulations on test beams are carried out. The cracking behavior, deflection variation, bending moment redistribution of test beams, and the ultimate loading capacity of continuous beams are investigated emphatically. Secondly, the result of numerical analysis have been verified by corresponding indoor experiments. Finally, some suggestions on structure design are put forward.

The restraint failure of airplane wheel chocks is one of the most important reasons for accidental airplane movements and the ground accidents in civil aviation. The calculation formula of wind lift force on airplanes is set up according to the running time-speed-load test data of a B737-800 on the ground. The finite element mechanical radial tire model is set up based on the Mooney-Rivlin constructive model according to the outline deformation test data of airplane tires under different loads. The restraint efficacy and failure modes of statically indeterminate chocks are studied by ANSYS based on the chocks' working conditions, and the new parameter of pushing coefficient is put forward to evaluate the restraint efficacy. In the end, an optimized design scheme is presented for B737-800 metal chocks. The numerical analysis shows that the optimized chock can better match the airplane tires under different loads and can exert more restraint efficacy.

The paper studies three video detection methods, and present the methods detection theory. The instantaneous stopping detection method can obtain vehicles' stopping delay. The semiautomatic software detection method can use the video generated from the camera to retrieve vehicles' stopping and accelerating delay. This method however cannot obtain the total delay that includes the accelerating, stopping and decelerating delays. The double section video method sets two areas at a proper situation and obtains the signalized control delay. Using manually collected exact delay, the paper analyses the accuracy of these three video methods. It is proven that the instantaneous stopping detecting method can get about 70% accuracy, the semiautomatic software detecting method 82%, and the double section video detecting method can get more than 90% accuracy.

Virtual scenes shown on vehicle driving simulator displays are somewhat different from reality, leading to a poor sense of immersion. In order to enhance the immersion techniques of vehicle driving simulators, this paper suggests two ways to make the size of the object shown on the display much more like the real object: by adjusting the parameters of the virtual camera and location of driver's eyes. The paper also analyzes the process of translation from an initial three-dimensional model to a two-dimensional image on the display. The process includes observing, projecting, and scaling the object. We also create a process by which to measure driver vision which entails observing and projecting transformation. Based on the relationship of the analyzed processes, an optimal model is established by adjusting parameters of the virtual camera, including the focus, the visual angle and the image resolution, and by adjusting the location of the driver's eyes. Parameters can be optimized based on the model, which will greatly increase the immersion function of vehicle driving simulators.

In this paper, we make use of informatics-based methods, establishing a calculation technique to measure the utility of a traffic sign's information for drivers. Additionally, some simple analyses are carried out to determine the usefulness of certain information for drivers who need different types of information.

This article analyzes the characteristics and the applicability of the gray cluster theory, taking the traffic statistics of Jiangsu, Jilin, Beijing, Chongqing and Gansu as examples, and arriving at the conclusions that the road traffic safety levels of Beijing and Chongqing are relatively higher, the level of Jiangsu is ordinary, while the levels of Jilin and Gansu are relatively lower. This paper, aiming at road traffic safety assessment based on the gray cluster theory, explores the analysis thread and research steps, as well as analyzes the reasonableness of the results. What's more, the authors propose their own ideas on the selection of the evaluation indicators, the determination and processing of whitening values of different gray classes. In addition, this paper also carries on the forecast to this theory's application prospect and the trend of development.

This study aims to develop a system to manage road traffic control information and analyze traffic resources. In this system road traffic control information is represented as objects, such as points, lines, or regions, in GIS while the specifications of them are stored in the attribute table of the objects. Moreover, GU (Graphic User) interfaces are developed to process, edit, query, display, and print the information. Based on road networks and the relevant traffic control information, a road traffic resource analysis system is developed.

In order to optimize the crashworthiness of curved-road concrete barriers in which the curve-road radius is 400 meters, based on the NJ concrete barrier, a "vehicle-curve road-barrier" integration model is established. The six cross-section parameters of concrete barriers are regard as factors, five levels for each factor. The optimal results are obtained using the orthogonal experimental design methods. The L₂₅(5⁶) orthogonal table is used for the simulation test arrangement, the SPSS statistical package is used for the variance analysis of simulation results. Subsequently, using the optimal results, based on the foundation shape of the NJ concrete barrier, a "vehicle-curve road-barrier" integration model including the foundation of concrete barrier is established. Simulation results show that the integrity of the concrete barrier stays intact, and the assumption of "the concrete barrier bottom node fix" used in orthogonal experimental design is practicable and the foundation shape of the NJ concrete barrier can be used directly in curved-road concrete barriers. Finally, the forces and stresses acting on the concrete barrier during the collision between vehicle and barrier is computed. A reinforcement project of curved-road concrete barriers is suggested.

The total mileage of highways in China has ranked the second in the world and traffic accidents have become a potential safety problem, which threaten people's lives. Panel data model as a new tool is introduced to analyze crashes. Panel data, which combines cross-sectional and time-series characteristics, allows researchers to construct and test realistic behavioral models that cannot be identified using only cross-sectional or time-series data. This paper introduces the modeling process of fixed effects model and random effects model. These models are applied to the Jingjintang Highway. Variables are divided into four categories including roadway variables, traffic variables, indicator for different areas, and accidents variable. The two models' results are compared and the fixed-effects model was chosen to describe the relationship between accidents and other factors after the Hausman test. The fixed effects model was chosen since it could identify unobserved factors and segments with high safety risks. Panel data model as a new statistical tool will be widely used in the transportation analysis field.

Design speed is generally used as a basis for determining the post speed limits in China. Therefore the fixed value becomes the post speed for the whole road. Because of the big difference in operational characteristics between cars and trucks, this method is clearly inappropriate, considering the effects of Differential Speed Limits (DSL) are controversial. This paper expatiates the advantages and disadvantages of DSL, using hypothesis testing and analysis of variance methods (ANOVA) to analyze the difference of 15^th percentile speed, 85^th percentile speed, mean speed, speed variance, speed limit compliance between DSL and USL (uniform speed limit). Finally, consider truck mixed rate and traffic volume as variables to establish a linear regression model between speed limit differences and speed statistical indicators.

This paper presents a lab study on the influence of coarse aggregate on the pavement performance of road cement concrete. The result shows that influence degree of every technological property of coarse aggregate affect road concrete differently. The lithology of coarse aggregate will not lead to the obvious fluctuation of the pavement performance of road concrete. The flexural tensile strength of broken pebble stone road concrete is 40% lower than that of crushed stone concrete. The nominal maximum aggregate size of coarse aggregate has significant effect on the pavement performance, and it should be no more than 26.5mm when it's used on high level road. The decreasing amplitude of flake content to the pavement performance of road concrete is bigger than that of needle content. The crashing value of coarse aggregate has very significant effect on the flexural tensile strength of road concrete, so its content should be controlled.

To understand the actual situation of a port, it should be observed from different perspectives; to evaluate the actual situation of a port, we should use a number of measurement indicators. Take this as a starting point, this paper first introduces the background and reasons for writing. Secondly, it simply describes the competitiveness of our ports and more specifically presents the method of studying the integrated competitiveness of our ports. At the same time, it classifies our ports according to their competitive characteristics, which is the innovation point of the paper. Thirdly, it analyzes the comprehensive competitiveness index ranking of Chinese ports, describes the changes between 2007 and 2006, and identifies a few representative ports on the list, analyzing their various indicators, strengths and weaknesses in detail. Lastly, it sums up the characteristics of Chinese ports based on the previous expressions and gives corresponding policies and recommendations.

In the adjacent urban trip modes, car and bus are the most prevalent means of transportation. Based on the practical situation that transport bottlenecks are frequently caused in the urban traffic and working on the premise that both of the two trip modes have access to the same traffic route and intervene with each other, this paper develops a model for transport bottlenecks. The paper analyses the differences of the generalized travel cost between car and bus. It deduces and compares the change of traffic flow and travel costs of car and bus under static and dynamic charge policies. This paper deepens our understanding of the issues on these two competitive systems. Based on the analysis, the paper concludes that from the perspective of sustainable development, the government should guide passengers to change their trip modes and should implement the policy of dynamic fees to promote the sustainable development in urban areas.

This paper studies on the emergent incident's influence on expressway network. According to the survey about expressway network of Yangtze River Delta region, the paper defines a basic unit of expressway network. In order to evaluate how the incident influences the expressway, this paper has developed an evaluation indicator, the delay increase. To compare the different influences of different types of incident, this paper addresses several factors which affect evaluation indicator, including flow, duration of incident, and type of the influence. Establish the simulation model of expressway network and do the simulation experiment about the various affecting characteristics of the incident by using traffic simulation software AIMSUN. Use the simulation results to analyze the influence of the incident on the network through specific data. On this basis, study the relationship between flow of vehicle, duration of incident and delay increase and develop a function model about it. This paper also gives the application of the simulation data and function model in practice.

Under the situation of meeting the regional transport needs, we will minimize the social transportation cost to optimize the transport structure, which accords with regional sustainable development. From the perspective of industrial economics, this article analyzes the external costs arising from land use, energy consumption, environmental pollution, traffic safety and other factors of different transport modes. This article also establishes the social cost models which are based on the internalization of external costs. By comparing different modes of economic transport costs, it proposes some recommendations for transport structure optimization to meet the requirements of maximizing social welfare and provides a basis for the transport network planning, adjustment and policy-making.

To compare the performance of Waterproof bond layer materials on concrete bridge deck, combined with Taipu bridge, laboratory tests were carried out to common materials such as hot spray SBS modified asphalt, SBS modified emulsified asphalt, asphalt rubber SAMI and a typical professional waterproof coating. The comprehensive performances of above materials were analyzed based on grey target theory. The results showed that the optimal cost-effective one is asphalt rubber SAMT, followed by hot spray SBS modified asphalt, SBS modified emulsified asphalt. The typical professional waterproof coating are relatively poor.

To analyze the safety problem of a pedestrian crossing the street in a non-signal controlled multi-lane segment, the traffic conflict probabilistic micro-models of multiple lanes are developed under conditions of entirely unsafe gap perception in accordance with traffic conflict technology. The model considers the effect of multiple lanes, vehicle volume, and width of lane on the pattern to pedestrians crossing. The numerical results of two-way four-lane traffic conflict probabilistic micro-models are calculated by means of Monte Carlo method. According to the delay level of pedestrians, the evaluation index based on the 90% confidence interval of conflict probability is set up in order to assess the safety of pedestrian crossing streets and optimally establish the pedestrian crossing facilities in segment.

This paper analyzes the system structure and technical character of the Communication Based Train Control (CBCT), and introduces the prototype of train tracing operation simulation in CBTC. The control model of train tracing operation in CBTC is established by analyzing the process of train operation, the logical control and the principle of moving block. There is a simulating algorithm of train tracing operation control, which is based on the concept of Moving Block (MB) and the technology of computer simulation. This simulation system is realized to trace several trains through VC++.

In order to solve the problem of long curing time and long construction time of projects, the early strength of lime and fly-ash stabilized macadam can be increased by applying the proper amount of cement. First, compressive strength, cleavage strength and compression rebound modulus of lime-fly ash-cement stabilized macadam are tested systematically applying standard curing (T: 20±2°C, RH: ≥95%) and high-temperature curing (T: 60±2°C, RH:≥95). Secondly, a relationship curve between strength and curing age is found by applying four different regression models. Thirdly, strength gain relationship between high temperature curing and standard curing is achieved. So, the 180-day strength by standard curing can be determined from the strength cured by high temperature curing. Fourthly, the microstructure of samples is observed and analyzed systematically by applying electron microscope scanning. By the way of high temperature curing, not only can the microstructure of it be improved, but also the curing time can be shortened. Therefore, design parameters and major control index of ratio design for the lime-fly ash-cement stabilized macadam base course construction can be confirmed rapidly.

In order to study the mechanical properties of shear connectors for a composite beam under complex stress conditions, two 1:2 reduced-scale model tests with different types of shear connectors are conducted. These models are designed base on a real composite beam bridge in Guangzhou. Comparative analysis about the relative slipping on the steel-concrete interface of the rigid shear connector model and flexible shear connector model under the same boundary conditions is studied in detail. Responses of two types of shear connectors under three different load cases are also compared. The model test results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of concrete is the key factor of relative slipping on the steel-concrete interface and differences between rigid and flexible shear connectors are large. It is useful as references for future research and designs of shear connectors in composite beams.

Vehicles generally run at high speeds on the highway, so the presence of retrograde vehicles on the road greatly increases the probability of traffic accidents. In view of this situation, we introduce a new macro-method to detect retrograde vehicles based on optical flow. Our approach mainly uses pyramids with the Lucas-Kanade motion estimation method, which greatly reduces computational complexity. Since the flow of traffic is regular and physically measurable, its optical flow field is also orderly and regular, allowing the optical flow vector to accurately reflect the velocity of traffic flow. Experiments show that retrograde vehicles on the highway can be well detected by finding abnormal changes in the optical flow field.

Due to the construction of bridges crossing inland waterways, straits and gulfs, as well as the rapid development of vessel transportation, collisions between vessels and bridges occur frequently which leads to great concern about the safety of bridges crossing navigation channels. Thus, it becomes vital to analyze the risk of vessel-bridge collisions. In the paper, a risk analysis system of vessel-bridge collision is proposed which mainly includes an assessment database system, a probability of vessel-bridge collision assessment, a module for anti-collision resistance calculation of the pier, a probability of collapse assessment, a consequence assessment system, an auxiliary decision-making system as well as a risk disposition system. The key contents of every subsystem are represented. This system can provide a guide for vessel-bridge collision design and assessment.

Using the ideas of multi-objective optimization, the paper brought forward the maximum speed limit methods based on efficiency, safety, economic and comfortable quality of freeways. The maximum speed limit value under the conditions of at-grade straight lines section, free traffic flow, good pavement and weather was taken as a basic value. Minimizing the sum of time cost and fuel consumption cost were taken as the objective function. The death rate of accidents and passenger's comfortable quality that met corresponding allowed range was taken as constraint conditions. The basic value of the maximum speed limit calculation model was established based on minimum generalized operating costs of vehicles. A mathematical method of extremism solution was adopted to obtain the basic values. At last, it was given that basic values according to different design speeds and different vehicle types.

All over the world, earthquakes have been broken up more frequently than ever before. The huge disaster of an earthquake challenged the capability of government to handle an emergency. The emergency evacuation corridor planning will be more significant for restoration of a disaster area. This paper proposes a methodology for the research on carrying capability of a regional earthquake evacuation corridor based on macro-simulation to prove the availability and rationality of a predetermined regional earthquake evacuation plan. The proposed approach includes three processes: 1) Estimate the evacuation demand of the earthquake affected area and estimate traffic volume of each link and node of roadway network; 2) Confirm the OD-pairs based on the location of shelters and the preplanned direction of evacuation; 3) build up the earthquake evacuation network through the macro-simulation software, OREMS, as well as input the outcome of procedure 1) and 2). Evaluate the carrying capability of the preplanned regional earthquake evacuation corridor through evacuation clearance time and average evacuation speed which are the output of OREMS. In the end, the proposed approach was employed in the Beijing case and proved the availability and rationality of the Beijing earthquake evacuation corridor planning.

Traffic flow state is a vague concept. It can not be measured off in different traffic flow states by using a specific index, which is in line with the fuzzy clustering characteristics. The Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm is used to analyze the traffic flow state in fog and non-fog periods in terms of a large amount of data of speed, density, and volume. The traffic flow state is classified into three, four, and six categories, respectively. By comparing and analyzing the traffic flow state in the two periods, results show that the regularity in fog is more obvious than that in non-fog. The traffic flow state in the fog period can be well described by four categories.

This paper researched the longitudinal slope of a tunnel from the driver's psychological view, and analyzed the heart rate changes in different drivers. According to the measured data, we established the quantitative model between the driver's physiological and psychological response by an increased heart rate, and the longitudinal slope of the tunnel and running speed with a regression analysis. This model proved capable of describing the response of drivers driving through the contrast between field data and model calculated data. Finally, we calculated a safe slope of the tunnel and security pace value according to the model.

The Zhijing River Bridge is a CFST arch bridge in Hubei province. The limitations are more cables, as the angles of some cables are very small and made cable adjusting difficult in construction. The Iterative optimization method with once-tension principle and alignment controlled by pre-cambers is introduced into the alignment control and cable-force calculation of the erection stage. All cables should have been removed after the arch rib closure in the original design, but in the latter hoisting construction, the early cable force and elevation were influenced seriously and the inner force of main arch rib became uneven. The influence by the time, order and method of cable-removing are calculated in the optimization process and the new cable-removing schemes are brought forward. In that, part of the cables removed before closure, and they are analyzed and compared to each other, and then a best scheme with easier control is determined.

Edge rate is the important source for a driver's speed perception. This paper briefly introduces the concept of edge rate, the theory for a driver's speed perception and control which are based on the edge rate, and an application effect of edge rate in foreign and domestic autos. According to the concept of edge rate and Newton's equation of motion, the speed control design model, which is based on the assumption that the driver maintains the constant edge rate with the comfortable deceleration rate, is deduced. By using the 3DMAX, the edge rate experiment videos that car moving on the highway are made, 260 stimulation of Subjectively Equal Speed experiments are designed by using the Forced-Choice Method, through 6 males and 2 females' experiment results, the experiments results show that driver's speed perception value is the largest when the edge rate is 8HZ, but the difference between 8HZ and 16HZ is litter, considering driver's speed perception value is the largest when the edge rate is 12HZ under the fog environment, then 12HZ is selected as the reasonable value. According to experiment result, the edge rate spacing for controlling the speed from 120km/h to 90km/h is calculated.

For the dispatching decision of wagon-flows in railway terminals, the transferring wagon-flows should be primary, and the local should support the transferring. The allocation of local wagon-flows into outbound trains is drawn from the dispatching decision results of transferring wagon-flows in the terminal. A mixed-integer programming model with the minimization of stopping time for the local wagons in the terminal is built for determining dispatching decision of the local wagon-flows. Because of the timing requirements for dynamic dispatching and the characteristics of the model, an improved genetic algorithm is presented. Finally, one example is presented to validate the ideas, model and algorithm.

In this study, temperature of mixing under the condition of construction decreased by more than 20°C through adding the Sasobit modifier into mixes. Rutting test, bending test at low temperature, fatigue test and dynamic modulus test were conducted to evaluate the performance and mechanical characteristics of the asphalt mixes adopting LH90# base asphalt, LH90#+3%Sasobit modified asphalt, LH90#+3%SBS+3%Sasobit modified asphalt and LH90# + 4%SBS modified asphalt respectively. It was induced that the dynamic stability and dynamic modulus increased notably and the anti-deformation ability at high temperature enhanced for the mixtures with 3%Sasobit, the crack resistance at low temperature and fatigue resistance ability decreased for the mixtures with LH90#+3%Sasobit and increased for the mixtures with SBS modified asphalt +3%Sasobit.

Periodic non-roundness of railway wheels causes various vehicle-track coupling system dynamic responses, which has a detrimental influence on both the track and vehicle components. In order to guarantee safety and stability, and to minimize costs for repair and maintenance, it is desirable to determine a range for acceptable roundness values and to detect, remove, and repair out-of-roundness wheels in time. This paper analyzes the problem of out-of-round railway wheels that are in service and creates categories for non-roundness of railway wheels. A calculation method using long wavelength to determine periodic non-roundness is proposed. In addition, a new mathematical model is put forth to numerically simulate wheel ovalization, which is called the second order periodic non-roundness of the wheel. Wheel ovalization is converted to track geometric irregularity as system excitation in the traditional way. In the numerical simulation, the dynamic model of a half railway vehicle coupled with a tangent track is employed, in which elliptical railway wheels are considered in the calculation of the wheels and the rails in rolling contact. Using this new numerical method investigates vehicle-track coupling system dynamic responses including lateral and vertical displacement of wheelsets and the vehicle, and lateral and vertical vibration acceleration of the track at different phase angles of the two side wheels of the same wheelset. These responses are compared with those of the traditional model. The numerical results show that the discipline and frequency of dynamic responses are accordant; however, the amplitude and the phase of lateral dynamic responses are different. It is concluded that the traditional track geometric irregularity excitation model does not truly simulate the effect of periodic wheel ovalization on vehicle-track coupling system dynamic behavior. The new model is more accurate and reasonable.

Vehicle Traveling Data Recorders (VTDRs) have been universally installed on fixed-route intercity buses, and the data collected is growing rapidly. It becomes urgent to utilize VTDR data to give drivers and managers some helpful feedbacks. Two novel representations of VTDR data: Location Based Speed Series (LBSS) and Behavior Sequence (BS) are presented for the analysis of these data. The data gathered directly from VTDR is Time Based Speed Series (TBSS), which defines the speeds at different time points. The fixed intercity route makes it feasible to covert a TBSS to an LBSS, which defines the speeds at different locations. BS is then proposed to extract the dynamic information, such as the speed change pattern at a segment of an LBSS. For converting an LBSS to a BS, a Background Based Symbolization (BBS) approach is presented. Based on the background of an average speed curve, five typical behavior patterns are defined. During the BBS process, each length-fixed segment of an LBSS is labeled as one of the five patterns, and the consequent pattern sequence is a BS. A simple example is presented to illustrate the transformations. The applications of LBSS and BS are illustrated with the analysis of FuQuan Highway data. The LBSS is effective in the evaluation of the driving behavior at Xiangsiling Tunnel. And BS is more suitable in mining sequential patterns than those symbolized by Symbolic Aggregate Approximation (SAX).

Mixed traffic is a significant feature of Chinese traffic flow on urban street network, which is also a major cause of traffic congestion and frequent traffic accidents. In sections where motor vehicles and non-motor vehicles moving in same direction without separation, they would interfere with each other. This interference has serious impact on the capacity of sections, and simultaneously increases the accident risk. This paper analyzed the data through the method of probability theory and statistics, and got the result that "the number of non-motor vehicles and the lateral distant between motor vehicles and non-motor vehicles are both interference factors aroused by non-motor vehicles". Finally, non-motor vehicles' disturbance model to the motor vehicles were set up based on data analysis and proved to be correctly. The research provided a theoretical and basis to the traffic safety management under the mixed traffic environment.

Road frictional coefficient is a key factor to calculate the vehicle pre-impact speed in traffic accident analysis. Statistical data show that no-sideslip single side skid cases often occur in traffic accident. The traditional method adopts simple vehicle two-dimensional dynamic model to compute the equivalent frictional coefficient. This model can not accurately reflect vehicle dynamic state. This paper established a three-dimensional dynamic model of the vehicle driving, derived the no-sideslip single side skid equivalent frictional coefficient formula according to vehicle real conditions, and presented the ultimate expression of no-sideslip single side skid equivalent frictional coefficient. Experiment results show that the above analysis is rational and accurate.

Traffic route's alignment survey is among the important works required in location survey stage. This paper concisely introduces both conventional and contemporary techniques of traffic route's alignment survey. It also analyzes and discusses the question that while traffic route's alignment survey is being conducted by conventional diagrammatic method (or called offset method), how to improve the accuracy of diagrammatized centerline stations' coordinate parameters for staking-out by the principle of least squares to reduce the workload of repeatedly threading, checking on and adjusting the laid-out centerline stations. Finally, the authors draw the conclusion that the laid-out traffic route's center line stations based on staking-out coordinate parameters obtained by the principle of least squares are able to satisfy the required tolerance of location survey of traffic route's centerline stakes.

In the recent years, in china, speeding is one of the most serious road traffic violations and is one of the main reasons that cause road traffic accidents. In 2007, the road traffic accident fatalities caused by speeding account for 14.06% of the total, ahead of the main reasons for the accident, so the treatment of speeding is the main task of the traffic control department. This article, from the point of view of expected speed of driver, studies the mechanism of its formation, and establishes the relationship model between speeding rate and traffic volume through the measured data in the field. The model can help traffic control department to identify road sections and time sections in which speeding happens very often. That will allow police to focus on control and improve law enforcement efficiency and reduce the cost of law enforcement.

Vehicle tracking is one of the essential tasks in a video-based Intelligent Transportation System. A novel method for vehicle tracking is proposed in this paper. First, we analyze the disadvantages of the traditional parameterized model and compare them to the merits of the nonparametric model. Then the mean shift algorithm is deduced by using kernel density estimation in multi-dimensional space. Its convergence is proven using a simple method. In order to overcome the disadvantages of the original mean shift algorithm, this paper proposes an adaptive template and a kernel weights selecting method. The new method accelerates the convergence speed of the algorithm. When we apply this adaptive method, the experimental results show that the proposed method performs well with video-based vehicle tracing.

Based on the principles of investment management, this paper analyzes the content of statistical indicators of investment benefit in highway construction, and establishes a relevant index system. Finally, it employs fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods to evaluate the micro-benefit of a highway construction project in Shaanxi Province tests the feasibility of evaluation index systems. The results indicate that this method could have strong maneuverability and practicability.

A double crank four ring-plate-type cycloid reducer is a new drive that has high load capacity and high transmission efficiency. The vibration and noise tests of the reducer prototype are completed using the HEAD acoustics multi-channel noise test and analysis system. The noise distributing laws of the reducer surface at different rotational speeds and different loads are obtained. The main noise sources "of the reducer are identified as the noise: 1) generated by involute spur gears when they mesh; 2) generated by the four ring-plates and cycloidal gear; and 3) radiated by the cylinder block vibration because of internal excitements. The relevant noise reduction measures are proposed for each of these noise sources. The experiment results show that noise reduction is achieved.

In order to improve traffic safety and reduce the rate of traffic accidents on the flat curve of two-lane highway, this paper studied the operating speed of vehicle in straight line and little radius. Through the speed experiment, we collected the speed that vehicle traveled on a flat curve, and then ensured the critical radius of the two-lane highway. Finally, the paper established the modeling of the element of flat curve and speed, the element of flat curve and side friction factor coefficient. The model can be applied in safety evaluate of two-lane secondary highway in our country. The improvement is considerable.

Safety is essential for the great ship which are sailing in the restricted channel, by estimating the squat and the Under Keel Clearance (UKC) correctly. This paper conducted the study on the method for calculating the squat in restricted channel. While the ship is sailing in the restrictive channel, the squat is affected by ship boundary layer. In this paper, hydrodynamic theory and flat boundary layer theory were applied to put forward the approximate formula to calculate ship boundary layer. Considering the impact of ship boundary layer, the method of squat calculating was put forward. Finally, the method was verified by real ship data.

The driver's visual characteristics and road safety are closely related. Previous studies show that 80% of the divers' information of the road is obtained by their eyes. Therefore, the visual characteristics are closely related to driving operations. In this paper, on the basis of the theoretical analysis at home and abroad before, dynamic visual characteristics research about two different categories of drivers (professional and non-professional drivers) in real-world road environment have been explored. In the research, eye tracking system was used to study regularity of fixation duration and the perspective distribution. Two kinds of drivers were compared and conclusion of distribution visual feature had been made. It was found from this study that the driving experience had an obvious effect on the drivers' eye movement characteristics. It was concluded from the study of perspective distribution that the drivers' concern on the vicinity was more than the objects in a distance. The findings from this study will assist the design of roadway, satisfy drivers' driving request, and make the roadways safer.

In the present paper, study on the influence of hydrodynamic pressure on a 40-meter deep pile-cap pier was made on the basis of the engineering project of the Yangtze River Bridge #3 in Nanjing. Hydrodynamic pressure of the pile-cap pier was evaluated using a three-dimensional finite element model proposed for investigating the dynamical behavior of the pile-cap pier during earthquake in deep water. Two models of the pile-cap pier were proposed for the cases under the conditions with and without water, respectively. The hydrodynamic pressure along the pile caps has increased from top to bottom, and coupling effects would not be ignored in the design of deep-water piers. The numerical results were compared with those from a shaking table experiment, showing a good agreement with each other, especially in the displacement results and mode analysis of the structure.

Taking the 2003–2005 highway accident data surveyed from Hada Highway and Hashuang Highway into consideration, rear-end collisions are divided into two patterns: rear-collisions and stationary object collisions. The principal analysis identified the impact level of different factors on two types of rear-end collisions. Then, significant impact factors are detected and identified by charting analysis and clustering research. The final investigation result indicates that fatigue, excessive speed, unsafe following distance, congestion et al, are main impact factors on rear collision accidents. However, excessive speed, fatigue, illegal parking, et al, have a significant effect on the occurrence of stationary object collisions, which provide a reference for highway management departments.

The index of generalized traffic demand is proposed from the property of trip time and space. Considering the factors of trip mode, trip distance, trip velocity, and a generalized traffic demand model is developed; which can weigh the size of traffic demand per hour. The corresponding general traffic demand model of transportation model is developed according to the characteristics of motor vehicle and pedestrian. The paper takes example for a given city, the generalized traffic demand model correlative to the impact factor is developed, the relation between traffic demand and factors is analyzed. Paper puts forward the countermeasure decreasing the urban transportation problem using an average case analysis. From the conclusion, the two most obvious factors which affect the gross of general traffic demand is the structure of activity patterns and the average trip velocity, increased proportion of bus transit, commuter transportation is most obvious factor to decrease total car trip, increased speed private car and is the most obvious factor to decrease the total car trip.

According to the characteristics of traffic accidents of long highway tunnel, this paper proposes a method to identify black spots based on improvable accident of tunnel environment. On the basis of the relationship of traffic accident and long highway tunnel system components, including the driver, the vehicle and the tunnel environment, accidents are classified into seven categories, and this paper only considers four categories relating to tunnel environment. The degree of membership of each accident in the tunnel environment component is used to represent the ability of accidents by tunnel environment improvement. Each accident is weighted by its ability. Then, the method of the equivalent of accident frequency and accident rate is used to identify black spots. Finally, the Kaoyishan tunnel in Beijing-zhuhai freeway in China was applied to analyze black spots using this method. The results show that the proposed method is useful to improve the safety of long highway tunnel.

In order to quantitatively describe the complexity of the traffic flow system, this paper analyzes the traffic flow complexity on a road based on introducing statistical complexity and its properties. Taking traffic flow on three typical road sections in Nanjing, by comparing and analyzing the relationship between traffic flow complexity and traffic conflict rate on different sections, the paper draws out the regression model of traffic flow complexity and traffic conflict rate. The results show that: The characteristic complexity is an effective measure of the random and non-linear systems and the relevance between traffic flow complexity and non-serious traffic conflict rate is better enough to measure and analyze the traffic flow complexity, which brings a new idea in studying the complexity of traffic system.

Shallow tunnel may inevitably disturb ground soils during the construction. process, The disturbance will certainly produce different levels of surface subsidence, and thus it will cause some unfavorable influence on the safety of construction and surrounding structures. Therefore, it's necessary to determine the control index of surface subsidence scientifically and reasonably, which can relieve, eliminate and avoid the unfavorable impact. The underground passage of Changchun railway station in the south and north squares lies in the soft soil layer, and was dug through the station yard, and thus its construction is very difficult. In the construction process, firstly, a suitable strict control and monitoring system is designed to detect the surface subsidence. Then the collected data from the monitoring system is analyzed and fed back, and the construction is dynamically managed. Finally the construction work is ensured to keep on going smoothly and safely.

Based on calculation of load stresses at both the middle of the longitudinal joint and the slab corner with various degrees of voids between the slab and the base layer, critical loading load transfer location of slab with voids could be analyzed. According to these data, we have analyzed the effect of voids beneath cement concrete pavement service life. In addition we came out with a void classification standard. Our research shows that, once the pavement has been void, as the void is expanding, the maximum loading position would transfer from the middle of the longitudinal joint to the corner. When the void size L_v is larger than 0.7m, the boundary of void area and no void area becomes the most unfavorable load position. So our void classification standard is as follow: slight degree void when L_v is 0∼0.4m, moderate degree when L_v is 0.4m∼0.7m and severe degree when L_v is larger than 0.7m.

A three-dimensional (3D) virtual simulation system was developed in this paper for reappearance of the visibility and validation of road traffic signs. The system combined subjective and objective evaluation methods to reconstruct and optimize traffic signs design. Based on the system perspective of driver-vehicles-road, a 3D interactive simulation model was proposed and developed, including driver functional model, vehicle type select model, vehicle generation model, 3D road scene, and road network building model. This system has solved the shortages of static testing method and the complicated problems of dynamic testing method. And this system has provided a straight forward and reliable on-line analysis and simulation platform for pre-design, post-optimization and transformation work for road traffic signs system.

Traffic flow at urban expressway interchanges is unique, and researchers have used the VISSIM simulation model to calculate the capacity of such interchanges. In this paper, in order to calibrate and validate VISSIM, the measures of effectiveness (MOE) are put forward, the confidence intervals of parameters chosen in the VISSIM are calculated, and then the factors in the interval are fine tuned to meet the accuracy of MOE, which is the percentage of error between the simulated and observed values. At last, the capacity of an urban expressway interchange in Guangzhou is calculated based on the proposed method. The validation results show that the approach to calibration and validation is feasible.

During the red-light time, when pedestrians walk to the zebra line, the presence between pedestrian and vehicle is one of the main problems for pedestrian counting. Common approaches including edge detection, histogram of gradient, and segmentation based on histogram of intensity gradient are not feasible. After the review of the general pedestrian counting methods, a new algorithm for pedestrian counting from the crowd RGB picture is proposed in this paper. Firstly, using the sequential frames with differential color threshold as based templates of human head and shoulder detection for preliminary counting db3 wavelet is used for retrieving the features. and K-mean cluster is used for the centroid detection of feature points clusters. Additionally, the track of centroid is used for the filtering of pedestrians not walking towards the camera. The algorithm is applied in pedestrian alerting system of Eshan Road and Dongfang road in Shanghai. In 1000 alerting events, the error is below 22% and the related analysis result is presented.

The relationship between posted speed limits and operating speed is one of the main factors in determining appropriate speed limits in a speed zone. In this research, 19 sites were randomly selected from the 3^rd, 4^th, and 5^th Express Ring-Road in Beijing, and the spot speed and headway data were collected at these sites. Then, free-speed data were reduced from the original data, and the 85^th percentile speeds were computed as each site's operating speed. Deviation analysis of operating speed at the 3^rd and 4^th site shows that there were no obvious distinctions between these two types of road facilities. The regression analysis of posted speed limits and operating speed shows that there exists a strong linear relationship between these two speed terms. The percentage of operating speed exceeding posted speed limits increases with the speed limit value. The relationships between speed limits and operating speed established here may be expected to provide some quantifying basis for transportation agencies to set posted speed limits in speed zones. Results of this study may help the Department of Transportation and its districts quantify the speed limits and provide more objective insights for setting speed limits.

Compared with parametric analysis method, nonparametric method is more robust and widely used. In order to make different safety policy of various kinds of time and reduce traffic crashes, this paper wisely and reasonably uses nonparametric tests models, such as Mann-Whitney, and Shapiro-Wilk, to analyze traffic crash date. After testing of normality, this paper discusses timely distributions of traffic crashes --hourly, monthly and yearly distributions of traffic crash data by nonparametric tests. So some right models for suitable timely distribution are given. Finally, analysis of related crashes data in America and China is carried out.

The purpose of this study is to prevent and reduce fire at highway tunnels. This paper systematically analyzes the influence factors for the safety system of highway tunnels, establishes a risk assessment model for tunnel fire based on analytic hierarchy process and multi-grade fuzzy evaluation, and introduces a risk factors assessment system for tunnel fire in details. Using this model, the risk of a specific highway tunnel fire has been assessed. The research results show that this evaluation method is in accordance with the actual situation. Therefore the model is recommended to put into practical applications.

This paper presents the main features of traffic accidents on rural roads by detailed statistical analysis of traffic accidents, modes of vehicles, time, driver behaviors and other related factors about traffic accidents occurred on Huantai County rural roads from 2005 to 2007. The root causes of accidents were obtained by applying traffic engineering principles to the current situation of rural road construction and transport development. This paper proposed strategies to reduce deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents on rural roads from the aspects of traffic management system, safety education, safe facilities, vehicle management, etc., which will be applied to the field of traffic safety management on rural roads.

This paper analyzes the characteristics of three cars continuous collision accidents by dividing them into different processes. The relation model between vehicles during the impact process is established, and the physical models of each vehicle before and after the impact based on principles of kinematics are established. In this way, according to the stop location, stop states of the vehicles as well as the marks left on the road, the whole movement process of three-car continuous collision and any transient movement state of each car are computed and reconstructed by using reverse analytical calculation method.

In recent years, how to prevent and delay the emergence of diseases in high-grade highway has been paid great attention by our highway worker. However, we usually carry out the maintenance and repair after the roads are broken, it is easier to identify and determine the timing of maintenance and repair, but the preventive maintenance is that taking measures when the roads is still in good condition, which makes pavement preventive maintenance face a difficult issue, that is, the timing of the preventive maintenance? (Yu, 1993) Before carrying out the preventive maintenance, the trend of the pavement damage must be made clear; because the asphalt pavement structure is always under the circulating effect of traffic and temperature loads, and its destruction is mainly fatigue failure. In this paper, the timing of preventive maintenance in asphalt pavements is put forward based on fatigue failure.

Precision Level is widely used to measure road elevation. The measuring process needs several cooperating people to complete. The measuring error is not easily to be controlled due to the artificial influence. A wavy road elevation measurement method is proposed in this paper based on the principle of inertia. This equipment mainly consists of a gyro, a three-axis accelerometer and a photoelectric encoder. When moving on the road at a high speed, it can real-timely measure the running speed and the pitch angle of the car, from which the road elevation can be obtained by data processing. The advantage of this method is simple, high speed and easy to achieve, it can be applied to measure the wavy road elevation.

While it is generally agreed that operational conditions have an effect on traffic safety, their relationship has not been well defined at a level of detail that adequately supports operation and planning performance measurements. Signalized intersections are the most complex locations on the roadway network, and they are vital to the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. Based on the data collected at 164 four-legged signalized intersections in the State of Florida, this study investigated the relationship between level of service (LOS) and safety at signalized intersections. The LOS was calculated for three time periods: a.m. peak, midday, and p.m. peak. The crash count data models were applied to fit crash frequency models for total crashes in order to investigate LOS and safety relationship. Overall, the LOS indicator is a significant factor for predicting crash occurrence at intersections. However, the models show that the operational condition itself (by only including the LOS indicator) is not sufficient to predict the safety status. LOS "D" is a desirable level which is associated with less total crashes.

With the development of computer science and geographic information system (GIS), the graphic-attributes integration system which depends on graphic data and structured data is applicable to aviation accident investigation. Combined with graphics, text and multimedia, Web GIS technology is the core content of Web GIS graphic-attributes integration system. This article is on the basis of clarifying the concept of Web GIS graphic-attributes integration, and introduces the characteristics and framework of system of Web GIS based on B/S mode, and focuses to discuss the function integration, implementation process and key techniques, which provides a guarantee for analyzing aviation accidents.

Tire mark intelligent identification and comparison is a key procedure in determining and tracing the violating vehicles at traffic accident scene survey, but in some cases the acquired JPEG image is hard to recognize due to the low contrast and the nonuniform background brightness. This paper puts forward image enhancement algorithm based on the JPEG decoder and develops a software system by Visual C++6.0 for this purpose. The histogram equalization (HE) and adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) are used to improve the global and local image brightness and contrast individually in image enhancement algorithm. The application results show that this system is effective to tire mark image enhancement, which lays the foundation for intelligent comparison and identification of tire mark.

There is a phenomenon of traffic accident migration in the highways after used for some period, especially those that have been improved for traffic safety. In order to make sure the hypostasis and causes of the phenomenon, the character of this phenomenon was analyzed and induced, based on the investigation of traffic accident data of 5 years occurring in a freeway in South China. Then the possible causes of traffic accident migration were researched. And some potential causes of traffic accident migration was analyzed by studying accident causes and analyzing the variation of infrastructure and safety measurements of the freeway.

In order to arrange the route of hazmat transportation reasonably and reduce the harm brought by hazmat accidents, influencing factors including transportation cost, environmental risk, rescue capability, road accident risk, population risk, and traffic condition in hazmat transportation under time-varying conditions are analyzed. The urban road network in Changchun city was selected as the research object, an optimum model of transportation route under time-varying conditions was established based on ArcGIS and evaluated and analyzed using real data. The results show that the route optimized under time-varying conditions of the model is reasonable, and the graphics description is valuable for supervisors.

For problems in the process of limiting speed of a vehicle for urban road, safety benefits and traffic benefits are regarded as the assessment indicator, and a decision-making model of speed limit optimization is proposed. Combined with the characters of hazardous material transportation, the model is revised based on AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods, a speed limit model of vehicles for urban road hazardous material transportation is established and verified via the real vehicle. The results show that the dispersion degree of vehicle speed running at the speed from speed limit model is obviously reduced, and the model has a significant feasibility and practicality.

Based on the influence of road operation safety under atrocious weather, a risk assessment research is presented from four aspects (i.e. climate environment, road condition, traffic environment, road maintenance and repair) to analyze the risk grade of road facilities operation environment. According to the operation environment analysis, the paper establishes a set of evaluation indexes and evaluation criterion for risk assessment of road operation environment. At the end, the lowest evaluative criterion of road operation environment is given to improve the design of road facilities and intensify operation environment safety of basic road facilities.

The article researches on the theory and practice of two-vehicle central collisions and two-vehicle eccentric impacts (collisions), proved that all kinds of complex two-dimensional collisions can transform into one-dimension collisions with theory analysis. Secondly, the article introduces collision parameters k and μ, established a vehicle speed model with a momentum equation and a momentum matrix equation, eliminated affection of impulsive force distributing coefficients by quadratic optimizing, and established accident reconstruction model of two-vehicle collision based on reverse-reasoning method, realized two calculate modes. Finally, the method was found to be effective and feasible by validating with actual cases. We also find that the two basic hypothesis of traffic accidents had effects on accident reconstruction, which need to be researched and optimized in the future.

This paper details research undertaken by the simulation laboratory at Faculty of Transportation, Kunming University of Science and Technology. The aim of this research is to compare the relative effectiveness of three kinds of median markings in undivided highway tunnels. The sample of the tunnels was selected from a real road in a mountainous area in Yunnan province as a test course and was reconstructed by computers on the driving simulator. Forty subjects participated in the experiment and the data were collected from the experiments. The study found consistently superior results for the Warning poles that can fall down and resume set on the centre of the undivided highway tunnel in comparison to common road markings and the enhanced visibility road markings in various measures of driving behavior. Questionnaires also give a higher evaluation for the Warning poles.

Numerical analyses of sound and vibration from the 225/50R17 smoothing radial tire, excited by surface load, have been carried out by using the FEM software, ANSYS, and the BEM software, SYSNOISE. The displacement frequency response of the tire which is respectively excited by radial contact force, tangential contact force and lateral contact force are calculated by using FEM. Then, the radiated sound power, radiation efficiency, and the directivity of sound in far field are given by using BEM in which the velocity boundary condition, are transformed from nodal displacements of FE modal.

Based on vehicle collision safety technology, GPS technology and mobile communication technology, this paper offers a person-free operating Vehicle Collision Accident Self-alarm System. The thesis introduces the principle and the structure of the system, and offers the solution of the self-alarm. The system can solve problems in which the drivers or passengers injured in the vehicle collision accident can't alarm by themselves or they can alarm but don't know their accurate location. The system will alarm automatically in a timely manner.

Walking is one of the important traffic modes in Beijing central city, and should be given sufficient attention. This paper, through a large of field survey and literature review, analyzed and summarized the difficulties faced by walking traffic, including traffic infrastructure, traffic environment and pedestrian safety awareness and such issues under the rapid development of motorization and trip demand. A series of ensured measures were listed at the end to improve walking environment.

The use-level of road network prediction is the key for making a good plan of pavement maintenance. Traditional methods used for the use-level of road network prediction have some limitations. It is difficult for traditional prediction models to set up multi-parameter equations and predict many factors' changes. The precision is low, particularly in dealing with massive data of road networks. A neural network has certain advantages to predict the change of road network service's level. In this paper, a prediction model based on the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BP neural network) was established to predict use-level of a road network. China's road-related standards divide the use-level of road networks into 5 levels, so 5 state vectors were defined in the BP neural network. The status of a large number of roads over the years was turned into a 5-dimensional time series. The BP neural network was built on the MATLAB software platform. Many methods were used to improve prediction precision, such as Bayesian methods, repeat training, and so on. The prediction method was ameliorated too. Combined with factual data of road conditions in Tianjin, through the comparison of direct prediction and gradually rolling prediction, the results showed that gradually rolling prediction offered a better prediction precision and was more applicable to use in the use-level of road network prediction. Using gradually rolling prediction, this paper predicted and analyzed the changes of the use-level of road network in Tianjin.

Identifying hazardous locations for an in-depth safety analysis and potential safety improvement is one of the key functions of any safety management program. This paper proposes a new method that overcomes the weakness of the current methods. In the proposed method, the integrated highway safety state is analyzed to identify hazardous locations. Three models correlating accident rate, traffic flow characteristics and road facility features are studied and the different risk levels are proposed. Then the integrated highway safety state is defined and two forms are adopted to describe the integrated highway safety state, which are the vector form and the single synthetic form. By analyzing the intrinsic relation among accident data, traffic flow characteristics, road facility features and highway safety, the procedure for identifying hazardous locations using highway safety state has been developed. This method can be used to identify potential hazardous locations and prioritize safety improvement programs which is fundamental to allocate resources under limited budget conditions.

Pedestrian security has been becoming increasingly important in urban traffic because of the explosion and intensive activities of urban population. Considering the complexity of crowds' behavior, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the crowd and the law of crowds' route choice. The macro and micro characteristics data were obtained from video observation at the study sites and the researchers' survey, including the flow rate, speed, density of the crowd, etc. Based on the analysis of the relationship between speed and density of the crowd, a crowds' route choice model was derived according to the basic theory of dynamic programming by dividing the route choice process into different stages, selecting the state/decision variables, analyzing the recurrence relation and the expression of the optimal value function. The model was verified by the field data collected in observations and the comparison between the calculation results and field data shows the model proposed can accurately describe the pedestrian route. The model provides a mathematic method of the crowds' simulation. And the understanding of pedestrian behavior would help to improve the level-of-service of pedestrian traffic facilities in planning and design.

In order to provide a basis of vehicle velocity calculation and microcosmic analysis of accidents, this paper investigates a vehicle dynamics model in two-dimension collision accidents. Two-dimension collision accidents are classified into two categories: two-dimension centripetal collision and two-dimension non-centripetal collision. The vehicle dynamics models are also set up. By using reconstruction analysis software of road traffic accident, named PC-Crash, simulation experiments have been carried out for the two accident categories. Without considering the instances of double or multiple collisions, the result of experiments indicates that the model calculation results are similar with the simulation results using software, which validates the efficiency of proposed method.

This paper provides a basis for vehicle movement trajectory reconstruction in two-dimension collision accidents and accidents disposal. On the basis of studies of predecessors, a different method of impact point named Area Method is put forward. By the statistical analysis of vehicle structure parameters, the moment of inertia calculation formula circling vehicles' center of mass is improved as well as vehicle movement trajectory model. The trajectory error indexes have also been set up. By using the movement trajectory model of the accident vehicle, the trajectories of accident vehicles for some accident cases have been reconstructed. By using the trajectory error indexes, the reconstruction results of the model and the tire marks at the scene have been contrasted and analyzed. The result of analysis indicates that the calculation results of model and the tire marks at the scene are similar, which validates the efficiency of this proposed method.

At present, runway incursions have the greatest impact on runway safety, and it is also the most frequent cause of flight incidents. In order to prevent incidents of runway incursion, and to find the factors that induce these incidents, a Bayesian Network (BN) model is used to explore the relationship and interaction mechanism among those factors that cause runway incursion. It overcomes deficiencies attributed to the limitation of the sample capacity, and reveals the interaction law among human, aircraft, environment and management factors. It will provide a reliable technique to scientifically improve airport safety management, and further reduce accident rates.

Red-light running is a complex problem. There is no simple reason to explain why drivers run red lights. The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of the red-light running and its relationship with the intersection features so that efficient countermeasures can be developed to improve intersection safety. Five large four-legged signalized intersections in Orange County in Central Florida, U.S., were selected. Data collected for these intersections include intersection features and red-light-running violations in 2006 and 2007. Red-light-running violations were modeled at the approach level using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with Negative Binomial as the link function to account for site correlation among the data. The following factors were identified that have significant contributions to red-light-running frequencies: traffic flows to which the conflicting traffic belongs, the number of through lanes on the conflicting approach and speed limit of conflicting approach, and yellow time of a near-side approach.

The road traffic accidents often occur when one or several links are imbalanced in the dynamic system, which comprises persons, cars, roads and environment. As a special natural phenomenon, sunlight glare makes drivers discomfort. Acting on drivers' eyes, sunlight glare changes drivers' visual condition and affects drivers' judgment on traffic environment. In this paper, the applicability of drivers' psychophysiological indexes under the sunlight glare condition was analyzed. The indexes include heart rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response andrespiration. By use of multi-channel psychophysiological instrument, a lot of practical experiments have been made on roadway. The impact on drivers' psychophysiological indexes generated by sunlight glare was also analyzed. In the end, some quantitative models of drivers' psychophysiological characteristics under the influence of sunlight glare were built with the regression analysis and numerical fitting method.

An improved Fuzzy-AHP method is proposed in this paper for evaluation road traffic safety, based on the traditional AHP method. Several main indexes of road traffic safety were summarized and (0.1∼0.9) scale method was used to determine the importance of each evaluation index. The weight of each index was confirmed through adopting a fuzzy consistent matrix, queuing all indexes according to their importance, and adopting a measure of accident prevention according to this. At the same time this verified the effectiveness and rationality of the method.

Road traffic safety evaluation plays an important role in the traffic safety research. The traditional safety evaluation methods are mostly based on historical accident data, which belong to the macroscopical level and have obvious defects in traffic safety management. To realize the road traffic safety micro-evaluation, the paper established accident Probability Density Function (PDF) by using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), proposed Accident Probability Prediction (APP) model based on Empirical Bayes (EB) method for considering the impact of accident location characteristics and historical data. The paper also established the method for road traffic safety micro-evaluation by adopting Traffic Accident Probabilities of Equivalent ten thousand Cars (TAPEC) indicator, and a comparative evaluation was conducted by the proposed method against cumulative frequency curve method. Through analyzing accident data collected from the G301, the results show that the proposed method is more reliable and can access to the transformation priorities of potentially dangerous road sections. So it can provide theoretical basis for checking the dangerous sections and improving accident prevention and response.

This paper studies the restriction of countdown devices to the location of detectors and the response interval of red truncation by simulating different countdown situations using VISVAP programming software on VISSIM platform on the basis of theoretical analysis. It pointed out that, by shortening the countdown time of the transit stage and bringing the detector forward, the state of transit is more stable in the lower reaches of the detector which assures the validity of green extension; by shortening the countdown time of the non-transit stage the response interval is extended which improves the effect of red truncation; the travel time is 23% and 37% shorter under 5s countdown and non-countdown than at 15s countdown. So the countdown device should be used as little as possible or not at all; it is suggested to set at 5 s when it is obligatory.

The climbing lane is a benefit to traffic safety through changing the traffic flow characteristics of the highway and avoiding overtaking maneuvers. This study was conducted by means of a driving simulator experiment to examine the effects of a climbing lane on an upgrade of an existing two-lane rural highway in Yunnan province. To construct and improve the fidelity of traffic flow scenarios on the driving simulator, simulated traffic flows under two special traffic volumes with and without the climbing lane were obtained from VISSIM. Thirty-two subjects were selected to drive on the test road in the driving simulator. On the basis of the simulation results, comparison evaluations of speed and track lateral position of the test vehicle along the section with and without climbing lane were conducted. In addition some simulation experiments from VISSIM were done to find the threshold of traffic volume for the setting of climbing lane. The result shows that there is a higher and steady speed after setting a climbing lane under different given traffic volumes. Moreover, it reduces conflicts with cars from the opposite direction. But this benefit will be reversed with the increase of traffic volumes.

In order to reduce the rate of roadside accident and help engineers make an informed decision or take the most effective measures in highway roadside safety improvement program, the authors put forward the roadside safety protection technology system (RSPTS) that suited to the actual situation to deal with the typical roadside safety problems appearing in China. RSPTS is built in accordance with a priority of active guidance, appropriate protection and timely security, including the technologies to prevent vehicles from leaving the road out of the lane (active guidance technology), to reduce the collision and rollover accident rate, and to alleviate the severity of roadside accidents. The potential benefit of this study is to reduce the roadside accident rate, in particular to alleviate the severity of the serious traffic accidents which can result in many injuries and deaths.

Crosswalk safety around many universities in China is increasingly getting worse. In order to come up strategies and measures for pedestrian safety around campuses, as a case study this paper investigated the road traffic and pedestrian's crossing characteristics in crosswalk around Ludong University. In addition, illegal crossing road behavior of pedestrians was surveyed and analyzed in details. As the conclusion, the paper summarized the strategies grouped into demand management, supply management, education and enforcement for improving the pedestrian safety at crosswalk, which might be useful to improve pedestrian's safety in crosswalk around campus in China.

To strengthen airport wireless services and security, optimal-degree spider-web networks are prototyped in both cellular communication and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) networks. This paper provides details about a study of network information transmission to establish dual surveillance and mutually-independent-hamiltonian-path (MIHP) performance to benefit coping with detection-unavailability, radio interference, and multipath effects. Using sequential order, integrative connectivity, and reliability, SCADA networks can also improve maintenance, environmental control, and service-oriented images because the networks allow real-time parallel sensing, systematic fault-tolerance, and integrative management in area perspectives. Such configurations can offer integrated response capabilities even if the SCADA networks of two paths are destroyed.

The dynamic responses of a magnetically levitated vehicle (maglev) in a crosswind are studied because the action of the wind field is one of the main factors affecting the stability and safety of the maglev at high speeds. First, a model of the maglev system is established to represent four vehicle motions: heave, sway, pitch and roll. Then based on the steady and incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and K-ε turbulent model, the aerodynamic characteristics of the maglev are numerically simulated by the finite element method to validate the model and algorithm suggested in this paper. Finally, numerical analyses are performed on the dynamic behavior of the vehicle in both steady and fluctuating crosswinds. It is shown that the stability of the maglev is greatly influenced by the wind velocity and its fluctuating component. Additionally, the variation of the maglev's dynamic response to wind velocity and its fluctuating component are described.

The inner horizontal surface is mainly used to protect the space for a visual circling approach. The radius and height of the inner horizontal surface is described in The Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 14-Aerodromes and Airport Services Manual Part 6: Control of Obstacles. However, they could not guarantee the space specified by another criterion, Procedures for air Navigation Services: Aircraft Operations. Vol. II, Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures (ICAO Doc. 8168-OPS/611). Urban construction was also restricted. This paper focuses on this problem and a method is given to consummate the obstacle limitation requirements of the airport.

Road traffic accidents are caused by many factors, which could be considered as the grey system with the characteristics of complexity, imperfect information, and non-definition. To quickly analyze the main factors contributing to traffic accidents, the grey relational analysis method is presented. In that, the grey relational degree and the grey relational order of each traffic accident factor are calculated, while the relative significance of each influence factor for traffic accidents is determined. So, the main reasons for traffic accident are specifically identified. According to a study of 2000 traffic accidents in one city in Northeast China between 2005 and 2007, the relational degree of weather is analyzed by using the grey relational analysis method when the amount of traffic accidents are looked upon as the decision attribute. The first three factors, and corresponding relational degree, are snowy (0.8587), cloudy (0.8491), and rainy (0.7877), respectively.

The bicycle safety problems at urban grade intersection should be regarded in China. Firstly, according to the amount of conflicts and the degree of danger, the vehicle-bicycle conflicts at a four-leg intersection are classified into 3 groups using the fuzzy clustering theory, and the interference between the through bicycles and the right-turn vehicles in the adjacent lane is used as the case study. The failure tree model of bicycle traffic safety is built and the main reasons for vehicle-bicycle conflict are explained from two aspects: the minimal cut set and the structural importance. Secondly, based on the failure tree analysis results, the fuzzy neural network model of vehicle-bicycle conflicts at grade intersections is built, the analysis results show that the reasons causing bicycle traffic conflict at grade intersections can be well analyzed and evaluated using the fuzzy neural network model.

This paper analyzes the advantages of the least square support vector machine in the prediction of traffic accidents, decided the set of input vectors and output vectors and then established the model of prediction of traffic accidents by the use of the least square support vector machine. During the course of predicting, the related data of nationwide traffic safety from 1953 to 2006 was divided into the training set and the testing set and was simulated by the use of MATLAB7.0. The specific parameters of the model were gained by the training of the least square support vector machine. The testing set data was predicted. Predictive errors were calculated and compared with the prediction results of the support vector machine model. Simulation results represented that the model of prediction of traffic accidents based on the least square support vector machine had lower computational cost and higher predictive accuracy than the neural network prediction model and the support vector machine model.

In order to deal with the application problems of anti-slide pile, a new structure type of anti-slide pile called Anti-slide Pile System Composed of Arch and Truss Structure is put forward. By applying the FEM software MIDAS/CIVIL, one landslide treatment engineering example was designed to compare the top displacement with the two other kinds of conventional piles, single-row anti-slide pile, and double-row anti-slide pile in a straight line under the same forces. The results demonstrated that the displacement of this new kind of pile on the top is much smaller than the two other kinds of conventional piles. The distribution of the deformation is also more rational and controlled easily. After examined by ANSYS, Anti-slide Pile System Composed of Arch and Truss Structure is feasible, and the global stiffness of the anti-slide pile is increased significantly so that the top displacement of the pile is decreased significantly. Therefore, this new kind of pile has a wide application in landslide treatment engineering.

This paper explores the influences of fatigue on a driver's sensation, judgment, and operating characteristics. Researching the effects of fatigue on driving has great significance for the prevention and reduction of the accidents caused by fatigue. By analyzing the influences of fatigue on driving, different methods of experimental psychological testing and investigation fatigue can be used to research the driver's sensation, judgment, and operating characteristics under different degrees of fatigue., and confirm the relationship between the driving fatigue degree and the driving characteristics evaluation after testing the indicator. This research determines the value of appraisal indicators on driving characteristics under different degrees of fatigue. The findings provide the reference basis for the related departments to constitute or revise the rules of driving time.

Dilemma zone is dynamically featured both in location and length at signalized intersections. This study presents a proof-of-concept development of the innovative methodology for characterizing the dynamics of dilemma zones using video-capture techniques. With availability of ground-truth video and extracted vehicle trajectory data, various dilemma zone contributing factors, such as vehicle type, speed at the onset of yellow indication, onset acceleration/deceleration, dilemma zone behavior (pass or stop), yellow duration, and arrival type can be identified and/or quantified. More importantly, the study quantitatively distinguishes and models the risky zone and option zone, both of which constitute a dilemma zone under varied speeds and yellow durations. The paper demonstrates a significant advancement in dilemma zone data analysis and modeling, which provides a solid basis for further research on modeling the dynamics of dilemma zones and loop detectors placement for dilemma zone protection problems in the future.

The primary objective of the study is to evaluate safety performances of different exit ramps used in Florida. More specific, the research objectives include: (1) to evaluate the impacts of different ramp configurations on safety performance; and (2) to identify the different factors contributing to the crashes happening on the exit ramp sections. 389 sites were investigated throughout Florida by four ramp configurations, diamond, out connection, free-flow loop and parclo loop. Cross-sectional comparisons and crash predictive model were used to quantify the impacts. The result shows that the out connection ramps appear to have the lowest average crash. The predictive model indicates that replacing an out connection exit ramp with a diamond, free-flow, and parclo loop will increase crashes counts by 26.90%, 68.47% and 48.72% respectively. This study will help transportation decision makers develop technical guidelines governing the selection of the optimum design on freeway exit ramps.

The confirmed pre-impact velocity is the base of accident reconstruction and responsibility identification. The uncertainty of pre-impact velocity calculation is defined as the warp between the result of accident reconstruction and fact, caused by the error from measurement and estimation, or some unknown information. To deal with this problem, a fuzzy rule-based evidential reasoning algorithm is employed in pre-impact velocity calculation. Taking certain influencing factors into consideration, referring variables are taken as the sub-attributes of the pre-impact velocity. The process is building a multiple hierarchical structure model presented with an evidential reasoning algorithm. The quantitative sub-attributes can be calculated with aggregating different degrees, and combined degrees of belief and uncertain belief of all the sub-attributes for the calculation to the pre-impact velocity through evidential reasoning algorithm. The results show that this algorithm is applicable to analyze the calculation results of collision velocity. And uncertainty analysis of accident reconstruction is significant and essential.

This paper studies the relationships of various vertical grades at longer slope mountainous terrain highways on the driver's heart rate. This paper analyzes the vertical grade effects by measuring the driver's heart-rate and the vehicle speed using the auto-recording heart-rate instrument and motive GPS respectively. The research results suggest that the profile grade at the long slope alignment should not be more than 5% for mountain highways and signing improvements which may reduce accidents in such terrains.

It is very important to have enough sight distance to ensure drivers drive safely on the road. Enough sight distance will give the driver enough time to judge the changes of road's direction and gradient accurately and then choose the correct driving line to avoid hitting rolling stocks and roadblocks or park the vehicle down on the emergency parking places at state of emergency. Based on the principle of the vertical curve design, this paper discusses the safe driving conditions on highways and doing research on the impacts of road sight distance. Combined with safety evaluation for one expressway, this paper proposes some reasonable recommendations for black spot treatment.

Disharmony of various factors in road system is one of important reasons that cause traffic accidents. In order to study how traffic accidents are influenced by various road factors, it is required to transform traditional linear prediction models into non-linear prediction ones. Considering above-mentioned problems, multifactorial model for road traffic accident prediction based on Grey-Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks is put forward by combining virtues of Grey theory that aim at handling "poor" information and weaken undulation of data sequence together with the superior capability of neural networks of adapting non-linear information. Finally, the results of a case study demonstrate that the combined model can effectually overcome the shortcoming that current prediction models only consider influence of one factor on the traffic accidents. The proposed models can also improve efficiency of system modeling and precision of the prediction.

This paper documents two shaking table test studies that characterized the key features of seismic soil-pile group-structure interaction systems involving the low-cap pile group and elevated-cap pile group in liquefiable ground. The shaking table tests were performed using the laminar shear box with depth of 2 m and plan dimensions of 2 m and 1.5 m. The base in both tests was excited by three different E1 Centro earthquake events. Some representative results were especially presented to study how cap type affected seismic response of bridge pile-column pier in liquefiable ground. It showed from the tests that seismic performance of low-cap pile group was better than that of elevated-cap pile group in liquefiable ground. Low-cap pile group presented to weaken more acceleration response of the pile especially in the upper pile parts when the sand layer hadn't been liquefied or liquefied incompletely, however elevated-cap pile could amplify acceleration response of the pile.

As an effective scanning method with no damage, the CT scanning technique is used more widely in studying the dynamic deformation of frozen soil. Aiming at stability and dynamic deformation of frozen soil, the structural change before and after a dynamic tri-axial test, failure type and their main affecting factors of frozen soil taken from roadbed of Qinghai-Tibet Railway are discussed from microstructure according to CT scanning results. It indicates that water content, temperature and confining pressure are the main affecting factors. Change of density, strength and modulus during dynamical deformation decreases with an increase of water content and confining pressure, similarly the changes of the microstructure and structure. When temperature decreases, density, strength and modulus decrease rapidly, but the microstructure and structural changes decreases. When axial dynamic strength decreases, degradation of density, strength, modulus changes from large to small at the beginning and then from small to large, but structure change and demagnification are the reverse of that. The dynamic failure type of the frozen soil depends on the composite in condition of higher water content and lower temperature, but belongs to loose expand and border cracking when water content is lower, belongs to equally expand type when confining pressure or temperature is higher, belongs to composite and uniform expand type when confining pressure is lower and water content is higher, and belongs to loose failure type when confining pressure is higher and water content is lower. To frozen soil, these CT scanning results and recognition not only benefit the study pf stability and dynamic deformation, but also provide important data for further dynamic characteristics studies and establishing dynamic deformation models.

The finite element analysis is used to investigate the effects of initial water content, freezing temperature and freeze-thaw layer thickness on the stability of the thawing slope in a seasonally frozen region of Northeast China. The finite element method with shear strength reduction technique is used to evaluate the stability of slopes under the freeze-thaw processing. The numerical results indicated that the slope stability decreases with increasing initial water content, debasing freezing temperature, increasing freeze-thaw layer thickness and thawing depth. Initial water content has the biggest influence on the slope stability. The above results enrich the investigations on the freeze-thaw stability of slopes in the seasonally frozen areas and provide the instructions for engineering practice controlling the freeze-thaw stability of slopes.

Based on the elastic-plastic finite element method and limiting equilibrium theory, this paper focuses on the high slope stability and analyses the influence by the work environment and strength of the high slope structural plane at Hang-Yong Natural Gas Pipeline in China. The numerical results reveal that this high slope is in the ultimate equilibrium state and it maybe occurs to rapidly slide when it is in heavy rainfall condition; Draining the groundwater level and infusing slurry on the weak structural plane could improve the stress condition and advance emergency capacity inside slope; and the slope safety coefficient may reach 1.61 integrating the two methods proposed. However, it must adopt other engineering method to reduce the tensile damage at after-edge of slope. All above studies are significant for supplying the basis references to reinforcement methods and monitoring the high slope in safety.

To overcome the disadvantages of the limit equilibrium method and the finite element method on evaluation the stability of slope with the weak structural plane, the elastic-plastic finite element method, the Goodman joint element and the limit equilibrium method are utilized together, and two concepts, that are the joint element safety factor and the node yielding degree, are introduced to evaluate the slope stability with the weak structural plane, and the correspond calculation codes are programmed. Finally, a man-made slope case is analyzed to validate the numerical model and program codes. The stress, strain, displacement, the node yielding degree of the slope and the force of weak structural plane are calculated by elastic-plastic finite element method, and the element safety factor of the slope with the weak structural plane are calculated with the limit equilibrium method. That numerical results are agree well with the engineering fact indicates the program coded are reliable, and the proposed numerical model and two introduced concepts can not only consider the influence of the relation of stress and strain on the slope stability, but also evaluate the stability of the slope with single stability factor of safety which is well known in geotechnical engineering. All of above are meaningful to evaluated the slope stability and provide a new and simple numerical approach.

The vibration characteristics of embankment induced by passing trains in the Qinghai-Tibet railway were investigated, and the effects of vibratory load of train on soil-in-ice layer were quantitatively evaluated, based on the self-programming software of vehicle-track-embankment dynamic coupled system. The results indicate that: (1) the maximum dynamic compressive stress induced by locomotives is apparently higher than that by trailers. (2) Vibrational energy of the embankment top surface concentrates on the interval from 0.5Hz to 10Hz, and dominant frequency of soil-in-ice layer top surface is within 3Hz; (3) The phenomenon of stress concentration emerging in ballast at rail supporting position is apparent, and the distribution of maximum dynamic compressive stress of roadbed surface is in the shape of saddle. (4) Vibratory load of train has main effect on embankment in an ellipse-shaped zone about 6m under sleeper. (5) The maximum dynamic compressive stress level of soil-in-ice layer top surface induced by trailers is about 16.7∼19.8% that of embankment top surface, and negative exponential function is used to fit the attenuation relationship of embankment dynamic compressive stress versus depth. (6) Embankment vibration displacement is predominant in the vertical direction, and the dynamic displacement of soil-in-ice layer top surface can be neglected. The conclusions are the reliable theoretical basis for engineering design and safety analysis of Qinghai-Tibet railway operation.

Because of the importance of seismic engineering, a practical cable-stayed bridge under the earthquake reaction is analyzed. The dynamic calculation model of the large-span cable-stayed bridge is created by ANSYS. The reaction of the bridge and the stay cable under seldom occurred earthquake is analyzed. The rationality of its design is checked. The results demonstrate that the failure of the dropped beam in superstructure and the shear failure of the bridge tower and pier can not occur under the seismic design grade specified by seismic code. The emergency capacity of the cable is enough in the safety standards. The results demonstrate that the design of the large-span cable-stayed bridge is reasonable.

The paper suggests a new mode of public transportation system, called "One Road One Line with Straight Driving", in order to save residents' travel time and improve bus agencies' operation efficiency. After analyzing the implication and characteristics of the "One Road One Line with Straight Driving" mode, this paper develops the framework for the new mode. It also discusses the key technologies of the framework, including the analysis of passenger flow, the technology integrating the layout of network and bus stops, the technology integrating intelligent public transportation dispatching and bus priority signal control among others.

Considering the complexity and uncertainty of urban public transit, a dispatching system based on real-time prediction and game theory is proposed in this paper. After the real-time passenger flow data is obtained, the vehicles' passenger load rate for several consecutive time intervals is predicted, the preliminary dispatching strategies for bus lines or subway lines will be proposed. Then game theory is applied to find the best dispatching strategies for different lines. Finally, the efficiency and flexibility of each station, line and whole urban public transit system can be improved to a higher level.

This paper carries out four sessions experiment upon drivers' route choice behavior, which aims to study drivers' decision rules under complete information and incomplete information, Historical (H) and No Historical (NH) conditions. With the theory of learning in games as a tool, this study compares experimental data across sessions, and proceeds to construct a population-level model and an individual-level model of the drivers' choice behavior based on a recursive and updated belief set. The paper also measures the influence of various information conditions and drivers' previous experience on their route choice behavior. It's found that learning is a prevalent phenomenon in the process of drivers' decision-making, and the effect of learning remarkably depends on payoff differences between alternative routes, even when a driver may not have a clear idea of travel time of other options. It has been shown by experiment that experience and information exert their important influence on drivers' choice behavior, although they fail to accelerate convergence to network equilibrium. A driver will become more sensitive to payoff differences when he gains experience and holds complete information of alternative routes. The experienced drivers can more accurately perceive traffic conditions, consequently the frequency of switch between routes is greatly reduced. There exist considerable differences in the effect of complete information among drivers due to their different learning rules. This paper classifies drivers in terms of their different learning rules, and explores the influence of a variety of information and traffic conditions on drivers' learning behavior.

This paper reviews the generalized cost model and analyzes the makeup of generalized cost, calculated as the monetary operating cost, travel time cost and externality cost, which together form a linked cost function. The transfer cost function was built by applying queuing theory. Finally, the model was applied to the case of Ningbo-Zhoushan port's optimization, testing the veracity and effect of the generalized cost model.

Accessibility is a fundamental concept in transportation analysis and planning. Typically, accessibility refers to the ‘ease' of reaching opportunities for activities and services can be used to evaluate the performance of a transportation system. In this paper, Utility-Based (UB) accessibility measures derived from the combined travel demand model are used to assess the performance of public transport network. Network-based accessibility measures using a combined travel demand model that is consistent with random utility theory are established. By using travel time and ticket fees via bus as the measures, accessibility between any two bus stops is described from the user's perspective. An example is provided in this paper to examine the effect of this method. The results indicate that the accessibility measures proposed in this paper are capable of measuring the degree of bus stop accessibility to assess the public service.

For a long time, mismatched distribution has spatially existed between the production and consumption of coal resources in China. The current situation of allocating and transporting coal from the northwest of China to the rest of the country to meet demand will continue for a long period of time. In this paper, the example of the allocation and distribution (A&D) of coal in Shanxi Province is presented, and a model is set up for research. Since coal transport is particular and the parameters in the transport process are hard to quantify, a model based on fuzzy theory was used to get the primary A&D plan. Then, the relevant coal A&D network was built by using graph theory, and a detailed coal transport network was set up through non-linear programming modeling. Finally, a numerical example is provided to validate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed model using MATLAB.

Analyzing and appraising the operational situation of bus lines is an important basis on which bus companies can adjust bus lines and establish operation schedules. However, at present, the assessment of bus lines lacks accurate and scientific methods. This article proposed to use a Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm to comprehensively analyze the structural difference and operational effects of bus lines. By comparing the evaluation indexes of each line, those with similar structure and operational effects were classified into one category, each with its own unique structural and operational characteristics. Based on this, the algorithm was applied to the operational situation of the public transit system in Changzhou city. As a result of the evaluation process, suggestions to optimize the transit system are proposed.

The development of strategic alliances is very important to the liner industry. Liner shipping companies can benefit significantly from cooperating with shipping alliance members. This paper proposed a nonlinear model for container slot chartering & allocation under liner shipping alliance, which can help planners make better scheduling decisions for their fleets and routes under alliance agreement, and estimate shipping system costs more accurately. The proposed model pursued an optimal scheduling strategy for liner shipping company under shipping alliance agreement. The results showed that slot chartering under shipping alliance has outstanding advantages for shipping companies to lower their system costs, offset route capacity, and ensure the completion of freight tasks among others.

Hubs play a significant role in the transport of emergency supplies after earthquakes. To ensure that transport and incident management operate efficiently under earthquake conditions, this paper presents a model for hub location suitable for the conditions of earthquakes. Taking the characteristics of road networks and freight transportation under the condition of earthquakes into account, the minimum of total supplies' reliable transit time under the service time constraints of kinds of supplies is the objective function of hub location under earthquake conditions. A surcharge is introduced in the cost function for those o/d pairs that were not being delivered to on time. The cost of waiting time due to congestion and the cost of reliable traveling time are considered. A Simulated Annealing algorithm was developed to solve the model. The algorithm has been tested in randomly-created networks. The results show that when a situation of congestion occurs, the proposed algorithm enables better solutions to be found.

To improve the effects of urban parking facilities' management and control, this paper collected 10 hours data consecutively on parking arrival and departure rates from one off-street park in central Nanjing city in China and sets the time series marshal as an interval of 15 minutes. Autocorrelation functions and partial correlation functions are set up to describe the relationship among the parameters such as parking arrival rate, parking departure rate, and parking actual occupancy. A Granger causality test model was used to analyze the three characteristics mentioned above. Conclusions were drew that, in specific time sections, the lagged parking arrival rates can affect the value of the current parking departure rate and occupancy rates of valid parking berths distinctly, while the lagged parking departure rates can greatly affect the value of current occupancy rates of valid parking berths. Finally, forecasting models of parking arrival and departure rates were set up based on correlation analysis, and the results show that these models demonstrate promising performance for modeling parking arrival and departure rates.

There are two approaches in common transit network optimization (TNO) research: if only adjusting routes, the network may lack integration; otherwise, network adjusting would reduce the operability. To overcome these problems, this paper proposed a TNO method based on research in City of Changzhou. First, bus routes in BRT attracting regions were found and classified according to their position relationship, influence extent and function split. Then optimal schemes of each route were generated using some optimization methods. Second, the concept of key nodes was proposed for the first time. The network was rebuilt by expectation line search. Optimal schemes were established after schemes were screened. Finally, schemes comparison was conducted according to the optimal objective function and the optimum solution was determined. The method was applied for BRT No.2 in City of Changzhou. The results show that the passenger flow volumes are greatly increased.

The urban transit terminal plays a significant role in urban transportation system for passenger distribution and transfer. Transfer efficiency is regarded as a key factor of urban transit terminal operational performance which reflects level of service. Thus, efficiency evaluation of urban transit terminal is important to measure the level of service improvement. First, influence factors of terminal transfer efficiency are analyzed and the corresponding evaluation index system is proposed. Then, based on the cloud model, a comprehensive evaluation model for the transfer efficiency of urban transit terminal is investigated. In this evaluation model, fuzzy and random qualitative concepts are integrated; uncertainty expressions are mapped to different cloud particles; variations of the weight are mapped to mathematical expectation of clouds; and the efficiency of urban transit terminal transfer is evaluated synthetically. Finally, an applicative example is used to show that the evaluation model is efficient and effective.

Public transportation priority development is a basic policy to solve the problem of travel of Chinese people. Firstly, the author Analysis the means of urban traffic and their characteristics in China, then point the factors affecting their choice and the method professors used to study. Secondly, using the traffic survey analysis, prepare the questionnaire to determine factors which are important to the choosing of travel mode. Thirdly, construct the main factors related variables and passenger travel will of the asymmetric response model with multiple linear regression method. Finally, through the analysis of the status quo of China's urban traffic and passengers will travel model of asymmetric response, and from policy implementation, technical standards and the law-making, give some suggestions improve urban transportation system structure, improve the urban living environment, and ease urban traffic.

In this paper, we present an empirical analysis of the topological properties of PTN based on the bus networks data of Shijiazhuang from 1996 to 2008. As a result, we find that the PTN is a small-world, accelerated growing network and a hybrid between a scale-free and a random network. To explain the results, we propose a simulation model based on accelerated growth and nonlinear preference rules to show a possible evolutionary mechanism for PTN. Numerical simulations show that the model performs well in reproducing basic topological properties of the real-world PTNs. The results can help us to understand the evolution mechanism of PTN as well as other evolving transportation networks.

Congestion often occurs at bus stops during peak hours, since traffic flow and service frequency are very high near bus stop. Based on research of road traffic flow, the capacity model of bus stop is built in two steps after analyzing the operation rules in-out bus stop during peak hours. First, the formula of bus stop physical facility capacity is established. The formula of maximal arriving rate (bus stop capacity) is then solved based on obtaining the state equation's parameters by the analysis method of birth-death process. The numerical capacity tables of different berths anddwell time are calculated using Matlab. In addition, curve fitting formula is deduced from the table for application convenience, which provides a preference for the bus stop building and planning. Finally, a numerical example in City of Nanjing is presented to describe the method.

Trip mode transfer is a behavior of inhabitant in the process of adjusting their trip mode. The behavior is similar to the transition of quantum. In this paper, trip mode transfer and quantum transition were compared. According to the quantum transition theory, three linear imitation models and a polynomial imitation model were built. The models were applied via 1990 MPTS (Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey) data from U.S. and 2001 CCTS (Changchun Trip Survey) data from the city of Changchun, China. The results indicate that the relations between income difference and number of transferring levels, trip distance difference and number of transferring levels, and trip distance difference and income difference are all linear and the function between trip distance difference and income difference fits quadratic and higher polynomials of which the constant items are zero when one trip mode transfers to others. The proposed models can reveal the rules of change of trip mode sharing rates.

Interferences between vehicle flow and non-vehicle flow at a grade intersection are mainly induced by the crossing behavior between bicycles and vehicles. In this paper, according to the conflict danger degree, vehicle-bicycle conflicts at a 4-leg intersection are classified into 3 groups using the fuzzy cluster theory; the behavior of through bicycles crossing right-turn motor vehicles on neighboring lanes is used as the case study. The factors affecting the crossing behavior are analyzed, including the bicycle speed before crossing and the acceptable Gap. Then a decision-making model describing bicycle crossing behavior is built by the logistic regression model. Finally, based on the model, the Multi-Agent simulation system of the through bicycle crossing right-turn motors is built, the simulation results show that the behavioral decision-making model is reasonable, and the simulation system is validated.

This paper develops a new model, aiming to maximize the efficiency of bus rapid transit (BRT) system (i.e. maximize direct-through travelers on unit length of BRT route). Since the problem is NP-hard, a heuristic algorithm, based on ant colony optimization, is developed. With a numerical test from Dalian City, China, the effectiveness of the model and the algorithm is examined.

Due to the drawbacks of existing trip production forecasting model, this paper develops a model of mixed land use and trip production using back-propagation neural network, which has the advantages of non-linear relation mapping. In the first place, contemporary researches on the relationship between mixed land use and trip production in China and oversea countries are reviewed to provide helpful groundwork. Then, based on the theory of neural network, the major mixed land-use factors and network structure are proposed. Furthermore, the model is verified and applied using existing data. The result shows that the forecasting model has relative high precision, which proves its good maneuverability as well as theoretical advantages. At last, the future research directions are discussed.

Travel time reliability is considered as an important index on the reliability of a road network. The objective of this article is to study the impact of ice and snowfall on the travel time reliability. For this purpose, the link travel time ISB-BPR (Ice and Snowfall Based- Bureau of Public Roads) model is proposed, which is based on the conventional BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) model and scale functions are added to the corresponding parameters of BPR. To follow the characteristics of route choice, SUE (stochastic user equilibrium) is adopted in this study. We develop an assessment methodology, which integrates sensitivity analysis of SUE and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the travel time reliability. The ISB-BPR model and the algorithm are applied to a hypothetical small road network and results are presented. The results show that travel time level of service and intensity of ice and snowfall have the most significant impact on the travel time reliability.

Time series has already been widely utilized in the field of traffic flow prediction from the viewpoints of both theoretical exploration and practical implementation; however, the current research mostly limited to the one-dimensional time series and single section predictions. The objective of this paper is to use the multi-dimensional time series to forecast the multi-section short-term traffic flow. The correlation analysis of the multi-section traffic flow parameters (e.g. traffic volume) is firstly conducted to identify several sections with high correlation. Then, these road sections are treated as a whole to perform the threshold regression multi-dimensional time series short-term traffic flow forecasting. Finally, Comparative analysis between the multi-section and single section (ARTMA model) scenarios is presented to demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of the proposed methodology. Computational results indicate that applying the multi-dimensional time series to forecast the multi-section short-term traffic flow is more precise and robust than the single section approach.

Traffic flow shows unique characteristics in expressway weaving sections and time headway distribution is usually changed by traffic flow in weaving sections. In order to represent the inherent features of time headway distribution in expressway weaving sections, we use the advanced traffic detection instruments to collect the data of expressway weaving sections of type A in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Based on the data processing and analysis with several commercialized tools such as Video Trace, MetroCount and NC-97, and applying probability theories to analyze those data by different lanes and sections, we found the practical distribution mostly obeys displaced negative exponential distribution and Cowan M3 distribution, shows dynamic rule of time headway distribution in expressway weaving sections, changing along with the traffic volume of passing certain section. Finally, this rule is proven by fitting technique of χ² and test of goodness.

The key of placing-in and taking-out operations of wagons is how to select a rational sequence, which is hard to solve. According to the analysis of characteristics of placing-in and taking-out operations of wagons in branch-shaped private sidings, we construct Hamilton graph of this problem, and convert this problem into searching Hamilton loop of minimum weight. In this paper, we present an improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for such a problem. The proposed ACO algorithm has several features, including introducing upper and lower bounds to the values of pheromone trail, and applying local search and modified global search strategy. The improved algorithm is experimented on branch-shaped sidings problem with 6 nodes and shows its advantage over conventional ant colony algorithm. For the large scale branch-shaped sidings problems, this proposed algorithm can save much time.

Trip distribution is an important step of the four-phase method in transportation demand forecasting. It is affected by many factors. First, factors influencing vehicle trip distribution are analyzed and the results show that location potential, traffic impedance, trip production, and trip attraction play an important role. Second, an aggregation scale factor of the traffic zone is evaluated by fuzzy algorithm and the zone accessibility is calculated, and then, the location potential that is determined by the aggregation scale factor and zone accessibility is obtained. Third, traffic impedance based on travel time is determined based on analyzing the influences of traffic flow discontinuation, bicycles, pedestrians, and width of lanes. Finally, the trip distribution forecasting model based on the BP neural network which takes location potential, traffic impedance, trip production, and trip attraction as input parameters and the result of trip distribution as output parameters is established. The test shows that the forecasting result fits well with the survey data. Thus, the BP neural network model can be used for trip distribution forecasting with high prediction accuracy.

A snowy day has a great impact on vehicles, road capacity, and drivers' behavior. Drivers may drive at slower speeds to obtain the longer perception times and stopping distances. Snow can reduce bus ridership, lengthen bus driving times, and dwell time, and increase bus operation costs and ridership's waiting time. Public transit service frequency determines passenger waiting times, and thus the time exposed to snow. This paper analyzes the passenger waiting time cost, in-vehicle time cost, fuel consumption cost, and bus vehicle cost, then takes the minimal bus line total system cost as the goal, establishing a bus service frequency multi-objective optimization model, nalyzis of the relationship between frequency associated with the vehicle average running speed and financial subsidy, using examples to verify the effectiveness of the multi-objective optimization model, can optimize the bus frequency on asnowy day and improve bus service satisfaction.

This paper first studied the relationship between vehicle arrival rate and loop flow of roundabouts and finally established the capacity linear model with vehicle arrival rate and proportion of left turn vehicles as the independent variable based on analyzing the change relation of roundabout capacity which varies with loop flow in gap-acceptance theory. Compared with the gap-acceptance theory model, the new model has the following advantages: model can easily be calculated, parameters can easily be obtained. In the last part, the roundabout maximum traffic capacity was defined according to the characteristics of its self-adjustment of traffic flow and was acquired by using the new model. Thus the new model can provide more practical references for planning design of roundabouts.

The distance of midblock crosswalks directly influences traffic flow stability and operating efficiency. Considering the present situation of urban transportation in China, the reasonable distance of midblock unsignalized crosswalks was studied combined with the characteristics of vehicle traffic flow and pedestrian flow. In the peak hour traffic environment, eleven kinds of pedestrian crossing distance were designed (150m∼400m, gap is 25m) in simulation model Vissim. Data of average speed time series, vehicular delay and pedestrian delay under time scales of 1s, 5s and 10s were obtained. The largest Lyapunov index of average speed time series was used to identify the influence of crosswalk distance over vehicle traffic flow stability. Vehicular delay and pedestrian delay were utilized to reflect the relationship among the distance of midblock crosswalks, vehicle flow efficiency and pedestrian crossing efficiency. This research takes the midblock management mechanism into consideration, balances the relationship among traffic flow stability, efficiency and pedestrian efficiency, and puts forward the recommended midblock crosswalk distance.

In this era of socialist countryside construction, lack of consideration for local residents, vehicles, and community roads in new rural community planning leads to unsustainable development. Green transportation systems that are appropriate for production and living should be developed for rural communities. Traffic Calming techniques can be used to optimize the road network and reduce the negative impact of motor traffic. By analyzing the case of Baodi, Tianjin, this study suggests how to build an appropriate scale, orderly, safe, comfortable and low energy consumption green transportation system and create a scientific, healthy, and sustainable new rural community development.

The passenger traffic mode split is the result of the integrated effect among various factors, which are interrelated and mutually independent as well as interacted and mutual restrictive. In order to analyze the motivation of traffic structure, the influence mechanism of different factors should be analyzed comprehensively to figure out the basic caustic relationship between each factor. The structure model of system engineering modeling method will be applied to clarify the logical relationship between different factors. Furthermore, the mode split prediction method based on the structure model of various factors will be set up by fitting survey data. The result of the case analysis with less errors illustrates this method is easily applicable and of great value.

A multi-class multi-modal combined modal split and traffic assignment model is formulated by variational inequality. It is used to evaluate the effects of Travel Demand Management (TDM) measures quantitatively in large scale urban transportation system. Three algorithms, i.e., Generalized Partial Linearization, Method of Successive Averages, and Constant Weight are compared. The convergence results show that the proposed algorithm is competent for practical application. Sixteen pure and combined TDM measures, such as cordon-based congestion charge, Park and Ride, fuel pricing, bus fares decrease, and bus exclusive lanes construction are tested quantitatively using the comprehensive transportation network of Huizhou, Southern China. The evaluation focuses on the sensitivity of public transport fares, the competition between taxi and rail transit, the effect of bus exclusive lanes, the different effects of cordon-based congestion charge and parking charge as well as the demand of Park and Ride under different parking charge.

Post-tensioning using high-strength cables or tendons can be effectively used to increase the load carrying capacity of steel structure. In this paper, a nonlinear analytical model is formulated for the elastic behavior of a simply supported steel box beam with curved prestressing tendons. The governing differential equation prestress and serve load are derived using the self-equilibrium principle and the principle of minimum potential energy, respectively. The effects of design parameters such as prestressing force, and tendon area on working load and deflection of the steel box beam are studied.

This paper introduces the OD matrix adjustment, especially the development and application for PFE. In the second part, the logical structure and core module algorithms are deeply analyzed and discussed. Finally, a data fusion model that combines sensor data and FCD is designed according to the fact in Shenzhen. With the core of PFE, the model is applied in Shenzhen Urban Transport Simulation System.

This paper researches the northeast economic zone, analyzes the impact factors of cargo, establishes the relationship between various factors and cargo by linear regression through the AHP, determines the weight of various factors, forms the systemic dynamics model on forecasting cargo volume in northeast economic zone, and proves the validity of the model through error analysis. In addition, the paper does a forecast for the cargo volume of the northeast economic zone 2011 to 2015, and its results can provide references for integrative transportation in northeast economic zone.

Location selection of public traffic transfer hubs is the key of urban public traffic planning. In this paper, according to the characteristics and requirements of public traffic transfer hubs, optimum objects and corresponding constraints are presented and a mathematical model of location selection is established. Then, improved Particle Swarm Algorithm, which has a higher success ratio on searching the optimal solution than Particle Swarm Algorithm, is used to compute the proposed model. At last, the application of algorithm is analyzed and the result proves that this method can effectively solve the problem of public traffic transfer hub location selection.

Based on the thinking of balanced transport capacity and transport volume, this paper puts forward a regional bus dispatching method that suggests adjustments to transport capacity in multi-lines in order to achieve resource sharing and transport capacity sharing. The node and line's wait of public transportation network are analyzed in detail during regional bus dispatching processing in this article. The waiting factor is defined and the wait computational method is given in this paper. The capacity of the bus station is analyzed in detail. Based on this, this paper established the corresponding mathematical model taking the total wait time of the regional network as the main goal. The heuristic algorithm is used to carry on the solution to the model. This model effectively realizes that when the total wait time of simultaneous arrivals at transfer nodes is the greatest, the passenger in the network needs to transfers from one line to another line with the shortest standby period. This paper puts forward a regional public transportation timetable Optimization based on node and line's wait analysis.

Good transportation planning is the key to solving urban transportation problems. There are some technologies which need to be utilized in present transportation planning practices. How to get effective feedback from transportation planning to land use planning? How to quantitatively consider the impact of traffic on the future environment? How to forecast the future transportation demands correctly when the urban environment is developing rapidly? Under these considerations, we proposed a reverse regulatory transportation planning method. With this method, we can determine a range of land regulatory indexes for traffic zones after we have set the traffic state on future road network and have calculated the regulatory generation trips of transportation zones. In this paper, the basic idea and related technologies of reverse regulatory transportation planning method have been studied preliminarily.

This paper reviews our recent developments on applying a robust optimization approach to transportation network design problems where future travel demands are uncertain and traffic flows on the underlying network are in user equilibrium. We assume that the travel demands belong to an uncertainty set instead of having them follow some probability distributions and then design the network against the worst-case scenario realized in the set. The problems are formulated as mathematical programs with complementarity constraints, which are efficiently solvable by a cutting-plane scheme. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the designs from the robust optimization approach perform more stably and guard better against worst-case scenarios than those from traditional deterministic approach.

Since traffic impact study (TIS) of projects has been carried out in Beijing for more than ten years, a series of noticeable results have been achieved. However, there are still some unsolved problems in TIS. For example, there is a lack of quantitative analysis of traffic organization and public transportation. The objective of this paper is to attempt to develop standards of traffic impact study to assist the government in developing an appropriate evaluation criterion for assessing transportation related projects. A total of four evaluation indicators have been selected. The four evaluation indicators include: variation of v/c ratio, complexity of conflict, index of transit capacity and satisfactory degree of the public to projects. These indicators have been defined and modeled in quantitative format and the results can be applied in the evaluation process.

The method to determine the parking index of buildings is always based on the geographical position division and the building classification standard, which reflects the external parking demand characteristics of the building, but only considers the perspective of the geographical position and building and gets lop-sided. Therefore, the size of parking is difficult to determine for future needs with the change of the developing environment. This paper will revise the parking index model based on the ontological idea and function division of parking space with regard to its internal characteristic, in combination with the analysis of the parking location attribution, and increase the adaptability of the parking. At last, the paper will demonstrate that the new method used to determine the parking index is more comprehensive and objective when compared to the general method.

Traffic impedance is an important parameter in the urban traffic network's study. It directly affects traffic flow path selection and flow assignment. Traffic impedance can be described by a traffic impedance function in the traffic flow assignment, so the accuracy of establishing a traffic impedance function immediately affects the study's performance on the traffic network equilibrium. In this paper, a traffic impedance function is established, which is based on a narrow-sense traffic impedance and grey system theory. In order to effectively determine this, the section between Lujia Village and Lijia Village in Xi'an is analyzed and the traffic impedance function of this section is fitted. Through a comparison with the survey data, it is shown that the analogue result is accurate. Because this section is located in the urban arterial street, the fitted traffic impedance function has a valuable reference to similar situations, especially the urban arterial street in Xi'an.

This research aims at gaining a better understanding about how the travelers' attitude to public transport and psychological demands in travel affect the public transport use. Attitude and psychological demand questions are designed in the questionnaire and the survey data is obtained from the Huaibei in Anhui province. Besides descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation used in this study, the travelers' attitude and psychological demands are measured and a discrete mode choice model is built to analyze the related determinants of public transport use. The results suggest that although individual/household socio-demographics are still important, a clear relation is found among travelers' attitude, psychological demands and public transport use. Based on the results, advice is given for government and transportation planners to improve the competition of public transport.

Urban traffic is closely connected to urban planning and different urban forms have different traffic patterns. This paper studies the coupled relations among urban forms, rail traffic patterns, public transportation patterns, bicycle traffic patterns and pedestrian traffic patterns, and it may also serve as good reference to solving city traffic congestion.

The paper investigates the road network capacity under uncertainty. By showing the characteristics of route choice and considering the link travel time reliability on a certain level of service, we set a bi-level programming model and the road network capacity can be gained. Firstly we consider the single link of a route under uncertainty, and then extend it to the whole road network capacity on a certain service level. Using the model we can escape from calculating a huge amount of data which is used in the Monte-Carlo method. An example is calculated, and then the result shows the efficiency of the model.

In order to update the basic transport database and obtain an in-depth understanding of the travel demands and patterns in Beijing, a series of transport and traffic surveys have been undertaken by the government. The household interview survey (HIS) is the most important undertaking with sample size over 80,000 households. Because of complexity and limitation in various stages of the surveys, errors and under-reporting are inevitable. Therefore, results of sample data and sample expansion can not reflect the real travel characteristics. This paper introduces the data expansion and validation process of Beijing household interview survey data. Errors and under-reporting were eliminated by a series of processes, such as sample expansion, matrix estimation, independent data checking and comprehensive validation.

Decision-making regarding logistics and supply chain need to be based on freight transportation modeling, but most of transportation models only consider passenger travel demand. An integrated land use transport model is introduced here which addresses both freight and passenger demand modeling. The framework is called PECAS, which stands for Production, Exchange, Commodity Allocation Syslem. PECAS consists of the following three modules: Activity Allocation (AA), Space Development (SD) and Transport Supply (TS) and is linked to an aspatial regional economic model. The focus of this paper is to illustrate the capability of its AA module in modeling logistics and supply chains, for which the major economic sectors are considered and the flows of all commodities, including goods, service, space, land and labor, are simultaneously determined from production zones to exchange zones to consumption zones. This paper gives a brief introduction to the framework and presents detailed methodologies used in determining the locations of activities and exchanges between them.

Mixed traffic of bicycles and motor vehicles is a major characteristic of urban transportation in China, and has led to traffic accidents, serious congestion and capacity reduction on urban signalized intersections. Determining bicycle capacity on signalized intersections is not only the basis for intersection design and planning, but also for signal configuration and operation management. Motor vehicles are a major influence on bicycles crossing through an intersection. Based on an analysis of the fluid diffusion characteristics at signalized intersections, the paper established a fluid diffusion model on bicycle capacity. Comparative analysis of large data sets shows that the model provides good results.

Urban expressway plays an important role in the movement of goods, people, and services, and is essential for urban development and economic growth. Thus it is critical to plan it right in the first place, and to simulate the functions and evaluate the effectiveness of its planning scheme before implementation. We have developed an integrated macro and micro simulation method to evaluate the effectiveness of the planned expressway system. This paper summarizes the main contents of analysis and evaluation method in a case study. We found that the integrated macro and micro simulation method is very efficient and effective in analyzing and assessing the effectiveness of the planned expressway framework, and identifying the deficiency of the plan, which is unachievable by either macro and micro simulation alone. The method could be useful for other expressway planning, analysis and simulation.

The assessment of the amount of traffic impact on land development projects is the basis of traffic impact analysis for decision making. This also provides theoretic support for the collection of traffic impact fees. Because the traffic impact analysis involves many factors that are difficult to quantify, we propose a traffic impact evaluation model for land development projects based on the matter-element analysis theory. Seven evaluation criteria are chosen to reflect the impact on the road segments, intersections, parking facilities, public transportation, traffic safety, pedestrian traffic, as well as the atmospheric environment. We further conduct a quantitative evaluation of air pollution using simulation software-VISSIM. A case study was carried out in Shanghai using the matter-element model proposed in the paper, and the impact of land development projects on the surrounding traffic network were quantified. We found that the matter-element evaluation model for traffic impact analysis could provide more objective and reasonable results.

Currently, public transportation systems in our cities generally have many problems, such as frequent transfer times, a low rate of stops overlap, causing a lot of wait time for passengers to catch buses. Undoubtedly these factors influence the citizens' choice of public transportation. These problems result from various reasons, such as irrational network and stops, low density of public transportation networks, and network density distributing not matching with citizen trips distributing. In public transportation systems, network is the basic of the function, so, optimizing the network is essential to improve the levels of the service of public transportation systems, improve the public transportation flow, and to establish the most economic and efficient method of transportation. Network optimization needs the support of related theories and technologies. Though some domestic research organizations have completed many helpful works and proposed many kinds of theories and methods of public transportation network optimization, most of the theories are not applied. Additionally, optimal methods lack of the support of corresponding theories. This paper studies the main factors influencing citizens' trips by analyzing public transportation network optimization. The primary goal of this is to build an optimal network model with minimal transfer times, and minimizing stops as the secondary goal. This model comprehensively reflects the design principle of the public transportation network and the limitations of various objective conditions. Through the qualification of stops, lines and network, we can decrease the number of the workable networks, and eliminate unnecessary calculation in the optimizing phase.

This study deals with the problem of urban transport network capacity under a given level of service. After a thorough review of urban transport network capacity modeling and multiple objectivity programming, a multiple objectivity bi-level programming model is formulated, which considers that the network capacity analysis should link the level of service of a road network together. In an upper level program is a multiple objectivity model which includes: (i) the maximization of the network capacity; and (ii) the maximization of the level of service. And a logit-based stochastic traffic assignment model is adopted in the lower level model. Then the goal programming method is proposed. An example is given and numerical results show the algorithm is feasible for practical applications.

In cargo transportation between Europe and Asia, ‘balance lines' in international freight and incidentals is a concept describing rational choices for shipping by freight over land or by ocean. Many factors cause warping in these balance lines, especially the lack of a comprehensive intercontinental rail cargo agreement. The balance lines of international freight and incidentals are thus relevant to a new comprehensive Eurasia railway cargo transportation convention. Taking balance lines into consideration could benefit trade between many countries. Although a long-term objective, the balance lines of international freight and incidentals should be pursued by European, Asian, and North African countries.

An elevated urban expressway connects to its frontage roads by on/off ramps. Under the expressway, frontage roads, two pairs of on/off ramp terminal and cross streets construct the complex at-grade intersection. One typical complex intersection under the Inner Ring Expressway in Shanghai was selected in this study. The main reason for congestion at this intersection is that traffic movements with different origin-destination (OD) weave within the section from the ramp terminal to the stop-line on the departure legs. To eliminate the weaving operation, lane function was reassigned, and signal timing was redesigned to a five-phase scheme. Simulation tool VISSIM 4.1 was applied to evaluate performance of the new intersection. Simulation results indicated that significant reduction of vehicle delay and queue length in the new scheme.

Special events are an important part of our daily life. During the special events, the relative subway station will involve a large number of pedestrians converging in a short amount of time. So, whether pedestrian organization of subway station is prepared well enough should be evaluated in advance. The involvement of pedestrian simulation can compare and evaluate the scenarios and thus be able to improve the service quality of traffic facilities. In this paper, a process on how to make an organization scenario with the help of pedestrian simulation tools is given following a brief overview of the pedestrian model research. Then the legion 2006 studio was used to test the pedestrian traffic organization plans of a typical subway station involved during the Olympic Games. At last, some improvement measures were given based on the simulation results.

Since the fact that the non-signal roundabout allows less flow rate, and with the increasing of roundabout flow rates, a series of problems have occurred in respect to traffic jams, rising accident rates, growth of traffic delays, increasing of saturation degrees, etc. Arrangement of signal control help to enhance the capacity at roundabout and security, but there exist a big difference for applicable conditions and traffic efficiencies under different signal control methods. The main concern of this text, on the foundation of Left-turn with Two-stop Control Method at Roundabout with consideration of the number of different entrance paths and on the basis of signal control theory and optimal method, is on the four control methods related with "Control of In-turn Discharge Clockwise at Signal-entrance Path", "Control of In-turn Discharge Clockwise at Signal-entrance Path + Interlace of Minor Flow", "Association Roundabout Control at Multi--entrance Path" and "Associated Roundabout Control at Multi—entrance Path + Left-turn Inductive Control". It is on such a basis that the methods analyzing the effect rule on capacity come from the signal period of time and space strategy parameters and radius of island under different signal control methods by applying approaches of numerical calculation and experimental traffic engineering. The research achievement will perfect the theory system for signal control roundabout and provide technical support for the reconstruction of uncontrolled roundabouts as well as selection of signal control methods for roundabouts, meaning significant application value.

This paper establishes the relation model of driving-into rate and spacing of service areas. Based on the survey of Beijing-Shenyang expressway in Hebei province and the traffic data of service areas, this paper gets the relationship between spacing and driving-into rate of service areas, verifies that the driving time obeys the normal distribution using the Empirical Distribution Function of Probability and Statistics, then, establishes the Recursive Model of driving-into rate whose random variable is the driving time. The driving time is the function of spacing, so the relationship between spacing and driving-into rate is expressed by the formula. This model clarifies and quantifies the relationship between the driving-into rate and spacing by giving concrete form and makes up for the defects of the present methods. At the end, the two examples prove the applicability and advantage of new model.

The operational status of road networks in snowy conditions is quite different from that in general conditions, especially in the process of traffic assignment. Traffic assignment in snowy conditions of different snowfall degrees is studied in this paper, and the impedance function is modified by amending the three following parameters: time, speed and capacity. In snowy conditions, speed is modified by considering the change of road surface friction coefficient. The minimum safe headway is taken into consideration in the modification of capacity, and the modification of time is obtained by simulation. Based on the new impedance function and equilibrium assignment model, the traffic in the road network are assigned in the snowy conditions of different snowfall degrees. An example was also cited to prove that the algorithm is feasible. By comparing the assignment results in the general conditions and snowy conditions of different snowfall degrees in the example, changes of characteristic indexes of road networks like average travel speed and traffic flow in all grade of roads are given. The changing trend of the indexes is also presented. At last, some suggestions are put forward on the value of reserve capacity to enhance the environmental adaptability of road networks in snowy conditions.

The Cowan M3 distribution and its parameters are discussed based on four years of data observed from three approaches to the Xueyuan roundabout in Dalian to explore the suitability of the Cowan M3 distribution model. Already widely used around the world for capacity and performance analysis of roundabouts, the Cowan M3 distribution is explored to see if it correctly models the Xueyuan roundabout. By means of the goodness-of-fit test, it is concluded that the Cowan M3 distribution could be applied to the Xueyuan roundabout to analyze the headway of the traffic flow there. The minimum headway is between 0.38 seconds and 0.88 seconds, according to the observed data. As a result of vehicles experiencing free driving and a flow sharing priority, this 0.38s lower headway is observed and a higher proportion of free driving vehicles results when using the method of moments. There is a linear relationship between the proportion of free vehicles and the traffic volume. The results of this study are helpful in that they allow us to analyze the capacity and performance of the Xueyuan roundabout in Dalian.

Median busways have caused many pedestrian crossing problems, especially when the bus station is placed beside an intersection. The Lishan Road station, which is set beside an intersection, is adopted as the case study for the analysis of pedestrian crossing characteristics. The pedestrian crossing characteristics found near the Lishan Road station are different from the characteristics seen at intersections without a busway in a number of ways. There is a larger pedestrian volume, the pedestrian arrival rate on the road sides obey the Negative Binomial Distribution, the passenger arrival rate in the middle of the road, influenced by the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) operation, is impulsive and its cycle and peak value are not stable, the walking speed of pedestrians can be modeled by a normal distribution, and the walking speed on the crosswalk proximal to the BRT station is 7% higher than that of the distal. Since the setting up of BRT stations, the pedestrians' violation times has increased by 10–15%. The main reasons for this increase include the increase of pedestrian volume and the pedestrian desire to catch a bus causes the pedestrian to disregard any danger. The pedestrian crossing characteristics analysis in this paper can serve as a reference for signal-timing, policy making and the setting up of management facilities.

The emergence and development of urban agglomerations is an inevitable trend of the rapid urbanization. Exploring the mechanism of transportation demand generation is the basis of transportation planning of urban agglomerations. Combined with the reality of urban agglomeration, the factors which impact the transportation demand generation in urban agglomerations are classified into the origin factors, promoting factors and inhibitory factors. This paper studies the transportation demand generation mechanism on both passenger transportation and freight transportation. The research findings identify the characteristics of the transportation demand generation of urban agglomeration in China.

En-route travel choice behavior is one of the primary travel behavior over residential daily trips. Providing traffic information will exert an impact on en-route travel choice behavior. Through comparative studies, the paper reveals that RP/SP joint survey and the disaggregate model are two suitable methods. On the basis of that, the paper develops a scheme for RP/SP joint survey and a Multinomial Logit (MNL) Model for modeling and analysis. The aim of the paper is to provide theoretical and practical support for the research of en-route travel choice behavior with traffic information in China.

A new algorithm is proposed to solve one usual model of bilevel programming models in urban transportation equilibrium network design. The upper model is solved by PSO and the lower model is solved by Frank-Wolfe, then iterations are continuously progressed between them so that the global optimum solution can be approximated. The algorithm is illustrated with an example and compared with other algorithms. Results demonstrate that the effectiveness of this algorithm, while iterations and extra computational burdens are not so heavy.

Due to the lack of integrated planning of interregional transportation infrastructure, the development of interregional transportation system is restricted in China. Based on qualitative analysis and quantitative forecast, this paper analyzed general methods regarding demand forecast, organization planning and infrastructure integration of Interregional Transportation Infrastructure Integration Planning in China. Also this study applied the methods into practice in Suzhou City. The evaluation showed the methods were effective and applicable. This research provides theoretical and practical support for interregional transportation infrastructure integration planning.

Although empty containers can be a great asset to a shipping company if they are strategically positioned, their transportation, handling, and storage represent considerable burdens that impact the company's profits. Trade imbalances between the U.S. and other regions of the world, especially Asian countries, have worsened the situation, and the intermodal coordination of empty containers has become a very challenging issue for shipping lines. The topic represents a very complex logistics problem with practical applications. The analysis focuses on one of the top seven shipping companies globally that is particularly strong on the transpacific trade market. The main goal was to model the operations of the company and introduce new strategies to reposition empty containers more efficiently. The concept of rail terminals should be implemented to provide economies of scale to reduce costs. Ports on the East Coast, which are currently not utilized to transport empty containers back to Asia, also played a role in the strategies considered in this study. The results indicated that the proposed repositioning plan would provide significant cost savings. Further sensitivity analysis is necessary for assessing the performance of the plan. Other complementary strategies, such as the use of a dedicated fleet of trucks to handle local transportation, could be introduced, and the cost-benefit should be compared for practical implications, as well as to improve the proposed model.

The first version of the German Highway Capacity Manual was published in 2001. Now, a new draft is prepared and it will be published in 2011 (HBS2011). For the new German Highway Capacity Manual, the major chapters are revised and some of them are totally rewritten. In this paper, a short overview of the major developments in the new German Highway Capacity Manual is presented. Some new ideas and field dada under consideration are introduced. For example, according to the new measurements, the values of capacity for freeway segments are revised and for the on-, off-ramps, and weaving areas a totally new procedure is developed which considers the traffic flow conditions on the freeways and at on- and off-ramps simultaneously. Also for signalized and unsignalized intersections, the procedures are revised for taking account the new developments in the past 10 years.

In the State of Florida, several types of exit ramps are used for traffic to exit our freeways, especially four typical types, which are single-lane exit ramp with a taper, single-lane exit ramp without a taper, two-lane exit ramp with an optional lane, and two-lane exit ramp without an optional lane. Drivers exiting freeways need to make decisions and execute maneuvers (i.e., lane change or lane merge) prior to the exit ramp in order to access cross roads at the interchanges. And different types of exit ramps lead to different driving maneuvers when exiting (fast-paced deceleration, lane changing, merging, unbalanced lane utilization), which also affects the operational performance on freeways. Bases on the facts, there are several issues and concerns that need to be addressed in selecting the most optimum types of freeway exit ramp(s) to use at a given interchange. This paper mainly focuses on different impacts of number of lane change by different types of ramp. A data collection of 24 sites were conducted to help set up a mathematical model, which could estimate the number of lane change by considering several possible independent variables. Results of the model could help choose optimal ramp type.

The change in traffic policy affects the characteristics of traffic and the direction of sustainable development of a city to a great extent. As an international metropolis, Beijing shares the same kind of traffic problems with other cities of the developed world, in its pattern of traffic development, especially in the city centre. The paper first discusses the development of the strategic transport model of Beijing based on the tool of STM (Strategic Transport Model). Then the paper presents an analysis of traffic patterns in the city centre of Beijing, and the policies that can be used to improve travel in the area. The paper presents two scenarios: cordon charge and increase in parking fee policies. The model is used to compare each scenario with a base scenario of Do Nothing, thereby enabling the relative performance of different policy choices to be assessed. Lastly, the paper provides a relative comparison of the two scenarios using travel mode, trip starts, average speeds, etc., and analyzes the effect of each policy on the environment based on NOx emissions. The numerical study testified to the validity of the model.

Hazardous goods logistics are very important to the national economy; this paper introduces a systems architecture of hazardous goods logistics management based on RFID, and it proposes a related model for operation and data flow. This architecture helps us to control the whole process of hazardous goods management, creating a visual transportation management system for hazardous goods based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). This system provides customers an advanced and scientific information management suite, and it reduces the rate of accidents during the transportation of hazardous goods.

In order to reduce the running-time delay and improve the on-time arrival rate, this paper takes into consideration that most urban road networks are discrete traffic flows, combined with traffic signal control equipment and traffic flow collection device. We have used research on the public transport incident prediction model and algorithm by the road traffic delays in order to carry out an automatic prediction of the public transport incident delay making our public transportation more intelligent. This model could make a much better prediction and save much more time for dealing with the emergency, reducing the running delays and better meeting the passengers' demand for a shorter travel time.

If there is a catastrophic event in a city, it is necessary to provide the suffering people with shelters to get a refuge. Based on the analysis on the city shelters planning principles, the covering area of the shelter should be big enough and should maximize the coverage level of the demand points. At the same time, it should consider the capacity of shelters, and this paper is aimed to modify the maximal covering location problem (MCLP), which based on the P-median model to get a capability limitative MCLP-P. The analysis of an example finds that the shelter layout has more applicability and also proves that the trimmed model is reasonable. Furthermore, it is expected to offer some reasonable evidences to build catastrophic facilities in the future.

To deliver emergency materials and evacuees to the destination within a limited amount of time, various traffic management and control measures must be employed to manage numerous traffic flows. A Freeway Emergency Traffic Organization Scenario (FETOS) is one of various combinations of traffic management and control measures. A framework of simulation system for the FETOS is presented in this paper. It consists of function modules of the simulation system, core models of the simulation system, and key technologies of implementing the simulation system. The simulation models include a freeway infrastructure model, a data model of the FETOS, a dynamic traffic flow model under the FETOS, FETOS simulation indexes, and their respective statistical models. Function modules include modules of modeling freeway networks, modules of modeling the FETOS, modules of system parameters configuration, module of simulation execution and control, module of visualizing simulation running process, module of generating and printing simulation reports, modules of open data interface, and modules of data backup and recovery. The key technologies of system implementation are also discussed.

The exact locating of emergency and rescue resources is not the only precondition for implementing rescue work, but also the input data for optimizing vehicle dispatching. In this paper, locating technology is applied to determine the location of emergencies in the highway emergency response system. According to the alarm information, such as road name, stake number and traveling direction, the algorithm of locating emergencies has been designed by the comprehensive use of the variable length subsection mode and the interpolation method. This study has been applied to the actual scheduling platform. The results show that the proposed algorithms achieve the precise position of emergencies and improve the performance of the emergency response system.

As the special section of a highway, the tunnel driving environment is poor. Accidents occurring in highway tunnel typically have the characteristics of high damage and difficult transaction. Taking the Xue Gong-Ling highway tunnel as the example, this paper discuses combining the advanced technique of intelligent transportation system (ITS) used in accident prevention and evacuation strategies of long highway tunnels, and solves the evacuation problem of drivers, passengers and vehicles when accidents or dangers occur. Under the state detection of traffic flow and environment in or out of the highway tunnel, a corresponding prevention scheme was executed for accident prevention. Once a single point accident or fire occurs in the highway tunnel, the threshold value h was stetted, waiting time T and minimum (diffuse time between fire and induced vehicle appropriative crossing, h) were compared, the Inducement Strategy was executed based on comparable results. Due to the long length of a highway tunnel, once there were both accidents happening in the same time, combined with the single point accident inducement strategy, a corresponding prevention scheme was executed according to different positions of accidents. Type and characteristics of accidents being considered, traffic can be evacuated rapidly through open or close induced vehicle appropriative crossing and people appropriative crossing. As a result, secondary accidents were avoided and the safety of driver and passengers can be ensured. Based on tunnel impact and a control development flat-form, the guiding strategy is simulated showing that this guiding strategy is a good way of controlling and inducing.

This paper studies the emergency response facility location problem. It is assumed that the demand of a roadway segment is concentrated on its midpoint and the number of the emergency response facilities and candidate location sites are known. An optimization model considering the uncertain coverage probability and rescue effect for emergency response facility location and network design is developed. The objective is to maximize the total expected demand node covered, with the decisions being where to locate the response facilities and how to dispatch emergency response teams to demand nodes. A genetic algorithm is designed to solve the model, and the application of the model shows that the optimization model can improve the robustness of the emergency response facility location by considering coverage probability and rescue effect.

The rail break emergency treatment device (RBETD) for railway switches has been developed to temporarily allow trains to pass through in case the stock rail of the railway switch cannot be replaced immediately after a break occurs. In order to test the soundness and reliability of its design so as to guarantee the safety of the running train, a field test was conducted with the emergency treatment device. The main components of the test include: the stress of the bottom edge of the common or frozen jointbar and the stress of the rail foot top at the center of the rail joint under different train speeds, the stresses of the vertical bearing plate of the device and the rail foot hook, the forces of the fastening screw, the transverse displacement of the rail head, and the sinking of the rail foot. Test results and subsequent calculations show that the emergency treatment device is safe as long as the train passes through at a speed less than 25 km/h with the help of the device.

Under adverse weather conditions, both traffic system and physical environment have strong uncertainty and road network capacity is also changing and has strong fuzziness under dynamic situations. Based on analysis of the concept and meaning of road network capability, which has uncertain meaning, the capacity reliability of road network is taken as a fuzzy and random variable, therefore, fuzzy probability was applied to study it. The calculation and simulation method for reliability with random traffic flow and fuzzy road network capacity are discussed. The Bootstrap method based on experiential data was introduced to analyze reliability with fuzzy road network capacity. The area of fuzzy variable was given based on form and relative parameters in consideration of the practical requirements of traffic management.

The purpose of this paper is to build an effective mode for the dispatching and routing of emergency vehicles during disaster response. In this paper we consider the conditions of an earthquake disaster, for example, there are a large number of injuries which require medical treatment. The given conditions, including the injuries, casualties, roads, and traffic conditions, were utilized to dispatch and route emergency vehicles to the injured persons and then delivery them to the appropriate treatment center. In this paper, a real-time scheduling of the mathematical programming model is built for emergency vehicles to quickly select a reasonable route to save injured persons, and we utilize a case study to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. This is a highly effective mode for improving the emergency response capacity of the vehicle, improving rescue time and providing a theoretical basis and technical support for emergency rescue work.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the national economy, frequent construction accidents on mountainous freeways result in a great loss of national property and become the focus of the nation's attention. It is urgent that we establish a construction safety early-warning system for freeways in mountainous regions in order to radically improve the situation of safety management. Major hazard identification and risk assessment is still lacking in the field. In order to solve this problem, a construction safety early-warning system for mountainous freeways was established. The targets, function, input and output of system were analyzed. The safety early-warning indicator system was made up of people, materials, environment, and management factors. The weights of factors were calculated by an analytic hierarchy process. The safety status grade was determined by a safety early-warning model. Results revealed that the safety early-warning system can reflect the safety status in freeway construction of mountainous regions objectively.

Salt spreading is a common practice in wintertime in many countries, and involves the spreading of salt on roads when ice or snow has made them slippery. The progress of optimization models of vehicle and materials depot locations can increase the efficiency or effectiveness of this practice, and also result in significant savings and reduced environmental and societal impacts. However, it is obvious that the depot location problem at the strategic level should be considered in conjunction with the vehicle routing problem at the operational level. As a result, this paper takes a Location-Routing Problem (LRP) based approach to the problems of depot location and vehicle routing with the purpose of aiding winter road maintenance planners. A two-stage TABU search algorithm is applied to solve the model.

Recently, meteorological disasters have had an expansive and complicated influence on city transportation networks. The reliability of travel time during adverse weather has gradually become the primary consideration before making travel decisions. Through the analysis of the impact of adverse weather on the transportation network, we adopt a disaster degree system to quantifiably describe the impact of weather on the transportation network. By combining the road network travel time reliability model and algorithm, we obtain the route travel time reliability and road network travel time reliability during adverse weather. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of this model through the calculation and analysis of an example.

This research focuses on identifying optimal evacuation routing plans in public transit networks during various extreme events in urban road networks. The public transit evacuation system is modeled by a time-expanded network, based on a dynamic network flow model, and aims to minimize the total evacuation clearance time. This model transforms the public transit evacuation scheduling problem into a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). Also, a heuristic TABU-based search algorithm is used to find a high-quality solution in a reasonable amount of time. Finally, a case study is conducted using the central road network of Changchun city in China. Many numerical experiments are implemented in CPLEX 9.0 and the results show that time-expanded networks can effectively represent transit evacuation dynamics and the heuristic TABU-based algorithm can make an appropriate trade-off between solving efficiency and accuracy.

To better understand the traffic management and control needs under urban emergency evacuation situation caused by a non-notice disaster, two zones and three evacuation routes are in general identified to simplify the evacuation network planning. Two zones are referred to harm zone and buffer zone. Three types of evacuation routes are identified as: harm-zone evacuee path — the shortest path for evacuees from the target to evacuee-loading sites within the harm zone serviced by evacuation vehicles; harm-zone vehicular path — the shortest path for evacuation vehicles and on-road regular traffic within the harm zone to harm zone exits; and buffer-zone vehicular path — the shortest routes from harm zone exits to target shelters or outside of the buffer zone. However, a challenge rises in dealing with the mixed traffic of evacuation and regular vehicular flows in the buffer zone when modeling the buffer-zone vehicular path. In this study, the Integrated Arterial Signal and Access Control (IASAC) system is proposed with attempt to provide an alternative solution to buffer-zone traffic control. In the IASAC, SCOOT and BOTTLENECK systems and algorithms are coordinated together for traffic control along major corridors within the buffer zones. The algorithm embedded within the IASAC system is capable of predicting time-dependent demands of an urban corridors and coordinating signal control, and mid-block access metering control. A PARAMICS simulation-based test bed is designed for evaluating the IASAC system. A case study of two scenarios with and without IAS AC control shows the potential benefit of the IASAC.

The development of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a key enabling technology to prevent traffic accidents, enable road charging, and reduce congestion. However, the deployment ITS is limited by positioning and wireless communication technologies. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can provide positioning and timing services globally but requires good visibility of navigation satellites that is difficult in urban area where ITS systems were deployed. Currently, only the Global Positioning System (GPS) operates at an accuracy of about 10 m. Advanced GNSS provides more navigation satellites and signals improving the visibility and positioning accuracy to sub-metre even centimetre level in real-time. Additional integrity information will be described for safety-critical applications. Potential improvements of current and new ITS applications enabled by the modernization of GNSS are presented in this paper. In addition, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using only one GNSS receiver and wireless communication network is much more cost-effective as it removes the need of reference receivers and relative positioning used in current applications. The advantages of using PPP technology in ITS will be demonstrated in this paper.

It is commonly agreed upon that car-following only takes place when the separation between two vehicles is within some threshold value. This threshold has been studied but most of the work focuses on highway or motorway traffic and does not consider car-following in intersection areas. This paper studies the car-following threshold criteria in a signalized intersection area. The close-range photogrammetry system is built to collect and analyze traffic data at a signalized intersection in Beijing. The speed difference analysis method and K means the cluster method is employed to distinguish the car-following status and to obtain the critical headway and spacing for car-following. The results show that the critical headway of car-following at the signalized intersection is three seconds and the critical spacing is 20 meters. The main contributions of the paper are the close-range photogrammetry system developed for data collection, and the speed difference analysis or judging the car-following status at a signalized intersection.

Driver is principal part of traffic, and driver's state is related to the traffic safety, such as driver's dangerous emotion state, fatigue state and drunken state. According to scientists' study, the Electroencephalogram (EEG) of people can reflect his different state more accurately. So in the modern Intelligent Transportation Systems which mainly characters are network and information, if the driver's EEG information can be gathered in Real-time, and the transportation system can be adjusted to this, then the driver can be alarmed or the necessary measure will be taken by the car's safety equipment which is designed according to the drivers' EEG information. Compared to the traditional transportation system, this kind of system which using the drivers' EEG information can reduce the traffic accident greatly. In this paper, combining the car simulation driving instrument and the EEG measuring instrument, the EEG measuring experiment system during driving was constructed, and the experiments of fatigued driving, drunken driving and inducing the dangerous emotion were designed, drivers' EEG signals were measured when they were in normal, fatigued, drunken, excited, tense, sad state. FFT and Wavelet Analysis signal processing methods were used to abstract the characters of the EEG signals. The fatigued state's EEG characters were found by different method, and the drunken state's was distinct, the excited, tense and sad state's was found too. The EEG characters of drivers in different state can reflect drivers' state in Real-time, so they can be applied to the Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Short-term traffic flow forecasting is considered to be the core of intelligent transportation systems and the advanced technical support including traffic information service, traffic control, and guidance. Previous traffic information is on current or predicted traffic states, which are still deterministic and difficult to show with the uncertainty of the road network. Therefore, the analysis of reliability of short-term forecasting is proposed to deal with the uncertainty of traffic. The reliability of short-term forecasting is described as a range of forecast values which show the deviation between forecast value and the measure. A state space model is used in this paper and the Monte Carlo method is performed to deal with uncertainty, where a random sample of traffic flow within a probability distribution is generated until at a steady state. Results show that the proposed model can reduce the disturbances between the forecast and actual traffic.

A dynamic coordination strategy model of the transit signal priority and traffic signal control cooperative system is created by using Colored Time Petri Nets (CTPNs). To extend the coordination from isolated intersections to the arterial network of intersections, a multi-level and multi-group computer supported cooperative system is described based on CTPNs. Then inter-intersection and cross-intersection coordination strategy for busses and vehicles was proposed to model transit signal priority in urban networks.

We introduce a systematic design plan for an urban bus location display system based on GPRS. It adopts special APN transmissions as a GPRS communication project. The system consists of four modules: bus wireless terminals, bus-location display terminals, bus company data center, and GPRS network. In this paper, the development of the database and data processing key algorithm of the bus data center are introduced, and the development of wireless terminals as well as communication protocols between the bus data center and the wireless terminals are presented. An innovative data-sending algorithm of bus location information based on the bus's sequence is presented. Tests show that this system can display the location of the nearest bus in each bus station which indicates how far the closest bus is from this site. This system can be used as a subsystem for a bus scheduling system.

An approach to short-term traffic flow prediction based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. The traffic flow is decomposed into different modes by EMD, and these different modes are predicted by appropriate ANNs. The predictive traffic flow is obtained by adding up all predictive values. This method is used to predict traffic flow with the actual measurement data. The results show that the proposed method has high predictive accuracy, and is more successful than the outcome of directly using ANN prediction.

The design of phase sequence is very important to signal control timing. The research embodied in this paper presents a new method of designing the phase sequence of the signal control, based on the conglomeration of pedestrians and bicycles in our country. Firstly, we present a new definition of the conglomeration of pedestrians and bicycles at the first phase after analyzing the two phases of the releasing characteristics of the signalized intersection. Next, we present a new method which is based on suppositional grids to describe the conglomeration. Then, we present a new method to optimize the phase sequence based on the time-space resource usage of the intersection. In order to optimize the phase sequence quantitatively, we found the model of conflict timing between the conglomeration and the vehicles. As for estimating the optimal phase sequence, we used the model of conflict timing. Finally, the application ot this method is illustrated with the signalized intersection of Pingleyuan in Beijing. Under the simulation, the method gives an optimized result.

The effects of lane changing on the characteristics of traffic flow have not been investigated sufficiently. In this paper, we use a driving model based on finite-state-machine to investigate the effects of lane changing on macroscopic characteristics of traffic flow. In homogenous traffic, the effects of lane changing are not significant. However, in heterogeneous traffic composed of vehicles with different maximum speed, the flux in the low to middle density increase if lane changing is permitted. Furthermore, in heterogeneous traffic where vehicles only have difference in normal acceleration, lane changing can't increase the flux significantly. In conclusion, the effects of lane changing on traffic are tightly related to both the difference of vehicles and the density of traffic.

In general, two types of multi-fractality can be identified in time series. One type connects with a broad probability density function for the values of the time series, while the other connects with different long-range correlations of the small and large fluctuations. Recent analyses of traffic time series indicate that it exhibits multi-fractal properties. But which type of multi-fractality does it exhibit? In this paper, multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) is used to study traffic speed fluctuations. Collected data shows that the speed time series, observed by microwave detector system on the outer side of the North Second Ring Road over a period of about 60 days, has strong multi-fractal properties. By comparing the fluctuation function of MF-DFA results for the original series to those for shuffled series, we find that the type of multi-fractality in traffic speed time series is consistent with long range correlations of the small and large fluctuations. In addition, by comparing the generalized Hurst exponent and multi-fractal spectrum of the original time series with those of the corresponding shuffled series, the results show that the multi-fractal properties of shuffled time series are stronger than those of the original time series, and both distribution multi-fractality and correlation multi-fractality are present in the speed time series.

In floating car data collection, the link average speed of floating cars is exported as link average speed of traffic flow. This results in low quality traffic information being shared with the public. This paper investigates the quantitative relationship between link average speed of floating cars and link average speed of traffic flow considering the traffic conditions, and verifies the research with simulated data based on a part road network in Changchun. The results show that the link average speed of floating cars can not be used instead of the link average speed of traffic flow, and that the link average speed of traffic flow can be estimated accurately using the method described in this paper.

Mobile storage techniques have gained rapid development together alongside 3D technology, thus making mobile terminal integrated vision navigation possible. A vision vehicle navigation system can be a useful component of intelligent transportation systems, helping people to quickly find their destinations through realistic visual navigation guidance. In this paper, we propose a "reality vision" navigation system based upon a sequence geo-referenced image database. First, a sequence geo-referenced image collection technique with a land-based mobile mapping system is described. The sequence image database and index algorithm with spatial grid is designed to obtain fast query response with an image selection algorithm. Second, the road link model with sequence image database and a related navigation mode is presented as a way to realize reality vision navigation. Finally, we describe a prototype that is supported by Windows Mobile and can run with PDA, PND. The prototype can support an image database of a whole Wuhan city with data volume above 2GB and still achieve reality vision navigation.

The scientific and engineering aspect of signal timing and coordination is reflected by sophisticated optimization algorithms, computer software, and roadway infrastructure to support servicing traffic flows. On the other hand, implementing a coordinated signal timing plan in the field often involves fine tuning of a plan in order to achieve the best performance. Such a field implementation and fine tune task provides a stage for the traffic engineers to demonstrate their intellectual and artistic skills of manipulating signal timing using the advanced traffic signal controller features. Therefore, traffic engineers often describe signal timing as a form of engineering art. This paper addresses such an artistic aspect of signal timing by illustrating various signal timing tricks applied on different cases. Specifically, the cases to be discussed include: left-turn phasing sequence, pedestrian handling, dealing with long arterials, and strategies for controlling closely-spaced signals. Applying the tricks and tips illustrated in this paper can provide quick fixes to some common operational problems without the need of significant capital investment. Finally, the paper also touches some basic issues related to traffic flow and roadway characteristics in China, and how the signal timing principles may be adapted to China's urban arterials.

This paper investigates the method of collecting real-time traffic information using the cell dwell time (CDT) theory. In this novel technique, mobile phones are used as a tools to collect traffic information. The mobile phone network has extensive probes and can acquire exact information in any condition. Research suggests CDT is associated with traffic condition: high CDT values usually indicate high traffic congestion, low CDT indicates good traffic conditions. This paper illuminates the theory of using CDT to collect traffic information, and presents the traffic parameters estimate model. The vehicle routes between two cells can be confirmed by map matching technique. Based on the relationship of vehicle velocity, density and traffic volume, the traffic volume can be estimated. Using CDT theory, the researchers were able to obtain the average velocity of vehicles on the road. The results showed encouraging performance in traffic condition estimation and traffic parameters estimation.

Intelligent Transportation Systems—Public Transport (ITS—PT) make use of advanced techniques to obtain real-time public transport information to dispatch buses. ITS—PT is a new style of public transport dispatching, and it is an important step toward the realization of moderation management. This paper discusses the two dimensions of optimization of public transport networks, also called initial network optimization and real-time network optimization, and establishes the mathematical models to advance the optimization algorithm. The results achieve the goal of managing an urban public transportation system scientifically and modernly.

With the pace of social and economic development, the focus of public traffic scheduling is gradually changing from the previous pure emphasis on the economic benefits of public traffic enterprises to improving their service level. This paper presents an optimization scheduling model for a non-equivalent coordinated public transport network, which is based on the target of maximizing passenger benefit under the guidance of the basic idea while meeting the objective function, that of minimizing the total cost of passenger and public traffic operators. The research used an algorithm-hybrid of Genetic-simulated annealing (GA-SA) to optimize the frequency of public traffic scheduling, while using public traffic survey data of Shanghai to verify the model. The results indicate that the optimal model has strong practicability.

At present, traffic micro-simulation studies are mostly based on the following model and lane changing model, which are the fundamental models. What make them distinct are their different forms and parameters. Although these methods can simulate the foreign traffic system fairly well, they can not precisely simulate the mixed traffic of Chinese urban branch roads. This study, which focuses on the unique situation of Chinese motorized vehicles and non-motorized vehicles advancing in a mixed way on the urban branch roads, puts forward a new model that can be applied to motorized and non-motorized vehicles. It is an advanced model for mixed traffic on urban branch roads. Take motorized vehicles for example; it will no longer be limited to fundamental forms, such as free driving, following driving or lane changing driving and so on, but will always be in an advanced state. There is no rigid lane dividing principle when the vehicle is advancing. Its lateral location, speed and other factors depend on the comprehensive traffic circumstance around it. In theory, there are numberless possibilities and choices. The principles of the non-motorized vehicles model resemble the motorized vehicles model. When the model was built, we used the crossing bridge of north Jianshe street in Shijiazhuang for testing and verification. It turned out that this method can make an accurate micro-simulation of mixed traffic on Chinese urban branch roads. In this way, it filled the blank left by the imported software.

Traffic accident parameter determination is one of the most important topics in the traffic engineering domain. As a rule, parameter determination methods are all based on the brake marks, thrown objects etc. The results are often inaccurate due to the uncertainties of the road surface friction coefficient, the collision model and the geometric center of vehicles. In 2008, this study team proposed relying on large-scale construction of video surveillance equipment in China. A Gaussian mixture model is adopted to carry on background extraction and parameters such as vehicle movement path, real-time speed etc. were extracted from the video with Kalman Filter and obtained good results. Based on the research in 2008, this paper proposes that the background method of difference be used to replace the Gauss mixed model in the background extraction, and that a Kalman filtering track algorithm based on the fuzzy match be used to replace the traditional Kalman filtering track algorithm in the path track aspect. Through the theory, the example and the analysis, the newly proposed method is more effective.

According to the characters of marine navigation, this paper extends the concept of the velocity obstacle and develops a reactive approach to collision avoidance among multiple ship agents. By selecting a reasonable velocity within free parts of its maneuvering space that aren't covered by the union of velocity obstacles of all other ship agents, a ship agent can navigate safely without collision. Simulation experiments show that our approach is able to navigate multiple ship agents with smooth and natural paths to avoid collision, and can be applied to multi-agent based marine traffic simulation systems.

Traffic signals on urban arterials operate in coordinated systems to provide smooth progression of major traffic movements. In recent decades, continued efforts have been made to research and develop coordinated traffic signal control strategies. As a result, many models, either off-line or on-line, have been developed. Despite the availability of customary models, all of them have been designed by coordinating all intersections at the same time, and there are many problems. For example, the individual intersection spacing may not be ideal, eventually leading to poor coordination. An improved method is put forward in this paper to replace the classical method: the method of main intersection control strategies. The intersections on urban arterials that need to be coordinated are divided into two levels: the main intersection and the participation intersection. First, the intersections that are more important and appropriate to coordinate are selected as the main intersections. Then, the basic computing can be performed on the main intersections. The effect of coordination is better than the results from calculating all intersections directly. The rest of the intersections can be brought into the coordinated system through many other ways so as to minimize the impact on the system. Compared with the classic method, this method of main intersection control strategies optimizes the effectiveness of coordination, reduces the traffic delay and deals with the intersections step-by-step. In practical engineering, compared with the classical method, it has been proven that the new method can reduce the delay by about 10–20 percent. It has great value in practical application.

Floating car data (FCD) are characterized by high dimensions and large data size with complex spatiotemporal relationships. This paper proposes a time interval-varying scheme for FCD dimensional reduction for clustering analysis, which can capture the main fluctuation closer to the original data. A self-organizing map is used as the clustering algorithm. Some interesting and hidden relationships between links can be found in the clustering results. The method proposed in this paper proved acceptable for FCD clustering, which is useful for road correlation analysis of the urban road network.

Interconnection desirability testing between adjacent intersections is critical to analyzing traffic conditions and deciding whether the two isolated traffic signals should be interconnected. This paper reports the development of a route-based Interconnection Desirability Index model to evaluate the need to interconnect signalized intersections. In the first part, the shortcomings of existing traditional Interconnection desirability index model (link-based model) were analyzed. In the second part, a route-based model was built, considering not only the distance between intersections but also the signal phase plan and route volume composition. Finally, a case study, including two real intersections, is presented. The performance of traditional link-based models and the proposed route-based model were compared. Synchro and VISSIM were used to optimize and evaluate the isolated and coordinated signal timings. The results show that the proposed route-based model has the ability to describe the real relationship of adjacent intersections and find the most critical route for signal coordination. Moreover, the route-based model is more sensitive than link-based models under high interconnection desirability conditions.

This paper defines what VMS was and what the VMS's future range was, and points out the deficiency of the VMS's future range in China. The paper focuses on three themes: the VMS information reading, decision making and operating, main parameters that could affect the threshold scope of the VMS's future range and were reasonably analyzed in turn by the author. An optimal model for the VMS's future range is presented here, and some optimal quantitative methods to every concrete parameter are also introduced and constructed. Finally, some inherent relations between the characteristics of the vehicles' driving speed and the threshold scope of VMS's future range are studied through a discussion of the upper and the lower limit range of VMS's future range, and we discuss some important and useful conclusions to guide the VMS's project in the future.

Using traffic data collected by floating car is a feasible way to determine road network traffic conditions. But conventional travel speed estimation from high sampling floating car data (FCD) is not applicable in practice. In this paper we propose a method for estimating road travel speed from low sampling FCD based on a trajectory-based approach, which also takes intersections into consideration. The experiment demonstrates that this approach can achieve a trade-off between low sampling FCD and higher estimation accuracy, and can be further used for traffic state analysis and short-term prediction.

Driver fatigue is one of the main causes of fatal accidents. The development of countermeasures against driver fatigue has been an urgent issue. This paper focuses on in experiments that, in the virtual driving environment, based on the formation mechanism of driver fatigue, caught the driver fatigue state of subjects, used sound as an environmental stimulus to intervene, and applied experimental data to analyze effects of different types of sound stimuli on driver fatigue. Four factors and three levels of orthogonal design were carried out in the experiment, according to eye movement and physiological indicators before and after different types of sound stimuli to identify the extent of driver fatigue. We then selected the most effective sound combination to combat fatigue. The result showed that sonic intensity and stimulation time were the most significant factors to fighting driver fatigue, and frequency and stimulating interval were weak factors.

Because expressway construction has recently progressed rapidly in China, traffic management needs more efficiency. So we urgently need to study the expressway system's level of service (LOS) evaluation methods. In the planning, design, and operating stages, our aims in evaluating LOS and the data to be used were different, and we have accordingly adopted different evaluation methods for each stage. This paper investigates the LOS evaluation method in the operating stage, evolving a model to estimate travel speed based on the dual loop detectors that were developed, to verify the precision of the model. We have proved that it is feasible to replace the data of the section with that of lane 2 for analysis. Taking the travel speed index as a service measure, we developed a quantitative method for evaluating expressway LOS, and we developed procedures for operating quality analysis. We also successfully applied this method to an example.

This paper proposes a novel method for the detection and segmentation of vehicles from video traffic surveillance. A Bayesian decision rule is derived for background and foreground classification based on the statistics of a principle feature. The kernel density function is used to represent feature statistics. Considering that background pixel variation has strong spatial and temporal correlations, the pixels of the video's background have been divided into two types of static or dynamic pixels which are described by different principal features. Foreground objects are extracted by fusing the detection results from both stationary and motional points. Gradual and sudden background changes, are addressed with different learning strategies proposed in this paper. Our experiments on traffic surveillance have shown promising results in extracting vehicles from their complex backgrounds.

Research of the shortest path problem in time-dependent networks has important practical value. An improved pheromone update strategy is demonstrated here. Using this strategy, the residual pheromone of each path can accurately reflect the change of weighted value for each path. An improved ant colony algorithm for the shortest path problem in time-dependent networks based on our improved strategy is also presented here. The results of this experiment show that the improved algorithm has a greater probability to achieve an optimal solution, and the convergence rate of the algorithm is greater than that of a traditional ant colony algorithm.

Extreme emergencies, whether caused by man or natural disasters, increasingly threaten urban life. Emergency traffic evacuation management is a complex procedure that includes routing evacuees, identifying exits, and designing traffic control. The evacuation routing models are vital to the evacuation planning problem. Real-time traffic evacuation management has become an increasingly attractive research topic, as a result of the rapid development and wide-spread deployment of a large number of applications for traffic data collection, processing, and dissemination. In this paper we extend our existing work on developing Intelligent Emergency Traffic Evacuation System (IETES) as a spatial decision support system based on Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) technology for urban disaster environment traffic control. The IETES has been enhanced with the Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) model and Real-time Evacuation Algorithm (REA) to solve emergency traffic resource distribution and dynamic existing problems. ESDA performs spatial traffic data mining and data analysis functions from urban Geographic Information System (GIS) databases to set up relation links between dynamic traffic flows and varying disaster environment, which could improve DTA and REA efficiencies. An inference engine designed on rules and cases could make IETES capable of thinking, learning, and decision supporting.

In this paper, the estimation of origin-destination (OD) matrices for public traffic passenger flow is given. As the basis of transit scheduling, more accurate OD matrices mean more scientific operations and more rational utilization of staff and vehicles. In order to improve the estimation precision, characteristics of a passenger's trip, land use around bus stops, and transferring function are considered. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) Test method is adopted to analyze the trip stops. The result shows that it follows a Poisson distribution. According to passengers boarding and alighting, the OD estimation based on the trip's character is present. Attracting coefficient and weight are employed to estimate the OD matrices based on the land use around the stops. The stop significant coefficient, which relates to the route number of stations as starting, ending and midway, is also proposed to estimate the OD matrices based on transferring function. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to combine these three factors, and the last OD matrices are gained. Real data are applied to test the estimation methodology. Good agreement between predicted and observed matrices is found, and the results prove that the method is feasible to heighten accuracy.