ICTIS 2011: Multimodal Approach to Sustained Transportation System Development: Information, Technology, Implementation

In view of the inadequateness that exists in standards and specifications for freeway service area in China, this paper carried out research on the layout problems related to freeway service areas. Firstly, the freeway service areas were categorized into 3 types according to the area's function and size, and then their corresponding function characteristics and scales were described qualitatively and quantitatively. Secondly, the factors influencing freeway service areas were determined as freeway type, traffic volume and drive-in rate, vehicle property, the landscape along freeways, function coordination. Thirdly, this paper set a distance-based optimizing model for single freeway service area layout, and then put forward the optimization criteria and procedure for service areas of freeway network. Finally, the theory was validated by applying the layout optimization model with Hubei Province.

The study involves a functional simulation model for the maritime transit traffic in the harbor public channel that investigates the channel traffic capacity. The model provides a platform to analyze the effects of factors such as Rules and Regulations, vessel type and its proportion, vessel speed, safety distance between ships, scheduling strategy, meteorological and hydrological conditions etc. on the traffic capacity of the harbor public channel. The model has inbuilt flexibility to consider additional variables and parameters depending on data availability and scenarios to be examined. The results obtained from the study clearly indicate that some interesting relationships exist among these factors.

Due to the increase in traffic, bus's traffic safety problem has been always drawing people's attention. This paper intends to conduct a scientific analysis of bus traffic behavior, mainly focusing on the bad traffic behavior. And on this basis, study on how to maintain safety control is conducted.

The policy of "Public Transport Priority" is a principal strategy for urban traffic development. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is an crucial part of city public transport. More and more cities have built and operated BRT in the world, and many cities in China have planned and built it recently. The Platform Screen Doors (PSDs) system is an important component at BRT stations, and it not only screens platform from bus lane to offer a safe and comfortable environment for passengers, but also can offer bus position information to Bus Fleet Management System (BFMS) which manage operating bus fleet. Compared with the traditional BFMS based on GPS (Global Position System), this system locates bus position of arrival/departure at station platform based on signpost technology which is similar to the Platform Screen Doors (PSDs) system. Only when the bus stops at depot within a permissible error distance, the driver can open/close PSDs using onboard transmitter to send out a signal which is received by the Platform receivers mounted at Platform edge. Using location technology of PSDs, the system of BFMS for BRT can offer bus fleet management including basic information assembly, bus real-time monitor, bus operating etc. It is applied in China's cities such as Jinan and Zhengzhou etc, and the system of BFMS for BRT offers a good assistance for BRT operator.

Nowadays, to predict the deformation of the bottom of oil tank has been an urgent problem of oil storage and processing enterprises in transportation engineering. Using body-fitted coordinate system, the inverse problem mathematical model of the deformation of the bottom of oil tank is established, and the two-dimensional oil reserve integral expressions are derived. Between oil reserves, vertical angle, heeling angle and the oil level height, the relative function is derived. Our prediction value of oil reserves is compared with the actual measured one, and the accuracy is higher than 95%.

It is a hot project to research Shanghai World Expo (SWE) influencing transportation. Based on factor analysis, three periods quantitative evaluation mathematic model of Shanghai world expo impact on transportation is established. By using of principal component analysis algorithm and factor analysis method, the results of Shanghai World Expo impact on transportation are obtained.

To improve the comfort of information cognition and safety in expressway long-tunnel exit, and to study the variation of drivers' visual features in expressway long-tunnel exit, medium passenger vehicle was used to perform driving test in real tunnel environment. Parameters of visual features were recorded using eye tracking system when vehicles traversed the section from 200 meters inside the tunnel to another spot 200 meters outside the tunnel. Mathematic models of drivers' fixation duration, the number of fixations, and saccade amplitude in the tunnel exit were established based on BP Neural Network (Error Back Propagation Network) simulation. Results showed that as the vehicle moving closer to the tunnel exit, fixation duration and the number of fixations gradually decreased, while saccade amplitude increased. After drivers left the tunnel exit, fixation duration slightly decreased and the number of fixations increased, while saccade amplitude was slightly bigger than that inside the tunnel, only with litter amplitude variation.

This paper presents a theoretical approach that has been developed to capture the computational intensity and computing resource requirements of intelligent transportation system (ITS) data and analysis methods. These requirements can be transformed into a common framework, region-based divisions of ITS computational data processing, which supports the efficient use of cyber infrastructure. The computational transformation is performed to characterize the computational intensity of a particular ITS data analyses. The application of the theoretical approach is illustrated using two ITS data processing methods: multi-sensor data fusion by integrating federated Kalman filter and D-S evidence theory, and geospatial computation on GPS data for urban traffic monitoring. Through the application, the development of region-based division method is decoupled from specific high performance computer architecture and implementations, which makes the design of generic parallel processing solutions feasible for ITS data analyses. The experimental results show that the framework can be applied to divide the ITS data analyses based on regions into a balanced set of computing tasks, and parallelizing data fusion and geospatial computation algorithms achieves better speedup.

In the paper, the road network traffic recovery reliability is defined as the probability that the road network affected by the incident being able to recover to formal performance condition within expected time. Various factors that influencing the road network recovery reliability (e.g. incident nature; incident clearance efficiency; road congestion degree; alternative route availability and information availability), are analyzed. An evaluation method for recovery reliability is proposed and the method is tested on a local road network in Beijing. The numerical results revealed the relationship between the recovery reliability and its influencing factors, which gave us useful guideline for traffic management and plan.

This paper aims for public transport network system to use small investment in public transportation enterprises and set up the bi-level program model. It also studies the problem of designing the conventional public transportation network. The model fully reflects the different decision-making behaviors and the interaction between the supply and demand corresponding with the actual needs. It uses MATLAB 7.1 to program genetic algorithms for solving the model, and obtains road network design of the conventional public transportation network for optimization. Finally, through the example of Nanchang transit network optimization, the result shows that bi-level programming model for the design of the public transport network is feasible and effective.

Aiming at the structure feature and maintenance quality situation of highway electromechanical system facilities in China and in order to evaluate the current operation of the system scientifically and objectively, the comprehensive evaluation method of electromechanical facilities maintenance quality was studied. Based on the combination of qualitative and quantitative index, five-layer analytic hierarchy process (AHP) structure model and fuzzy mathematical theory is applied to conduct comprehensive assessment of electromechanical system facilities operation. The weight of every layer impact factor was analyzed and established through the integrated manner of questionnaire survey, on-the-spot investigation, expert consultation and adaptive adjustment. The result of proposed methodology technique can provide more precise weight data for maintenance quality assessment.

Speed Management is an important part of Road Traffic Safety Management. As the amount of vehicles on the road has greatly increased and the anti-monitoring means has increased as well, the traditional speed monitoring measures, including the fixed-point monitoring and the moving monitoring are also not efficient now a days. Based on the existing systems of traffic police department and transport sectors, this paper designs and reconstructs a new type of vehicle monitoring system in road network, using the interval speed monitoring technology and vehicle track pattern confirming technology as the main technical means. The system can be used in speed monitoring, track down dispatched and the fake license plate identification. The application indicates that the system could cover larger area of road network, be more accurate in speed measuring, more extensible in further application, and more capable in anti-monitoring.

There are many factors with complicated inter- relationships that affect arterial highway safety. Many uncertainties exist between traffic safety countermeasures and their expected effectiveness. In the process of developing countermeasures of arterial highway traffic accident prevention, it is an essential task of current traffic safety management to deal with the above-mentioned uncertainties effectively and to make scientific evaluation and selection of the countermeasures with an aim of allocating social resource reasonably. Upon systematic analysis of the characteristics of the traffic accidents and summarization of highway safety countermeasures, the arterial highway safety countermeasure system is proposed. With Crash Reduction Factor (CRF) borrowed from USA applied, the effectiveness analysis of arterial highway safety countermeasures is implemented. Based on the above, and with help of Inductive Learning Approach, the intellectualized evaluation model for arterial highway safety countermeasure is established.

To evaluate the situation of traffic safety level of road network comprehensively and systematically based on the analysis of research profile home and abroad, the function of TSLE index of road network is analyzed theoretically, and different safety standards are compared and developed. According to the principle of index choice, a comprehensive assessment of road network safety indicators is constructed. Case analysis shows that this index can be used to provide technical support and decision-making basis for the evaluation of traffic safety level of road network.

In the low and middle income countries including China, the majority of such deaths and injuries are among "vulnerable road users" (VRUs) — pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists. In this paper, we mainly focus on the safety of pedestrians and bicyclists in crossing the street. This paper studied the four main crossing places. The four places include: 1) near the intersection, 2) grade intersection, 3) The intersection within one of imports is three-dimensional form of crossing, 4) near the bus stop. The survey summarizes the main factors that lead to the traffic crash from road users' behavior, safety measurements, traffic channeling and so on .In order to reduce conflicts and improve the safety of vulnerable road users, it provided improvement countermeasures.

The key of the drivers' behaviors are their driving decisions. To reveal the decision-making process, a new model with consideration of the deceleration limitation (DL) was built, based on a cellular automata (CA) model. In the DL model, the driver's decision was divided into three steps: decision-making, action and result. And the acceleration was taken as a decision variable and also two other core factors, i.e. distance between adjacent vehicles and their own velocity, were considered. Simulation results show that the DL model can simulate the interaction between vehicles realistically and describe the phase transition of traffic flow well. Further analyses illustrate that the density's change can cause the critical phase transition in traffic flow. These findings have effectively reproduced some realistic phenomenon and will help reduce the traffic congestion.

A comprehensive road traffic Accident Index (AI) of two-lane highway intersection is established, using statistical value of traffic accidents. About 170 highway intersections are surveyed, accidents happened in recent four years at these intersections are collected, and AI of each intersection is calculated. The AI of the intersections is analyzed by the clustering statistical method and the critical value of each grade is generated. The results will provide reference to improving highway intersection safety, and help to optimize the allocation of resources.

After an incident or disaster happened, the most important thing sent was emergency supplies and equipment to affected area or refugee shelter. During this process the vehicle coming to emergency center and loading supplies are relatively time-consuming. In this paper the time consumed by the vehicle to arrive at emergency center is assumed subject to Gaussian distribution and supplies loading time consumption is subject to exponential distribution. Based on this hypothesis, a GI/M/1 of vehicle arrives and supplies loading model was described, and the average vehicle waiting-time and waiting queue length expression are given. After that a simulation model was established by ExtendSim. At the end of this paper the error between the theoretical expression and simulation data were analyzed. The result showed that using queue theory to analyze the time-consumption of emergency logistics was worthy to be considered by decision maker.

Urban public transportation system is an essential component of urban infrastructure. The service quality of urban public transportation system is closely related to living quality of citizens. Automated Data collection systems such as bus IC card and GPS systems have been widely equipped in China. These systems contain large amount of information for traffic administrators. This paper uses data mining technology to extract information useful for bus service bottleneck identification from ADC systems. The bottleneck identification index system concerns about both bus service reliability and convenience. It is consisted of 4 indices: excessive travel time, travel time regularity, degree of punctual at station and average waiting time at station. The definition and calculation of each index is described in the paper.

According to the traffic safety actuality of the vulnerable road user at urban intersections, the traffic safety assessment method was proposed based on BP neural network. Based on defining and classifying the concept of the vulnerable road user, travel demand of the different categories of the vulnerable road user from the aspects of physiological characteristics and social characteristics was concluded. Then safety assessment indexes system was built from two goals of traffic facilities and traffic organization. Finally, the comprehensive assessment software based on BP neural network was developed by C++ computer language. The result shows that the model of BP neural network was used in the assessment system of the vulnerable road user traffic safety at urban intersections, which has good applicability. It was proved by the example and showed that the method is operable and the result is credible.

Road traffic system is a man-involved complex system. Especially, the driver's behavior decides considerable parts of its properties. Driving behavior is an information processing course going on unceasingly, and study on information processing pattern of the drivers forms the key foundation of road traffic safety and automobile safety design. Before time, method of clocked scan is used in the microcosmic simulation study of driving behavior and the step length is 1s. The lag caused by driving decision-making reaction time is ignored. At the same time, because of the non-accuracy, the simulation ability about driving behavior in stimulation of dynamic scene is reduced. The scanning step length is dropped to 0.1s in order to scan and analyze the dynamic (static) information which influences driving behavior exactly. Moreover, the most excellent decision-making is gained through fusing the information with fuzzy optimization. It is feasible to fuse the information with fuzzy optimization. Decision-making optimized process can be described more deeply through precision clocked scan.

The retaining wall is an important part of the transportation system. Once it gets damaged in an earthquake, it not only creates huge direct economic loss, but also creates difficulties to the rescue work. On 12 May 2008, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred in WenChuan of Sichuan province; destroyed many of the retaining walls existed. Therefore, the research on emergency assessment of the retaining wall damaged in earthquake has practical significance to the structure seismic performance evaluation and the earthquake emergency. In this paper, the key issues associated with post-earthquake emergency inspections of retaining walls are presented, such as the forms of retaining wall damage, the damage features under earthquake and the influence factors. Safety criteria are established and correlations of such criteria with various damage states are given. This paper presents the methods followed in the evaluation process, highlights the items for evaluation and intends to provide technical references for the post-earthquake disease prevention, diagnosis and disease treatment.

It is a potential danger for heavy trucks running on long and downgrade slopes, while these slopes are inevitable in mountainous terrain highway design. Recent statistics analysis shows that mountainous terrain highway traffic accidents mainly happened on the section of continuous downgrade slopes. Meanwhile, with the development of transportation industry, accidents frequency on continuous downgrade slopes has been increasing rapidly. The traffic safety on those slopes is becoming a social focus spot. In this paper, through investigating the traffic characteristics of domestic typical continuous downgrade slope sections, collecting the data of road technology parameters, truck loads, accidents, etc. the author made study on accident causes of truck brake-failure, and put forward safety counter measures for continuous downgrade slopes, considering existing methods, effects, and problems.

The paper introduces a solution for integrated electric propulsion systems in the 2000 m³ self-propelled suction dredger. The integrated electric propulsion system functions are described in detail. It also discusses several key problems involved in integrated electric propulsion system design, including varying frequency driving plan, harmonic wave estimation, power management system design, propulsion and dredging monitoring and control system design. By using the integrated electric propulsion system in the dredger, it realizes various functions including the unified power supply, power management, variable frequency drive and comprehensive monitoring and control. It has greatly increased overall effects and high automation of the dredger. Meanwhile it is also saves energy by adopting integrated electric propulsion solution. This will be a new direction for green-energy equipped ships in domestic rivers.

Urban road traffic conditions identifying can discriminate the road conditions using quantitative data of road network. A new urban road traffic conditions identifying method based on cloud model was proposed according to the cloud model's feature that it can achieve the natural conversion from quantitative data to qualitative concept; it can convert from the data of traffic parameters to traffic state smoothly. When classifying the regional traffic state, first, the state of intersections and links are classified respectively, second, with weighted average the state of intersections and links, the regional traffic state was given. A simulation was proposed by software VISSIM finally. A comparative analysis showed positive and encouraging results.

If the road traffic facility is set in improper way, it will lead to a wrong driving behavior and thus leads to accidents. Whereas the traffic facilities have too many varieties and have no strict installation regulation, these will produce huge study workload. The questionnaire form for traffic facilities on driving behavior safety investigation was designed with 21 items which closely relate to drivers' daily life. The evaluation indices have obvious effects on driving behaviour. Some indices have significant correlation with each other. If major factors are ascertained, workload for later work will be reduced. The impact of every factor to traffic safety will be obvious. This will provide more convenience for formulating quantitative model about traffic facilities and traffic safety. Statistical software was used to simplify the effective factors of complicated traffic facilities, to gain the major factors, to provide theoretical basis for the later study about the correlation between traffic facilities and driving behaviour. The factor analysis method was used to study the variables in the questionnaires. Six major factors were picked out with variable load. The maximum value of variance rotation method was used for structure simplification. It is found that eigenvalues of the six main factors were 4.027, 3.503, 3.336, 2.364, 1.834 and 1.486. The finally accumulated explaining variance is 78.848 percent.

Crash aggressivity (CA), along with conventional crash worthiness (CW), has been recently studied to deal with the crash incompatibility between vehicles on roads. This study proposes a systematic crash-based approach to index CA and CW of various vehicles. The approach deviates from existing methods in three aspects: (a) an explicit definition and specification in the model for CW and CA; (b) Bayesian hierarchical analysis to account for the crash-vehicle two-level data structure; (c) a five-level ordinal model to explicitly consider all levels of crash severity.

Both highway design and management are aiming at the needs of running vehicles, which shows the significance of traffic composition characteristic including traffic capacity and safety. The development of the economy and mechanization influence the traffic composition deeply. In order to reflect the actual traffic characteristics as to provide some evidence for road designers and managers, especially in barrier design. This paper does some systematic investigation and analysis work using the real traffic data collected from different level highways. Basing on the Chinese plan of 11^th 5 years, 8 economic regions and are divided to represent the whole condition in China. Different functions such as highways are divided into expressways, national and provincial highways. The relationship between economic and traffic composition characteristic are also analyzed, and two kinds of whole results are provided using simple average method and GDP weighting method. The typical truck mass is also provided.

This paper aims at managing safety at traffic analysis zones (TAZs) by investigating best sets of covariates for total, severe, peak hour, and pedestrian and bicycle-related crashes considering various types of trip productions and attractions in combination with roadway characteristics of the TAZs as explanatory variables. It is found that the severe crash model is the best fit by trip related predictors only; total crash and peak hour crash model are best fit for total trip attractions and total trip productions whereas pedestrian and bicycle related crash model is best described as road related predictors only.

Class 1 highway is an important component part of multilane highway in our national highway net system and it has three typical cross-section forms. This article analyzes the effects of different central separator type, roadside separator type and roadside development degree on free flow speed. Two field highway survey data indicates that the central physical separator has no effect on the free flow speed. But the dual amber line separator can lower free flow speed 1.6km/h when traffic volume increases 100pcu/h. seven field highway survey data proves that roadside development degree has no effect on roadside physical separator highway. If physical separator is changed into white line separator, free flow speed will be lowered 2.5km/h when the roadside development degree increases 10%. Impact of access density on traffic flow mainly shows on highway safety. Traffic accident data and access density design analysis results get the impact of design on traffic flow. It introduces the concept of access equivalent intensity and establishes the relationship between access equivalent intensity and traffic accident rate. Suggestions are proposed to amend the highway design standard.

This paper reviews current technology used in inspection equipment in Metro Security System of China. Comparison was made on the inspection equipment used in airport and custom which includes X-ray inspection equipment, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) detection instrument, Ion Mobility Spectrometry Detection and Raman Spectroscopy equipment. Based on scenario of huge passenger flow of metro in China, an inspection equipment system set up is proposed.

Because of the certain defects in traditional methods on evaluating intersections, this paper applies the typical method that is combined with traffic conflict and grey clustering. It induces the ratio, which is between traffic conflict and mixed traffic equivalence during morning peak hours, evening peak hours and common hours, and is chosen as the evaluation indices according to the use of the traffic technique. Then the method is used to evaluate the safety condition of 8 intersections in Liuzhou city. The outcome shows the result and the practical situation are consistent, which proves that the present method is feasible. Finally, the improvement measures of intersection safety were put forward.

In order to analyze the influence of road users' personal property on the cognition of VMS, the Stated Preference (SP) survey method has been used. With different types and different areas of motor vehicle drivers of Zhengzhou as the research objects, through the questionnaire survey and related data collection, the effect of different road users' personal property to the transportation induced strategy and route choice behavior of VMS which can provide traffic information has been studied in this paper. The research results not only show that road users' personal property such as gender, age, cultural level, familiarity of the situation of roads, driving ages and the types of their vehicles and so on, can influence the cognition of road users, but also can provide better design, operation and evaluation VMS information release effect provide important reference.

Forecasting freight volume scientifically is very important to the decision making of transportation and economic development strategies. In the forecast of freight volume, it is hard to obtain the satisfactory results with the traditional individual econometric forecasting methods and models for its various relative factors. Compared with individual forecast methods, the combination forecast method can improve the precision and stability of forecast results, and it is widely used in practice. In order to achieve a more accurate forecast result for freight volume, after comparing the current methods and models for forecast and summarizing the basic idea of combined forecast, the paper provides the combination forecast model based on the RBF neural network. A fitting and forecast model based on the historical data of freight volume with various methods separately is established, and then the fitting and forecast results are mixed into the combination model for forecast by the RBF neural network. At last, a forecast example of freight volume in Fujian Province is presented, and the results prove that the model for forecasting freight volume is effective and feasible, and it has a good practical value.

Management of urban mobility and road space optimization is increasingly supported by the use of technology. The effective control of urban transport systems depends on a strategic project to devise a systemic network to manage traffic and transport, focused on road safety and flow, optimized through Intelligent Transportation Systems - ITS. Nowadays it is not enough focus only on expanding the infrastructure to improve movement of vehicles; it is necessary to invest in ITS. The integration between the regulation system and information to user is the key to provide mobility. Data collected about the operation and traffic conditions are decisive for decision making and thus the synergy between traffic and transportation must be natural. This article aims to present the experience of Porto Alegre in providing mobility management and regulation of transport through the Central Monitoring and Control of Mobility- CECOMM supported by the effective use of ITS.

A multi-objective emergency resource scheduling model with transportation capacity constraint is proposed to raise multi-depot emergency resources scheduling efficiency and reduce casualties and property losses. In the proposed model, the time-variation of casualties is considered, and the maximum amount of effective relief commodities is the first objective. And the minimum transportation cost for emergency resources scheduling is also an important objective. During practical emergency rescue, multiple transportation means and their cost and capacity are main constraints. Moreover, the distribution of emergency in different depots influences strongly the scheduling of emergency resources. All of this has been discussed in the proposed model, and it is verified by an example. Experiment indicates that the proposed model is coincident with the practical emergency rescue.

Xi-Han Freeway is a unique freeway passing through a mountainous region with very challenging topography and complex climatic conditions. This freeway is built with many bridges and tunnels that greatly complicated the alignment design. Since its opening in 2007, the safety has become a serious concern due to the high crash risk. This paper presents the results of a crash analysis and consequent proposal on the crash countermeasures for Xi-Han Freeway are presented. This research provides evidence on how to improve safety of freeways in mountainous regions in China.

The destructive forces of an earthquake are known to be very large. In addition, it is difficult to predict exactly when and how an earthquake will occur. Thus, earthquakes will, to a great extent, endanger people's lives and result in tremendous economic losses to society when they occur. In recent years, earthquakes have taken place worldwide, causing great damage to people's lives and property. As a result, all levels of government across the world pay particular attention to earthquake emergency planning and incorporate emergency planning into their comprehensive transportation plans. Shelters, as the destination of evacuees, play an important role in earthquake emergency evacuation plans. The objective of this paper is to define principles of planning and layout for emergency evaluation shelters and to explore an approach for choosing suitable shelters for earthquake emergency evacuation. Likelihood-of-candidate, a comprehensive indicator for shelter selection, is introduced in this study as a tool to rank shelters to be chosen. Three factors are outlined as influencing the ranking of likelihood-of-candidate of a shelter: 1) capacity of facility, 2) quality of facility, and 3) accessibility. The likelihood-of-candidate model is built up to quantitatively determine the relative status of shelters to be chosen. The model is validated and calibrated using data from Beijing, China.

Obtaining real-time traffic information parameters accurately is one of the key techniques in Intelligent Transportation Systems. According to the features of traffic information, the large amount and the complexity, it comparatively analyses the merits and the demerits of Radio Frequency Identification( RFID )and Wireless Sensor Network ( WSN ) technologies. The feasibility of integrating RFID and WSN technologies are discussed and the advantages of these technologies are used in traffic management applications. Here, a new self-organized network structure is designed and described in detail how RFID and WSN work together perfectly and how to sense the state messages of the surrounding objects and environment in order to collect information which is needed by traffic management system. Meanwhile those state messages are sent to the Data Management Center by wireless communication technology. By this way the problems of real-time, comprehensiveness, economy and reliability in the collection of traffic information are effectively solved.

Route optimization is one of most effective measures for reducing the hazardous materials transportation risk by road. This paper discusses the problem related to route optimization for hazardous materials transportation with multiple time-windows constraints and time-varying attributes and for a given OD pair. Based on establishing a mathematical model for the above-mentioned route optimization problem, the proposed mathematical model is equivalently transformed into a static multi-objective shortest route problem reconstructed by the space-time network techniques, and an efficient dynamic labeling algorithm which can identify the most satisfied route is then developed. Finally, an example is taken for analyzing the effectiveness and practicability of the above-proposed method and algorithm. The result shows that the established route optimization model and algorithm have better operability in solving such complexity problem, which can provide technical support to decision-making of the government authorities and the road hazmat transport enterprises.

The urban traffic management information system has become an important way of solving traffic jam in cities. The paper designs a framework of vehicle navigating and guiding system using 3G mobile network and GIS electronic map according to information of moving objects. It discusses moving object's time-space attributes which is described by a five-field and a directed graph. It designs a GPS moving terminal device (GPS-MTD) and analyzes the GPS-MTD's software functions and hardware structures. It improves the function of GPS mobile apparatus which provide the guiding function using the shared information of traffic based on intelligent agent. The navigation based on the shortest path algorithm and ant colony optimization algorithm is been improved to one based on the real-time traffic flow of moving objects with GPS-MTD. The GPS-MTD provides the navigating and guiding decision-making for people.

Based on both of the principles of assignment of traffic and characters of railway, this paper designed and improved the function of Road block and the method of Balanced distribution on railway. Furthermore, a case study of the railway network in Shanghai was conducted in this paper in order to validate the improved model and analyze the related parameter.

Six simple curves were selected to survey driving track because of the features of many collision accidents in two-lane highway curves. Based on the analysis of trajectory excursion about large trucks, buses, small trucks and small passenger cars in the upward and downward direction, the characteristics of vehicle lateral excursion of different types were researched. And the relationship was established among vehicle types, radius of curve and cross-area tracks by measuring cross-area tracks of different radius. The result may provide some references for geometric design in two-lane highway.

Vehicle drivers are the direct participants of road, traffic and environment systems. Over 90% of the driving decision-making and operation are based on visual cognition. Oculomotor is proposed as an index for safety road design and management on the basis of analyzing the relationship between the visual cognition need and oculomotor characteristics. Experimental researches indicate that drivers' fixation points and attention areas are different at different driving speeds on certain road, traffic and environment system, but there are regulations to abide. The study on oculomotor characteristics is benefit to driving safety and road design and management.

The objective of this study is to identify factors which may contribute to injury risks of drivers aged 65 or older who are involved in single vehicle collisions in the City of Calgary in Canada. We find that being female, impaired, not using seatbelt, driving a van or driving under sun-glare tends to increase crash severity. Crash severity also tends to increase if the crash occurs at intersections, especially those without traffic control devices or involves the vehicle running off the road.

This paper first analyzes the principles and method of determining the scale of Logistics Park, then based on the current situation of regional economic and logistics development in Wuhan, using Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF) to forecast the total demand of scale of Logistics Parks in Wuhan, then compare to the current planning and constructing scale of Logistics Park in Wuhan and give the corresponding view.

Because more than 80000 people joined, the opening Ceremony of the 11th National Games of People's Republic of China (PRC), was under large traffic pressure. The paper first analyzes the challenges that the opening ceremony faced. To ease traffic pressure, on one hand, traffic department took many measures to reduce traffic demand. On the other hand, traffic department increased public transit capacity by opening up temporary transit lines. Factual traffic operation analysis indicated traffic organization of the opening ceremony was very successful. Finally, the paper summarizes experience of traffic organization of the opening ceremony.

The Arterial Travel Time System (ATTS) is described. ATTS uses vehicle signatures from wireless magnetic sensors embedded in the pavement and a matching algorithm to re-identify vehicles between reference locations. It accurately estimates travel time distributions in real time, and also derives various other performance measures, including delay, level of service, and emissions. Results from the ATTS deployments in Chula Vista, CA, USA and New York City, USA are discussed. With signal phase information, ATTS can help improve signal settings, and identify vehicles running a red light or speeding.

With the role of stirrups in reinforced concrete structure, the process of the corrosive expanding crack in concrete protective layer has been delayed. In order to consider the role of stirrups, the square stirrup used in engineering practice has been equivalent to ring stirrup. On the one hand the upper and lower limit diameter of ring stirrup have been determined in this project, on the other hand the effective scope of stirrup have been studied, which could be used to simulate the role of stirrup simply and comfortably. And an existing reinforced bar corrosion expanding model has been fixed with it, which has been experimentally verified by the straight flow anodic polarization accelerated corrosion test results. For the operating conditions with stirrup space 100mm and 150mm, the measured and the predicted expanding crack width has to have a good consistency.

The critical corrosive ratio of reinforced bar in RC structure is important for durability analysis when concrete protective layer becomes cracked by corrosive expanding. The ultimate tensile strain of concrete has been used to denote the crack of concrete study and the critical corrosive ratio in this paper, and the effective volume expansion ratio has been constructed to describe the effective expanding of corrosive rust, then the critical corrosive ratio model has been constructed with the ultimate tensile strain of concrete. An anodic polarization accelerated corrosion test has been chosen to simulate the corrosion of reinforced bar in reinforced concrete, and a good agreement has been shown between the calculated and the measured corrosive ratios.

Signalized intersections next to each other spatially on the same arterial share some unobservable information such as traffic flow and roadway characteristics, thus this study is to investigate the impact of access management techniques on crash counts at signalized intersections where the unobservable information is considered by developing panel data crash count data models based on crash data from 300 signalized intersections in Southern Nevada. Panel data random-effect model was selected to take into account the unobserved factors for each unique arterial. It was showed that Negative Binomial regression models were better able to reflect the dispersion in the crash data. Therefore, the random-effect negative binomial model (RENB) was applied to investigate the relationship between crash occurrence and access management techniques. The results showed that five variables significantly affected the safety at signalized intersections. The average length of corner clearance had negative impact on intersection crash occurrence while the total traffic flow in all directions, land use types, the number of lanes for minor streets and posted speed limit on minor streets were positively related to crashes at signalized intersections.

The optimization of traffic flow in a signalized urban road network is influenced not only by roads conditions, but also by traffic design and signal timing of intersections. Traditional traffic assignment models did not consider the traffic design elements in detail, and can not reflect the influence of traffic design on network traffic flow. The traffic flow optimization model was applied on a small urban road network in which all intersections were controlled by traffic signals. The model optimized the green splits and cycle length of traffic signals based on the traffic assignment model with fixed signals, and got the optimization result of road network traffic flow for a traffic design plan. This paper builds the traffic flow optimization model in urban road network with signals, studied the algorithm to solve the problem in an experiment network with VBA programming. The study indicated that the model had good convergence and global optimality, and could get the optimized network traffic flow for a traffic design plan.

This paper presents an on-board system for safety monitoring of on-road van transportation, which is achieved by on-board intelligent terminal, wireless mobile communication and monitoring center. The intelligent terminal includes master unit and detecting unit. The master unit equipped with an integrated GPS receiver mainly receives and processes GPS data for getting van's position and speed information. The detecting unit collects real-time status data of the van compartment, and carries out alarming when compartment door is illegally opened or destroyed, to ensure transportation process safety. It is proposed that a new method using ambient light sensor in the detecting unit to gather the status of the van compartment should be used. The design of the terminal's hardware and software is described. On-road experiments have demonstrated the efficiency and applicability of the developed terminal.

This paper deduces the formula, which can accurately calculate settlement composed of lateral displacement based on the constant volume method model for lateral displacement of the embankment settlement. Using this formula to Lan-Xu highway measured for 1 year of settlement and lateral displacement observation data calculation result shows that the deformation of road embankment includes vertical settlement and lateral displacement virtually in the period of construction;the lateral displacement of the settlement accounts for about 20% of the total settlement; the lateral displacement settlement is not instantaneous; the process can continue for a long time;in the settlement model subsidence prediction, full consideration should be given of lateral displacement.

In recent decades there has been an increasing number of cars and other vehicles in cities which have lead to traffic congestion. The opportunity for people to see roadside billboards has also increased. As a result billboard advertising has become valuable advertising instrument for advertisers. It is a daunting workload to calculate the times drivers and passengers glance at billboards manually in a large metropolis with thousands of roads. If the probability of people looking out of vehicles is fixed, travelers who are on the roads with lower traffic speed, higher traffic density and more queuing time will have more chances to see the billboards. Considering that, we present a meta-level K-means method to automatically evaluate the advertising value of all roads in an urban region. It estimates the traffic state from the taxies' GPS data to evaluate the road advertising value. The experiment was carried out on the real traffic data from one region in Shanghai and the result shows that the proposed method achieves the expected performance.

There is no uniform standard in the settlement of highway construction process. The driving comfort will not be affected if non- even settlement is controlled within a certain range. In order to achieve this requirement the formation of 3-meter straightedge lar the slope caused by non- even settlement is limited to 0.47% when driving at the speed of 110km / h, road excitation wavelength is 60m, and regard this index as the non- even settlement standard for expressway. The restriction of non- even settlement is calculated and is 14.1cm according to the model. Examined by the project, this model and standard can be used for guiding the newly-built highway to subside stability controlling.

The amount of allocated driving attention must be commensurate with the demand for attention that is imposed by the driving task under a particular driving environment. According to classifying the driving task and non-driving related tasks, we can further learn about the reason of driver distraction. Based on the principle of balance between supply and demand, under the assumed condition that the driving task and non-driving related task can be detected, we analyzed the different situation of driver distraction, and then we constructed the Driving Task Supply-Demand Strategy Model for real-time estimating the driving task demand. These variables include diver task demand (e.g., road type, driving speed, headway, turning) and non-driving related task demand (e.g., Wireless Device distraction, Vehicle-Related device distraction, Passenger-Related talking distraction, external distraction, in-vehicle objects-related distraction, Looked but did not see).

According to the risk ingredients of mountain highway and the selecting principles of evaluation index, through analyzing interrelation of road facilities, natural environment and driving safety, the main factors as well as their various combinations of mountain highway driving risk were determined by using Delphi and clustering analysis methods. Then, safety evaluation index of mountain highway driving environment was established, which contained three arrangements with five sub-factors in two aspects including road environment and climate environment. And the indices were analyzed and contrasted. This method can provide a basis for the scientific safety evaluation of driving environment of mountain highway.

From the safety of curved section of mountain road, the paper applies medical science, psychology, traffic engineering and other theories, and combines the methods of theoretical analysis and field testing, using holter device, GPS and other equipment on the mountain two-lane highway to collect the data of running speed and driver's heart rate. Adopting computer tools for data mining curved section of mountain two-lane highway safety operation model is established based on driver physiological responses and a new idea to prevent accident black spots on the curved section of mountain road is provided.

Interchange type is closely related with interchange function and land usage. In order to reduce land usage, under the guidance of the Projection Pursuit Methods, computer and traffic engineering theory etc. along with the actual surveys of interchange type and design parameters, on the basis of analyzing the factors influencing of various interchange type; hence the paper uses Projection Pursuit Methods to build land-saving projection indicators function. Genetic Algorithm is applied to optimize the function, and Matlab 7.0, which is statistical analysis software and is used to develop the corresponding computer program. This study proposes the optimal scheme of the saving interchange type, which will provide a theoretical basis for interchange design to save land and protect environment.

In order to make the interchange overpass distance layout reasonable and save land resource, through field surveying about overpass forms, overpass distance and interchange area speed of Liaoning, and Hubei Provincial expressways, and synthetically analyzing the data, the paper uses discrete random variables which have been detected to establish maximum entropy model based on maximum entropy principle, and then construct Lagrange function; finally, get the optimal solution. Thus, the appropriate distance between interchanges have been determined and provide a theoretical basis for saving land resource.

The travel information searching motivation was illustrated from the perspective of travelers based on information searching theory and travel decision-making process, and was also based on drivers' travel information searching behavior model which was one of the methods proposed. On this basis, the specific factors and mechanism of travel information search behavior were analyzed, and then the traffic state information searching behavior was discussed in detail through an example network. In order to explain the cognition mode of travel information scientifically, the effects of travel information and different types of travel information environment were analyzed based on travel decision-making. The travel experience was described by establishing preferred route sets, and a log it model of travel information searching was proposed to describe the travelers' dynamic information cognitive process. The travel information cognitive mode was established initially, thus providing a theoretical basis for traffic behavior study and travel information system planning.

The use of probe vehicles to provide estimates of link travel times has been suggested as a means of obtaining travel times within signalized networks for use in advanced traveler information systems (ATIS). Previous research has shown that bias in arrival time distributions of probe vehicles will lead to a systematic bias in the sample estimate of the mean .This paper proposes a methodology for reducing the effect of this bias. Then the paper brings forward a data fusion (DF) model based on loop detector data and FCD after considering above mentioned analytical results. In the paper, VISSIM is used to simulate an urban arterial site which contains five intersections and four links, at last the paper compares different link travel times during 10:00–10:05 within one week that are respectively obtained from floating car report alone and multi-source data (loop detector data and floating car data), and it yields a satisfactory result.

Vehicle conversion coefficient is an important component for studying traffic capacity and is the foundation of both management and controlling researches on intersection. The operation characteristic of vehicle on intersections is significantly different from ordinary sections (such as lower speeds, more frequent acceleration and deceleration, etc). Besides different vehicle have different dynamic performance, which has a greater influence in traffic capacity. A new way of calculating equivalent conversion coefficient in the intersection is given which is based on the dynamic performance of vehicle, and the formula of counting the equivalent coefficient was built.

Taking BRT line in Dalian as study object, this paper evaluates the changes of traffic flow and its environmental load corresponding to several schemes of BRT lanes with micro traffic simulator. First, the capacity of BRT lane and the being removed bus routes and bus vehicles are calculated. Second, spatial model of the corresponding area is established in the Simulating Platform, and several BRT lane schemes are built in the model, then the attributes of the corresponding traffic flows are analyzed. Third, environmental load model is used to calculate the corresponding traffic environmental loads.

This paper describes a GPS-based real-time remote safety monitoring system developed to address some of the critical safety issues related to commercial vehicles and buses, such as trucks, long-distance buses, expressway buses, and dangerous goods vehicles. The main idea behind the proposed system is to transform the conventional passive way of accidents management to an active way of eliminating the potential safety hazards arising in vehicle operations. Specifically, the proposed system involves equipping each fleet vehicle with an OBD (on-board device) to obtain real-time data on the vehicle's operating state, such as position, speed and direction. The collected data are sent to the fleet operations control center through wireless communication network, which can in turn send warnings or alerts to the driver had any incorrect maneuver or impending hazards been detected. This paper provides a detailed discussion about the architecture, components, and functionality of the system. The proposed safety monitoring system has been implemented and field tested in Chongqing, China, which has demonstrated its effectiveness in gathering valuable operational data and reducing vehicle road accidents.

Few studies have been found to analyze the conflicts between right-turn vehicles and pedestrians at signalized intersections where right-turn on red is permitted. However, a better understanding of the factors that affect the likelihood of the conflicts would help provide direction for countermeasures aimed at reducing the number of crashes. This paper proposes a model to describe the relation between traffic conflicts and influencing factors with different right-turn radiuses using Poisson regression methodology. The modeling results show the impacts of traffic volume and right-turn radius on the occurrences of conflicts between right-turn vehicles and pedestrians. It is found that the increase of vehicle and pedestrian flow, will increase the number of conflicts, but will decrease the conflict rate per hundred pedestrian. Meanwhile, the number of severe conflicts at large radius is higher than that at small radius.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a real-time planning algorithm for making possible a more proper description of drivers' route choice behavior and processes under real time traffic information in a traffic network. The algorithm uses concepts from Decision Field Theory (DFT) and Bayesian belief network (BBN). DFT is widely known in the field of mathematical psychology and is used to study drivers' multi-attribute cognition and decision process under real time traffic information. BBN is employed to infer updating of road condition under real time traffic information. Using this algorithm, a driver develops his route dynamically until he reaches his preferred destination. The preferences of routes which are directly accessible from the current position are obtained via BBN and DFT. Critical factors that affect drivers' response to real time traffic information are quantitatively studied through interactive simulation and from the viewpoint of cognitive psychology.

Global Positioning System (GPS)-equipped probe vehicles have been one of the principal techniques in detection of traffic flow. In order to guide the application of the different methods using data from GPS probe vehicles, this paper compares two of the most popular methods using the GPS data to estimate traffic state- the method of tracking probe vehicles, and the one of fitting the model with the sample points of probe vehicles. In the experiment, data from thousands of GPS-equipped taxies were taken as the probe vehicles, and the estimate accuracy and operation speed of the two different methods were systematically measured. For the accuracy experiment, the ground truth was obtained by replaying the videos which were shot on 24 links in Shanghai downtown. The experiment results illustrate that the tracking-based method usually bears higher estimate accuracy, and slower operation speed, compared to the model-fitting method.

The interaction between motor and non-motor traffic participators has been increasing dramatically. So far, traffic safety is always measured as the number and severities of traffic collisions which occur. Time to Collision (TTC) is one major parameter to reflect the possibility of such collisions. It can also be applied to the pedestrian involved analysis, but cannot reflect the pedestrian safety precisely. Therefore, time Difference to Collision (TDTC) is defined accordingly as a variation of TTC to describe the pedestrian-vehicle (P&V) interaction. One hundred groups of P&V interaction cases were collected. The comparison was made based on the cases between Vehicle-Pass-First (VPF) and Pedestrian-Pass-First (PPF) and among different safety scenes. The results show that the distance and speed values are obviously different from the cases between VPF and PPF, and the TDTC values are related to safety. It may provide some guidance to describe and analyze the driver-pedestrian interaction behavior. The participators' interaction behavior can be discussed further in the future.

Reasonable approaches and values of speed restriction can decline the number of traffic accidents and reduce the severity of accidents, and improve traffic safety and operational efficiency therefore. Aiming at analyzing and studying the linear and operating characteristics as well as traffic accidents on the Lianhuo Highway in Xinjiang, this thesis has observed implementation of all kinds of speed limit measures, put forward a more reasonable speed management and control method and provided a reference and fundamental basis for highways' design, upgrading and speed control in the future.

Highway work zones result in descent of road capacity and traffic-jam for part of lanes closed, and all of that would create safety concern. On the basis of crashes data which classified by different factors in Virginia highway work zones, the data that work zone crash levels and entire highway crash levels are analyzed with One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. The data analysis in this study involved two major steps. First, identify the prominent variable that followed too closely and other 7 significant variables. Then, the 7 significant variables, corresponding entire highway crash levels and the prominent variant form 7 triple tables. One-way ANOVA is used to identify the secondary prominent factors such as lane change, speed too fast and inattentive drive. At last, investigate all the prominent variables using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), and distinguish the relationship between different crashes type and drive behavior. The result of this study will provide theoretical basis for work zone safety guarantee technology. Owing to long-term operation or natural disaster, highway system will appear different degree of functions reduced and facility impaired. Numbers of work zones appeared to guarantee road normal operation. The major effect of work zones is descent road capacity for lane closure, which results in traffic-jam and delay and creating safety concern. In America, more than 700 fatal crashes happened, about 24000 injury crashes and 52000 property damages only due to crashes.

Overloading can lead to major road traffic accidents, and it is a difficult point in safety management of road passenger transportation. Dynamic and effective real-time monitoring is the key in preventing and avoiding passenger vehicles from overloading, and improving safety management. This article introduces the design and application result of automated monitoring system developed by Yunfa Corp., with a detailed explanation on the choice of the passenger counting system in road passenger transportation, the principle of the passenger counting system using surveillance camera, and the method of monitoring overload as well as application results.

From the traffic security point of view, through analyzing the mountains highway design of the linear, visual problems and the subject of climate, the design of the flat curve, a vertical curve and the combination of the design is clarified on the highway. They are important influence on traffic safety. And which were given a detailed analysis by applying grey theory.

Traffic accidents caused by drunk driving have drawn considerable attention from the general public because of the high accident risk and high risk of severe injury. During 2007 in Taiwan, there were 9,881 alcohol-related accidents which result in 395 people lost their life and 7,592 people injured. To reduce the number of drunk and driving accidents, traffic authorities have put lots of efforts to prevent people from drinking and driving including lowering the legal limit for drinking and driving, increasing the punishment for the offender, and increasing intensity of police enforcement. However, the number of alcohol-related accidents has reduced only slightly. Therefore, this study adopts stated choice experiment approach to explore the contributory factors and circumstances for drinking and driving. The results indicate that the time, level of impairment, police enforcement, driver's drinking habit and the knowledge of drinking and driving regulations can significantly affect drivers' choice of driving after they drink.

Using conductive asphalt concrete (CAC) as a type of electro thermal element to melt snow and ice on highways is one of the most efficient, convenient, safe and environmental conservative methods. This paper focused on the influence of components on electrical and mechanical properties on CAC. Results show that the electrical performance of CAC depends on conductive filler content, types of conductive filler, and asphalt aggregate ratio. In order to realize the function of melting snow and ice, the best method to prepare CAC is to use both graphite powder (298# scale graphite) and short carbon fibers (CF) as mixer-filler. As the asphalt aggregate ratio is 8.0, the content of graphite is 50 wt.%, and CF content is between 2.5%∼4.0 wt.%, resistivity of CAC is close to or less than 10² Ω.cm. Marshall stability and flow value of CAC are also up to the national standard.

Many ITS applications are designed based upon centralized vehicle-to-center communication scheme. The backend systems deal with the requests from the front-end devices (FED) and respond to the request information for completing applications scenarios. However, huge amount of FEDs may generate mass client requests and result in communication server bottleneck problem (CSBP). In this paper, an adaptive hierarchical load balance approach with the concepts of divide and conquer, dynamic load distribution and balancing for resolving the CSBP is proposed. A work load factor is defined for balancing the loads of communication servers to maintain the quality of service, and a fail-over procedure is automatically triggered to assign a new responsible communication server when a communication server fails. By applying the proposed method, client requests can be almost averagely distributed to the available communication servers, which reduces the probabilities of regional congestion and enhance the overall service quality.

With the booming of high-speed railway, highway and other infrastructure engineering, traditional settlement observation devices cannot meet the increasing settlement deformation control requirement of engineering projects. They have many serious problems such as low precision of measurement, low degree of automation, and high interference of human factors. Therefore, researching and developing new observation devices with reliable function, low price, and high precision has significant meaning. According to the need of practical engineering, we have developed a new kind of digital sub grade settlement device on the basis of water tube settlement gauges in this article. This device, under the prerequisite of remaining constant volume, uses vibrating-wire transducer to measure the surface pressure difference of certain points in the liquid pipe before and after the settlement for determining their sedimentation value. Laboratory experiments of performance testing prove that its stability and durability can meet the long-term observation requirements, it can achieve automatic observation, and its high precision of measurement makes sure the errors are controlled within 1mm. Therefore, this device can be widely used in the settlement observation of sub grade, important structures, dam, and river bank foundation and so on.

The planning process is the first stage to incorporate the safety analysis of the road urban network. This paper provides a tool that allows the analysis of the potential accident risk at urban segments using information available at road planning process. The main points decided in the planning stage - land-use and the road function classification — were used as explanatory variables. Other variables, as control variables, were included such as traffic flow, segment length, minor intersections density and time trend. Generalized linear modeling techniques were used to model accident data from Porto, Portugal. The models outcomes demonstrated that all the variables are statistically significant and according to the expectation. Using the "percentage explained" by the model it can be concluded that although the traffic flow was the strongest variable, the land-use and road function classification have improved the "percentage explained" by the model.

This paper aims to estimate the capacity of bicycle flow at intersections reasonably. Based on large amounts of actual traffic data collected, the cluster characteristics of bicycle traffic flow is analyzed. The IMU-LN model is established to describe the relationship between the bicycle queue length and the number of parking bicycle, and the IMU-DL model is established to describe the relationship between the queue length and the average queue density. These closed-form models can provide the queue length value and the average queue density value with a single value of input. This paper formulated a foundation of a more accurate description of bicycle flow at signalized intersections.

This article conducts research on Public Parking Reservation System (PPRS), which provides parking reservation service for the public, in order to effectively reduce traffic volume, traffic jam and the waste of time caused by seeking parking lots which would reduces environmental pollution and energy dissipation. The article describes the data flow framework of Public Parking Reservation System (PPRS) with four main modules. The key technologies of the system implementation are analyzed deeply, including the method of extracting characteristic information from Short Message Service (SMS), detection technology of real-time parking spaces status, model of Dynamic Parking Spaces Allocation (DPSA), and pre-charge system for parking reservation. In DPSA, the objective function is minimizing the total quantity of Discontinuous Time Slot, in order to reduce difficulty of subsequent parking spaces allocation and improve the operating efficiency.

From the 21st century, accompanying global industrialization and rapid development of economy, the natural environment is getting steadily worse, factors affecting public security have increased, and unexpected incidents also occur from time to time. Through analyzing road surface temperature data gathered by a mobile road surface condition detecting equipment, and considering the effects of terrains and landforms as well as climate, this study taking Jingshen expressway as representation, studies optimizing methods of road weather sites based on thermal mapping technology. On these bases, a road weather monitoring and warning system was built. The system achieves to monitor adverse weather in time, warn and provide the information service on real time. At the same time, the system is also easy to operate for engineers and managerial personnel, and is playing a positive and exemplary role for highway network alarm emergency service that Ministry of Transport is carrying out.

Traffic surveillance cameras are located in urban traffic network system in abundance. These videos are mainly used for public safety and traffic accident monitoring. With the increase in urban traffic congestion, the road section queue detection technology becomes the insistent demands for urban traffic management. Considering the characteristics of the surveillance cameras in city intersection area, the paper used maximum similarity matching standard method which is based on the fixed background area window to correct the deviation between the lane region in real-time image collection and the lane region in setting, then adopted the AOI region partition method for mapping the distance in video image to the actual distance, at the same time, based on the road section multi-lane queuing model analyzed the features of queuing lane. The veins' differences between having vehicle lane and empty lane are obvious, therefore the paper selected the vein unit to express traffic vein image. Simple vein unit reflected the difference on gray level in neighborhood, and effectively reflected the veins' differences between having vehicle lane and empty lane. After removing the noise, the empty lane region at the end of queue could be detected, and the real-time length of the road section vehicle queue can also be calculated. The validity of the algorithm is validated by checking the actual intersection video images and actual queue length data.

The electrical and mechanical performance of carbon fiber (CF)/carbon black (CB) lightweight concrete (LWC) depends on CF content, preparation method and sand ratio. As CB content is 0.83 vol.%, CF content is more than 0.49 vol.%, and resistivity of CF/CB LWC is less than 10² Ω·cm, Compressive strength and flexural strength reach more than 30 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively. Results show that using a new type of CF mat to prepare CF/CB LWC is an effective method. An experimental pavement model set up in the field using CF/CB LWC can melt snow in real time in spite the snowfall is about 10mm/h.

New York, London, Paris and Tokyo are world-class cities and suffer from have traffic congestion. This paper points out the main reason for traffic jams isincompatibility between transport planning and transport development and traffic in accordance to the physical distance of the city. Proper Classifications borrowed from the metaphor of Chinese classical culture "pie", "Gun Xiuqiu", "cutting sword "and" kite flying " are four independent and interconnected transportation planning programs. The connection between the four basic theories is an integrated transport network of a honeycomb-like group of cities which needs to be expanded. The concept of traffic should change and construction of new traffic venues to meet the new era transport on land, sea has gone in vain as the various requirements of integrated functions, using the important node of transport network, the four traffic planning programs are not appropriate for seamless integration in order to establish a network of metropolitan cellular transport systems. Borrowing from sophisticated transportation network management software, intelligent traffic management an immediate approach can be taken. The drivers of the city's various transport tools should be made user friendly so as to break from the big city traffic congestion phenomenon and to achieve the smooth flow of international big cities transport systems.

The paper focuses on the study for assessment methodology of highway traffic safety devices maintenance, including traffic signs, pavement markings, guardrails, fences and anti-glare board etc. It also discusses the advanced maintenance method and assessment technology, to supervise the performance of devices and ensure the effectiveness. In addition, for each kind of device, the author analyzes the maintenance contents, inspection items and qualification requirements by formulating the evaluation index and formula, establishing the devices proportion coefficient imperfect form and scoring standards for the purpose to score the device and assess its grade. Lastly, device performance is classified into five grades ranging from excellent, good, middle, defect to bad, and scores from 0 to 100.

This study analyzes how the number of traffic accidents can be effectively reduced by detailed study over the documented accidents. In this paper, we propose a new method called the traffic accident causes analysis based on dominance rough set theory. This method improvises on the limitations of Pawlak's rough set model in analyzing the causes of accidents, such as using discrete continuous attributes to obtain unreasonable rules. Furthermore, the paper combines facts about traffic accidents and the objective data processing ability of rough set theory. Specifically, every single cause of accidents is sorted according based on our experience and then relevant algorithms are applied to illustrate the relationship. Lastly, an example is demonstrated that shows that this method reduces the uncertainty of discretization of continuous attributes and excludes the causes that rule against human empirical knowledge.

In order to identify the possible contributing factors on two-lane rural highways to accident severity, the multinomial logit model was applied to traffic accident data collected from police-reports. A total of 253 accidents, occurred on two-lane rural highways in 2007, were considered in this paper. The dependent variable is divided into three categories, namely fatal accident, injury accident, and property damage only accident, and 13 independent variables were selected in this paper. Of 13 independent variables obtained from police-reported accidents, five were significantly associated with accident severity, namely location, weather, clients' sex, vehicle type, and accident type. The findings show that the multinomial logit model used in this paper provides a better understanding of risk factors related to two-lane rural highways.

Sitraffic Motion is an adaptive network control method developed by Siemens AG, Germany. Optimizing the traffic signal is one essential feature of Sitraffic Motion. The current algorithm however is not optimized for complex signal settings and is not fully transparent. This paper develops a new optimization algorithm to overcome these problems. It is designed based on a new decision matrix to calculate the green split. The performance of this new algorithm on solving real traffic signal optimization problems is evaluated by microscopic traffic simulations in VISSIM. The comparison of the simulation results shows that the new developed algorithm has significantly improved the signal optimization for isolated intersections.

In order to improve the urban and rural transit network plan, it is important to find out the features of passenger flow information clearly and thoroughly. The paper not only analyses the general feature of rural passenger flow but also analyses and summarizes the features and disciplines of urban- rural passenger flow information by integrating the urban-rural passenger flow information from different counties of Beijing. Transit operators have to adjust transit service schedules according to the different demand at different time of the day, the week and the season as well as the different spatial distribution features of passenger flow. In a word, the service should be provided according to the citizens' demand so that it can bring more convenience to the public.

The typical problems of traditional methods for urban arterial coordinate control are the system traffic efficiency can't achieve the optimal value for the cause, the control strategy which is static and parameters are set to just strive for the maximization of traffic efficiency of arterial at the expense of the right of road that cut the arterial were pointed out in the paper and analyzed. Following the design principle of maximum green wave bandwidth and analyzing the problems of actuated control and the set of the control parameters, a new method of the arterial coordinate actuated control which is based on the RFID was presented and a model was developed to solve the control parameters, finally achieving control effect that. The examples effectively demonstrate that the improved urban arterial coordinate control system can not only make urban arterial coordinate control system get green wave bandwidth as wide as possible but also significantly improve the traffic efficiency of road which cut the arterial and reduce the average delay of the system.

Based on vehicle collision accident models which were established according to momentum theorem, the aim at the accuracy problem of traffic accident collision speed calculation and analysis is done using finite element simulation technology. The factors for calculation of traffic accident are the key points are deformation, combining the collision theory that had been established. The vehicle collision accident is an improved model which is researched to determine the method by calculating the back stepping of vehicle one-dimensional collision accident model speed, then working out the speed before vehicle collision.

The influence area of urban road traffic accident is studied in order to take effective measures for reducing the impact. On the basis of analyzing that traffic accident impacts on road network, the accident effect includes two processes of vehicle queue formation and queue dissipation, the relationship of them belongs to inclusion relation on the time dimension. According to the loss of traffic capacity during the period of handling traffic accident, congestion traffic volume caused by accident is defined. The instantaneous line source diffusion plume model is introduced to establish the maximum impact distance model of roads connecting with accident point. The model is used to determine the influence area of urban road traffic accident. The maximum impact distance model is illustrated through an example. The research result shows that influence area determined by this model is consistent with the actual situation, which can provide the basis for traffic department to take timely control measures.

The method and standard of speed limit in urbanization road is proposed for the mixed traffic circumstances. Based on the survey data, the calculation model of transverse interference and the model of relationship of transverse interference and operating speed are put forward through analyzing the traffic characteristics on urbanization road. On this basis, the method and standard of speed limit in urbanization road is presented. The key design parameters such as the minimum length and spacing of speed zone are defined on the basis of psychological requirements of drivers and the operation of the vehicles. The project case shows that the method of speed limit can effectively decrease the operating speed and greatly improve the road safety, which provides the basis for vehicle speed management in urbanization road.

A new microscopic traffic model for one-lane traffic flow, based on some Cellular Automation (CA) conceptions such as acceleration, deceleration, randomization deceleration, and movement, is presented in this paper. Though NaSch Model and other improvement models, as KKW model, VDR model, had described traffic flow trajectory, more real impacts should be mentioned to depict the trajectory more precisely. Without accurate information about vehicles location and velocity, the parameters as volume, density cannot be obtained. Thus, traditional CA models can analyze some macroscopic traffic phenomena, as synchronized flow for example, but it results in the lack of microscopic traffic flow analysis since some traffic flow characteristic are not included in models. Some real conditions of vehicles and drivers, such as vehicle acceleration and drivers reflection to prior vehicles, are considered in this model which does not exist in CA models. The spatial-time trajectory is used to analyze traffic flow characteristic and traffic situations in numeral experiments. The results show that the new model can depict traffic moving more precisely and can be used to analyze traffic flow quantitatively.

The international standardization of intelligent transport system (ITS) has entered an in-depth study stage, but the domestic standardized work of ITS domain is not yet started. In order to ensure interoperability and compatibility, to guide and standardize the development of the industry, an ITS standard architecture should be set up. The paper introduces the background and a clear necessary of ITS standardization, and analyses the domestic and foreign ITS standardization research present situation, and gives ITS standardization basic principle, and presents the total structure and the key factors of ITS standard architecture.

It establishes a suit of system of identifying and analyzing decision-makings on the road black spot, and raises a method of identifying the road black spot based on DBSCAN algorithm concerning the consistency clustering analysis, then makes use of an improved APRIORI algorithm in reference to the association rule to analyze the data. Subsequently it proposes a new data mining model of the road traffic accident to find the potential valuable and relational laws, which can offer important references to institute practicality fathering schemes and defending measures.

The paper aims to carry out safety comprehensive evaluation as one of effective means to reduce traffic accidents, especially serious accidents. The multilevel index system of road transportation enterprises was constructed by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on the investigation circumstances of safety status. The model also analyses various factors affecting safety in road transportation enterprises. Confirmed weight value of each index by grey relational grade, index of evaluation factors could be quantified and digitized by the method of average value analysis. The comprehensive evaluation mathematics model of road transportation enterprises is established. Traffic accidents could be prevented and decreased if fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is applied to road transportation enterprises. Road traffic accident has become a serious threat to people when they enjoy the convenient and efficient road traffic service. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a safety comprehensive evaluations index system of road transportation enterprise which conforms to our domestic situation. This paper establishes a model of road transportation enterprise production safety comprehensive evaluation and analyzes examples based on grey system theory and fuzzy comprehensive theory.

According to the statistics, 70 percent of traffic accidents are caused by factitious factors in China. Risky driving behaviors have become the prominently adverse factors to the urban traffic safety. The severity degree index system of risky driving behaviors is proposed from the perspective of risk, universality and controllability. And the modified entropy evaluation model is applied to evaluate the severity degree for 10 species of risky driving behaviors on urban road. Finally, a comprehensive assessment scoring and sorting of the severity for the risky driving behaviors is obtained. The research results show that the severity degree scoring of risky merging and violation for signs & markings is 0.7513 and 0.2426 respectively, and scoring of the two driving behaviors is the highest and lowest respectively in the study objects. Moreover, the research results provide a theoretical basis for management and punishment of risky driving behaviors on urban road.

This paper studies the validity of integrated signal control strategy on urban expressway and compares its efficiency with other three control strategies. Three traffic simulation models about ramp networks have been built in VISSIM 4.3 in order to test the efficiencies of those signal control strategies under different traffic conditions. Moreover, 6 different traffic flow states were set in each model and the comprehensive evaluation of each strategy is proposed.

Road black spot identification is an effective way to find potential hazardous road locations, which is very important for transportation safety. Multi-inducements, small samples and complicated aftermaths are 3 important characters for traffic accidents. Considering accidents' exact location, weather condition, peak/nonpeak hour, special events, drink-drive, casualties and economic losses, this paper proposes equivalent-multidimensional information assignment method for road black spot identification, based on multidimensional information assignment technology (MIAT) and improved accident-equivalent-number method (AENM). Advantages of this new method are validated by a simulation case, comparing with the analysis results by MIAT only and the traditional accident-number method (TANM).

An optimal resource dispatching model for expressway block removal and rescue based on potential accidents is proposed in this paper, in which the dispatch decision time is selected as the weight for each road segment according to the severity of potential accidents and can be modified based on the operating characteristics of different types of rescuing vehicles. The proposed model can handle the impact of the severity of accidents upon the rescuing efficiency and the differences in dispatching different types of rescuing vehicles. Genetic algorithm is used to solve the multi-level dispatching problem under the condition of multiple accidents and rescuing resource requirements and hence generate the optimal resources dispatching strategy. Empirical results on the expressway network in Nanjing province show that with the increase of traffic accidents, rescue depots, and the variety and amount of required resources, the proposed model can generate an optimal rescuing resources dispatching strategy, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed model in real world expressway network.

Traffic volume counts are used by many Departments of Transportation in planning, traffic operations, and asset management programs. Traditionally, four-step model (FSM) is based on traffic analysis zones (TAZs) structure which conveniently uses existing census geography to take advantage of demographic data available from Statistics Canada. This coarse zone structure tends to exaggerate the intra-zone trips resulting in biased and unbalanced trip distribution over roadway network and high estimation errors. Also, estimation of traffic volumes on low-class roads is ignored in most cases. Limitations above have necessitated developing a GIS-based high-fidelity travel demand model (HFTDM) capable of achieving network-wide traffic volume estimation with improved accuracy. This will require using all functional class roadway network and spatially disaggregating census-based coarse TAZ structure into grid-based fine zones based on road density areal interpolation technique. Preliminary results from a case study developed for Beresford area in the Canadian Province of New Brunswick show that the proposed methodology is promising.

On the basis of the concept of abnormal incidents, a detailed analysis of the influences on the state of urban traffic was introduced. Based on the characteristics of urban traffic under abnormal incidents, the principles of emergency evacuation strategy to be followed were set, and then, emergency evacuation plan development process and emergency management organization process were proposed. Finally, in order to improve traffic management as well as decrease the loss, the lack of existing conditions disposing abnormal incidents was analyzed and the content to be further built was put forward, which is essential for protecting urban safety and social stability.

This paper presents the main results from modeling relationships between road design, and speed behavior as well as the influence of speed in the occurrence of accidents. In order to describe speed choice of drivers by using parameters of the speed distribution different kinds of classification of free-flow-vehicles were analyzed as well as spatial and temporal aspects of spot speed measurements. Results of multiple regression models for mean speeds and 85-percentiles of the speed distribution are documented and discussed. Road classification, cross section characteristics, land-use and the road surface condition among others are found to be significant parameters that correlate with driving speed. Generalized Linear Models are used to describe the influence of mean speeds on the occurrence of road accidents. This is done for different accident groups under consideration of the annual daily traffic and a parameter that describes the length and type of land-use of the adjacent buildings next to the road section. The relationship between speed and accidents count is described using a power function.

In order to combine kinds of transportation, some super multi-mode were built. However, because of lacking of a comprehensive understand about the traffic characteristics of transfer pedestrian and dynamic evaluation procedure, inconvenience, and congestion are common problems in multi-mode terminals. Thus, investigations were conducted in multi-mode terminals in Beijing. And pedestrian traffic characteristics, such as the walking speed on different facilities, the service ability of different facilities and the walking behavior, were analyzed. With results mentioned above, a simulation model of a building multi-mode terminal was built and calibrated with Legion. At last, simulation results were used to illustrate how to conduct a dynamic evaluation of facility design of multi-mode terminal.

Mathematical models, supporting software tools and applicable technologies that are accessible to wide use, are offered. The criteria and mathematical statements of problems to forecast analyze and optimize quality and risks are formulated. It can be used in system life cycle to form system requirements, compare different processes, substantiate technical decisions, adjust technological parameters, and improve system operation, increase efficiency. The users can prove answers on system engineering questions: ‘Is expected quality achievable?', ‘How much safe are these or others scenarios?', ‘What about the real risks, profits and possible damages?', ‘What choice is rational?', ‘What measures are more effective?' etc. On the base of the offered models and technologies the best decisions may be found before critical events. Preventive effective measures may be used in time. Some examples demonstrate practical possibilities.

The slow traffic is composed by walking and bike driving with fast start and slow speed characteristics. That the slow traffic and vehicle flow are driving at the same time will cause traffic confusion. The proper implementations of the slow traffic priority will be to improve safety and traffic efficiency at the signalized intersections. In this paper, the current problems of slow traffic are analyzed. Combined with the analysis of geometric characteristics of different types of intersections, the principles and implementation conditions of slow traffic priority are proposed at the signalized intersections. From two aspects of the space and time priority research, the measures of slow traffic priority are proposed at the signalized intersections. Slow traffic priority signal timing design flow is proposed.

Hail storm is a disaster weather of making huge destructivity. The paper analyzed the main factors of the traffic risk in hail storm weather, such as the reduction of visibility owing to the damage of windshield, the impacts on the movement by the hailstones on the highway surface, and the sideslip of the vehicles caused by the rain. The author utilized a simulation method to analyze the degree of the damage of cars' windshields by the hailstones in different diameters and the influence on the atmosphere visibility by the rainfall with different intensities under the various speeds of cars for determining the potential traffic risks. As the result of this study, it provided the methods of risk management on the highways under the condition of the hail weather.

This paper focuses on dynamic parking guidance information optimization for highway travelers of special events. The original multi-mode traffic network is converted to a novel network by considering parking lots as dummy links; therefore shortest path can be implemented in the new network. A Bi-level programming model based on dynamic route choice and linear programming (LP) is proposed to optimize dynamic PGI. Based on travelers' reaction to PGI, Stochastic Dynamic User Optimal (SDUO) route choice is employed as lower level model. Upper level model is a LP aiming to minimize network total travel time. The algorithm based on Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) and Method of Successive Average (MSA) is used for solution. The application on Milwaukee Summer fest indicates the optimization model can reduce total parking time.

With regards to the complexity of business systems for the transport and traffic information multi-sources and heterogeneity, achieving consensus among themselves can be an effective information integration, adoption services bus and Agent technique to build traffic information integrated model that can better solve the information integration and information decision-making. And to further explore the collaborative model of Agent based on services bus, the collaborative model based on integration of traffic information to achieve business integration and information services, and so as to build traffic information integration platform that can have a good implementation.

Macroscopic traffic flow models play a significant role in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), especially for the urban traffic control and the dynamic traffic assignment. Two main problems limit the application of the existing traffic models. One is the traffic dynamics described by the complex nonlinear equations which are difficult to resolve in real time, and the other is that some model parameters need to be calibrated in prior. This paper presents a hybrid macroscopic and microscopic (macro-microscopic) traffic flow model of freeway traffic by extending the cell transmission model (CTM) with the real time speed dynamics. Simple supplying and demanding functions are defined to represent the traffic propagation between the upstream and downstream cell boundaries. A microscopic car-following model is integrated to specify the dynamics of the average speed in each cell. Simulation results with specific traffic data set collected from a 4-kilometre long urban freeway show the performance of the model compared to the well-known METANET model.

Real time traffic information is helpful to traffic management departments and the drivers. In this paper, we present a dynamic traffic information system based on vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) which can send real time traffic conditions to the users including traffic control center, running vehicles, traffic information providers, and so on. To support traffic data exchange among vehicles and infrastructures, the whole architecture includes the vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to infrastructure, and infrastructure to infrastructure communication. The simulation results prove that it can transmit data efficiently.

In order to reveal the influence rules of curvature change rate (CCR) of highway horizontal curve on the path of a vehicle under free flow traffic states, a driver directional control model for highway alignment safety evaluation was put forward on the basis of the preview optimal curvature model, with the introduction of the SK (S was arc length of a curve, K was curvature of the curve) horizontal alignment model. The simulation results show that when a car enters a curve, its path has a tendency to move inward the curve, while its path tends to move outward the curve as the car exits the curve. The CCR of horizontal curve has a significant impact on the vehicle path. With the same simulation speed, the smoother the deflection angle and the smaller the CCR of horizontal curve is, the smaller the lateral deviation of vehicle path, whereas the greater it will be. The CCR of horizontal curve has a significant linear positive relationship with the maximum lateral deviation of the vehicle path.

Recently, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is becoming an important topic of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, in urban traffic, there are a large number of vehicles; this will result in heavy load of network, which may worsen the performance of VANET. This paper proposes clustered structure, aiming at reducing data redundant and improving network reliability. A centralized clustering algorithm based on Gur-Game is proposed, which is easy to perform while its stability is highly related to specific reward function. Then, an improved self-adaptive perception clustering method based on state machine is presented, which can work without roadside station distributed. The identity of vehicle is decided by neighboring cluster heads. This algorithm is more stable and can be suitable for various scenarios. Simulations on Paramics show the effectiveness of the above two algorithms.

The object of passageways locating in the planning of urban underground expressway is to meet all needs under the given objective function within service capability. However, the existed depot choice model didn't take into account the service capability. According to the principle of maximum depot efficiency, this paper presents an improved depot choice model under the condition of capacity restraint. Formulations are given and a numerical example is proposed to illustrate the feasibility of the improved model. The results show that the improved model can get the optimal locating of passageways which are dispersible in the whole network. So the locations can serve the demands in the maximum zone and lead the demand to transfer in space.

In 2008, an Intelligent Vehicle Infrastructure Experiment System (IVIES) based on Wi-Fi technology was built at Tongji University to test the solutions for traffic safety and environmental problems. TongJi Cooperative Traffic System (TJ-CTS) is the updated version testbed of IVIES; it has lower data communication latency and can support higher-speed test vehicles. In this paper, we present an overview of TJ-CTS. First, we present the overall system architecture of TJ-CTS. Three layers are expounded from the viewpoint of structure. Then, based on the analysis of the requirements for latency of safety applications, we present the related devices used in TJ-CTS in detail, such as the Processing Unit, GPS Receiver and Software Development Environment. Compared with IVIES, TJ-CTS have better performance and can satisfy the requirements of traffic safety researches in urban roads and expressways.

There are four major types of macro-evaluation on traffic safety traditionally adopted in China and overseas. However, as the number of influential factors of traffic safety increases, these evaluation methods are becoming less capable in practice. The introduction of Fuzzy Theory provides a new approach to this problem. This paper based on the traffic accident data of Shanghai and Suzhou has established a macro-evaluation model for assessing the safety performance of mixed transport modes, which include cars, motorcycles, gas motorcycles (LPG), electric bicycles and traditional bicycles. The model indicates that the safety performances of LPG, electric bicycles and traditional bicycles are much higher than that of cars and motorcycles. Electric bicycles and traditional bicycles have similar safety performances in the two cities. These findings set up a reference for the establisher of urban transport policies.

For structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges, the well-developed and widely-used wired structural health monitoring technologies have replaced traditional manual operations gradually, except for the difficulties in arranging cables and updating systems in practical applications. In contrast, the new developing wireless sensor network technologies for bridge structural health monitoring are easier to deploy and update, overcoming these defects that exist in the wired systems. However, in certain circumstances, the communication quality of wireless networks cannot be ensured, leading to an impact on the efficiency and reliability of system. A new heterogeneous structural health monitoring system is proposed in this paper. It has advantages over both wired and wireless health monitoring technologies. Then the paper analyzes its advantages compared to the single wired or wireless system specifically. The compositions of the heterogeneous structural health monitoring system are discussed in detail. In addition, some potential problems and corresponding solutions that may exhibit in the heterogeneous system are discussed. In practice, we have built a health monitoring system in Runyang Yangtse River Bridge, and according to the vibration data collected from anchor cable and box-girder of the bridge, the system can provide quantified information that can help in determining the structure health status of bridge, and give a warning if it is in danger.

People pay more and more attention on the active safety technologies in Modern traffic. This paper develops a driving assistant system with the lane departure warning and forward collision warning functions. The system uses data fused from millimeter-waves radar and machine vision to implement detecting the front lane and vehicles ahead, to meet the requirement of accuracy, real-time and robustness in actual road environment. After analyzing information of targets ahead using for target location information, through establishing a unified coordinate system model, ROI (Region of interest) is defined according to the different candidate characteristics. Therefore, the search speed is improved greatly and the interference is reduced significantly. Finally, experiments demonstrate the feasibility of this system.

The free leasing public bicycle is addition and extension of public transportation. For public bicycle traffic in Wuhan, the status is surveyed, and the characteristic of supply and demand, management mechanism, management information system and key problems of the public bicycle rental station are analyzed. Then the efficiency of public bicycle resource use is found to be influenced by bicycle resources dispensation and bicycle leased back in time as planned. Accordingly, the corresponding countermeasures are proposed, which includes the management mechanism, information system frame, and the achievement of dynamic balance between supply and demand by dispensing bicycle resources in time according to the change of supply and demand, and a dynamic resource distribution model among public bicycle rental stations is also established.

In the traditional traffic control system, there is no coordination between different regions. This paper analyses the significance of coordination of the region boundary, brings out the condition for coordination and proposes two traffic control situation discrimination models of region boundary. After that, a dynamic hierarchical coordination control model of region boundary is proposed. Finally, a simulation test is carried out to validate the dynamic hierarchical coordination model with the help of VISSIM 4.2. Through evaluation index comparison of the traditional traffic control and the coordination model, it is concluded that the dynamic hierarchical coordination model is more efficient and produces better traffic control benefit than the traditional traffic control system.

It is important to make the urban arterial road unobstructed, so a useful method is needed to detect the occurrence of the traffic incident before the road becomes congested. On the basis of analyzing the features of the traffic flow on urban arterial road, the model of learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network was introduced to identify the occurrence of a traffic incident on the arterial road. The input variables came from the loop detectors on the section and the probe vehicles with GPS. Then the data fusion technology was used with LVQ. With microscopic traffic simulation software VISSIM, the simulation experiment was applied to prove the validity of this model for traffic incident detection. The results showed that the data fusion could reduce the false alarm rate. Meanwhile, the results also showed that the LVQ model had a good detection capability in traffic incident detection for urban arterial road.

The highest goals of the highway operation and management are to minimize the road congestion and its negative effects, improve the safety and the overall mobility, and offer help in an emergency. In recent years the progress in monitoring and controlling, telecommunications and information processing and transmission of information technology, which is emphasizing "real-time" application, has greatly promoted the highway operational management. This paper summarizes the development status and features of the traffic information publishing system. It analyzes the problems of the traditional highway operation management, and discusses the service mode of the information publishing system. On the basis of existing monitoring system on the highway at current, the strategy how to apply the information publishing system to the highway operation management is suggested, which is from having one management institution and controlling a special equipment, to the situation that several management institutions and private sectors joint control variety of equipments and mechanisms.

The high traffic volume in Chinese universities brings issues including accessibility and safety, which requires careful evaluation of campus-traffic with a quantitative and qualitative method. A multilevel index system based on attribute mathematical recognition is proposed. The upper-level includes five indexes, namely efficiency, accessibility, comfort, safety and traffic calming, which are further divided into the lower-level indexes. The indexes' weights are determined by variation coefficient method and the campus traffic level was identified by the confidence rules to avoid unreasonable estimation. A case study of Sun Yat-sen University East Campus is presented, whose travel environment was just passable in 2007 but greatly improved since 2009 after the road reconstruction and traffic regulations suggested by the authors. The evaluation accords with the opinion poll and the method is practical, rational and suitable for comparison.

In order to improve traffic safety and reduce traffic accidents, a real-time computer vision system is designed to identify unusual driving behaviours based on head-hand tracking. Firstly, an ellipse fitting algorithm is used to locate the steering wheel and the driver's head in every frame of image, then the skin color model is employed to extract the driver's hand regions, and the skeletons of the hand regions can be obtained by a chamfer distance transform algorithm. Moreover, Kalman filter is put forward to track the driver's head and hands. Finally, a naive Bayesian classifier, whose input parameters include position, movement direction and movement speed, is used to recognize several kinds of unusual driving behaviours. An experiment with 5257 frames of image from real environments is carried out, and its results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Considering the equilibrium theory, this paper presented a new optimal velocity function (desired velocity), and discussed its formation and validity in detail. Further, we established an improved dynamic model based on the well accepted "stimulus - response" pattern. Finally, we performed parameters calibration and model validation with the experimental data. The results showed that the improved model's theoretical simulation results are in better agreement with the experimental results in both acceleration even speed and deceleration process, without unrealistic acceleration appearance in existing car-following models.

To probe into various typical environmental information's interference to guide sign's visual cognition, this article used iView X eye tracker system, based on many indoor simulation experiment, comparing guide sign of target road name with various environment information, such as billboard of a female star, billboard of a car, road landscape, sole board of guide sign, can obtain the universal cognitive interference regulation of various cognition environment. To the guide sign's visual cognition of target road name with guide sign of non-target road name, several above environment information of visual cognition time and reaction time was menstruated, the female star billboard's combination will spend much more time for visual cognition than the car billboard's combination, road landscape's combination and sole a guide sign board. So the female star's billboard has significantly interference to driver's cognition, must be strictly restricted on guide sign's environment, and the car billboard will increase the driving load to a certain extent, and should be carefully set, the road landscape have no significant interference to the guide sign's visual cognition, and can be widely used in road environment. Traffic guide sign can convey road name, direction and distance information, during driving process, the excessive environment information will greatly increase driver's visual load, even lead to harmful driving behaviors or traffic accident. Nowadays Chinese standard of road traffic sign and markings (GB5768-2009) has the solid concrete regulation to the guide sign's layout design of Chinese character, size, interval, but the regulation of information quantum or road environment are absent (Unerwood, et al 2002). Nowadays researchers concentrate on the pre-positive distance, setting content, layout design, some traffic information quantum's visual cognition based on eye-movement experiment were carried out (Wu 2008, Du, et al. 2008) This article used iView X eye tracker system, by in-door simulated eye-movement experiment, to analyze the guide sign's visual cognition process and determine reasonable environment information's setting.

This paper performed a study on urban signalized T-Intersection. By investigating a number of intersections to determine the motor vehicle speed, the intersection of internal conflict and so on as criterions of the level of service of safety (LOSS) evaluation criteria. This article used an urban T-Intersection in front of the west gate of Beijing University of technology as an example, analyzed the data of samples collected to evaluate the security service in the intersection and established model of the LOSS based on the conflicts between the motor vehicle and motor vehicles, motor vehicles and bicycles, motor vehicle and pedestrian. Finally, the LOSS is divided into three grades A∼C and model of LOSS is applied to evaluate the security services of the intersection.

Nowadays more and more large-scale social events are taken place in our country, such as the 26th World Olympic Games in Beijing, the 2010 EXPO in Shanghai. During such celebrations, numerous people will be distributed in short time span and in limited areas. Once some emergency occurs, the rescue resource should be arrived as soon as possible to decrease the loss. This paper will mainly study the emergency resource scheduling problem for the large-scale events. In this paper, a two-stage model is put forward, in which the first stage will focus on the material dispatch problem and the second stage on the vehicle routing problem. In this model, the demand characters of the rescue material during the large-scale event emergency are analyzed, and then we mainly considered the scenario of one material distribution center, multi-material demand, meanwhile the variation of the material demand with the evolvement of the disaster is considered. At the end of the paper, a numerical case analysis will show that the model is appropriate for the material distribution optimization for the large-scale event emergency and disasters.

Traffic information has been dynamically provided by variable message signs (VMS), on-board equipment, traffic radio etc. in urban traffic flow guidance system (UTFGS) to help balance the traffic flow in the net, however, the impacts have not been well evaluated by taking the daily OD demand fluctuation in to consideration. Therefore, from discussing the impact of dynamic traffic information on driver's choice behavior and pointing out the key factors need to be considered, the paper proposes a realistic evaluation method of dynamic traffic information in considering of OD demand fluctuation and carries out a real urban network test for a week to show the possibility that the information provided in UTFGS may lead to a increase in total travel time. To sum up, it is confirmed that dynamic traffic information provision would not be effective under regular traffic condition except at the beginning of a peak; meanwhile, the benefit arises in unusual traffic condition caused by incidents.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the microscopic traffic simulation software VISSIM model and theoretical basis. Based on the intersection's peculiar forms of transportation, complex situation and the common problems, the thesis made a thorough analysis of the investigation of the existing traffic condition and systematically introduces the plane junction single point signal control timing design and traffic flow theory. The research method in this thesis is resistance simulation carried out by using software VISSIM, and proved that it can be used for real time detection and meets the requirements for practical use. The research work and the conclusion improve and optimization the traffic design scheme. The practice shows that traffic micro-simulation is the effective way of solving traffic problems. At the same time, traffic simulation has got wide applications along with the development of the computer technology and the transportation theories and produced a good social and economic benefit.

It is difficult to identify distribution types and to estimate parameters of the distribution for small sample censored data. An intelligent distribution identification model was established based on statistical learning theory and the algorithm of multi-element classifier of Support Vector Machine (SVM), and also applied to parameter estimation of small sample censored data, in order to improve the precision of traditional method. The algorithm of training based on SVM and the RBF kernel function was selected firstly; secondly, the parameters of the distributions characteristics were drawn; on the basis of these conditions, the distributions identification model and the parameter estimation model were constructed finally. The model was verified with Monte Carlo simulation method. Plenty of combinations of the numbers of training and testing data were processed to find the optimization of identification model and make it efficient. The results indicate that the new algorithm has more preferable performance in distribution type identification and parameter estimation than the traditional methods.

The value of a statistical life (VOSL) is an important data to evaluate the traffic safety programs. We make an empirical study to estimate VOSL from Dalian, China, using the contingent valuation method (CVM) based on two hypothetical scenarios of "a safety device" and "a safer road". As a result, the individual characteristics that influence VOSL are classified into four categories which are the ability of payment, the ability to control risks, the ability of risk cognition and the aversion to risks. We also find that VOSL in "a safety device" scenario is from ¥ 0.55 million to ¥ 0.83 million and effected by the household income, car kilometers, the experience of running red lights and safety training. VOSL in "a safer road" scenario is from ¥ 1.11 million to ¥ 1.56 million and influenced by the individual income, car kilometers, speeding experience and safety training.

Transportation modes choice in multimodal transportation directly influences the cost of carriage of goods, time and quality of transport. Aiming at the status that multimodal transport informatization level is not high and lacks corresponding decision support system at present.the transport properties of various transportation means are analyzed, and then by contrast, get the transport mode choice basis. Depending on the technical and economic characteristics of different transport tools, for staging transportation networks, puts forward a combinatorial optimization model combined by the path selection and transport mode.By constructing a virtual transportation network, the original problem is converted to a shortest path problem with time constraint and ability constraints. First optimize the network, and then design appropriate genetic algorithm to solve it. An Example to this problem indicates that the optimization model and algorithm can greatly reduce the network complexity, and so this method is feasible and effective.

Ramp metering is a conventional approach for controlling the rate of vehicles entering a freeway network and hence mitigating the negative effects of congestions such as reduced mobility and safety. Due to the constraint of current traffic condition detection technologies, detailed traffic condition information on vehicles entering and exiting the freeway system is not available to fine-tune the process of vehicles entering the freeway system. The emerging technology of Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) presents a potential opportunity of developing a system-wide ramp metering system with the ability of fine-tuning the process of the vehicles entering the freeway system and hence increasing the efficiency and safety of the vehicle merging into the freeway traffic stream. In this paper, a VII-based system-wide ramp metering algorithm is proposed to obtain the traffic condition information at vehicle-level and combine the information with the queue detection, ramp utilization, and OD information for fine-tuning the vehicle entering the freeway system. In addition, queue flush and vehicle guidance are included to minimize the possibility of onramp vehicles spilling back to the arterials.

Based on the analysis of traffic behavior in the historic town, this paper describes the difficulties and problems of the traffic development in the historic town. On the goal of conservation and development for historic town, the article analyses the decision-making for the development of transportation in historic town, and proposes the scope and main content of the traffic planning. According to characteristics of the historic town, the paper proposes the traffic optimization strategies and methods in the construction, including of respect for the conservation of the historic town, prevent large demolition and construction; a hierarchy of road blocks and treat them differently; respect for history, widening the street by stages; expand the scope of one-way traffic, increase the number of parking lots; promote green travel methods.

This paper reports an observation investigation of pedestrian crossing behaviors conducted at signalized crosswalks in urban areas in Singapore and Beijing on typical workdays. Each crosswalk was observed 3 times in different periods, i.e. normal hours, lunch hours, and rush hours. A total of 103,956 pedestrians were observed. The results showed that lane type, lane number, intersection type, and culture had significant effect on illegal pedestrian crossing in both cities; observation period had no significant effect on pedestrian violation in both cities; the violation rate in Singapore was lower than that in Beijing. However, observers reported that illegal crossing of vulnerable pedestrians, e.g. pregnant, the lame, old men and women, was more obvious in Singapore than that in Beijing. Evidence proved the hypothesis that the violations were related to pedestrians' cognition of the definition of safety.

Individual resilience of enforcement officers is very important in keeping road users abiding by traffic rules. The results of this study showed: a) the level of individual resilience, the possibility to choose positive coping, the perceived positive affectivity, and the work engagement of enforcement officers were lower than those of non-enforcement officers; b) the perceived negative affectivity, the possibility to choose negative coping, and the level of work burnout of enforcement officers were higher than those of non-enforcement officers; c) individual resilience of enforcement officers and their organizational resilience had significant positive correlations with positive coping, positive affectivity, and work engagement; d) individual resilience had significant negative correlation with negative affectivity and work burnout; e) the organizational resilience had significant negative correlation with work burnout; f) the organizational resilience perceived by enforcement officers was lower than that of non-enforcement officers. This study also analyzed the stressors of enforcement officers.

Traditional methods to detect freeway accidents are simple in theory and practical in operation, but would usually fail to deliver high detection rates and low rates of false alarm. Scholars and researchers, both at home and abroad, are shifting their attention to complicated algorithms (such as Neural Network algorithm). Though improved effectively in theory, these algorithms are less practical, due to their massive data transfer, complicated data processing, and strict requirements for equipment. Therefore, how to build a practical algorithm that is suitable for the current freeway detection equipment and software systems, with the ability to achieve accurate detection results, has triggered a heated discussion in the field of freeway accident detection technologies. Based on the objective of lowering hardware cost and operation expenses and improving detection results, this paper offers an algorithm that combines California algorithm and filter algorithm, by grasping the change patterns of eigenvalues in each algorithm. From simulation studies it is shown that, compared with the single application of either California algorithm or filter algorithm, the combination algorithm can enhance detection rates and effectively reduce false alarm rates without increasing software or hardware expenses.

This paper investigates the age and sex distribution of at-fault drivers with respect to fatal crashes on the interstate and state highways in Florida. The study finds that the younger and older drivers of both sexes are more likely to cause fatal crashes compared to the ‘average' middle-aged drivers. The female oldest (>=75 years) drivers are at highest level of vulnerability of causing fatal crashes followed by younger male drivers. The study recommends that more efficient and frequent public transit services should be provided to the older drivers, and their driving licenses should be renewed every year to ensure that they are in good physical and mental health condition to drive on the streets. Goal-based effective training and educational programs should be initiated for the younger drivers where such programs are not in place, and should be regularly monitored and evaluated to make them effective where they are in place.

Public Transportation Priority can reduce bus delays at intersections, effectively ensure the punctuality of bus, thereby increasing the level of bus service, and ease the city's traffic pressure and ensure the future sustainable development of the city of great significance. Gray evaluation method using the actual running state of the traffic signal intersection analysis, analysis and comparison of import Road bus lane on the buses before and after setting and the delayed impact of other social vehicles, and the results with the theoretical model of the signal intersection delay calculation were compared. Simulation results show that the gray evaluation method, can import Road bus lane signalized intersection before and after the delay set quantitative evaluation, and has good maneuverability and practicality.

Traffic flow analysis was considered as one of the main steps in transportation planning and engineering. Various methods have been developed for this purpose. Most of these methods are based on available equations in traffic engineering. Mathematical methods used for analyzing traffic flow has always been very complicated and resource consuming. In 1995, using finite elements method for analyzing traffic flow was first introduced and developed over the few years. Hence it is a new look at traffic flow analysis which still needs lots of complex equations to be solved. In 2007, for the first time, it was suggested to simulate traffic flow as a fluid; using finite elements equations in fluid mechanics (i.e. model the vehicles in the road as a fluid in a canal). Results were considerably matching the real world case studies data. In this paper which is a part of study on the finite elements methods in transportation modeling and planning, ten different routes (e.g. bridge, intersection, roundabout) in Shiraz city (one of large scale cities of Iran) have been modeled in one of fluid mechanics modeling platform. Outputs compared with real world data by some adjustment and calibration which have been made to make it possible to match data and calculate the errors. Results show acceptable errors regarding modeling traffic flow by fluid mechanics simulation platforms. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed for acquisition of each element's role (e.g. number of lanes, maximum allowed speed and AADT) in model accuracy in Neural Network Algorithm platform.

Safety performance measures represent an increasingly more useful means for the evaluation of road safety conditions and allow the planners and the researchers to evaluate strategies apt to solve safety related problems. The main goal of this paper is to present a procedure for extracting vehicle tracking data and to use them in the estimation of safety performance in terms of a series of indicators representing interactions in real time between different pairs of vehicles belonging to the traffic stream. The context for this experiment is the measurement of safety performance at rural highways with respect to the potential for rear-end and head-on vehicle interactions. Individual vehicles are detected and tracked using a video image processing algorithm. The results of this study provide meaningful experimental indicators of potential safety problems at different rural highway locations subject to behavioral driver responses to different traffic conditions.

Personal travel information available from household surveys helps urban transportation planners to better capture the real world situation at a much-detailed level. Individuals have a set of periodic activities and the resources that satisfy these activities are distributed across space and time. Individuals must distribute their limited time among these activities, and transportation is used to trade time for space changing. In this study, ArcGIS is used to analyze the time and location choices of several Calgarian activities, such as work, home, education and others. In particular, GIS is used to show activity locations and concentration levels over different time of the day, and visualize individual trip chains. Study results clearly show that the location choices of the work, home, and education are consistent with underlying land use patterns of desired zones. And time of the day analysis also indicates that work-shift results in significant changes in activity concentrations over different land use zones due to their own natures. Mapping of individual trip chains also provides evidences that daily travel patterns are much more complicated than those having been modeled in the traditional aggregated models.

This paper presents an original modeling methodology to analyse the impact of weather conditions, maintenance operations and site-specific effects on accident occurrence. For this purpose, a unique dataset was prepared and used for model calibration. This dataset integrates different sources of data from 31 highway routes of different classes and geometric characteristics over six winter seasons (2000–2006). Different accident prediction models were then developed to identify contributing factors associated with road safety during winter seasons. Several modeling techniques were used, including the Negative Binomial (NB), generalised NB (GNB), and Poisson lognormal (PLN) model. After controlling for traffic exposure, the effect of weather, road surface conditions and site characteristics were determined. Results from different models with varied modeling schemes show a remarkably consistent association between road surface conditions and road safety.

The article presents possibilities of a new tool designed for risk assessment and safety of navigation evaluation. The VTMIS integrated simulator conception was designed in Maritime University of Szczecin. The era of standalone marine simulators has already passed. At present the team of fully integrated simulators could act in almost real environment. Such simulators do not require the use of very strict algorithms implementation. Opposite to that, research simulator performing task in design of ports and accident reconstruction must fulfill very strict criteria of implemented software and interactions between user and simulator. Such interaction between real different participants of the simulation in almost real environment conditions and in real time is very attractive. The article presents way of design for such simulator in hardware and software as well as expected results of researches performed on it.

A Wrong Way Ramp (WWR) detection system is described. The system is based on (i) in-ground magnetometer sensor grids which wirelessly communicate vehicle detection events to an access point; (ii) algorithms identifying wrong-way events with a high detection rate and low false alarm rate for a variety of vehicle and driver behaviors; (iii) video monitoring and notification; and (iv) Driver alerts. The system design, test issues and resolutions, and field results are presented.

Resident trips survey aim to find out the regular pattern of the resident trips such as the flow and direction of traveler in different space and time, the composition of transportation and traveler behavior parameters. However, the traditional methods of investigation have many shortcomings, such as not having enough samples, consuming a large amount of manpower and resources etc. In this paper, based on a large sample of mobile phone location data and geographic information system (GIS) data, a new method is designed and carried out in research of urban residents' trips pattern. In this paper, the research related to the development of a space-time GIS for exploring individual-based data are introduced briefly. The GIS data modeling for traveler space-time path is built up, and a visualization platform for analyzing temporal-spatial behavior patterns is designed and developed based on C# and ArcGIS Engine. Through matching up space-time path with road GIS data at a certain period of time, the individual transportation can be found out, the trip frequency, trip distance and trip time-consuming per day can be acquired.

Cooperative driving systems influence individual vehicles, either through advisory or autonomous actions, so as to optimize the collective behavior in terms of throughput, safety, fuel consumption and/or emissions. Cooperative driving systems need to function properly in a vast amount of different traffic scenarios. However, performing field-tests with physical prototypes is time-consuming, cost-intensive and potentially unsafe. This makes the development and evaluation process of cooperative driving systems a complicated activity. In order to support manufacturers and governments in dealing with these challenges, TNO has created the software package PreScan as well as the MOBYSEVI tool suite. These tools form an efficient and comprehensive environment for designing and evaluating cooperative driving systems.

In view of the high traffic accident rate on the highway curves, a precaution system based on Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) system was proposed in order to reduce traffic accident rate on highway curve. By analyzing the system function, physical and logical framework of the system was designed. The maximum safe speed was calculated utilizing the parameters of road curvature, vehicle dynamics and the obstacle information in front of the subject vehicle. Furthermore, a risk prediction function was introduced to judge the vehicle safety state when vehicle enters into the curve and the warning information was provided to driver according to warning level. The simulation results confirm the validity of the warning algorithm of the system.

The safety and efficiency of signalized intersection traffic will be effectively improved, if the drivers entering the intersections can get the signal status in time. Driving conditions optimization based on signal status can also save energy and reduce emission, energy and wear of tires and pavement. Based on joint experimental plan of net of vehicle between Tongji University and DENSO in Japan, the experimental platform of vehicle-infrastructure integration system based on Wi-Fi in Tongji was improved utilizing the WSU (Wireless Safe Unit) equipment. The equipment was based on DSRC so as to improve the real-time of information transmission. A prototype design of signal phase and timing broadcast system in signaled intersection was designed and a preliminary experimental plan of system was established too. The follow-up works, such as optimization of algorithms, determination of active area, fault-tolerant mechanism and realization of the system will be studied.

In accordance with the traffic safety and operating characteristics during the merging process,Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) system for improving ramp merging safety was established. Framework and architecture of VII experimental system were designed by analyzing its functions. Then this paper described a preliminary study on a merging control algorithm of vehicles on highways using vehicles to infrastructure communication. Simulation results indicated that a smooth reference speed trajectory for the merging vehicle could be calculated based on the control algorithm, but a rather general adaptive algorithm should be provided to avoid a two point boundary value problem in future research. This research provided an effective theory and technique support for increasing safety and decreasing traffic congestion in ramp merging area.

Road safety has always been of great concern. A topic of interest for many years has been the driving behavior of novice drivers. The accident rates of novice drivers, especially newly licensed teens, is much higher when compared to more experienced drivers. An important reason may be that novice drivers are more likely to fail to identify hazardous situations. Hazard perception in driving is the ability to identify potential hazards on roadways. The ability for recognizing hazard scenarios depends on a driver's mental models of various road conditions. Since November 2002, the UK has had a hazard perception element as part of their theory test to obtain a driver's license. Many different hazard perception training programs were developed as possible ways to reduce crash risk during the past decade. The results have been encouraging. However, hazard perception is a cognitive process, which is hard to measure quantitatively. In order to better understand hazard perception ability, researchers recorded drivers' eye search and scan patterns, and drivers' reaction time to potential hazards. This research will investigate the current state and effectiveness of hazard perception research for novice drivers.

Non-motorized travel is the vulnerable group of urban traffic. The connotation of non-motorized travel space-time continuity is discussed. The space-time discontinuity of non-motorized travel is analyzed. The continuity has impact on traffic safety. From planning, design, management and control views along with how to improve space-time continuity level of non-motorized travel is discussed. Then the evaluation method of space-time continuity is discussed. The results show that the higher space-time continuity level of non-motorized travel will effectively improve the travel safety of non-motorized travel.

The objective of traffic accident reconstruction is to simulate the scene and event of an accident; therefore people have an idea how did it happen. Nowadays investigators use site survey data, photos taken from the scene, injury and autopsy reports and witness transcripts to conduct their investigation. It's difficult to integrate all these data and reconstruct the sequence of occurrence events. This article proposes an innovative method to interpret traffic accidents. Document such as site survey data, GIS data, and information from police were used. Furthermore, developing investigation techniques shall have the features of reliability and practicality that lead individual evidences to present consistent analysis result. Later on by conducting factual report verification, occurrence analysis and accident conclusion, a simulation of animation is provided for stakeholders. People will have visualization aids and know what happened and how it happened. Thus lessons learned will be provided to the public and prevent recurrence of similar accidents.

According to the traffic crash statistics in China, the number of crashes and deaths occurring in highway crashes rank the top in the world. Improvements to highway safety has become a high priority for Chinese government and road authorities due to increasing public awareness and concern for human lives and property losses caused by traffic crashes. However, satisfying this priority in an environment of limited resources and growing fiscal constraints is difficult. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the resources available for highway safety improvements are efficiently utilized. In this paper, the methods for identifying black spots are discussed, and diagnosis process of safety problems in the black spot is constructed as well as the development of selection methods and models for safety improvement projects and locations in order to guide the decision process of allocating resources for safety improvements. Furthermore, a case study is provided to illustrate their applications.

This paper attempts to figure out the correlation between Travel time in queue (TIQ) and delay so that TIQ may be calculated on basis of delay values. A key point of the study was collecting data of travel time just in queue, the location and length of which are ever changing. These problems were resolved as follows: First, the microscopic simulation software developed by FHWA, namely TSIS, was used as analytical tool. The simulation model divided a freeway section into segments and an incident segment was simulated in order to analyze the queuing process from formation to discharging. Second, travel time of vehicles on each segment was calculated based on simulation output, and the segment was identified whether there had been a queue or not. TIQ and delay values were then calculated according to a given algorithm. Finally, correlation between TIQ and delay was established. This study revealed that both equations of TIQ vs. delay were linear functions during queue formation and discharging although there were differences.

Fractal geometry works well in image singularity analysis. In this paper, we describe a novel representation of linear objects in road crack images using multifractal. Firstly, we give the definition of linear objects and texture around linear objects; and then we use the distribution of texture around linear objects to represent cracks. In addition, we present a multifractal feature extraction method for linear objects. We first estimate the orientation map of textures by phase-grouping method, and then compute the discrete distribution curves of linear features in several homocentric annuluses in different scales. Our results show that the bandwidth between the maximum and zero-value point of multifractal function, Δ(α) is proportion to the complex of texture of linear object.

After data preprocessing, map matching, data mining for Floating Car Data (FCD) of taxi, the taxi operation information could be obtained, such as single travel time, distance, and the paths. This paper puts forward a method to conform taxi reasonable scale combining the urban taxi need to urban taxi actual operating information, including taxi demand distribution and the operating characteristics such as the average operating speed, the average operating time, average trip distance, which were excavated from the FCD. Based on FCD data for Guangzhou taxi city, the method has been verified. The results show that the method can be used to calculate the urban taxi reasonable scale, which is useful to provide the scientific basic for taxi management and traffic planning.

With the development of social economy and the growth of traffic, the adoption of the intelligent transport system will improve the utilization, safety and convenience of the road. The concept, function and the necessity of the intelligent system was discussed in detail. Its development at home and abroad was analyzed. Combined with the present situation and developing trend of China traffic and transportation, the developing strategies of the intelligent transport were put forward. Finally some suggestions were presented on the intelligent transport system and the further development of international standards in China.

Earthquake has serious destructive and catastrophic impact on people's life. The most important thing after earthquake is to rescue and evacuate people to a safe place as soon as possible. Time means return of life in emergency rescue after earthquake. The critical question is how to choose shelters to ensure that overall evacuation time is the shortest. In order to make the most of a suitable evacuation plan, eight assessment indexes are proposed to quantitatively evaluate level of service of Earthquake Emergency Shelter (EES) using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then a model for EES choice based on constrained optimization theory is provided. Its objective is to ensure that the total evacuation time is the shortest. At the same time the model comprehensively considers the choice of evacuation route.

Current video based traffic flow detection equipments require a high position of collection and a shelter-free scenario, which has impeded the applications for these technologies in small and medium-sized cities in China. Realizing the facts of these cities, where there are narrower roads, fewer high buildings and more noticeable blocks on roadsides, this paper develops a novel collaborative video-based traffic flow detection approach. In the proposed method, to obtain the precise traffic flow data and overcome the limitations on site for video detection, video detectors monitoring the same road section are placed on different height and different angle with the centerline of the road section. Experimental data is collected on different types of road sections in Hohhot. Key technologies for the proposed method are discussed in-depth based on the statistic and comparative analysis conducted on the field data. It shows that the proposed approach can provide better precision within reasonable costs.

Because of the development of national economy, the ownership of automobiles is rising rapidly, which is associated with an upward trend in traffic accidents. Road safety has become a problem which needs urgent solution. In the previous year's traffic accident analyzed the subject factors of automobiles and drivers were given considerable attention. However, the important role of road was neglected. This paper presents the effect of alignment of road on traffic safety, pointing out that the design of road alignment directly affects the vehicle safety. An unreasonable design may lead to difficult driving conditions and even terrible traffic accidents. The factors which may influence traffic safety are analyzed from different kind of planes, vertical and combination alignment aspects. Besides, complying with the principle of "people-oriented and safety first", a solution is provided to improve the design of the road alignment.

In this paper, we present the optimal parameters such as the number of coherent integration and non-coherent integration of non-coherent signal detector under the maximum relative velocity of 120km/hr. Also we propose the arc tangent frequency difference detection (FDD) algorithm for measuring the Doppler shift. The algorithm has superior capabilities in comparison with the conventional FFT method in the accuracy, the hardware complexity, and the velocity range.

For the current situation of expressway traffic safety, a research is conducted by applying Rough Set and RBF (Radial Basis Function) Neural Network. On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting expressway traffic safety, from the systematic viewpoint, an index system of expressway traffic safety evaluation is established. Firstly, the index system is classified by rough set, to clear and a definite important influential index. Then, based on the classification of the evaluation index, the comprehensive evaluation model of RBF Neural Network for expressway traffic safety is established to evaluate the traffic safety of expressway in a certain area. The result proves that this method is scientific, reasonable and feasible, which has a broad prospect of application.

With the rapid population increase and the city's rapid growth in vehicle ownership, urban traffic congestion is becoming worse. The traffic security problem especially is important. This study focuses on urban traffic safety, which is based on analyzing the present situation and the causes of traffic congestion, from the perspective of sustainable transportation, combined with the urban traffic planning theory and traffic intelligent development trends, and puts forward the traffic safety measures. Car networking (Internet of cars) is one part of Internet of things, which is equipped with electronic sensor vehicles for terminals. It connects the vehicle static or dynamic information and the information network platform through the RFID and the wireless data communication technology. Thus, it forms the network that has the function of effective supervision and comprehensive service for all vehicles. This paper uses system analysis method to optimize the urban traffic structure, improve the urban residents of travel efficiency and relieve urban traffic congestion, which is of great significance to improve the urban traffic safety.

The growing automobile transport results in severe traffic congestion, pollution and road safety problems. Bicycling, as one of sustainable transportation mode, is encouraged in most developed countries for its attributes of convenience, low cost, non-fuel use, and zero-emissions. It is generally accepted that increasing bicycle use could improve road safety. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this paper discusses potential factors influencing bicycle use and bicycle collisions. Understanding these bicycle-related factors is useful to develop new bicycle-related Collision Prediction Models (CPMs) with generalized linear regression. These CPMs can support economic justification of much-needed major bicycle infrastructure investments, and also help policy makers to promote bicycling in an effective and economic manner. Also, a brief methodology of developing such macro-level CPMs is suggested. Based on a case study of City of Kelowna, BC, Canada, several new macro-level CPMs are proposed. Results reveal that the increase of bicycle use can lead to a decrease in total collisions despite an increase in bicycle collisions, which is consistent with the actual case. Also, the bicyclerelated exposure variable, bicycle lane length, has a significantly positive relationship with dependent variables: total collision frequency. In this case, it is concluded that increasing bike lanes (on-street and off-street) can be a good measure to improve road safety. Still, aimed on the research gap, this paper identifies potential works of high interests in future.

To improve running safety of locomotive by analyzing the inner dynamic excitation of driving gear, with tools of gear dynamic meshing force formulas and multi-body dynamics software SIMPACK, a dynamic model of locomotive was established, and dynamic parameters of driving motor was calculated in the curved and straight track conditions. Simulation results show that the dynamic performance of locomotive driving motor become worse and its vibration increase with the increase of excitation force under the influence of inner dynamic excitation. The vibration of driving motor was enhanced with the increase of locomotive running speed and gear rolling speed, in the curved and straight track conditions the inner dynamic excitation of driving gear has the most significant effect on the nodding vibration of driving motor.

Traffic guide signs are the most important carriers and promulgators of traffic management and the road net geographical information. The erection of the guide signs has a direct influence on driving security and traffic efficiency of the road net. In this paper the drivers' cognitive time of traffic guide signs were gained by the special designed simulation experiment .The drivers' identifying order on a traffic guide sign and the characteristic of indentifying graphic symbols in the traffic guide signs were achieved by descriptive statistics and difference comparison of the drivers' cognitive time. The research shows the driver's identifying order is from left to right and up to down. Furthermore, the graphic symbols have great influence on the cognitive time, and, this influence has a close relation with the driving behavior. At the same time the result approved that the criterion of the layout order of the information in the traffic guide signs is reasonable in Chinese national standard.

In June 2008, the bus signal priority expand engineering of traffic signal control system was put into effect in Beijing. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology as the bus-vehicle detector was used widely. RFID detection technology became mature in bus signal priority control at intersections. This paper first introduces the RFID operating principle, the method of installation and the application effect of the bus signal priority. At last, this paper gave some prospects of the application of RFID that used in traffic signal control for emergency vehicles such as fire truck, emergency ambulance, traffic police vehicles, and so on.

Increasing function of mobile phone, with availability of traffic information publishing, has created a demand for techniques and methodologies that assist in the automated generation of traffic maps specifically tailored to mobile phone. This paper concerns itself with the problem of automatic generation of schematic maps for traffic information. Schematic maps are effective tools for representation information about the physical environment; they depict specific information in an abstract way. In the context of mobile mapping, schematic maps are seen as being particularly useful means of displaying transportation networks. This paper presents a method that automates the production of schematic maps of traffic information. The method takes into account road type, interesting area of user, current location of user and topologic of the road network, et.al. An implementation of the method is also presented, together with experimental results.

The mid-air collision of Brazil civil aviation in 2006 is a typical of accident caused by human error. We try to find out all attribute factors of the accident by reading accident report issued by CENIPA, and then analyze them with human error analysis system of China civil aviation (CN-HFACS) which is improved from HFACS to fit China civil aviation status. The ultimate cause of the accident is: 1) the N600XL crew's lack of adequate preparation of the flight, unfamiliarity with the aircraft and its avionics, 2) operation violation of ATCOs, poor ATC and English language skills. The contributing cause is lack of adequate management of civil aviation administration. To improve civil aviation safety, human factor education and human error research must continue to be strengthened.

Trumpet interchange is one of the most common types of interchange in the four-lane freeway and it is critical to organize traffic effectively during the reconstruction of it. The difficulties and key issues in traffic organization during reconstruction and expansion project of trumpet interchanges can be found out by analyzing the layout of ramps, traffic characteristics, reconstruction and expansion schemes and main construction technologies. Based on the idea of all ramps unimpeded, the general principles and methods of traffic organization of the trumpet interchange reconstruction and expansion project are put forward by considering the traffic characteristics, traffic volumes, reconstruction design proposals and construction period. The traffic organization during the trumpet interchange reconstruction and expansion project in Hohhot-Baotou freeway is analyzed, which may provide a useful reference for the traffic organization of the trumpet interchange reconstruction and expansion project in future. Trumpet interchange is one of the most common types of interchange in the freeway in our country, featured with simple form and only one Overpass Bridge and centralized toll stations. Taking Hohhot-Baotou freeway as an example, it has thirteen interchanges along 207 kilometers in length. Nine of them are trumpet interchange, which account for seventy percents. As the relation of the locations between the newly designed ramps and the old ones are complex, the quantities are large, the quantities of structures are immense and it's hard to arrange the construction units, the trumpet interchange reconstruction and expansion project has a serious impact on the safety and smooth flow of traffic. Working out a reasonable plan of traffic organization during the construction of trumpet interchange reconstruction and expansion, could avoid traffic congestion and accidents. It could also make sure the good process of the project and reduce the bad effect on the society and economic.

A research was conducted to observe the gender difference in drivers' behaviour while performing different-level auditory tasks in real driving situations using an Instrumented Vehicle (IV). The results showed that, as the task demand increases, there is a corresponding increase in subjective rating and a decrease in secondary task performance. Female drivers tend to adopt a conservative strategy both in baseline driving and to cope with the extra demand from the secondary tasks by driving at lower speed and putting less effort on paying attention to keep to a constant speed. The gender difference is more pronounced when the task level is higher, with females making more mistakes in performing the secondary tasks, and in having more large steering turn. This may suggest that the females' driving performance is impaired at higher secondary task levels. As can be seen from the results, performing auditory secondary tasks while driving can impact negatively on both genders in terms of the subjective workload, secondary task performance, and primary driving performance - but to different extents.

The rationality of traffic connection in multiple transportation mode of urban passenger transportation hub is an important guarantee for the development of urban integrated transportation. The location of existing and planning integrated hub as well as the complexity of passenger traffic characteristics and hub spatial structure is also important. Considering the different connection mode and overcoming the defects of existing evaluation model, it can be easy to establish an improved model of comprehensive evaluation with multiple factors such as passenger satisfaction, transfer time and space economy, transfer equipment adaptation, etc. Then evaluating and demonstrating the rationality of traffic connection in Wuhan integrated passenger transportation hub is taken as an example. Afterwards the improvement measures are provided for the irrationality.

Setting diversion point properly is the key to make the traffic organization and design proposal of road net diversion in reconstruction and expansion Project of freeway. Different functions of multistage diversion points in reconstruction and expansion project of highway are expatiated. According to the functions of diversion point at all levels, the node-sets which are used as diversion point are identified. Considering aspects of diverting conditions and driver's satisfaction, tolerance, diverted routing factor, and bypass cost are selected as analysis index. The necessity of diversion point settings are judged by using dynamic comprehensive evaluation method, the detailed proposal of multistage diversion point settings is obtained. Finally, setting multistage diversion point of hubao freeway reconstruction and expansion project is taken as an example for analyzing.

The optimization method of regional scheduling based on the hub point in transit network is proposed by analyzing the current public transport scheduling problems and the development trend of regional transit. Through the set of the network edge and node property value, the highest number of bus line reaching node at the same time within the permissible error is the objective function; heuristic algorithm is used to solve the departure time and the time in station at each node of frequency for each line. Because all lines coordinated arriving, the transfer time of lines running on the network for passengers decreases. The total transfer cost of main nodes is reduced to achieve the transfer optimization of lines in the public transport network.

Loading course of structure bearing is very important for it's fatigue analysis during structural evaluation era. Based on the traffic investigation during several years, a traffic increasing stochastic process forecast model of highway was established using grey system theory and Markov chains theory. The inspection result to the model indicated that the model had a high precision and it can be used to forecast the traffic condition of future years. Vehicles weight data of a highway during 2 years by continual weighting. The vehicle weight data were fitted by traditional distributing, and the result indicated that the data accordance with double exponent distributing. Bridges loading course stochastic process model were achieved by combining above model. Vehicle numbers in certain weight area through the bridge during a certain period can be calculated. As a result, fatigue accumulation during the bridge's service life can be calculated by the model.

The 3G communication protocol and 3G intelligence mobile phone with a high speed data transmission provides a new platform and means for improvement of map service mode. With the urban transportation system more complex, demands for querying destinations and paths based on a map in trip become more frequent and various: such as foothold positions, locations of commercial service facilities that in an definite range and possible path, etc. Based on a summary of function and problem of existing mobile GIS service systems, we try a new interactive mobile WebGIS mode of personal trip guiding service, based on 3G communication platform and a latest protocol (W3C). It takes a new "request-analysis-service" personal trip service mode, which is based on a kind of vector data communication. According to personal trip problems the servers can generate a map services to meet the needs of demand, only with a few amount of data. User can get a simplified vector map and relative information of a definite problem on the screen.

Existing Traffic Information Systems accumulates lot of historic records. It provides the possibility to excavate some information to discover traffic congestion mechanism. Based on the historic data accumulated in Shanghai Expressway Traffic Monitor Center, data mining system architecture is proposed. Case study shows these results help to traffic management department to deal with traffic congestion more efficiently.

It's well known that collecting traffic information by cell phone CEL-ID location technique-firstly get subscribers ‘travel routine by analyzing and retrieving CELL-ID number uploaded by cell phone customers, then other necessary information (e.g. Origin-Destination Flow, the number of Residents and Jobs) gained after father technical processing. However, since all of these indicators are based on traffic analysis zone (TAZ) unit and restricted by the accuracy of CELL-ID location method and communication theory, the size of the traffic analysis zone has significant impact on the accuracy of indictors. For example, the relative error of the indicator will increase if the traffic analysis zone is divided too small. But if traffic analysis zone is divided too big, the trip distribution characteristic won't be presented clear. That's why this dissertation is to contribute a reasonable methodology of solving traffic analysis zone size based on CELL-ID location technique.

Road administrator should understand the condition of road traffic facilities to improve traffic efficiency and ensure driving security. In the paper, a new evaluation method of road traffic facilities was proposed. By using fuzzy AHM (Analytic Hierarchy Model) method in synthesis evaluation, a reasonable safety evaluation model was established. First, the index system was established by comprehensively considering all kinds of facility attributes, including target layer—safety of road traffic facility, first level layer—4 parts of road traffic facility, second level layer—eighteen relevant indexes. Then the measure to judgment matrix was built on the combination of AHM and expert evaluation. The evaluation of what level the road traffic facilities belonged to was made out by the fuzzy mathematic. The feasibility and validity of the approach were verified by an engineering practice in the end and the advantages of the method proposed in this paper were pointed out.

The popular use of traffic detectors makes it fairly easy to collect abundant data. However, how to utilize these data effectively to analyze traffic conditions becomes an urgent problem. In this article, On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is applied to traffic information system to solve this problem. As the core of OLAP, a multidimensional data model for traffic conditions analysis is designed, which can deal with numerous data from different viewpoints and granularities. Fundamental procedures of establishing the model are demonstrated and traffic parameters are summarized. The application of the model to "Shenzhen urban transportation simulation system" shows well applicability for traffic condition analysis.

In order to achieve the optimization of traffic polices resource and flat conductor, this paper proposed idea of architecture and functional design about wireless dispatching system of traffic police resources. And it is modeling on traffic polices' individual microscopic behavior by state automata method. It can show macro-quantitative analysis and real-time status about the work of traffic polices on duty. It constructed the optimal selection strategy on disposal of police resources under emergency by genetic algorithm which achieved the optimal scheduling of police resource. Through the running of this system in Beijing Traffic Management Command Center, it proved that both the design of this system and processing method is reasonable.

Based on the RTMS (Remote Traffic Microwave Sensor) data, FCD (floating car data) and plate number data collected from urban expressway, a travel speed estimation method based on BP (back-propagation) neural network is presented in this study. According to the spatial and temporal characteristics of traffic data, three kinds of data complement methods are respectively presented first, and then six data fusion models are established for each data missing and complement status. The input data includes average travel speed from FCD and traffic volume, spot speed, time occupancy rate from RTMS, and the output is the average travel speed estimation. In the model training phase, the travel speed calculated from plate number data is viewed as the real value. Finally, the models are examined by realistic traffic data with two evaluation indicators. The result shows that the fusion models can provide more effective and more accurate traffic information.

New traffic management schemes — variable speed control, managed lane operations as Hard Shoulder Running, tidal flow, dedicated bus or taxis lane are nowadays developing. Their impact on traffic safety can be computed by means of Before/After studies. In these studies, the counts of accidents which occurred in the period after and in the period before the implementation of the new scheme are examined. As some contributing factors to accidents might have changed between before and after periods - due to the general safety policy, the betterment of vehicles or of the road, it is important to identify the impact of these changes on the accident number, in order not to confound this impact (called the "time effect") with the one of the new scheme; this time effect is identified on a "reference" site as the difference between the accident risks between the before and the after period on this reference site. There is an implicit assumption that there are no or no important structural differences between the reference and the assessed sites (in terms of infrastructure, traffic, external conditions). If it is not the case, and if the time effect varies according to the elements of the infrastructure or of the traffic patterns, the "average" time effect computed on the reference site cannot be directly used on the assessed site, due to a bias. This bias is mitigated by splitting the reference site and its traffic into traffic scenarios or into infrastructure scenarios, and by computing the time effect on each element; then those time effects are used, with the appropriate weights, on the assessed site. The impact of this breakdown on the variance of the estimation is provided. A numerical application, for a French managed lane operation, is given to illustrate the interest of the method in road safety assessment.

In order to evaluate the stability of an ancient landslide at ZhangMu town of China-Nepal Highway, a monitoring-based method is put forward. By means of deformation monitoring, including ground deformation, underground displacement and crack measuring, deformation information in a rainy season of this region is got and used as a marginal condition. Based upon the geological conditions, a 3D numerical simulation is set up on the base of a reasonably established finite element model. Using typical crack monitoring data, a GM (1, 1) prediction model based on grey theory prediction method is established, which accords well. Combining stability mechanical analyze, the results are useful references for the slide-slop stability study in downstream regions of BoQu river of the Himalayan southern with complex geological conditions.

Focusing on the intersections of Beijing's central urban area, the paper studies the traffic facilities, motor vehicles volume, pedestrian volume, pedestrian traffic conflict, pedestrian traffic law violation rates and carries out survey. Based on extensive survey data and historical traffic data, the paper proofs that the major factor leading to the pedestrian traffic conflicts is pedestrian violation of the traffic law, followed by lack of reasonable facilities crossing the streets. According to the causes of the traffic accidents, the paper puts forward appropriate measures to improve pedestrian safety, including improving pedestrian traffic compliance rate, adding more crossing streets facilities for pedestrian. For quantitative evaluation of pedestrian safety, pedestrian traffic conflict evaluation model at urban road intersections should be established, and the model parameters should be calibrated. The result of this paper has an important significance for easing traffic congestions in big cities, and improving traffic safety.

To test the taxiway bridge fast and accurately the use of the impact coefficient model which is the method of vibration excited by truck jumping from threshold on deck is discussed in the paper. The calculated model is established based on the finite element method. The vibration characters of the beam model are analyzed. And then the calculated model of the impact coefficient can be determined by the dynamic and static analysis. The impact coefficient is influenced by truck jumping place, jumping height, vehicle and bridge inherent parameters, while the factors of running speed and irregularity degree of bridge deck can be ignored. So the accuracy of the impact coefficient model is improved. The application of the vibration excited method and the determination of the impact coefficient model are fulfilled the accuracy in the bridge test and shorten the working hours.

Geographical information system (GIS) has been used more and more widely. Nowadays, the technology of GIS can play a vital role in the management system with its strong capability of processing spatial data information. Considering the actual needs of traffic and transportation at present, it has important practical significance than promoting safety management and intelligence of urban traffic by means of establishing geographical information system for transportation (GIS-T) which refers to application of GIS and modern computer technology. Especially under the abnormal conditions, such as urban road traffic accident, construction site, weather conditions or rush hours, that makes urban traffic safety management more difficult. In this case, it is of great significance that analyzing existing problems in urban traffic which badly needs to be resolved and discussing safety management of urban traffic and its affected factors, afterwards some measures are also proposed. Finally, it describes the design principle and frame of a monitoring and forewarning system of urban traffic safety based on GIS.

What specific data elements should be included for the survey effort is one of the primary issues that the survey team needs to resolve in the implementation process of personal travel survey, and is important prerequisites for the survey instrument design. Generally, the analysis and travel demand modeling plans for the survey results and the survey's overall goals will dictate what data elements should be included, but this determination process is time consuming. Considering the facts that the most personal travel surveys efforts have common concerns, therefore, reviewing data elements that are frequently collected is a productive exercise. By studying 16 cases of personal travel survey, this paper summarized the main data items for personal travel surveys in China firstly. Then the suggested items were provided for the development and refinement of travel demand forecast models. The research may be helpful for the metropolitan regions that commission travel surveys do not have in-depth knowledge and experience in this field.

When traffic managers make efficient decisions to reduce the impact of traffic congestion due to freeway incidents such as accidents, disabled vehicles, and weather events, it is important to estimate incident duration, as accurately as possible. This paper applies a survival analysis approach to develop the WEIBULL accelerated failure time (AFT) duration prediction model with nearly three-year incident duration data from 2006 to 2008 from Jiaxing city's freeway incident response centre in Zhejiang Province in China. The 2006 and 2007 data were used to estimate the prediction model and then, the model was calibrated and tested using 2008 data. The model prediction results show that a variety of factors that significantly affect incident duration and the model prediction accuracy is acceptable with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) scale. The goodness-of-fit tests with the likelihood-ratio statistic were used to find out whether the estimated parameters are stable over time. Thus, the findings of this paper provide an important method to predict the incident duration and the results can be used to improve emergency management measures to reduce incident-induced traffic congestion.

Research on ship's traffic capacity of locks is an important elementary work in inland water navigation planning and the organization of ship's flow. In the Three Gorges-Gezhouba hydro project, for the short distance between the two locks, ship's arriving law of one of the locks can significantly affect the other one. Therefore the calculation of ship's traffic capacity of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba hydro project is different from the one of common channels. Queuing theory is applied to the research. A study on ship's arriving law is carried out based on the survey of traffic flow in the water area. Furthermore, with the influence of ship's flow between the two locks under consideration, a model of double-stage M/M/n queuing model is established; both theoretical calculation and computer simulation are carried out in the research, the elements of average queuing time, average number of clients in the waiting queue and busy server probability are achieved; and the calculation model of traffic capacity of locks is proposed based on these elements. The model has been checked with the actual data surveyed, the result show that the model is practical and reasonable. Finally, dispatching plan based on ship's traffic capacity is proposed.

The monitoring module of TPMS (Tire pressure monitoring system) is installed in the tire interior and is restricted by volume, power, high rotating environment etc. The antenna must have characteristics such as high gain, low standing-wave ratio (SWR). The relationship between the radio Doppler frequency shift, working frequency, velocity and tire depth was established under the high rotating environment. It was indicated that the value of frequency offset changed with rotating angle, showing the cosine function. It is proportional to frequency and rotating speed. Furthermore, the linear polarized wave transmitted is altered to round polarized wave with periodical changing electric-field. Secondly, an analysis was completed on the characteristics of the antenna impedance and gain with distance. As a result, the formula shows that the transmitting antenna's impedance changes dynamically. According to the analysis mentioned above the optimum design scheme was established with a vertical hollow shape antenna. In this scheme, the impedance matching factor equals 1 nearly as well as it can meet the conjugate match in the almost rotating angle. Furthermore, SWR disturbed by the Doppler frequency shift is reduced and transmitting efficiency is improved. The antenna has fine polarization characteristics in a high rotating environment through simulation. A new TPMS was designed based on upward content, and experiments find it can meet the strict demands of a high rotating environment.

The importance of reliable estimates of travel demands for effective planning, design, and management of roads and facilities is well known by transportation engineers. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) factoring method is widely used by highway agencies to estimate AADTs for a wide range of roads, which are not possible to be covered by the permanent counters. This approach assumes that roads within a functional class have similar traffic variations and thus factors derived from the class can be applied to short-term traffic counts (STTCs) to account for seasonal variations, which have been shown to produce large AADT estimation errors sometimes in the literature. This paper contributes to improving the AADT estimations by constructing seasonal traffic variation profiles using all historical short-term counts available without imposing any additional monitoring cost, or making any change to existing traffic monitoring programs. Two pattern matching methods are proposed and tested with the data from a permanent counter on a winter recreational road in Alberta, Canada. It is found that the resulting 95th percentile (P95) AADT estimation errors of the two methods are 10.5% and 8.4% respectively, with a contrast to 62.1% from the FHWA method.

Improved technological safety measures and regulation modifications as well as better education of road users have had considerable influence on reducing the number of accidents and fatalities. However, assessing the effect of measures has been straightforward and in particular there is not enough knowledge on the precise impact on road safety of the new intelligent measures. Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) is a suitable platform to evaluate these innovative safety measures. Relatively quick results and reduced cost are amongst the main benefits of using simulation tools for evaluating safety measures. In this paper, ABM and Road Safety Measures, in particular intelligent safety measures, will be briefly introduced followed by the description of a proposal methodology to evaluate in-vehicle intelligent safety measures. This methodology will be tested for Alcohol Intake control devices. Alcohol-involved accidents contribute to about one third of fatal accidents in USA and EU. Development of alcohol-lock devices and regulations which prevent drunk drivers to start and run the vehicle are among priorities in road safety programs. Results show the adequacy of the described methodology.

In recent years, the human-in-the-loop principle has been an emerging topic throughout the field of dynamic systems and control. Within this field, Human Assistance Systems (HAS) have become increasingly important and the driving environment, in particular, tends to play a distinctive role. Previous studies mainly aimed at making assistance systems as efficient as possible, reducing the possibility for errors (collisions) to a great extent. Due to this performance-oriented approach, however, former systems tend to take up the role of a strict supervisor, rather than that of a guide-like driver assistant. This research focuses on expanding the HAS' contribution to the control loop by incorporating both the driver state and an additional assistance level into the system's output behavior, thereby aiming to advance the systems in terms of user interaction and satisfaction. As a result, system efficiency will be maintained, while simultaneously sustaining the driver's perceived level of control.

In the context of an investigation made at the Institute for traffic safety and automation engineering, driving training concepts of the classes A (motor cycle) and B (road car) were comparatively examined and regarded Driving Assistance System for the passenger car range. The central question that needed to be answered in the study was, in how far the contents of the current driver training is fit to handle critical driving situations, as it can arise from a malfunction of an assistance system. The investigation comes to the result that both legally prescribed instructional contents and their exam contents are, from present view, not sufficient to respond to the requirements, which are made by modern driver assistance systems to the driver.

Human personality is an important component of psychological factors affecting pedestrian crossing. This paper reports a questionnaire survey on the effects of pedestrian personalities (including neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness) on pedestrian violation in China. 675 feedbacks were obtained, of which 535 samples were valid for analysis. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that educational level had significant effect on violation; agreeableness had significant effect on violation, conditional compliance and unconditional compliance; consciousness had significant effect on violation and conditional compliance; extraversion had significant effect on unconditional compliance; neuroticism had significant effect on violation; educational level had significant effect on violation. The results implied that psychological measures played a very important role in pedestrian safety.

The growing focus on improving railway freight transportation in North America has resulted in increased attention to safety at highway-railway crossings (HRC). Recently, federal government agencies such as US Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and Canadian Transportation Safety Board (TSB) have alluded to safety concerns associated with HRC. Safety at HRCs are of considerable importance to the government as well as the public due to the significant economic and emotional damages associated with accidents at HRC. To address these safety concerns, transportation researchers are focusing on developing countermeasures that enhance safety at HRC. Earlier research on HRC safety has employed a risk based approach considering both frequency and consequence; however, there has been very little research examining the consequence of the collision. In this paper, we aim to identify the different factors that influence injury severity of highway vehicle occupants, in particular drivers, involved in a vehicle-train collision. The commonly used approach to modeling vehicle occupant injury severity is the traditional ordered response model. However, the ordered response model restricts the effect of various factors on injury severity to be constant across all accidents. It is possible that accidents might be grouped (clustered) into different segments to differentiate the effects of various factors at the segment level. The current research effort proposes an innovative latent segmentation-based ordered response model to study injury severity. In this case, individuals (drivers) are assigned probabilistically to different segments with probability of getting injured specific to each segment. The validity and strength of the formulated collision consequence model is tested using the United States Federal Railroad Administration database which includes inventory data of all the railroad crossings in the US and collision data at these HRC crossings from 1997 to 2006. The research effort will shed light on the most important factors that affect the severity of injuries to vehicle occupants involved in collisions.

The changing in road traffic mode of development, is one of the objectives to achieve dynamic operation of road network management and control. Solving the real-time monitoring of road network running technique is the key to dynamic management of road network. This paper first analyzes the road network operation and monitoring needs to be made aware of the basic network elements, such as road infrastructure, equipment, transport operating parameters, traffic incidents and road condition rating, etc.; and the use of digital neural network theory, proposed road network to run BP neural network monitoring model, the main parameters of network monitoring input - output model mapping. Finally, the paper will briefly introduce the national road network that is running monitoring system's fundamentals.

The fast development of wireless communication technologies such as VANET and telematics services is getting popular. Some of them, such as the traffic management system, audio/video streaming services and location-based services, need large Internet bandwidth which may exceed the available bandwidth of a vehicle. In this paper, an Authority-based Idle Bandwidth Sharing Approach (AIBSA) is proposed to provide extra bandwidth for vehicles required to access telematics services. To achieve this goal, AIBSA creates an overlay of idle bandwidth information for vehicles, including their authority relationships and quantities of idle bandwidth. Using that information, AIBSA helps vehicles obtain extra Internet access bandwidth from other vehicles through inter-vehicle communication (IVC) via a short range wireless interface which differs from the main Internet access interface. The maximum flow planning principle is adopted to develop a novel idle bandwidth planning algorithm which can find out one or more authorized bandwidth utilization paths for the demanding vehicles to get expected Internet bandwidth from the idle bandwidth owners. The proposed planning algorithm also considers the overall status of idle bandwidth demands and supplies, global idle bandwidth utilization efficiency, and authorization policies. Using AIBSA, the authority, bandwidth competition and low idle bandwidth utilization problems in traditional bandwidth sharing schemes can be solved. A simulation program is developed to evaluate the performance of AIBSA, and the simulation result shows that it can largely enhance the global utilization of idle bandwidth in a VANET.

The influence factors of incident duration and their effects were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), totally 12 items of factors analysis. Then statistical methods were developed to allow quantitative regression of cusp catastrophe model (CCM) with incident duration data. The stepwise regression analysis was employed to find the best group of factors including alarm time, lanes occupied, casualties, rescue vehicles, incident style, time arrived on spot. As a normal factor AlarmTime, Lanes were used. As a bifurcation factor Casualties, RescueVehicles, IncidentStyle, TimeOnSpot were used. The fitting result of cusp catastrophe model indicates that three levels of duration were defined by stability, potential catastrophe and catastrophe areas and this model could predict the sudden changes of incident duration well. This CCM model could provide technical support for decision-making to dispose incidents.

The installation and maintenance of traditional traffic data collection technologies such as inductive loops can disrupt the smooth flow of traffic, undermine pavement quality, and be a significant safety concern to both motorists and construction personnel. Consequently, there has been a strong emphasis on the development and deployment of non-intrusive traffic detection systems. These devices serve as alternatives to conventional systems by allowing agencies to collect data at high traffic volume locations without compromising operations or safety. The main objective of this research is to investigate the accuracy, reliability, cost, and user-friendliness of various non-intrusive detectors. The study is based on data collected at a test bed in Nebraska where four types of non-intrusive detectors (Autoscope Solo Pro II video image detection system, ISS RTMS G4 microwave radar system, Wavetronix SmartSensor microwave radar system, and GTT Canoga Microloop magnetic induction system) have been deployed. A paired or yoked statistical analysis is used to compare the technologies "side-by-side" so that any environmental and traffic effects are accounted for. The study identifies the relative accuracy of each detection system for each traffic variable (volume, speed, and classification) as a function of environmental conditions, time of day conditions, and traffic conditions. In addition, the variances of the traffic parameter estimates are also provided so that transportation agencies will have reasonable operating bounds for the different technologies which are key input to their ATMS algorithm designs.

Four most popular trucks in China are chosen, the engine performances of which were analyzed by bench test. The truck's climbing ability was calculated based on dynamics principle, and the result show that the current vertical alignment indexes cannot guarantee the trucks to travel at minimum freeway speed limit 60km/h. Based on the truck's climbing ability, the equilibrium climbing speeds at different grades are calculated, and the maximum grade length limitation at different grades is also recommend when design speed is 80km/h, critical speed is 60km/h.

According to statistics, the truck is the vehicle that often causes accidents in the horizontal curves. This is largely because the quality of front and rear axles of vehicles is quite different in different turning radius around the axis, the centrifugal forces are different, and the operation difficulty is increased. At the same time, the vehicle operation difficulty also is closely related to vehicle speed when vehicle speed is faster, it is more difficult for vehicle to operate and traffic accidents occur. Therefore, it is necessary for curve design and controlling traffic speed to be taken into account for vehicles and road factors, the analysis is the maximum safe speed on curve. The maximum safe speed calculation model on curve is set up by considering the vehicle wheelbase, load quality factor, radius and super elevation factors. The model can be used to inspect curve radius and super elevation and to determine the speed limit value.

Network level highway investment normally considers infrastructure's current level of service and future demand based on forecasted traffic growth. Safety improvement initiatives are normally designed to address identified specific substantive safety concerns. It is often the case that substantive safety at highway locations may not correlate to nominal safety. Rural communities relying on low standard roads often feel that their safety concerns may not be adequately considered in the investment decision-making process. There may not be a quantitative relationship between road conditions and substantive safety, however, upgrading low standard roads will certainly improve their nominal safety and address public perception of road safety concerns. It is a challenge in decision-making to balance the investment needs of economic growth demand and community safety concerns. Saskatchewan has developed rural highway strategies to guide capital investment to maximize social and economic benefits. The strategies utilize a multifactor evaluation method to prioritize highway upgrading investment. In addition to economic and traffic considerations, quantifiable road safety factors reflecting both substantive and nominal safety are incorporated into the strategies. Successful incorporation of these factors most concerned for rural highways has made the strategies more acceptable to the public.

With the rapid development of RFID technology, the demands of a relevant software system have been rising in recent years. The main challenges are showm to be in the design of middleware: (1) the amount of the raw RFID data is huge, so the middleware must own a strong ability to filter and compress data to reduce system overhead; (2) the raw RFID data is uncertain and incomplete, so there must be a mechanism to avoid defects in the middleware. Then we use a technology that can process the large-scale data and complex relationship between data in real time. The technology is Complex Event Processing (CEP). CEP is a technology that can process the relationship among events and large-scale complex RFID events. Based on the CEP, we, take the warehouse monitoring system as an example, and discuss events the rules of event filtering.

In this research we studied the impact of Transit Signal Priority (TSP) on the arterial mobility. For the purpose of experiment we have chosen the 111^th Street corridor in Edmonton. Recently the LRT extension was carried out and the LRT passes through this intersection. What is peculiar to this intersection is that shopping mall, the LRT and transit bus stations are all located close-by. Moreover, the transit buses have to cross the LRT tracks for entry and exit from the station. For the purpose of analysis and optimizing the LRT crossing signals, we used the Ring Barrier Controller (RBC) and Vehicle Actuated Programming (VAP) in VISSIM. The three options explored were (a) LRT preemption, (b) LRT prediction priority (c) LRT/Transit Bus priority. In options (b) and (c), the arrival time of the LRT is predicted in advance and the signal phases are modified to ensure uninterrupted passage of the LRT. This leads to better performance as there is lesser number of signal changes compared to the first option. In the absence of dedicated bus lanes option (b) was found to be most beneficial.

Consistently higher number of traffic collisions was observed on Friday as compared to other days of the week in Edmonton, Canada. The collision data was investigated and a collision prediction model was formulated based on three contributing factors: 1) number of daylight hours, 2) number of snowfall hours, and; 3) visibility on daily basis. A negative binomial (NB) model was formulated to establish a relation between the collision frequency and the independent variables. The model accuracy test results were found good. Statistical measures indicate that increased traffic collision is significantly related with increased number of snowfall hours. The proposed NB model could provide a realistic estimate of expected collision frequency for a particular day as a function of number of hours of daylight, number of hours of snowfall and visibility. It is expected that predicted collision frequencies will help the decision maker to quantify the traffic safety of Edmonton.

For the variance and unbalanced distribution of probe vehicle data, it is necessary to ensure the probe data number larger than the minimum sample size to obtain reliable traffic information. Based on the standard deviation approach, the minimum sample size for each road link is calculated with the data collected from Nanjing probe vehicle system first. And then the influence of road condition, traffic status and driving behavior on travel time's reliability is analyzed. Finally, a minimum sample size forecasting model is estimated based on the multiple linear regression approach and is validated with high accuracy. Since road condition factors (e.g. road level, link length) and traffic status indicators (e.g. travel speed, congestion level) are included in the model, the minimum sample size necessary to generate reliable travel time information can be estimated. It is highly expected that the results can provide an important reference to probe vehicle system configuration plan.

As China's largest and the world's busiest inland river, the sustainable development and navigational safety of Yangtze River are widely concerned by various parties. However, with the national development of the Middle and Western parts of China, the throughput as well as the passing ships of Yangtze River has been increasing rapidly during the past few decades. Collisions, groundings, overturns, oil-spills, fires, and other accidents have occurred repeatedly and caused serious consequences. In view of this, this paper examines collision risk assessment on the Yangtze River. The research presented a collision risk assessment approach which is based on a novel ship encounter model. This model considers the historical and the current traffic conditions as well as the environmental features, which could be used for evaluation and prediction of collision risk. Finally, the collision risk of the main route of Yangtze River was evaluated as an example.

Rain degrades the quality of outdoor videos. To recover the scene quality in images, rain steaks should be removed. A new rain removal method that can process richly textured images and recover moving objects occluded by rain without blur is proposed. This method is based on the fact that it is unlikely that two rain drops of the same size appear in the same position or neighboring positions in two consecutive frames, but the major part of scene in one frame will appear in the next frame even when there exist camera motion and object motion. Curve registration adopting dynamic time warping technique is used to distinguish the random part from the repeated part in video frames. Based on the registration result, rain pixels are detected and recovered. Experiments show the effectiveness of this rain removal method.

Traffic collisions represent a major problem on a worldwide basis. Every year, over 1.2 million people die in traffic collisions across the world and between 20 and 50 million are injured or disabled. In most regions of the world this epidemic of road traffic injuries is still increasing. Highway agencies all over the world are paying more and more attentions on highway safety. Highway safety has been taken into account seriously during the project programming and implementation in British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure, Canada (BCMOTI). This article describes the BCMOTI highway safety practice, which includes general safety analysis procedure to identify the safety problems, the improvement option generation, and economic analysis for improvement options. Historically, collision rates have been used as the basis for safety analysis. Research has shown that there are limitations with this approach due to the non-linear relationship between collision frequency and exposure. Collision prediction modeling is the recommended technique for estimating road safety in the American Association of State Highway and Transpiration Officials (AASHTO) Highway Safety Manual. The BCMOTI developed her own collision prediction models (CPMs) and collision modification factors (CMFs) to be used to assess highway safety improvements on British Columbia highways. It is believed that the CPMs and CMFs have improved the overall safety performance estimate (safety benefits) for road safety analysis and these outputs serve a valuable purpose with respect to option selection, project ranking and programming.

In order to reduce the waste of human and material resources in the actual OD survey and to make the investigation more convenient, the following investigation was conducted on behavioral characteristics of passengers who traveled by bus using analysis from the basic distribution of the distance of bus passengers traveled. Based on the probability of bus passengers would get off, the number of passengers on and off as the conditions already know, proposed a single bus line passenger OD matrix inverse method in accordance with the nature of land use on the site together, and then extended to the public transportation network. This achieved the association of OD matrix of line to region. Finally, determination of the traffic zone OD matrix by division of the traffic zone status through case study, verified the feasibility and effectiveness.

In order to analyze the characteristic of Chinese mixture traffic flow, this paper built a traffic control and simulation integrative platform. It is based on the system simulation technology, traffic engineering, compute science and the virtual reality technology. By using this integrative platform, traffic flow simulation, signal control design and traffic infrastructure valuation can be conducted. The main parts of this platform involves the demand analysis model, roadnet describe model, traffic regulation model, signal control model, vehicle behavior model, route choice model and input/output model. In this paper, the framework and the some key models were illuminated. Finally, a case study was done based on some field data. From the results, this platform was tested to be effective to some extent.

Eye tracking concept and technique was introduced into studying of fatigue measurement issues in aviation field. A fatigue measurement method based on PERCLOS value calculation was put forward in this paper and its frame, process and algorithms were discussed. Then the feasibility and reliability of using PERCLOS value as the fatigue judgment index were studied by eye tracking experiment. The experiment results showed that PERCLOS value is a perfect index for measuring fatigue and the threshold was suggested to be set as 0.5 when eye close threshold is set as 70%. Finally it concluded that the fatigue measurement method based on eye tracking is effective and reliable, and the applicable Fatigue Measurement System was expected to be developed and used in future.

The drivers' compliance rate of guidance information is increased step by step when the traffic is changing from smooth to congested, or the guidance information is disseminated from mono-source to multi-source. Therefore, the guidance effect can be heightened by exaggerating the magnitude of traffic jam properly and/or disseminating the traffic guidance information in various sources. Considering the drivers' compliance rate of guidance information under different situations, the paper builds four expression models of guidance information (MSDM, MSEM, BSDM, and BSEM). When the traffic flow growth of a link is too high as to exceed the threshold, one expression mode can be selected to increase drivers' compliance rate of guidance information, make the growth close to the expected value, and achieve the purpose of unloading finally.

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) became a hot issue since few decades. However, before the optimization has started, almost all the work dealt with static information where all data is known in advance. Dynamic scheduling vehicle routes are a crucial management problem. In this paper, a dynamic vehicle routing problem based on real time traffic information is proposed and an adaptive algorithm is developed. Different response strategies are evaluated using dynamic path adaptive search method. The algorithm has been tested on a set of benchmarks that are defined, and it is tested on a realistic case study in road network of China. It confirms that the developed method can be applied to real world instances.

Pedestrian crossing behavior at signalized intersections consists of "entering the crosswalk" and "interactions at the crosswalk". According to the time when a pedestrian enters the crosswalk, pedestrian crossing behavior can be classified into four types: "Green Walkers (right behavior), "Late Walkers", "Risk Walkers" and "Early Walkers". Manoeuvres taken by either pedestrians or vehicle drivers to avoid collisions are called interactions, which can be distinguished by five levels depending on whether pedestrians/drivers obey traffic rules, intensity of interactions and executor of a manoeuvre. A case study at 5 representative crosswalks in Shanghai were carried out and behavior of 1328 pedestrians was analyzed in order to find out pedestrian behavioral characteristics and evaluate pedestrian safety at signalized intersections. The results showed that pedestrian non-compliance was rather serious in Shanghai, 44 percent of the pedestrians arriving during non-green time crossed on Red. According to the regression model, average pedestrian delay was found to be the most sensitive influencing factor, follows was average headway of conflicting vehicles and crossing distance. "Lane (group)-based tactic" and "side-based tactic" used by non-compliant pedestrians to cross the street resulted in high risks for Risk Walkers. Green Walkers took manoeuvres frequently to yield to turning vehicles, due to the Right Turn on Red, unreasonable control method of turn movement and low traffic discipline of drivers.

At container terminal, it is critical to improve the berth to utilization efficiency, shorten the waiting time of ships at ports, and decrease the operation cost under the condition of limited shoreline resources. Based on the study and analysis of the characteristic about the port service system, related assumptions are proposed and the mathematics model of dynamic allocating the berth and quay cranes is formulated under the objective of the shortest waiting time for container ships in port. Based on the similarities of berth allocation and ant foraging path selection, parallel ant colony algorithm based on pheromone is proposed. Experimental results show that algorithm can be applied effectively to optimize berth allocation problem (BAP).

Pedestrian behavior at unmarked roadway needs to be addressed for their current serious safety issue. This paper modeled pedestrian roadway crossing as decision-making processes in risky situations where they choose speed to minimize discomfort. Discomfort was represented by their perceived risk and deviation from their expected crossing time. The predicted walking speed, which is the most important variable during crossing, was consistent with observed field data. Possible application in road design and limitation of the model was discussed.

In addition to fatigue and alcohol, vehicle's headlights are another major factor in causing accidents after dark. Under conditions of nighttime illumination a driver's visual perception ability is reduced. Night vision enhancement technologies using infrared (IR) thermal sensing can help improve a driver's vision at night. Several advanced IR camera companies are collaborating with world-leading automobile manufacturers with the goal to incorporate thermal IR image devices in real vehicles. However, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that IR image devices in automobiles will result in less nighttime accidents. Moreover, potential distraction brought by such a device needs to be evaluated as well. This study focuses on creating a nighttime driving environment that simulates thermal infrared imaging in a driving simulator. The nighttime driving environment is built using Unity3d and applied to a driving simulator in the Virtual Environments Laboratory at Northeastern University. Subjects are required to drive in the simulator using the simulated thermal IR imaging system under nighttime conditions. Preliminary results on drivers' performance and distraction are reported.

This paper established the network path model for Su tong bridge emergency transportation evacuation in the beginning. And then the four principles to evaluate emergency evacuation route was proposed, followed by an analytic hierarchy process to calculate weight of each component by using algorithm of the minimum cost max-flow to optimization

Vessel traffic flow detection is an important and challenging research field and has been broadly investigated in the past. Researchers have done an extensive work, and various devices have been developed to extract vessel traffic information, such as Vessel Traffic Service System (VTS), Automatic Identification System (AIS), and intelligent visual surveillance system. In this paper, a novel detection method is proposed based on Kalman filter to extract vessel traffic flow from optical imagery. The proposed algorithm includes two stages: moving vessel detection and dynamic vessel tracking. Vessel detection is a key step and the concept of tracking vessel is built upon the vessel-segmentation method. According to the segmented vessel shape, a three-step predict method is proposed based on Kalman filter to track each vessel. The proposed method has been tested on a number of monocular vessel traffic flow image sequences. The experimental results show that the algorithm is effective and robust.

Automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell humidity has a significant impact on its output performance, and which will strongly affect the performance of vehicle power-driven. This paper analyzes the main parameters which impact the proton exchange membrane fuel cell water content, improves orthogonal least squares algorithm, and establishes RBF neural network model based on the relationship among water content in proton exchange membrane fuel cell and internal resistance, temperature and Current density, etc. By taking the proton exchange membrane fuel cell runtime data in a 50 KW experimental Vehicle, the simulation results show that the model output humidity value reaches the preset moisture estimation accuracy.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) integrated technology (Wireless Sensing Identification, WSID) is an inevitable trend in WSN and RFID fields in the future because of the incorporation of IEEE802.15.4 standard and Zig Bee standard. This paper developed a dynamic traffic monitor model in which RFID is integrated into the traffic monitoring system architecture based on wireless sensor network, and presented a wireless sensing identification traffic monitoring network (WSITMN). WNITMN can identify the moving vehicles using automated identification technology and collects traffic information such as vehicle speed, density, flow and other pertinent information. Furthermore, WNITMN can identify the vehicles which are violating laws and regulations. Finally, RFID reader collision is discussed. The information interaction function of WSN can be used to solve this collision.

To master information demand of different users, the statistics principle was adopted to analyze quantitatively index demand according to the survey data of users. Based on constructing the statistics index system of region highway passenger transportation volumes, the way of questionnaire was utilized to conduct demand survey for importance, feasibility, demand frequency and demand level of statistics indices. Through analyzing the effective samples, the parameters of each survey index including average, full marks frequency, rank sum and coefficient of variation were calculated with the mathematics statistics method. Following the equal-probability principle, the expected value was calculated to evaluate the significance and feasibility of each index. The results show that the method is reliable and effective to analyze quantitatively the indices demands of various users.

With the application of intelligent transportation system (ITS), variable message sign (VMS) has been an important tool for real traffic information service, dynamic guidance and traffic management on expressway. As the graphical information have several advantages, such as simple, plain, easy to be identified and understood, the application of the graphical symbols through VMS to transmit real-time travel and traffic information will be a very helpful and effective ITS application on expressway. Based on the investigation on the status quo of graphical symbols released by VMS in China, the main types and equipment performances of VMS on expressway are summarized. And the main problems of wide application of graphical symbols released by VMS on expressway are analyzed. Finally, based on the introduction of typical cases of the graphical symbols for traffic information in Japan and Europe, this paper put forwards some suggestions on the standardization work for graphical symbols released by VMS on expressway in China.

This paper studies a frequent violation at multi-phase signal intersection of Beijing, that large number of pedestrians twice crossing street in the left-turn phase. Based on a large number of measured data, the influence of this violation on intersection safety is analyzed by using the theory of traffic conflict. To solve the violation, some strategy and methods have also been summarized. As an important link in City Road system and a crucial section of the whole road net, the intersections in the city act as the nodes connecting the crossing roads and control the vehicle volume. Due to the complexity of traffic participants and the high concentration of traffic flow, traffic accidents are very liable to occur in the crossings. According to the traffic accident statistics in China (2008), there are 46148 traffic accidents in crossings, taking account of 17.40% of the total number of the traffic accidents and leading to 9549 death. (Ministry of Public Security, 2009) Therefore the studies on the influence factors of crossings safety have been considered as an urgent need. Multi-phase signal has been adopted in increasing amount as an effective method to improve the traffic safety. In this system, the left-turn phase is put forward to separate the straight flow and left-turn flow to different time sections, thus to decrease the traffic confliction points. However, the implementation of left-turn phrase will to some extent extend the waiting time for the pedestrians passing through the streets. The pedestrians are likely to break the traffic rules and cross the roads regardless of the traffic signal if the waiting time is too long or the waiting crowd has reached saturation. Normally they no longer cross the road along with straight flow, but first move to the side-sections of left-turn lanes, then go across the intersection by taking the gaps between left-turn flow and wait until left-turn phase finishes. (Shown in Figure.1) The violation of signal will lead to more conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians hence have a negative influence on the whole safety issues.

More and more attention has been directed to the vessel traffic safety, especially in the sensitive area such as in the vicinity of big dams. Since the uncertainty of the vessel traffic risk, the traditional way in analysis is inadequate. This paper introduces a novel method, a Bayesian MCMC approach to study the safety of vessel traffic. By learning the vessel traffic accidents and in-depth investigating the contributors, an effective Bayesian Network has been developed. The results show the method can be used for decision support in vessel traffic management.

To satisfy the requirement of pipeline integrity management (PIM) in a long operational period and a large transmission distance, a comprehensive PIM system is presented, which is integrated with lifecycle management, dynamic risk management and GIS technology, and IDEF0 method is utilized to functional modeling. Four function modules - "PIM preparation", "PIM implementation", "PIM termination" and "PIM_GIS data management platform" are categorized according to pipeline lifecycle. "PIM implementation" together with PIM database based on GIS technology is emphatically analyzed in detail, which involves the process of dynamic risk evaluation. Compared with the existing PIM system, the proposed one enjoys more systematic function and better description effect.

This paper presents a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based fuzzy model of short-term traffic forecasting. The model uses three sequential phases. Firstly, the HMM is used to partition the traffic flow data according to the ordering of the calculated log-likelihood values. Then, a recursive top-down algorithm is used to generate the minimum number of rules for accurate forecasting. Finally, a gradient descent method is applied to fine-tune the model parameters. To verify the method in real situation, an experimental model is constructed to produce traffic flow forecasting of freeway in CA, USA based on actual data.

Mastering the characteristics of port ships traffic flow is the premise to plan, operate, and control waterway and navigation reasonably. Therefore, analysis of traffic flow characteristic of port ships is necessary and extremely important. Because Vessel traffic flow data acquisition methods are diverse, they contain flawed and incorrect data. To solve the problem, we made use of the improved K-means algorithm to prove the raw data of sequence samples. We applied data mining clustering analysis method to the Tianjin port ships traffic flow data characteristic for analysis. The results show that some valuable information is obtained by the proposed method which can also provide decision support for maritime safety administration.

The spacing of transit stops clearly affects the operating time of public transportation system, passenger travel times and vehicle emissions. A model for determining bus-stop spacing is proposed to optimize the travel time of passengers, transit operation cost, and traffic pollution in urban areas. The relationship between bus-stop spacing and vehicle operation is established from analysis of bus operation process. The amount of pollution from vehicles is calculated by putting the required time-velocity input data into mobile emission model. Finally, a bus-stop spacing model is generated aiming at minimizing passengers total travel time cost, the transit operation cost and traffic air pollution cost. A corresponding genetic algorithm is also suggested as a solution. A bus route in Wuhan is examined as an example and the results show that the optimizing method is efficient and practical.

The issue of node location and energy consumption in the sensor network is very important Because of the rapid development of robot technology; it is possible to use a mobile robot for fine-grained localization. Mobile robot can broadcast multi-energy-level signals to realize the estimation of accurate location of the unknown nodes and collect the related data. The unknown node receives the broadcasted message from the mobile robot, and then the unknown node will compare the power of received information to the power level of the mobile robot, because the power of energy level of the mobile robot increases from far to near. Unknown nodes can use the comparison of the power of energy level to judge the position of the mobile robot and in which energy level it is. The simulation results show that the proposed accurate positioning algorithm can well achieve our desired result.

Overweight/oversized cargos become more common in cargo transportation. Improper transportation leads to the damage of vehicle, cargo, road and traffic facilities. This paper developed one convenient method to evaluate the safety of overweight/oversized cargo's transportation on road. It combines with advanced sensing technology and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Vehicle carries sensors which collect information of road and environment, such as slop, width of road and height of obstacle, and weights of influence factor are according to the importance to safety transportation, all data is compared by decision-maker and analyzed by AHP, and then the degree of transportation safety is given by decision-maker.

The main objective of this paper is to highlight teenagers' driving behavior and travel patterns to school and after-school activities and investigate the factors that affect the mode choice for these trips. Teenagers' daily travel behavior (to school and outside school), driving behavior, culture and values, perceptions and attitudes, socio-economic characteristics, activities and social networking are examined. A case study on high school students' travel and driving behavior is developed for the island of Chios in Greece. Analysis of the data collected demonstrates that teenagers prefer to use motorized vehicles, either as drivers or as passengers. Also, the model estimation explains that students' activities, personal allowance and involvement in traffic accidents affect travel behavior. The findings of this research are discussed in relation to measurements for increasing active travel to school, safety awareness and change of travel and driving culture among high school students.

With the increase of vehicles in China and the participation of young novice drivers, more and more emotional conflicts are caused by drivers. Some even attack people and other vehicles to vent their anger which is known as road. In order to study the characteristics of road rage and the process of identification of anger level, twenty male drivers were recruited in Wuhan, and asked to complete Driving Anger Scale (DAS). Ten drivers who scored higher were invited to do driving experiment on road rage in real traffic environment. The throttling, clutching, steering angle, engine speed, gear and velocity are analyzed particularly. The results show that in angry driving (1) the operation of the vehicle is more frequent, (2) the operation range is large and uneven, and (3) steering wheel angle change is more obvious.

Driver behavior is an important factor for traffic safety. Enhancing driver safety awareness is an efficient method to reduce traffic accidents. Instead of real vehicles, driving simulator can be employed to simulate dangerous traffic scenes for driver training. In this study, typical traffic scenes with dynamic events were designed. Dynamic events were divided into motion states to describe the behavior of event-participants. Based on vehicle dynamics characteristics, the event occurrence timing and event-participants' actions were calculated according to vehicle's real-time speed and position. As an example, the event of Pedestrian Crossing Street (PCS) was designed in the virtual traffic scene. A driver can drive in the virtual traffic scenes and experience dynamic dangerous events. This developed stimulation training can increase driver safety awareness and improve driver skills when facing dangerous traffic situations.

A platoon of closely spaced vehicles is one of the important issues in Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS). The object of the platooning system is to guarantee the platooning safety, stability, as well as comfort on maintaining a close spacing between vehicles. It is obviously important to develop longitudinal control algorithms in control of the close spacing. In this paper, the platoon driving process is analyzed. According to vehicle dynamics and the definition of safe distance, spacing deviation model is made considering vehicle position, velocity, and acceleration. And, a fuzzy sliding mode controller is designed for longitudinal spacing control. The proposed controller guarantees not only individual vehicle driving stability, but also platooning stability with respect to unknown time varying disturbance. Simulations are made for the longitudinal spacing control between the preceding car and the controlled one, which illustrates the good performance of the proposed controller.

An automatic traffic sign recognition system can help drivers operate the vehicle properly. Most existing systems include a detection phase and a classification phase. In this paper, a new classification method is presented based on an improved ANN algorithm for recognizing traffic signs. When the ANN algorithm is chosen to for traffic sign recognition, the key factor is to get the right weights in neural networks. Traditionally, the weights were solved by training the neural networks with a give samples set. But in most of the cases the convergence for the training is very slow, even it becomes divergence. In this paper, an improved BP neural networks algorithm was proposed. Compared with the old algorithm, a dynamic learning rate was used to get an optimization learning rate instead of a fixed learning rate. Combined the moment features, GSC features, experiments show that the iterative times for ANN training is reduced evidently.

Automobile driver's intention recognition is used to predict what a driver will do the next moment. Generally, driving warning system only considers environment perception, the recognition of safe distance and the warning methods, and it rarely takes driver's intention into account. Therefore, its effectiveness and accuracy is not satisfied. According to driver's acceleration characteristic, we analyze the driving operation behavior and vehicle status information, and propose data sequences about driver's operation data. The data sequences are used to describe the successive driving operation data present and before, the model added by the data sequences can improve the recognition accuracy. Then, based on fuzzy clustering, a model for recognizing driver's acceleration intention is proposed. The driving simulation experiment aiming at recognizing driver's acceleration intention is carried out. Experiment results indicate that the proposed recognition model combined fuzzy clustering with the data sequences can effectively recognize driver's acceleration intention. The model can be used to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of current driving warning system.

With the development of modern enterprise and computer network technology, the function of integrated information platform is getting more and more attention. This paper aims at the heterogeneous database access problems that are encountered when constructing an integrated information platform. The author summarizes the methods available to solve the problems. Based on the concrete conditions in the project, the author adopts appropriate methods of heterogeneous database access to fulfill the engineering requirements. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of this method and several special aspects that should be paid attention to when using the method are analyzed as well in this paper.

In order to reduce drivers' misbehavior and errors, various driving assistance systems (DAS) are designed to provide effective warnings and alarms when dangerous traffic condition occurs. When designing accurate DAS, it is significant to recognize drivers' driving intentions, especially lane change intention, by combining the information of vehicle state and driver's behavior. In this study, a driver's lane change intention recognition method is proposed. The driver's lane change intention is recognized by Hidden Markov Model (HMM), with various inputs of vehicle acceleration, turn signal condition and steering wheel angle. The model is validated by implementation of simulation for verifying the recognition accuracy and efficiency on a driving simulator. The results of experiment indicate that lane change intention can be recognized efficiently by the model established.

Low-speed transportation systems have great potential in megacities such as in Shanghai, China, as they could reduce travel demand for motorized traffic and produce significantly less carbon emissions as compared with other transportation modes. Low-speed transportation systems have significant advantages over other motorized transportation systems, such as low carbon emissions, low energy consumptions, low noise, and less roadway damages. To encourage the use of low-speed transportation systems, strategies and technologies should be developed with the considerations of safety and operational performance improvements to low-speed transportation system users. This paper aims to discussing technology considerations for developing safe and efficient low-speed transportation systems. The key technology approaches that could be used to enhance low-speed transportation system performances include: (1) behavior analysis of vulnerable users, (2) analysis of operational and safety characteristics of vulnerable users, (3) planning methods for low-speed transportation systems, (4) safety design of low-speed transportation infrastructures, (5) model development for safety evaluation of low-speed transportation systems, and (6) safety improvement program for low-speed transportation systems.

Speeding on the roads is acknowledged as a serious societal and public health issue in all countries. During the last twenty years, much research has been devoted to studying the potential impact of new driver support system, such as Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) systems for contributing to solve this issue. The aim of this paper is to present the multidisciplinary and integrated evaluation process of the French project on ISA (the LAVIA project). The LAVIA systems were evaluated on the basis of four main dimensions: usability, usefulness, acceptability and safety. Definitions of the four dimensions are given and the survey, measurement and observation methods that were employed to evaluate them are presented. The main results obtained and their contribution to the overall evaluation process are presented and discussed.

Static and moving loading tests were carried out respectively on an experimental pavement including LAM (Large-stone Asphalt Mixture) base in order to find out a proper stratum structure against rutting and reflection cracks under the traffic of heavy axle-load trucks. The test results and analysis were presented. It is found that an asphalt pavement including LAM base with proper thickness is helpful to overcome the said pavement damage.

With the increasing number of vehicles, transportation safety has become an important issue globally. Compared to other vehicles, mini vehicles usually don't meet the requirement of safety regulations due to its compact occupant space. Moreover a mini vehicle is usually designed without an airbag. In this study, a new complete facet occupant restraint system (ORS) model of a mini vehicle without airbag is studied. An improvement for this was considered by comparing the mini vehicle to a multi-body model, was developed using MADYMO and validated against partial test data. Optimization technique was used to determine the optimum parameters of ORS. Results show that seatbelt stiffness is the most significant factor for head injuries in drivers. For a compact mini vehicle with high stiffness and without airbag, high seat belt elongation, low collapse force of collapsible steering column less than 2500 N can effectively reduce the injury of driver in frontal crash.

In this paper, we propose a hybrid method for head pose estimation which combines flexible method and tracking method. Firstly, flexible method detectes the frontal face of a driver and locates the position of feature points. Then the optical flow method is used to track these points, and head pose is calculated according to their tracking position. Our method has been tested with a head pose database. The results show it can perform well when the rotation angle of head is small.

The paper classifies the factors that influence the regional aviation transportation security which is based on "5M" model. The assessment index system for regional aviation transportation security is established with system theory, to find out the problems in regional aviation transportation of China that contrast with the main aviation transportation through expert consultation and expert scoring. These factors that influence the safety are analyzed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The weights about these factors which influence the safety about regional aviation transportation of China are calculated. The reasons about the differences that influence each weight are explained. Results show that the influence on the safety of regional aviation transportation in our country is due to the management of state, not due to the regional plane.

Measuring the airline security level from two levels- One is based on matter element analysis which in turn is based on artificial subjective factors. According to the analytic hierarchy process, to identify the weights that influence airline security, combining with the content about airline security audit, it is necessary to determine the score of factors which influence the airline security levels. Second level is based on the objective factors about safety data, trying to explore a calculation formula to measure airline security level. It finally gets the airline comprehensive safety level according to their respective corresponding weights with the specific score which is calculated through two aspects.

Six sigma is up to now the most successful quality management system. This paper presents different versions of six sigma and manifest six themes accordingly with brief sketch of each; then the DMAIV improved model of six sigma was drawn forth by the PDCA cyclic model with related data. Since aviation safety, air companies as well as airport are three important areas in aviation, the application of six sigma in the above three areas are introduced in the paper which fully illustrated the pushing effect of the six sigma in establishing a great power in the civil aviation.

The lightning strike has been at various times encountered by aircraft in past years, which severely jeopardizes the flight safety and thus increases the operation cost and deteriorates service quality for an airline company. The fault tree analysis was adopted in this paper to systematically analyze a typical case of aircraft lightning strike. Basic events, together with the minimum cut sets and minimum path sets were resolved. It was found that the large number of minimum cut sets implied significant lightning strikes on aircraft, and special attention should be paid to the improvement of professional competence of flight dispatchers as well as the supply of newest weather information to dispatchers by air carriers. By further combining with the analysis of the structural importance of basic events, detailed procedures were proposed to prevent aircraft lightning strike, which is thus believed to be beneficial to airline industry.

The object is researching the validity and reliability of confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the condition of work-related stress in civil airport personnel. Using the scale as a tool, the scales construct validity and reliability was estimated by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis . Exploratory factor analysis made the scale of nine factors, and every factor had reasonable explanation (KMO value was 0.818, explanatory total variance was 74.834% ). Employing confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness of fit is very accurate and the variables are divided into nine dimensions reasonable, and also consistent with the purpose and realities of building the scale. It is the effective way to combine confirmatory factor analysis with exploratory factor analysis to estimate the scale's construct validity and reliability.