ICCREM 2016: BIM Application and Off-Site Construction

Building information modelling (BIM) has been established as an emerging area of research based on the proposition that the BIM process of digitally generating, presenting and managing building information throughout the lifecycle of a facility can improve efficiency and effectiveness of its management. However, although research has identified several BIM for facilities management (FM) technologies, it is argued that the facilities manager is only beginning to explore the full benefits and challenges of BIM for FM, while most of the standards and software are in early stages of development. Within the context of emerging economies like Nigeria, research efforts in the past have mainly focused on BIM at the design and construction stages ignoring the very crucial operational stage, while most of them have relied on anecdotal evidence to draw conclusion. The aim of this paper is to assess the current state of adoption of BIM for FM roles in Nigeria with a view towards generating a proper understanding of the current state of use and its effectiveness in FM service delivery. The specific objectives are to (1) examine the level of use and effectiveness of BIM for FM applications in the Nigerian FM industry; and (2) explore impact of these applications on FM service delivery. Findings reveal among others, that (1) BIM for FM technologies especially CAFM and CMMS are the most effective tool for asset management, energy and safety management, and inventory management, while (2) the use of BIM for FM applications had significant influence on lifecycle cost reduction and timely delivery of service. The study concludes with a reflection on the implications of research findings both from theoretical and practical points of view.

This paper investigates the prioritization of key Building information modeling (BIM) maturity indicators as perceived by global BIM-related academics and practitioners. A review of literature generated an initial pool of BIM maturity (BIMM) indicators. The perception of global BIM-related experts in the identified BIMM indicators was collected through a survey. Descriptive statistics and ranking comparison were used to study the perceived difference of key BIMM indicators between academics and practitioners in the USA, in the non-USA countries, and in the world. The results identify the underlying consensus and disagreement on the key BIMM indicators between the groups. This research has both academic and practical implications. Academically, it helps the academics to better understand the demand of the practitioners in order to improve design and revise BIM-related curriculum. Practically, the practitioners can better understand the background and qualification of their current and future BIM-related workforce through the academics’ emphasis of BIM.

Indoor environmental factors are shown to have a significant correlation with its occupants. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, noise—sound and speech, natural view, aesthetics, and sustainability, all contribute towards the productivity, health, and overall well-being of its occupants. These factors if left unattended are shown to significantly impact the return on investment (ROI) for different stakeholders, including students, faculty, staff, and the university system. To analyze all these variables along with other project requirements during policy making, master planning, and designing is a cognitively un-accomplishable task. The overall problem becomes a complex decision making problem with billion scenarios to choose from, which eventually results in consideration of measurable factors such as costs, aesthetics, information technology, and ignoring factors that are either difficult to measure or yet not measurable such as interaction of noise with classroom lectures. This research hypothesizes that BIM integrated with simulation led decision support system for university classrooms will capture and address the problem of indoor environment decision making. A case study is presented for one component (acoustics) of the integrated model for classroom value evaluation.

With the application of building information modeling (BIM) in China’s construction industry is increasingly popular, more and more people gradually pay attention to the BIM in China. Therefore, the paper establishes the model of BIM capability maturity in China which is made of BIM maturity evaluation index system, BIM maturity evaluation index summary statement, and BIM maturity evaluation index system score sheet in order to determine the overall maturity and concrete the direction of BIM. It verifies the feasibility and practicability of the model by the case study of west tower in Guangzhou. The model can succinctly determine the overall scores and concrete weaknesses of BIM projects so as to provide reference for enterprises in the capability of promoting BIM application.

Building information modeling (BIM) nowadays is a popular topic in China since its application may help improve the overall performance of construction industry. However, its take up in China continues to be very slow. This research therefore systematically and comprehensively examines the barriers involved through a series of interviews. As a result, 12 obstacles hindering BIM implementation have been identified in terms of (1) value for money, (2) promotion strategy/implementation mechanism, and (3) tradition. More effort will be directed at seeking possible means of removing these BIM use barriers and establishing practicable mechanisms to facilitate the implementation of this revolutionary technology in the Chinese construction industry in future.

Statistics showed frequent contract changes in car depot engineering projects, which resulted in huge budget overrun and extended duration. Estimating the impact of contract changes, which usually takes a considerable amount of time, is the key step for contract change management. The adoption of building information modeling (BIM) can facilitate the estimation process. Firstly, using quantity take-off from BIM, engineers and contractors can calculate the changed parts in construction more quickly and efficiently. Secondly, BIM can help determine changes that have greatest impact on follow-up activities. This paper demonstrates the use of BIM in car depot engineering projects. An algorithm was developed to extract network diagram from BIM models. The impact of contract changes on follow-up activities was calculated using a rule-based engine. The proposed framework was tested on a case of car depot engineering project from Guangzhou Metro Group.

The transformation of urban village has gradually becoming the focus of urban development, and the traditional delivery mode was not suitable for it any more. In this practical background, the article puts forward the IPD mode based on the BIM technology and it will run through the whole project life cycle. Targeted on the urban village program, it summarizes the specific application characteristics of IPD mode in the village project process and clarifies the relationship between IPD mode and BIM technology. On this basis, the paper builds IPD-BIM collaborative management model and information utilization framework, pointing out the application benefits of IPD model based on BIM, expecting to provide some references for the reform of domestic villages.

Construction schedule management of metro engineering is influenced by negative effects from environment, technology, and human. Traditional methods based on 2D drawings have limitations in figurativeness and accuracy. BIM application brings solutions. To conduct BIM-based schedule management, this paper researches modeling technologies for creating a qualified model meeting the demand of BIM-based construction schedule management firstly, and methods of analyzing model requirements, critical modeling process, modeling technologies for improving modeling accuracy, modeling efficiency, and model utilization are proposed. Then, schedule establishment and optimization, BIM-based graphic construction schedule control, and effective measures in metro schedule management are proposed to address defects in traditional ways. Finally, a case study was presented to validate the use of the proposed BIM-based modeling technology and construction schedule management.

Safety management is a major concern in construction industry worldwide; hence, researchers are pursuing proper concepts equipped with advanced technologies to improve safety management. By studying the publications in this field, trends in safety management in construction industry can be obtained: (1) the elimination and mitigation of the hazards should start at an earlier stage, which led to the concept of design for safety (DFS) and (2) advanced digital tools have been applied in order to improve safety management, among them building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising tools. This review surveys state-of-the-art research on DFS and explores BIM application in DFS, discusses the relationship between DFS and BIM practice; findings indicate that BIM has the potential for helping construction industry to achieve DFS. Meanwhile, the findings and results of the review could also be for future reference.

Construction supervision plays an important role in construction industry, conducing to better achievement of the “iron-triangle” targets—quality, cost, and speed. This paper analyzes problems faced by Chinese construction supervision industry, expounds the research status of BIM, and analyzes the requirements of BIM construction supervision management system. Then, the paper establishes the application model of the system based on B/S and C/S hybrid architecture, and discusses the stakeholders’ collaboration mechanisms in change management and schedule simulation based on this system.

According to the characteristics of each project, how to promote the project construction, which has become a key issue need to be solved. This paper is based on the “intelligent construction” theory, application of BIM, and three-dimensional imaging technology, through establishing the “intelligent construction” based on BIM management platform system so as to integrate the project design, organization, technology, and resources of the whole process, and then to realize the delicacy and informatization management of engineering projects. Research show that BIM as the carrier of the “intelligent construction,” the project management is integrated into the project management integrated information platform, which provides a solution for the project “intelligent” management and sustainable development of large construction enterprises.

Based on a practical project applying building information modeling (hereinafter referred to as BIM) technology, this paper describes the implementation of BIM technology-based construction visualization demonstrated on the software platform Autodesk Navisworks and extracts characteristics of visualization by establishing core models with Autodesk Revit module of BIM software; it also analyzes problems encountered by construction enterprises in the application of BIM technology and puts forward corresponding resolution tactics.

Construction companies traditionally try to optimize their resource efficiency to minimize costs. Today’s demand for value stream optimization along the whole supply chain cannot be resolved by that approach. To be able to strengthen the performance of the fragmented construction, supply chain measuring flow efficiency is essential to meet the customer’s demand of shorter lead times. A literature study and an exploratory case study on a construction company and its supplier have been done to map existing key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring both resource and flow efficiency. The outcomes from the literature study show possible KPIs and the connections between them. Results from the case study indicate that basic data for flow efficiency measurements exist in companies but these are underutilized. Balancing resource and flow efficiency is a challenge for all companies. Decisions made on how to manage production and construction affect this balance, thus creating a dynamic situation where the balance is different between building projects.

Industrialized house-builders in Scandinavia, using prefabrication of timber frame modules, have developed platforms to manage design, off-site production and on-site assembly within flow oriented organizations. A whole sales commitment gives time, cost, and quality benefits for house-building companies and also a clear product offer to clients. To meet the contracting and design process within the variety of clients, standardized procurement processes are developed to meet both internal production flow parameters and external demands, from clients and local planning authorities. The study of a flow oriented contracting process shows how industrialized house production parameters and end customer demands could be combined in contracting phase with clients and local planning officers. The study also describes how industrialized house-builders could communicate internally future projects into a flow oriented process by visualizing demand parameters for each project that meet or deviates from platform variables.

Industrialized construction means predefinition of products and processes. The level of predefinition is balanced against the level of needed flexibility to create the desired customer value. There is a range from no predefinition up to complete predefinition. This pattern can be repeated in different dimensions defining several decoupling points in the value chain. The aim of this paper is to map different situations of predefinition in design, supply, and production dimensions in order to understand the structure of industrialized construction value chains. A multiple case study was organized using secondary data collection from earlier work of the authors originally collected through interviews with key actors in industrialized construction companies in Sweden. The results show that long-term supplier agreements and cooperations are important to sustain industrialization of construction. A high degree of predefinition in design is a prerequisite to succeed in construction industrialization. However, there is no coupling between a high degree of predefinition in design and a high degree of mechanization and automation in production.

Some of the requirements governing the design of houses are common between projects. This opens up for using modularization based on product commonalities. Though modularization is well known in the manufacturing industry, its use in house-building contexts is less studied. Even more scarce is research focusing on how requirement commonalities between one-of-a-kind products are found and managed in a modularization process. In this research, modularization from a requirements management perspective is empirically explored using a case study approach. Though the studied modularization process can be described as sequential, the process steps are highly interrelated, with overlaps and iterations. Commonalities are found by functional decomposition of the customer’s portfolio projects, tracing technical solutions back to their initial requirements. These are balanced with the customer’s requirements on the product and on the design automation tool. The requirement list is continuously updated based on portfolio analysis and communication of modularization results to the customer.

Most efforts towards industrialization in the construction industry have focused on production processes; relatively few have targeted the design process because it is assumed to be creative, ad hoc, and iterative. Previous research thus often emphasizes product development but not configurator development even though the two should ideally be interlinked. Here, the theories of product platform development, modularization, and product configuration are used to develop a process model in order to improve the design process by increasing its degree of industrialization. The model clarifies the relationships between the product architecture, modular flexibility, and configurator programming, which must be considered when developing configurable product platforms. The model is validated through a case study of a project where a configurator for walls is developed. The product configurator developed using the new model allowed designers to customize wall elements by varying their geometry, content, aesthetics, and energy requirements. It is shown that adopting the developed model facilitates and enables the industrialization of engineering design processes.

In recent years, the demand of building is increasing in China. Fabricated building has characters of mass building production, low-energy, and liberation labor. Thus, boasting assembling building is urgent. Establishing and perfecting a system of fabricate level is very important, which can know the influence of different factors about assembling level. The degree of building assembly evaluation systems in various countries are made as the foundation in this article. Based on the actual situation of the construction industry in China, the article establishes the evaluation system and the evaluation criteria of the various indicators. Through the production of professional AHP fuzzy evaluation questionnaire and expert scoring, the article calculated the weight of building assembly degree factors and put forward the corresponding evaluation grade standard. This article deeply studies evaluation system of building assembly degree, which offers general standard for construction industry.

By the analysis of prefabricated building quality’s current situation and problems, combine with the current prefabricated building quality factors, sample several impact prefabricated building quality monitoring key elements, integrally use ISM model, fuzzy performance theory, fuzzy membership function, and other methods for quality control of prefabricated building elements affect the cluster analysis. It gives the prefabricated building several quality monitoring system, and make further in-depth analysis about the relationship between the system, monitor the implementation of prefabricated building quality, improve its quality and efficiency monitoring for reference.

From “housing industrialization,” “housing industry modernization,” and “building industrialization,” and then to “construction industry modernization (CIM),” traditional construction industry in China has accumulated valuable experience in the process of its transition to strategic emerging industries, which leading CIM be the basic requirements to achieve sustainable economic and social development under China’s new normal, be an important part of “the belt and road” (B&R), be crucial support of “construction industry 4.0” times. This article take Jiangsu, China, as an example, through field investigation and interview, summarized its current situation and existing problems of developing CIM in the “12th Five-Year Plan” from perspectives of government, enterprise, and project, then put forward countermeasures from different aspects, to promote the sustained and healthy development of CIM during the “13th Five-Year.”

Compared with the traditional building industry, the building industry under industrialization system has much in common with the manufacturing industry and is more conducive to implementing the mode of lean construction, especially in current critical period of accelerating the development of new-type industrialization in China. Based on the introduction of the connotation of new-type industrialization and basic principles of lean construction, this paper analyzes the necessities and feasibilities of lean construction in the new-type building industrialization. By putting forward BIM as the supporting platform, combined with the integration management of project supply chain, the synergistic implementation mechanism of lean construction based on BIM technology is built, which is believed to be effective and valuable and will eventually provide important guarantees for the process of building industrialization in China, thus promoting the construction and management way to be more green and sustainable in architecture field.

The construction industry worldwide is not known as an innovative sector, being its level of productivity and efficiency lower than other sectors, such as manufacturing. If we focus on the Spanish construction sector, these negative characteristics are further aggravated due to the inefficient working practices of many companies; this being a common feature of the sector and a consequence of the poor levels of innovation of the companies that compose it. The objective of the presented research is to identify the key drivers and variables that foster innovation in the Spanish construction sector, through statistical analysis of data obtained from a questionnaire to the companies in the sector. Once these variables have been identified, a specific innovation model for Spanish construction companies have been developed, represented in the form of an equation, which may be used for predictive purposes.

As technology increases, the number of unmanned autonomous systems (UAS) that have been purchased and are being used in the United States has increased dramatically. Construction has been a part of this larger trend, and UAS are being incorporated into construction activities in a variety of ways. Construction applications for UAS include documentation of construction progress through photos and video, documentation of milestone activities (e.g., large crane lifts), inspection of constructed facilities, measurements, as well as for inventory and security purposes. This paper documents the use of UAS in the construction industry based on the results of a survey of construction industry professionals and identifies opportunities and challenges for future use.

The engineering management is frequently faced with the huge challenge to build the body of theory. The initial solution to this challenge is exploring the regularity of engineering management development. Research nowadays is oriented towards technical problems; in this article, the development level of engineering management theory is presented which enables quality measurement of theory maturity development in the absence of theoretical system. Here, we develop a framework for developing engineering management theory maturity model. The objective is proposing the development stage of engineering management theory which finds the importance of scientific evolution and motivation of theory development. In this way, the results of research will have a greater influence on engineering management theory and draw the attention to significance of quantitative development motivated by model in field of engineering management.

The real estate industry belongs to the capital-intensive industry, with a large amount of investment, high operating risk, long development cycle, supply chain length, and other characteristics; so, the real estate business need to improve the efficiency of working capital management, in order to enhance the competitiveness of the real estate enterprises. This paper analyzes the factors that affect the effective operation of working capital with principal component analysis to obtain the evaluation measuring the capital management efficiency of real estate enterprises. Four principal components are operational efficiency, operation ability, solvency, and marketing capability, respectively. The established evaluation model for the real estate enterprise provides managers with scientific and visual management basis.

As a way of nondestructive testing, infrared thermography has been increasingly used in the field of building. However, it was found that temperature measured by thermographic camera will deviate from accurate values, and the experimental data in this paper show that the lower the temperature of target surface is, the larger the deviation amplitude will be. To solve this problem, two correction identification models based on RBF and BP neural network were, respectively, constructed with MATLAB. The temperature data measured by infrared thermography was used as input variable, while the data measured by thermocouple was used as output. Five types of building materials were selected as the testing targets. The results show that the identification accuracy of networks is related to the number of training samples, the more the training samples, the higher accuracy the RBF network will have. At last, one complete system which can correct the temperatures measured by infrared thermography based on RBF neural network was established.

With the rapid process of urbanization, how to effectively utilize renewable energy in residential buildings has increasingly become the center interest of researchers. Reasonable estimate about solar radiation absorbing ability of building facades is the foundation to improve current daylight utilization patterns during the heating season. Therefore, on the base of cold regions annual solar distribution, this paper combines clear sky model and ray tracing algorithm to estimate the received solar energy distribution of the building facades; explore the diverse influence caused by the different heights and forms of building; and then refine the configuration planning of districts according to these factors, figure out better residential block morphology. Our case study focus on a real housing estate located in Harbin; the result shows that this method performs well and results in significantly increasing of annual radiation for solar radiation utilization.

To investigate mechanical characteristics, the untrained triaxial compressive test with strain control triaxial apparatus was carried out on the soft soil in the Suzhou Metro Line 4. The article was observed the soft soil characteristics of deformation and strength under different consolidation conditions and stress paths. The test was obtained the moisture content and the relationship between the density and moisture content and the depth of soft soil. The density increases with the increase of sampling depth; however, the moisture content will decrease with the increase of sampling depth. The relationship between sampling depth and density shows nonlinear. In the test, The C value of the shear strength of soft soil changed very small, while the ϕ value increases with the increase of depth, and the ϕ value is small under the conditions of common consolidation test, but stress path affects its value. The test gets accurate mechanical parameters and the stress-strain relationship of soft soil.

By summarizing the characters of the concurrent engineering mode and the serial production mode, this paper discuss the necessity and the objective of using concurrent engineering in the life cycle construction of SI residential and then research how to use the concurrent engineering in the construction of SI residential. Build production and operation system of the life cycle construction of SI residential based on the concurrent engineering, finally reach the conclusion that the concurrent engineering shows great effect in the efficiency of the life cycle construction of SI residential.

Recently, emergy method has already tried to use on evaluate the green building. However, the popularity of emergy analysis method also needed to become more intuitive and simple. While many items of the existing green building assessing standard are not easy to quantify and they should take subjective methods to calculate, emergy seems can make up the defect of it as an objective scale. In this paper, building information modeling (BIM) technology and the emergy analysis method are merged to realize the ecological evaluation of the building. By the BIM tools, trimensional visual quantity automatic calculation software, bill of quantity software, we extract resource and energy consumption quantity of the building. Then we designed an assessment calculator by GUI function programming in MATLAB, it can be carried out the weighted calculation with the coefficients in emergy table which is built in the calculator. Then we can get the amount of the building and determine whether it meets the sustainable development of the emergy index. By the empirical study on the practical building, the integrated of emergy, emergy method and BIM technology, the calculative simulation could be realized. Furthermore, building construction ecological evaluation should substitute the comprehensive assessment.

The owner commissioned a number of enterprises which have different knowledge, technology, and other items to provide professional technical service for the project. This has become the main theme of implementation of large-scale and complex projects. Benefit of the project and even the success of the project is closely linked with the level of the enterprises’ engineering technical service. But the uncertainty of project output, the exist of technology spillover, and during the transition, the organizational structure of large-scale and complex project having quasi-market feature, all of which will largely affect the behavior selections of the enterprises. Considering the influence of the content and environment of cooperation on the behavior selections of the project participants, this article analyzes quasi-market organization coupling by different ties, exploratively analyzes the cooperation behavior of engineering technical service between enterprises under specific regulatory structure, and put forward relevant theoretical propositions.

To evaluate the seismic performance of a new type of precast concrete (NPC) shear wall with reserved after-pouring part of “凹” type horizontal flat-fell seam, three full scale specimens including one piece of cast-in-place shear wall and two pieces of NPC shear walls were tested and compared under low-cyclic reversed loading with axial compression ratio of 0.1. A systematic analysis was made on hysteretic curves, skeleton curves, stiffness, bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity, etc. The test results indicated that the damage of the NPC shear walls not only occurred at the bottom but also at the upper horizontal seam, and this was slightly different from the cast-in-place shear wall specimen that mainly at the bottom. However, the whole failure process, carrying capacity, ductility, and seismic energy dissipation capacity of the NPC shear walls were basically similar to the cast-in-place shear wall specimen.

This article analyzes 75 training programs from more than 30 colleges and universities at home and abroad to clarify the relationship among Master of Engineering Management (MEM), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Engineering (ME, which included project management), and academic master. We design the knowledge structure of MEM in three levels of science, art, and philosophy which based on the 9 knowledge areas of project management of project management body of knowledge (PMBOK). On the basic of the research, the paper recommends the core curriculum of the Master of Engineering Management.

The wind-thermal mixed power transmission is a feasible solution to Chinese power issues. However, the transient stability of transmission type is quite different from traditional grid. In this paper, an average model for DFIG is built to describe the DFIG behavior as well as reduce calculation time. The angle transient stability characteristics are studied in the scenarios with different wind power penetration and constant total power capacity. The results indicate that DFIG has positive effect to the synchronous generator stability.

This paper deals with measuring total factor productivity (TFP) growth of China’s construction industry using a translog production function model. We estimate the TFP growth indexes and their decomposition using a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approach. TFP growth is decomposed into technical progress, changes in technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, and scale effects. A panel data analysis, using the construction industry of China’s 31 provinces over 1997 to 2013, indicates that productivity growth was driven mainly by technical progress that scale effects and allocative efficiency had a positive effect, but changes in technical efficiency had a negative effect. The comparison of the four regions show that there are gaps in productivity development level among western, central, eastern, and northeast regions but the regional disparities shortened over time. The SFA approach provides a good tool to adopt effective policies and strategy to improve the productivity and competitiveness of China’s construction industry.

It of important practical significance for protecting cultivated land to master the driving factor and its spatial variation of cultivated-use change accurately. By using of “3S” technology, applied Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression model to identify the main driving factors of cultivated-use change. The results show: cultivated use change was determined by natural factors and human factors together, but natural factor was the leading. Cultivated loss was mainly turn to grassland, construction land, and waters; the main driving factors were soil texture, geomorphic type, organic, slope. Cultivated gain was mainly from forest land and unused land, soil types, elevation, sand percentage in soil, and population density were the driving factors.

In a competitive situation where clients demand for high responsiveness to order-specific requirements, suppliers of volumetric preassemblies are struggling to maintain efficiency in production. In operation management literature, bottleneck detection has been suggested as key to continuous improvement processes in manufacturing. Yet, there is no consensus on definition and detection of bottlenecks. In an ongoing study, aiming to better understand manufacturing implications of high responsiveness to unique clients’ specifications, a volumetric preassembly company providing prefabricated bathroom pods was addressed. Bottlenecks were explored based on three methods suggested in the literature i.e. by asking knowledgeable employees, by observing WIP inventory, and by analyzing process data in a field experiment. By juxtaposing the results, a mixed and somewhat contradictory view was displayed of bottlenecks and their potential root causes. Thus, a more complex view emerges of how to understand and address bottlenecks to improve production efficiency, highlighting the need to potentially extend shop-floor assessments to include supplier and client interfaces.

Formal contracts and relationships are the two main types of project governance approaches. Some studies have found that the two approaches are substitutive, while others have shown that they are complementary rather than mutually exclusive. In the construction industry where is common to contract out most of construction work to contractors specializing in project delivery, there has been a marked shift from reliance on tight contract to relationship oriented agreements. The dominant logic of the former is, through exchanges of mostly technical information, to coordinate project’s tasks to delivery project outcomes specified in the contract: a process synonymous to independent value creation. In contrast, the dominant logic of the latter is that by looking after each other’s interests and even sharing gains and pains, parties bounded by common interests collaborate strategically much beyond simple technical level coordination in order to deliver the project: a process referred to as value co-creation. Coordination, however, is not isolated from collaboration. Increased collaboration leads to more and effective coordination. This study examines how coordination and collaboration jointly impact on project value. Adding to the literature, the study shows that the effect of collaboration on project value is mediated by coordination.

Project participants such as project owners, consultants, and contractors traditionally organize and manage construction projects. Despite previous research attempt to identify and rank critical success factors and critical failure factors, conflicts and disputes between project participants still is a tremendous challenge. For that reason, a questionnaire survey involving project owners, consultants, and contractors was carried out to investigate how 25 key process factors affects project performance. To analyze the most important latent structures affecting project performance, principle component analysis was applied. Lack of project coordination and lack of trust and shared objectives were found to explain in total 75.4% of the static variance in the dataset. These results clearly demonstrate the underlying structures that affects project performance can be improved by determining project objectives all participants agrees upon, and by investing more effort in securing clear communication and coordination to increase the level of trust between project partners.

Construction projects are tormented by activities not able to start and to finish on time. To reduce the number of activities not completed on time, the causes and risks that the individual activity is carrying should be analyzed and understood. This despite, there in construction has been a focus on treating the effect of the delay rather than eliminating the cause. In the Lean toolbox, there is a learning tool called the 5 Whys method, and the 5 Whys method is developed in an attempt to avoid repetitions of problems by identifying and eliminating the root cause. In the presented research study, the 5 Whys method has been applied at one construction project. In total, 11 activities, not completed on time, have been registered and investigated. By applying the 5 Whys method, the underlying causes have been identified, and even though asking Why is not a complicated task, it seems to be a useable technique of gaining business and project insight as the technique used in the analyze phase can lead to potentially solutions to the root causes. Based on the findings from the 5 Whys method, a practical approach to analyze the data is presented.

Managing construction projects stakeholders in Ghana is a major challenge due to the rapid information and communication technology innovations, the diverse stakeholders’ involved, and projects unique nature. Project managers therefore require effective building information management (BIM) systems. This study reviews the current project information management systems at selected polytechnics in Ghana, addresses findings related to the system weaknesses, project multi-disciplinary stakeholders, location challenges, and proposes a building information management system for enhanced project delivery. A qualitative research method using case study approach of selected polytechnics was adopted. Literature and the existing systems were reviewed. A conceptual building information management (BIM) system was designed, validated using interview survey of six (6) key project managers and descriptive analysis technique. A schema-based integration system using electronic data management and integrated software for enhanced project information management is proposed. This system developed enhances project delivery, stakeholder communication, and contributes to the body of knowledge.

Accidents, injuries, fatalities in construction workplace are important research issues in China. Construction safety management system (CSMS) is based upon related laws and regulations. CSMS is a complicated system which has various influencing factors. In order to have a more comprehensive understanding on safety issues, we need to bring up system thinking. In the present study, we developed a system dynamics model to deal with kinds of factors and simulate the change. There are many qualitative variables in CSMS factors which need be transform to quantitative numbers. We presented an approach which comprises how to extract the effective factors, variables transform, and the circulating model building process. Through a preliminary example model of construction safety site, we made up three subsystem to find the relation among accident rate and other factors. The simulation result showed the relation of accident rate and supervision, personal feeling, fatigue to verify the approach validity.

Today UAVs are widely used in various fields of military, disaster relief, agriculture, and other social fields. Its advantages involve ease of use, good cost efficiency ratio, and no risk of casualties. These mean that the UAVs have a broad development prospects. For the construction project management, UAVs can also make full use of its advantages, such as measurement and calculation, three-dimensional reconstruction, deformation monitoring, and so on. This paper introduces the applications of the UAVs on the field of construction site safety management and gives analysis in a variety of circumstances, combines with the reality and provides explanations with examples. The research aims to provide new ideas and new methods for today’s construction site managers to improve management efficiency and to better guarantee the safety of site personnel, which has a good practical significance.

Construction safety accidents have brought huge losses to human society. The own characteristics of the construction accidents have determined the construction standards play an important role in the control and mitigation of construction accidents. The extremely complex of the management and risk control are the result of the frequent accidents and the high rate of project failure. The key points are the poor coordination of various stakeholder groups and the ignore of the adaptation to the external environment interaction during the implementation of the construction standards. As a result, this paper focused on the project construction safety accident based on standards adoption behaviors. Using social network analysis to build a social network mode of standards adoption in the process of the construction projects, the paper analyzes the individual networks and their related indicators of the overall network and finds out that the supervisor right has not been achieved well. And then, according to the optimization strategy selection of social network structure under construction accidents during the standards adoption process, this paper determines the governance policies of the construction accidents during the standard adoption process. It is convenient to lower the role risk of the stakeholders during the standards adoption process and improve the success rate of standards adoption of the construction safety accidents.

The global population aging brings a series of social and economic problems such as the future labor resources shortage which could be a huge burden for the society. However, the older-aged labor force is so precious that it could be reused in society to ease the burden of labor force. It is same to the construction industry. In order to provide these aging project management (PM) personnel with suitable environment, realize their work value of career, and let them make contributions to the work they do, this paper tried to do research on their condition needs. First of all, this paper identified three aspects including 14 conditions based on literature review. Then data related to the conditions was collected through questionnaire. Ultimately, through constructing the structural equation modeling (SEM), this paper tried to analyze the conditions of workplace and the degree to satisfy these senior personnels’ working needs in project management of construction area from the discussion and result.

Safety is one of the basic objectives of construction project management. Since a construction project involves different participants, processes, and influencing factors, safety management is a typically systematic and complex issue. Thus, this paper adopt the complex network (CN) method to illustrate construction safety management as a system. First, the mechanism of the CN theory and three kinds of network models were expatiated. Then, the topological structure of construction safety management was built. Construction safety management was decomposed to six groups, namely, organization, technical measures, resources, training, controlling, and contingency management about construction safety. Relations between the factors in different groups were described as a network diagram. Finally, according to the relation and probability of factors, reliability probability of subsystems and the whole system were calculated. The research provides a new idea and direction for the study on the reliability of construction safety management system.

The objection of this paper is to analyze difficulties and problems through every stage in the whole process of waste management based on the literature review, and indicate the pivotal role of the governments. Based on the functions of the governments, the coordinating role played by the authorities in the whole process management of construction waste is discussed in this paper. Circular economy theory is adopted to analyze the solutions to the whole process management of construction waste. Three principles of circular economy theory, calling reduction, reuse, and recycle, are used to direct the establishment of measurements for the authorities. The government acts as the coordinator in the process of the construction waste management to improve the efficiency of the whole process of construction waste management. Policies for the source to produce stage, the classification and transportation stage, the recycling and collection stage are proposed. Large amounts of construction waste appear in China in recent years, which cause the decline in air quality, destruction of soil structure, water pollution and damage to the appearance of the city, and other issues. The government should take responsibility for coordinate the whole process management of construction waste, and all the above problems can be eased.

With an increasing number of mega construction projects in China and increasing large scales, the complexity has emerged obviously. Research on the complexity of the organizational behavior in the mega construction projects has become an important part of project management. Without doubt, it is essential for the management of mega construction projects. First, basic concept and scientific connotation of the organizational behavior was defined in mega construction projects. Then, basic elements and formation path of organizational behavior were analyzed in mega construction projects, and interrelation of organizational patterns and organizational behavior was summarized based on the literature review and theory of organizational behavior. Finally, the complexity characteristics of organizational behavior were explored in mega construction projects. The results of the study have significant references on perfecting the complexity theory and project management.

In view of the big statistics deviation and incomprehensive data of the construction waste output, this paper uses grey prediction theory to establish the grey Verhulst prediction model of construction waste output, to forecast construction waste output in Shenyang in the next five years. Comparing with the GM(1,1) prediction model, we find that the grey Verhulst model can satisfy the precision requirement of ‘best’ and can more reasonably reflect the construction waste production trends, so the model can be used to predict the production of construction waste.

An effective construction schedule plan (CSP) plays an important role in construction management in both the theoretical and practical sense. A large body of research only involved a single-target concern when dealing with CSP improvement. This study aims to present a multi-targets optimization model, which could provide a trade-off solution of CSP optimization regarding period, cost and quality targets. Multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) was employed to measure and integrate the three targets with different attributes into a comparable utility index. Accordingly, an optimal CSP that produces the maximum value of total utility could be determined. The methodology is illustrated through an example and what points are fundamental to take into account in the utilization of the model are explained.

Commissioning projects of thermal power plant forms the foundation to ensure safe and reliable operation of equipment; thus, cost prediction of commissioning project has aroused more and more attention. It’s not only the key to determine the goal of cost and prepare the cost plan but also can improve the economic benefits of power plant. In order to improve the forecasting accuracy, least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) optimized by fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is applied in this paper, which can avoid the randomness of parameter selection. A case study in Hebei Province is carried out. The results indicate that FOA-LSSVM model shows high accuracy in cost prediction of commissioning projects of thermal power plant.

With the continuous development of social economy, the requirements for the stability of the safe economic operation of electric power system have been higher and higher. In the light of problems in the maintenance process of the fixed high-voltage switch cabinets, the evaluation index system is constructed based on the actual situation in this paper and the problem is solved with a hybrid algorithm of the fruit fly optimization algorithm and least squares support vector machine. And in the case study, the XGN switchgear is taken as the example and the results show the algorithm has higher accuracy and practical value.

Africa’s energy sector is vital to its development. Africa is turning more and more towards renewable resources to solve its rife energy poverty. When more than half of the population lack access to electricity, energy resources in Africa as a whole are more than sufficient to meet regional needs, both now and into the foreseeable future. This paper identifies and analyzes the Sub-Saharan Africa energy demand and supply, scrutinizes the energy production resources with a special focus on the continent hydropower potential. Data used in this study are from a variety of sources including literature review, regulations, policies, and statistical reports. Finally, a case study of the huge Grand Inga Dam Project in Democratic Republic of Congo is used to analyze the energy policy strategies at regional and continental level and provide possible solutions to existing problems. The findings demonstrate how the energy sector development in Africa can be a great opportunity for investors and international constructors.

Whether the site selection blue print of pivotal logistics center is reasonable or not, it will directly influences the cost, working efficiency, and the control level of logistics center after its establishment. Therefore, it has important realistic meaning to research on site selection of this kind of logistics center. This paper has introduced the basic principle of determining standby the pivotal logistics center and has analyzed influential factors of decision, and it has researched on site selection using the method of fuzzy multiple criteria decision making; finally, through example analysis, it has found out which one is good to choose.

As the complexity and synthesis of modern projects management becoming more and more obvious, talents work on the project technology management must have the spirit and capacity of innovation. This paper, based on the characteristics of creative talents, builds a all-round “3+0.5+0.5” cultivating mode, which makes optimal combination of the four-year (eight-semester) undergraduate education and divide it into three organic-related sections, they are the basic and professional education section, the comprehensive capacity-building section, and the theme design capacity-building section, and in the first one, there is an improvement on the curriculum system. Besides, this mode also set up a gradient-level practical teaching mode in accordance with the three stages of the progress of school term. This mode’s starting point, under the premise of ensuring theoretical knowledge and basic skills teaching, is to enhance and improve students’ ability of applying knowledge, being creative, effectively cultivate creative talents of engineering management who can meet market demands with ability and can solve problems in a creative way.

In the future, under China for the continued transformation of government functions, stimulate the vitality of the market context, government (public sector) through market mechanisms supply of public goods by the social capital-public private partnership (PPP), the desired means of competition in the market and technological advantages, trends in the supply of public services to improve efficiency, and quality in the growing. However, since too much emphasis on the basis of pre-project investment decisions, effective monitoring neglect project life cycle, resulting in project performance monitoring is unsystematic state, resulting in the project failure. Analysis of the basis of this paper summarizes the connotation and PPP projects in various fields on the reason for the failure to establish PPP project evaluation model and system dynamics causal feedback loop mechanism to clarify the influence of all the factors for improving China PPP project performance evaluation mechanisms. They showed through research and analysis to optimize performance evaluation path, significantly improve the efficiency of PPP project performance evaluation.

In order to reduce the engineering cost and improve the economic benefit, it is very important to strengthen the management of engineering material cost. Material cost management is a system which includes many process. But most researchers concentrate on a single stage or multistage combination research. Few of them do research from the angle of the whole producing process of material cost. This paper uses experiential method of new eco-sociology, pattern-causality relation feedback loop, to analyze the project material cost management. A management behavior model of project material cost is built by the system dynamics software Vensim PLE. Based on Causes Tree, the root cause of the changes in the material cost is the management mode. It is benefit for reducing the project material cost to establish a new management mode of project material cost by using the management experience of enterprise internal control.

With rapid emerging of large-scale and complex projects, the complexity of the project has been increasing accordingly, which encourages us to focus on the measurement of the complexity of the project. Aiming to measure the complexity of the project systematically, complexity evaluation system and index system are constructed, which are verified with an empirical comparative case. Firstly, based on literatures on project complexity, some academic views are concluded: sources of the project complexity are stemmed from diversity, interdependence, dynamics, and uncertainty and the constituent of the project complexity is epitomized as organization, technical, environment, information as well as goal, respectively. Those academic views lay solid foundation for the construction of the evaluation framework and index system. Then, a comparative empirical case of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB), Qinghai-Tibetan Railway, and The Beijing Capital International Airport T3 is carried out with the method of expert investigation, where subjective and objective methods are employed to assign weights of each index. It is found that in respect of the overall complexity, T3 is the lowest among them, denoting a very high complexity level. HZMB and Qinghai-Tibetan Railway, However, they have almost equivalent level but they are in high level of complexity. From the perspective of constituent of project complexity, environmental complexity is regarded as the most significant factors, followed by information, technology, and organization complexity between Qinghai-Tibetan Railway and the HZMB. For T3 terminal, the organization complexity is the most significant factor, and others are ranked as information, technology, the goal complexity, and the environment complexity. Finally, the validity and reliability of the measurement method are verified by conclusion produced from an empirical case.

With the increasing complexity of construction projects, the project management is becoming more and more difficult. It is urgent to put forward a new idea conforming to engineering practice. This paper analyzes the problem of project management and the dynamic mechanism, then tries to introduce the thought of system dynamics into project management. By means of the quality control process, the paper compares and analyzes the project management methods based on system dynamics and the traditional project management methods. Eventually, the dynamic mechanism of project management based on system dynamics is presented.

Considering the characteristics of technical innovation and the existence of overconfidence in complex project team, we construct a cooperative behavior model of construction project team based on overconfidence and analyze the mechanisms that how overconfidence affects team members’ cooperative effort and innovating performance. We explore and compare the optimal effort under rational condition, condition in which all the team members are overconfidence and condition in which part of team member is overconfidence, respectively. The results show overconfidence may enhance team member’ optimal effort and improve performance of technical innovation in last two conditions, which provide some reference for complex project practice.

Under the new norm of Chinese economic and social development, the government investment scale in public construction projects is still very large. All kinds of infrastructure projects continue to be constructed. However, it is often disclosed that the decisions for public construction projects are always made unreasonable. The government-invested construction becomes one “severe disaster area” of corruption. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out in-depth study on governance issues of public construction projects. In this paper, the public construction project governance problem is divided into early-stage project governance and project implementation governance, while the former is divided into project transaction governance and corporate (internal) governance. Based on the construction processes of public projects as well as the principal-agent relationship between stakeholders, this paper establishes a logic framework for public construction project governance problem and analyzes its key and difficult point.

The building sector contributes significantly to the energy use and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Prior research has mainly focused on the impacts associated with material selection and building operation, thereby the embodied impact of the construction phase has got limited attention. The construction phase usually suffers from an inherent uncertainty in which construction operations, activities, and resources interact with each other in a complex manner. The discrete event simulation (DES) has been recognized to be a consistent simulation approach to capture these uncertainties and interactions. DES can also complement conventional life cycle assessment (LCA) tools, used for sustainable design and environmental strategies. However, the major challenge has been the implementation of the DES into practice which needs significant effort and work in order to create a realistic model of the construction process. To overcome this obstacle, this paper proposes a framework that integrates building information modeling (BIM), DES, and LCA in order to support the environmental evaluation and also facilitate implementation of the DES model by utilizing the data-rich BIM. Finally, the practical application of the proposed BIM-DES-LCA framework is demonstrated in a preliminary prototype and the areas where further development is required have been highlighted to address in future research.

Road projects generally begin with broad investigations and progressively advance towards more detailed and immediate issues. Road corridors, which represent rough locations of alternative road alignments, are usually identified, evaluated, and compared in early planning stages. Commonly at this stage, costs estimates of the identified road alignment are made, whereas their environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, often are insufficiently accounted for. GHG emissions caused by the construction process are frequently ignored altogether. Despite indications that benefits of decisions and measures can be considerably higher if implemented in early planning stages, much emphasis is put on later stages. Our study presents an approach for estimating project-based GHG emissions of alternative alignments in early planning stages. The findings indicate that if adopted in the planning process, the approach can support projects in reducing their GHG emissions.

Certainly, one of the most important challenges of this century worldwide is energy issue that has attracted the attention of supporters of sustainable development. Energy consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades. This rise may reflect the economic and industrial growth, but on the other hand, environmental impacts such as emissions of pollutants will be followed. In Iran, a comprehensive strategic plan on building energy management focusing on sustainable development has not yet been made due to low cost price of energy. One of the green strategies for sustainable development is the use of equipment and building energy management systems. Thus, identifying and prioritizing the ecological parameters of building energy management as the underlying issue is explored. In order to advance the study, in addition to design and distribution of specialized questionnaire, statistical analysis views of green building experts was performed by a score computational model.

Construction industry consumes a large amount of energy and resources in both developed and developing countries. The opportunities for improving energy efficiency of construction could be research considering energy assessment and thereby providing suggestions for practical action. The research on embodied energy (EE) is an important endeavor of this orientation. The aim of this review paper is to investigate and analyze research weakness of present embodied energy study on construction. To do so, a professional searching tool called Academic 2.0 was employed to collect relevant publications from multiple databases in this research field. After obtaining relevant studies, paper elimination and information collection are performed based on predefined criteria. Data analysis was then performed and showed that assessment method, data sources, and research boundary differed dramatically amongst present study. And, they are weaknesses of current study. These results could help researchers deeply understand present study weakness and then overcome it in further study.

In this paper, dynamic thermal characteristics of concrete hollow block, which is commonly used in China, are studied numerically under periodic conditions using the climatic data of Harbin. The size of the hollow block is 390mm×190mm×190mm. Under the condition of the same hollow ratio, the holes configuration is varied by changing number of holes perpendicular and parallel to the heat flux in order to achieve the best performance. The number of holes perpendicular to the heat flux is varied from one to seven, and number of holes parallel to the heat flux is varied from one to four. The results show that the thermal performance of the hollow block is perfect with the increase of hole number perpendicular to the heat flux and the decrease of hole number parallel to the heat flux. The research results would assist in developing hollow blocks which could achieve a high thermal insulation performance and contribute to the energy saving in buildings.

There are lots of low-income people living in affordable buildings in China. And, their cost of heating is too high compared to the rent. This article analyzed the traditional operation mechanism, the developments situation and the existing problems of affordable green construction from the aspects of policies, interest conflicts, and market situation. It also revealed the problem of green construction for high cost, conflicts of interest distribution between the building occupants and construction unit to implement green building under the current mode of real estate investments. The author analyzing related data and proposed new methods based on the interest re-share, in order to promote the process of green building construction and ease the government’s financial pressure in long-term freezing areas.

From the perspective of residential energy consumption which is significantly impacted by living standards, 24 provinces were selected as samples to be analysed by means of factor analysis and cluster analysis to explore the present state between Chinese buildings’ energy consumption and living standards and pave the way for further research. It has been shown that the samples were divided into 3 categories according to per capita energy consumption and comparisons were made among the various types. The more urban residents’ disposable income and per capita consumption expenditure, the greater per capita energy consumption building will be. The more urban resident population, the less energy consumption per capita is used. The better people’s living standards, the higher per capita urban building energy consumption generated.

As an important stage of the whole building life-cycle, the green construction is the key link to realize the resource saving, energy saving, and emission reduction. Meanwhile, the informatization construction is an important aspect of promoting green construction, and the application of BIM technology in the construction industry has given a new connotation to the green construction. Based on the analysis of the disadvantages of BIM technology and the advantages of cloud computing, the combination of cloud computing and BIM technology is proposed to establish the cloud-BIM platform. On the basis of this platform, we explore how each green-construction participant uses the information technology to carry out management which ensures the realization of green construction and has important meaning for the informatization development of green construction in China.

The evaluation of green construction assessment is of great significance in promoting green construction, so as to achieve the sustainment development of construction industry. The research perfects the evaluation system of green construction by incorporating the economic and information technology index. On this basis, the multiplication normalization of AHP and Entropy Weight method is used to determine the weight of indexes. Furthermore, the evaluation model of green construction based on TOPSIS is established, and Matlab 7.0 is used in programming operation to evaluate the green-construction effect of the actual project.

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the world is facing a serious challenge of climate change, energy shortage, and environmental issues. The booming economy has propelled the country, China, to the largest energy consumer and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter in the world, building field consuming almost 1/3. With the effort of Chinese government and the society, large number of building ESCOs (energy service companies) spring up. However, there are still problems hampering the implementation of energy service for building, leaving huge potential for improving. This paper focuses on the building energy service industry and aims to interpret the industry system to verify whether the industry is developing on path of which it supposes to be based on the synergy theory. First of all, this paper makes an analysis on the building energy service industry and divides subsystems based on synergetic. Then, by literature review, a set of influencing factors can be recognized, leading to the establishment of an evaluation index system. With the utilization of AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method, weight of each indicator is calculated and the main indicator is found. Finally, several suggestions are proposed to promote the development of building energy service industry.

The introduction of building carbon trading brings the coexistence of government intervene mechanism and carbon trading market system. From economic perspective, a replicate dynamic evolution game model on public building owners behavior selection strategy is established, which is under the simultaneous actions of dual mechanism of carbon trading and government motivation, based on evolution game theory. Through the model solution, the condition that all public building owners choose “carbon emission reduction” evolutionary stable strategy is obtained. The results based on further analyses can provide reference for design of incentives mechanism on building energy efficiency and emission reduction.

Based on the circular economy principle and the regular which building waste produced in the process of engineering construction, the article analyzed the feasibility of building waste resource recovery about technology choice, input-output and environmentally sound. The paper structured the scale economy model of building waste resource recovery. The author proposed the paths of technology and strategy for the purpose to realize building waste resource recovery.

China is urbanizing at an unprecedented rate, and the urbanization rate has tripled from 19% in 1980 to 55% in 2014. However, rapid urbanization has led to the generation of significant amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Along with other solid waste, C&D waste are dumped around outskirts, causing a series of environmental problems such as land occupation, soil, water, and dust pollutions; other problems such as landslide, which will absolutely threaten the regional ecological security. For this reason, the generation amount needs to be better understood. Therefore, the generation estimation of C&D waste in China through a calculation method presented which is based on statistical data and our surveys shows that approximately 2.5 to 3.5 billion tons of C&D waste has been produced in recent years, and the amount also shows an increasing trend. The generation amount of C&D waste in developed countries is far lower than China while the corresponding recovery rate is much higher than China. The estimation data by the method proposed and recycling rate comparison among developed countries from this study can be used to facilitate C&D waste governors and researchers to develop a more differentiated management plan specifications in different regions. What’s more, the approach proposed can also be applied to other developing countries and provide reference for the C&D waste management.

Green construction plays a significant role in vigorously promoting green building and achieving sustainable development transition of the construction industry. Establish a scientific evaluation system of green construction can actively develop green construction. The method of multilevel extensible synthetical evaluation is introduced to improve the evaluation method of green construction in this paper. Green construction assessment index system is improved; a simple dependent function of extension theory is introduced to calculate the associated secondary index weights; the extension evaluation model is established to determine the evaluation grades of green construction and to find out the important factors which affect green construction project implementation and effects. The method is used for evaluation of Gansu Daily Newspaper community project to find that the grade of green construction is good. The result of this evaluation is consistent with the field research situation to verify the feasibility of this method.

Green construction, whose core is “friendly environment saved resources and guaranteed quality,” is a kind of construction philosophy put forward at the request of the green buildings. To achieve this idea and promote green construction, we need efforts of all aspects and have support in policy, technology, management, etc. Especially, we need to clarify some factors which are conducive to the development of green buildings in China, including engineering general contracting, building information model (BIM), building industrialization, and green building materials and find out the existing problems. In particular, the analysis of the existing problems will effectively promote the development of green buildings.

Major cities in Ghana particularly Accra and Kumasi have had challenges in dealing with growing urbanisation and the implementation of the national urban renewal programmes (NURP) and policies. The study reviews Ghana’s urban renewal policy and further outlines strategies for adoption to ensure successful implementation of urban renewal and sustainable development practice in Ghana. The study adopted the desk survey approach where extant literature from published database was reviewed. The study revealed six (6) strategies to promote the implementation of urban renewal and sustainable development practice in Ghana. The study advocates for the establishment and decentralisation of the Ghana urban renewal authority (GURA) to develop and implement the national urban renewal policy and to address specific urban needs of low dense but fast-growing cities across the country.

In view of the sustainability considerations for regional social and economic development, it is significant and necessary to do the research work about evolution and optimization of regional population distribution. Three dimensions of sustainability for regional population distribution are firstly presented which are based on the theoretical foundations of agglomeration economics, spatial economics, and the view of sustainable development. Secondly, it proposes the conceptual framework of evolution and optimization of regional population distribution for sustainable development, and three corresponding modules are introduced, respectively. This framework can serve as a guidance of regional population regulation and planning, and it also provides a theoretical and technique support for decision making of governmental planners.

In the past 20 years, sustainability and resilience of infrastructure have gradually become important research theme in academic fields. To provide a review of infrastructure’s sustainability and resilience, this paper first analyzes the evolution process of sustainability and resilience from general perspective. Through literature analysis summarizes the research status of infrastructure’s sustainability and resilience, respectively, and compares similarities and differences between sustainability and resilience of infrastructure from four aspects: definition, higher frequency keywords, dimensions, and target. Finally, analyzes literatures’ co-keywords situation of infrastructure’s sustainability and resilience between 2005 and 2014 and summarizes three critical scientific issues of infrastructure’s sustainability and resilience in future. This paper has important significance to understand the research frontier and development trend of infrastructure’s sustainability and resilience.

Energy-saving renovation project in existing buildings has an important strategic impact on sustainable energy, sustainable environment and benefiting people’s livelihood, and so on. But it has to face the difficulties in financing and the plight of fatigue in the subsequent development due to the severe influence of its external economy. This paper analyzes the characteristics of both the market of energy-saving renovation in existing buildings and the PPP modes, firstly, followed by the discussion of the financing mechanism of PPP modes based on the feasibility of applying PPP modes into the renovation project. Finally, the evolutionary game theory is applied to the exploration of decision-making problem between the investors and the government during the processes of energy-saving renovation in existing buildings under the PPP modes, and some corresponding suggestions are put forward for the government.

With the goal of constructing economic, social, and environmental development green villages, meeting the requirements of energy-saving, water-saving, material-saving, environmental protection, climate suitability and construction economic, we establish a green village comprehensive evaluation model. According to the initial interval number matrix of each village given by experts, the comprehensive attribute values of villages are determined. Then, possibility degree matrix is developed and its ranking vector is determined based on the possibility degree method for ranking interval numbers. We applied it to the evaluation of villages, indicating that the model is not only able to sort the villages in total but also evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of villages in one respect, showing the improvement direction of green villages’ development.

Cold region village greening development needs the joint efforts of government, village residents, and construction unites to achieve. This paper established a management game model which government, village residents, and construction unites participated in. Based on the order of the participants, the game process is divided into four stages to analyze the game strategy and utility function from the view of each game body. Then, it analyzed the formation conditions of the game to promote the Nash equilibrium and the formation of the “win-win” situation.

Water plant construction with large investment, long operating period that is more than 20 years, high sunk costs is an investment of high risk. It is necessary to study the economic evaluation methods of water plant construction. In this paper, the study was broken down into the following steps: (1) to found a water price adjustment mechanism ensure that investors have a reasonably stable income, (2) to establish regulatory mechanisms to ensure that the profit margin within a certain range, (3) to reasonably treat changes in inflation of long operating period, (4) to found the NPV evaluation model, (5) to solve to the model, (6) to gives an example for analysis.

In recent years, ecological environment in China continues to deteriorate, and the ecological crisis occurs frequently; these problems have aroused high attention of the whole society. As the executive organ of state power, government institutions at various levels have become the main body that provides social management and public goods. It is worth discussing how to promote the construction of ecological civilization with the help of the improvement of government ecological performance management. Combined with the concepts of circular economy and sustainable development, it analyzed government environmental management performance status under the background of ecological civilization, focused on the four dimensions of economic, social, ecological, public evaluation, and constructed evaluation index system of government ecological management performance by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). It cleared the major factor affecting the government ecological management performance and provided effective basis and scientific guidance for improving the performance of government environmental management.

It’s necessary to ascertain economic profit level of stakeholders in public building carbon emissions trading according to incentive-compatible mechanism design. This paper aims to establish the economic profit model and calculation method for these stakeholders, by using system analysis methodology. By finding out the process of public buildings carbon emissions trading, recognizing stakeholders, and dividing the trading-level, the analysis of cost and benefit brought by public buildings carbon emissions trading was carried out. The economic profits were modeled and the calculation method was also given. Wherein, central government, local government, and public building owners were focused on who are stakeholders at the major level. The models can help governments to determine public buildings carbon reduction incentive strength and also can help public buildings owners to select carbon emission reduction plan.

This paper is to analyze the architectural characteristics of native materials from three perspectives: ecology, technology, and aesthetics. The building techniques of using native materials are discussed in accordance with regional climate characteristics, geological and geomorphologic conditions of construction plants, traditional building crafts, regional structure system, and construction modes, and the final aim is to reduce the constructive destruction of eco-village and promote the sustainable development of eco-villages, as well as to improve people’s livelihoods. The Xiangyang Village of the Lianshan County, Guangdong Province, discussed below is a real project in which the author has participated and carried out a series of design practices based on the planning references such as project concepts and functional layouts. Although the native materials are not competent for large-scale modern architecture, it can still play a role in the building of an eco-village and achieve unexpected accomplishments.

Taking the technical development concept as research point, analyze the technical transition of architecture in contemporary Russia, research the sustainable trend of architecture in contemporary Russia. Explain the contemporary development of architectural design in energy economy, sustainable and ecological design, through analysis of architecture projects.

Green infrastructure (GI) is a new and emerging approach that shows great benefits in conserving the ecosystem and enhancing urban resilience. In this paper, we analyze the role of various types of GI and discuss how to integrate GI measures into urban planning to manage urban runoff. In addition, we are also interested in exploring the most effective places to develop GI. We develop a case study of New York City (NYC) urban areas based on the NYC Green Infrastructure Plan: A sustainable strategy for clean waterways (released in 2010). With the aid of geography information system (GIS), as well as studying the goals, planning, and practices of the Plan, we point out that GI should be designed citywide on the basis of the city’s combined sewer overflow outfalls and type of land use. The experience of NYC can also provide a paradigm for other cities that are working on GI.

In recent years, China has been plagued by high energy consumption of buildings industry. Although Chinese residential building energy consumption is huge and has a strong rigidity, it also has great potential in energy consumption decreasing. As an important part of sustainable development of urban ecology, the green building industry in cities will no doubt be a great breakthrough in achieving an ecology friendly outcome. Based on the statistical data and related literature, the article analyzes the energy consumption problems in urban housing construction in China, namely, overdevelopment featuring large-scale housing construction, unreasonable construction layout, great energy consumption, so green building and development of affordable housing lags far behind. The article continues to analyze the causes of green building construction lag, which include unreasonable design and immature implementing technologies of green building, together with the lack of both policy control and public awareness of the concept. Therefore, this study suggests the government enhance the environmental awareness, enterprises innovate technologies and design green buildings with ecology friendly concepts, and the public participate in environment protection actively. As a consequence, we can promote the development of green building and contribute to the sustainable development of urban ecology. Houses are the necessity of human life. Housing issues concern life, work and vital interest of the masses. With the upgrading of people’s life quality, residents have growing demands for quality living conditions including area of dwelling structure, interior environment, building location and ancillary facility of the residential buildings. These demands lead to the sustained growth of the energy consumption to realize the traditional residential building functions. And energy consumption is estimated to be one of the major growths of energy consumption in the future. According to the official statistics from Chinese government, the total energy consumed in China was 361.73201 million tons in 2012, and the energy consumed on construction industry was 6.16737 million tons, while in 2013, the national energy consumption reached 375 million tons and construction accounted for one third of the total amount. The sustainable development of urban area refers to the comprehensive development in economy, society and environment, based on the sustainable utilization of natural resources and favorable natural environment. And it is seeking for comprehensive progress in society ensures the sustainable development of economy. To balance the conflicts among economy, environment and society in urban sustainable development, Chinese government needs to abandon the existing development models, which only targeted at GDP, and incorporate with social forces such as social organizations and members to positively enhance green environment protection awareness, and collect governmental advantages, fully utilize technology and science, stressing policy and strategy making and management, and encourage public involvement, so as to speed up the application of green building of urban residence areas to guarantee the sustainability of urban ecology.

Ecological civilization has been developing rapidly. It is the new tendency of the China’s urbanization in the future, so it is necessary for us to analyze its practice and development. The paper set forth the concept and the characteristics and the principle etc, which based on the latest studies, and introduces the background of times and the practice and development of new urbanization at home and abroad. Last the paper analyzes the problems of new urbanization theory based on ecological civilization, and puts forward the countermeasures, strategies and pattern to promote the work in the course of China’s urbanization.

Urban water ecological civilized construction is an important measure for relieving contradiction between water and people and building a harmonious city. It is also a necessary measure to improve the environment and life quality in cities. The evaluation of current urban water ecological civilized construction and construction effect is an important part in the urban water ecological civilized construction. At present, few research into the water ecological civilized construction has been conducted at home. And, the evaluation system for the construction is incomplete. In this study, an evaluation model of current urban water ecological civilized construction is proposed by using the fuzzy material-element theory. The results demonstrate it is a robust method for evaluating urban water ecological civilized construction.

Green roofs may be a kind of plant configurations, cultivated shrubs or herbs in flat roofs or platforms. It can improve the building energy efficiency, beautify the landscape, and increase the urban green space area. As cities are the main sources of carbon emissions, low carbon ecological development has become the concentrated reflection of urban sustainable blueprint around the world. Green roof is one of the elements of green building. It not only represents the current situation of low carbon buildings but also is good for low carbon city development. Nevertheless, little research has investigated the public attitudes concerning it. This paper conducted citizens’ surveys on green roofs in Shenzhen, China, to obtain general attitudes toward green roofs, and to assess its ecological value. The paper also estimated people’s willingness to accept carbon emissions permit trading through contingent valuation method (CVM). The questionnaire analysis showed that most citizens understood the importance of green roofs, through acknowledgement of its landscape value and ecological value. Furthermore, respondents felt that green roofs had the character of public goods. Lastly, the paper assessed the resource values of green roofs, which was about 19.14 Yuan per month. In conclusion, the research contemplations would be helpful to architects with an explicit viewpoint towards developing greener and smarter eco-cities.

With the accelerate progress of the Chinese aging society, the estate for aged now enters into a rapid development phrase too. This paper is aimed at the issues existing in the Chinese aged estate construction and development. According to the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the government is going to emphasize the ecological aging care; so, more key problems and suggestions on optimization of the ecological aged estate development shall be put up. The final purpose of this paper is to provide the research foundation of constructing Chinese aging-friendly society and realizing the ecological care for aged people.

This research appraises the efficiency of tax administration in Nigeria from 2000–2012. It focuses on Federal Inland Revenue Service saddled with the responsibility of federal tax administration in Nigeria. The research was conducted using an ordinary least squares (OLS) technique of multiple regression models using statistical time series data from 2000–2012. The estimated result shows a positive relationship between the dependent variable (real gross domestic product) and the independent variable (government taxes). The regression result shows that tax was not properly signed and this could largely be credited to poor tax administration in Nigeria and over dependence of government on earnings from crude oil in funding her projects. The results also show a significant relationship between targeted tax revenue. Based on the results, it was therefore suggested that there should be sustenance and strengthening of tax reform, improved legal system, and proper deployment of tax nets to tap untapped resources and capture neglected sector.

The contribution of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector in economic development, job creation and income generation has been recognized worldwide. This study aims to investigate the effect of demographic issues of credit accessibility within SMEs in South African construction industry. This paper utilises a combination of primary data emanating from structured survey questionnaires supplemented by secondary source of data from an extensive literature review, in order to present insightful commentary about credit accessibility within SMEs in South Africa. The structured survey questionnaire was administered to 600 construction small and medium organizations to elicit relevant data about their credit accessibility. The equation specified access to credit as dependent variable while firm and personnel characteristics as independent variable. The results indicate that firm characteristics influence access to credit accessibility. The study recommends that South Africa SME contractors and financial institution should maintain attractive firm attributes to stimulate lenders to extend credit accessibility to their investments.

As one of the most important aspects of the enterprise supply chain, supplier management plays an important promoting role for the servitization of manufacturing enterprises. This paper studies the interaction between suppliers’ selection criteria and suppliers’ coordination on the servitization of manufacturing enterprises; suppliers’ selection criterion has a moderating effect on the relationship of coordination of suppliers and service strategy. The empirical analysis of this research is supported by the international manufacturing strategy survey 2009.The result shows that the long-term capacity of suppliers’ selection has a positive moderating effect on the relationship of plan coordination and service strategy; the short-term capacity and price has a reverse moderating effect on the relationship of plan coordination and service strategy; the price has a positive moderating effect on the relationship of logistics coordination and service strategy. Finally, this paper gives suggestions to manufacturing enterprises on how to promote service business through supplier management.

Facing the market competition environment with supply exceeding demand, real estate enterprises have to face up to the relationship of governance structure and financial quality to achieve sustainable development. Combining the characteristics of China’s real estate enterprises, this paper, based on 2012–2014 financial data of real estate listed companies in the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchange, uses the principal component analysis method to establish comprehensive financial quality evaluation model. With controlling the factors such as marketing environment and size of assets, we start from the comprehensive point of different types of equity structure, board composition, management incentive mechanism, and then we utilize descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to determine the impact of governance structure on the financial quality. It provides reference to perfect their own corporate governance structure and improve enterprise value.

China’s practices of public-private partnership in infrastructures and public utilities began in the 1980s, and have been powerfully deployed by the country’s central decision-makers since the second half of 2013. Given that the central authority is vigorously advocating PPPs, concerns and wait-and-see moods of China’s private capitals keep high paradoxically. This provides food for the research question on whether the strong central support could establish a conducive institutional environment for PPPs. A gap between reforms initiated by the central government and path dependencies existing in the local governments is a non-negligible feature embedded in the new wave of PPPs in China. Given that most of PPP projects are implemented on the local authority level, the behaviors of local governments would directly affect the performances of central policies. It is thus worth to analyze the subtle interactions and connections between the central and the local governments around PPPs. Besides, policy fragmentation due to the functional divisions of major relevant ministries within the central authority increases the governance costs of PPP transactions. So it is also necessary to study that whether relevant ministries could coincide with policy goals and integrate to push the development of PPPs forward. This paper would apply transaction cost economics to analyze the features of institutional environment where PPPs are carried out in China and impacts of the settings on governance structures of PPP projects. By reducing PPPs per se to transactions in nature, the paper concludes that tensions originated from centralization and fragmentation in the institutional environment would increase the transaction costs of PPPs and thereby discourage private enterprises from investing PPP projects. Hence, the promotion of PPPs in China should start with the improvement on the institutional environment.

In this paper, we focus on the stages of organizations and their evolvement process by investigating a project-oriented enterprise. We look at the different stages through the lens of institutional theory and illustrate how different institutions may lead the organization to a new mode. Longitudinal archival method was employed to examine organizational change along with institutional context, and data were collected from multiple sources, including government regulations, archival records of projects, websites, news articles, and internal files of this enterprise. A conceptual framework was presented to integrate the findings. Enterprise strategy of a company directly influences its organizational reform, while predictability of project context defines whether the organization changes positively or passively. Additionally, power of government is also an important factor affecting organizational arrangement. This article presents key findings and insights from our inductive research. The research adds to our knowledge and understanding of the institutional factors affecting a project-based company’s evolution and supplies some perspectives useful to practitioners.

With the construction wave in China’s infrastructure, financing has been one of the biggest problems, and public-private partnership (PPP) has been put forward to solve this problem. Undoubtedly, concession period is a key factor to the success of PPP projects. Previous literature, however, still lacks methodology of adjusting concession period flexibly. Hence, this research seeks to establish a mechanism on determination of extended or shortened concession period, taking risks into consideration which result in demand changes in operation phase, to guarantee the private sector a minimum profit or prevent huge profits. The principal findings of this research show that extension or contraction of concession period depends on the difference between the expected profit and real profit. Furthermore, this research aims to give some advice for the government about making decisions when demand changes in PPP project.

Value for money (VFM) plays an important role in the aspects of evaluation and decision as one of the core concepts in PPP projects. However, VFM was not properly applied in many past PPP projects in China. In view of the current situation of the PPP projects, a list of 15 critical drivers is obtained through a comprehensive literature review and interviewing method. Then, experienced practitioners were asked to rank the importance of 15 divers. The findings indicate that the most severe driver is reasonable risk allocation. With this information, both public and private sectors can be more aware of how to effectively improve VFM in PPP projects. As a result, appropriate strategies can be put forward to avoid or minimize the likelihood of some problem. By doing so, the application and improvement of VFM system of PPP projects can be more successfully and their further use can be encouraged in China.

The use of business credit evaluation method can effectively solve the credit problem of construction companies. By the comparison and analysis of the status of business credit evaluation implementation in China, we can sum up credit evaluation problems when they are bidding. To solve these problems, we design three kinds of evaluation methods, namely, comprehensive evaluation method, objective evaluation method, as well as direct reference method. The rational use of these three methods can create a better enforcement environmental for the bidding activities and lay a solid foundation for the promotion of business credit.

As regard to the limitations of AHP standard model for determining the weight, the improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model based on matter-element analysis theory and entropy method through establishing business credit evaluation system of construction enterprises was proposed. We combined the indicator evaluation validity with the rule layer weights, applied entropy theory to obtain objective weight indicator layer based on the indicator layer weights, and finally got a comprehensive business credit weights. This comprehensive evaluation converted the qualitative comparison of credit evaluation by experts into quantitative data analysis, objectively evaluated market behavior of construction enterprises. In this way, that will promote the healthy development of the construction market and accelerate the pace of constructing the industry credit system.

The public rental housing construction which well reflects the level of social welfare is the sound of the country, an important part of the affordable housing system. Generally speaking, the public rental housing to establish a model of pricing including cost leadership, capacity to pay, market orientation, both sides have flaws and virtues, and complement each other. For private capital to participate in PPP mode, its particularity embodied in the need to consider private capital’s profit margin. On this basis, by way of establishing the index system which contains the factors influencing the rent, weights were given based on AHP and entropy weight method; D-S method is used to synthetic data. Eventually, establish a pricing model, which weighs the various factors of as a whole. This study compared with single-factor model more accurately reflects the residential value, to provide scientific and reasonable basis to rent pricing which private enterprises to participate in.

At first, this paper analyzes that the real estate enterprises are faced with the economic environment and the main cause of financial risk, and then, aiming at the current single financial warning model analysis angle and the financial risk has the characteristics of complexity, fuzziness, based on the financial index as the main body of the financial pre-warning system, the introduction of non-financial indicators of real estate enterprise financial risk pre-warning system, finally, puts forward a new financial risk pre-warning and assessment index, established a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of real estate enterprise financial warning.

The aim of this paper is to study the problem of excess utility allocation on public rental housing system with the method of fair entropy. At first, it reflects the advantages of public housing supply system of fully cooperation between government and enterprise on total utility creation. Then, it introduces “fair entropy,” to design the distribution mode of the excess utility. Finally, this paper illustrates the importance of the excess utility distribution coefficient as well as government and developer in building public housing system through the empirical.

Risk-sharing is the key factor to the success of PPP (public-private partnership). Based on the domestic and overseas infrastructure projects’ risk-sharing situation, the current study proposes the principle of risk allocation for the purpose of “mutual benefit and win-win,” sets up the risk allocation process, and establishes a linear model. Taking the XL sewage treatment plant in Guangzhou as an example, the study analyses the risk allocation of infrastructure projects in the PPP model, making the involved projects to achieve the maximum satisfaction of risk-sharing scheme. In addition, the study puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to improve risk allocation.

By taking Guangdong Province for example, this paper analyzes the development environment of private construction enterprises and also puts forward the suggestion for expediting corporate system reform, improving modern corporate system, positively pushing forward enterprise technical and management innovations, building platform of “Internet + construction” industrial chain, creating construction ecological circle and ultimately forming construction industrial cluster. Finally, the private construction enterprises are advised to enhance corporate competitiveness, seize strategic opportunity of “one-belt and one-road,” positively expand overseas businesses and encourage private construction enterprises to “Go out to the world.” The research conclusion provides valuable references for the private construction enterprises to achieve development at accelerated speed.

Senior housing, as a way of social care, can effectively alleviate the pressure of aging in China. It gets support from the government and private enterprises as a sunrise industry of our country, but problems of higher financial shortage and high financing threshold make most of the investment subject in a state of “wait and see.” So, combining with characteristics of senior housing and analyzing applicability of three financing models about PPP/PFI/BOT, we proposed creatively senior housing based on PPP; then, analyzing project participants and constructing the operation process of senior housing based on PPP. Finally, analyzing key points of every stage and putting forward some suggestions like improving the relevant technical standards and quality of service standards, making practical legal supervision and support policies and reasonable risk allocation recommendations. It has important significance to promote the normative development of China’s senior housing.

With the increase of numerous listed companies of real estate in our country, the competition is becoming more and more fierce. To gain more profit as direct purpose is the basic characteristics of the listed real estate companies, making earnings management effectively enables enterprises to develop steadily. So, exploring the relationship between earnings management and listed real estate companies’ competition has important practical significance. With the constant improvement of accounting standard for business enterprises and the further strengthen of external supervision, the traditional sense of the accrued earnings management is limited to a great extent, for the purpose of earnings management, more managers in listed real estate companies tend to adopt sales manipulation, cost manipulation, and expense manipulation, etc. ways of real earnings management to whitewash financial statements. Real earnings management has stronger concealment and flexibility. Paper uses three indicators of real earnings management as the breakthrough point, analyzing the data of the listed real estate companies from 2010 to 2014, validating the relationship between listed real estate companies’ competition and the real earnings management, then pointing out some corresponding countermeasures.

With the increasing of competition and technological progress, the business model has been paid more and more attention by enterprises. To establish their own competitive advantages through business model innovation become enterprise’s intrinsic pursuit. Based on the concept framework of mesoscopic approach to business model and the study of business model innovation on the basis of complex system theory, we view the business model innovation as a dynamic evolution process. Firstly, the thesis use genetic algorithms to establish the evolution of business model which has N genes and K interactions between genes under visual angle of modular innovation, then analyze the characteristics and rules of evolution by different complex structure of business model. For further analysis the dynamic effect of business model of complexity architecture on innovation, we also encode the business model architecture, make it take part in the dynamic evolution process, and then analyze the rules of business model innovation under visual angle of radical innovation.

Over the past twenty years, there has been a general increase in rural land prices across the majority of New South Wales. In particular, there have been a number of locations with land price increases well above the state average. These same locations have also been subject to increased levels of foreign investment and ownership of rural land and greater participation by rural investment and management institutions. This paper will compare the changes in rural land prices across a range of rural locations to the residential and commercial property markets in the main town centres servicing these rural areas. Issues that will be addressed in the analysis will be property population numbers, sales volume, and house prices across these centres compared to changes in the price of rural property. The analysis will determine if the rural property prices are driving residential and commercial property markets in these locations or if the non-rural property markets are driven by non-rural market factors. The quantitative data will cover the period January 1990 to December 2015 providing an extensive overview of the issue as it applies to regional rural centres in New South Wales, Australia.

The average time for the completion of all the projects in Iran is estimated to be 8.9 years. However, the same average for the completed projects in 2007 was reported to be 11.1 years. Any difference between the estimated time for the completion of a project and its actual time is called project delay. This delay equals the sum of all the delays in the activities in critical paths. Delay analysis includes identification, study, and analysis of factors causing delays, source of delays, and the role of each in the overall delay of a project. The study of the causes of delay in construction projects around the world demonstrates that the causes of delay are different in different countries. This is due to social and cultural differences, the type of contract and construction, political issues, state regulations, geological conditions, and the weather in the region. Hence, dealing with such problems is a general concern. In this study, in addition to past studies, delay in the construction projects in Iran are gathered and introduced. So, the first objective of this paper is to identify and classify delay causes in Iran and to introduce current procedures for control delays. As second objective, to manage delay-claims crisis, two practical frameworks were proposed for the classification and assessment of delays.

With the rapid development of economic society, the property management industry is required to become modern service industry with high value-added, high level, and knowledge-based. Due to the property management for a long time is identified as downstream products of real estate with low technical content, low value-added, and low multiplier effect; so, the transformation and upgrading of property service is imperative. This paper takes Shenzhen property management industry as the research object, through the comprehensive analysis of industry development trend and practical situation, interpret the transformation of Shenzhen property management industry by transformation condition, direction and path three aspects. Aims to lead enterprises transform to service integrators and management enterprises, establish a mechanism for cultivating property services talents, and strengthen the industry standardization construction. Finally, some suggestions are given to provide experience, guidance, and theoretical support for the property transformation in the national level.

Commercial real estate as a special form of real estate has its unique nature, which directly leads to the operating model of commercial real estate is very different from the residential real estate. Property and profit model is very different from the traditional residential real estate and commercial real estate, which leads to different operating models for different types of real estates. For different commercial real estate should be based on the specific project types and project positioning using different operating model to operate in order to obtain a lasting and rich profit, which is more conducive to long-term development of enterprises. Through the analysis of the commercial real estate business model, the paper pointed out that the only rent not sell model is the trend of the future commercial real estate development.

At present, the huge stock of housing market in chain reduces the exploitation of real estate. The lack of real considerations for supply and demand is due to the oversupply of real estate market and a large amount of empty house in city. In addition, this amount is gradually increasing, so the main task of the real estate industry is de-stocking. However, there is little study on this field. This paper study the games among property developers, home buyers, and government in the period of development and de-stocking, which reveals the relationship between housing stock and real estate development, finds the reason that players make their choice in different situation, lists some policies to solve the problems.

China has entered a new period of high economic development. The housing demand has been increasing with the process of urbanization speeding up. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is bubble in the real estate market of China. This paper briefly reviewed the research of real estate bubble. Then set an empirical analysis of the real estate markets of the top three first-tier cities in China, Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen by WEST model. The paper finds that there is a bubble phenomenon in the office markets in Beijing and Shenzhen, the housing market in Shanghai and Shenzhen. While there isn’t strong evidence that real estate market bubble phenomenon exists or not in the housing market in Beijing, office market in Shanghaiing. Then, we pointed the deficiency of the existing policy and put forward some suggestions.

With the unprecedented rapid development of the economy in China, the space of real estate investment becomes increasingly smaller and smaller in the east provinces. However, the cities in midwest China have various environments of real estate investment due to their different resource endowments, which will restrict the development of investment activities. Aiming at optimizing the real estate investment environment in midwest China, this paper establishes an evaluation system of real estate investment environment by choosing the top 30 midwest cities in GDP as the research object. With the application of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach, the indexes are established from several aspects such as the economy, society, natural environment, and infrastructure. The quantitative evaluation of corresponding weights is obtained through simulation to provide the key factors that affect the real estate investment environment for core cities in midwest China. Finally, specific suggestions are proposed based on the results.

Debt financing is an important way of financing in a listed company. It affects the company’s capital structure directly and also has a great impact on the company’s financial performance. The real estate industry has a long development cycle and a huge amount of investment, which also determines the study about the impact of debt financing on its performance has a certain realistic significance. This paper views the real estate listed companies as the object of study and uses multiple linear regression model to analyze the relationship between debt financing and corporate performance. It shows that there is a negative correlation between corporate performance and asset-liability ratio. It also provides a lot of useful strategies for real estate listed corporation’s debt financing based on the analysis results.

Authorities in China have decided to expand its VAT replacing business tax policy to nationwide and to include more industries including real estate ones into its taxation reform plans in 2016. In this article, the author would give proof on his hypothesis, which is that the policy may be beneficial for real estate companies on taxation reduction, by analyzing and referring operation and business data of the top 20 China real estate public companies in 2014. A model to predict tax changes after the policy change will also be introduced in the article. Finally, suggestions and possible resolutions will also be given in the article not only for both real estate companies and public companies in China, but also for policy makers and authorities on finance and taxation.

As the provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin is the center of politics, economy, culture, and traffic of northeast part of China. The housing price has been rising sharply since 2006, which effects people’s life a lot. In this paper, we analyzed the influencing factors of housing price from the aspect of supply and demand, selected the data of Harbin’s housing price in recent decade as sample, and finished the model building of demand factors and supply factors. Besides, we found the important factors which influence housing price and hoped this would give advice for the sound development of Harbin’s real estate market.

The rapid development of the real estate industry in China has in turn greatly contributed to national economic growth in the last several years. However, the prices are unstable and have been soaring since 2000. Therefore, research on the factors affecting real estate price in China has great practical significance. In this paper, related research achievements from domestic and foreign scholars on the subject are evaluated. Then, the latest statistical data from 2000 to 2014 is selected and analyzed. Further, a real estate price model affecting house price change has been established through a multiple linear regression method, obtaining the conclusion: Real estate price change has shown a greater correlation to urbanization, commercial house sales, and the use-of foreign investments for real estate development enterprise than other related factors. In response, therefore, the government should enlarge its supervision over real estate development and sales links, promote coordinated development between real estate and urbanization, and regulate the utilization behavior and financing channels of foreign estate development enterprises on foreign investment to promote the stability of house prices in China.

Since the price of real estate kept rising, part of cities in China took the “house purchase limit policy”. It slowed down the rapid growth of average room rate, but it also made the real estate in China come to a deadlock. As the housing price gradually held stable in 3 years, Hohhot City broke the policy at first. Then, the other 41 cities canceled the “house purchase limit policy.” This paper will use economic and statistical model, as an example of average housing price in Tianjin, to analyze the influence on average room rate because of calling off the “house purchase limit policy,” based on the average room rate of one year from “house purchase limit policy” and canceling this policy (Oct. 2014–Sep. 2015). We try to find the balance between the policy of canceling quota and the prosperity and decline of Chinese real estate.

The real estate industry has been the pillar industry of our country economy as the advent of the knowledge in the 21st century. The competition between enterprises has been increasingly fierce. In order to make the enterprise have sustainable and healthy development and be in an impregnable position in the competition, the management of the enterprise key is leaning from material capital to human capital. In this paper, we make a survey to find whether the executive compensation in real estate industry and corporate performance of listed companies has relevance, as well as to find out the influence factors of the correlation. Coming to the conclusion that our country real estate executive compensation and corporate performance of listed companies has a significant positive correlation, and the expansion of real estate company will lead the strengthen enterprise performance impact on an executive pay.

Based on the background of the “supply side” structural reform, we evaluate the comprehensive tax burden of the real estate industry in 2000–2014 and analyze the proportion of the tax burden in each link. At the same time, based on the model of tax shifting and asset pricing, a model which can directly reflect the influence of each link on the price of real estate is constructed. According to the results of the analysis, put forward an optimized tax system, namely, moderate taxation tilt to holding links, combine real estate tax with land use tax, then establish the real estate tax, and reasonably determine the tax basis. The proposed scheme aims to optimize the real estate tax system, thereby promoting the healthy and orderly development of the real estate industry, to meet the needs of people’s housing consumption.

Urbanization is one of the primary and significant indicators to measure the economic development degree of a country or an area. As the process of urbanization, the structure of the population, industry, and demanded area are transformed, this transformation which has a certain impact on real estate investment. Taking the geographical space factor into account, this article selects panel data of cities and counties in three northeastern provinces in China, using the multiple linear regression model, to explore the influence of urbanization on real estate investment. Drawing the conclusion that the urban population and GDP are the most significant indicators of urbanization on real estate investment.

The macroeconomic regulation and control policy in China’s real estate market is often in a state of failure. A significant reason for this is the lack of consideration for supply factors in the real estate market. China’s real estate regulation and control policies are designed based on the larger long-term housing supply elasticity. However, actually, some factors existing in China’s real estate market have led to reduced supply elasticity of real estate in a long run. Using stock adjustment model of previous research with equilibrium analysis, this paper draws a conclusion that the ideally expected housing supply elasticity is greater than the actual housing supply elasticity. The supply adjustment viscosity effect caused by the reduction can result in failures for real estate regulation and control policies. After analyzing the housing price elasticity and supply stickiness coefficient, it can be found that as the only supply main body in land market, the local government’s economic behaviors would lead to the occurrence of the real estate supply adjustment stickiness effect.

As is known to all, real estate prices are closely related to the national economy, whereas it is worth exploring whether there is a similar interactive relationship between their corresponding representatives, residential commodity prices, and gross domestic product. Based on painstakingly preconditioning monthly data of Harbin from January 2002 to June 2015, this paper in perspectives of theoretical analysis and empirical examination will introduce a bivariate linear regression model combined with an autoregressive moving average model and apply a vector autoregressive model to thoroughly analyze the nexus between commercial housing price and GDP. The study’s result demonstrates that, in the long run, property price’s impact on GDP is stronger than GDP having an influence upon residential price. Moreover, it also points out that one side changes remarkably facing the other’s positive shock in the short term, but as time elapses, impulse responses will gradually vanish. Hence, the government should actively formulate secular and sustainable policies in order to achieve goals of stabilizing housing prices and controlling GDP’s growth rate.

Real estate appraisal accuracy is vital to the appraisal industry because it might affect real estate business running, benefit maintenance, and market rule establishment. Following behavior economics forming, researchers have transferred their research paradigm to behavior discipline which is a shining viewpoint of study. My paper, based on real estate appraisal accuracy researches, directed by descriptive behavior research paradigm, analyses real estate appraisal host’s producing valuation procedure and principle, puts forward a train of thought on how to avoid valuation bias by controlling elements in valuation procedure. By correlating the new paradigm into the valuation procedure, the paper finds that internal appraisal information processing system is a system of reaction to information and deepening information digging process, it belongs to the category of psychological research field. By analyzing appraisal bias generation and its analysis based on traditional and behavioral information processing separately, the paper reconstructs the traditional real estate appraisal information processing flow chart in order to satisfy dynamic and versatile complex environmental requirement based on the new paradigm.

With changing of the macro-economic situation and declining of the rigid demand in China, the important adjustment is happening in the real estate industry. Faced with the competitive market environment, how the real estate companies to change the development mode has become an important research topic. Value co-creation model is a new value creation model. It is established in the depth involvement between the customers and the companies through the interactive. This model emphasizes that the customers are the value creation subject, and the companies should help and facilitate the customers in the activities of co-creation value, and value is co-created in interaction and cooperation between the companies and the customers. In this paper, the value co-created is the core concept to research the field and the procedure of creating value in the real estate industry. This paper can be hoped to provide the useful reference and recommendation for the further development of the real estate industry in China.

Based on spatial autoregressive method, a quantitative study was made about the impacts of primary school on housing price in the downtown of Guangzhou City. The results showed: The rate at which the level of primary schools made contribution to the unit price of a standard house in the downtown of Guangzhou was 1.95%; the floor area per student, 2.41%; the proportion of teachers with a bachelor’s or a master’s degree, 5.03%; the senior teachers; 3.82%. The total contribution rate was 13.21%. The numerical values in the paper are higher than the ones of international academic documents, which mainly owes to the excessive concentration of high quality primary school in Guangzhou. The relevant governmental departments should offer substantial support to the current lower level schools within a short time. In the middle and long run, local governments are expected to balance the investment in school facility and school faculty according to general rules of educational investment and the results of this empirical study.

Over the past few years, the demand and value of well-known matriculability houses increased sharply. It is known that both the selling/leasing price and the rate of return on investment of matriculability houses between well-known and common schools are discrepant. In order to establish the HPM (hedonic price model), we select 56 sample schools and 120 properties on sale in Shenzhen and analyze the sample date statistically. We used the boundary fixed method in order to control the differences in the locations and neighborhoods among the sample houses and the HPM in order to highlight the characteristic differences between sample schools and matriculability houses. We conducted an empirical study on the differences of schools grades independent influence on selling/leasing prices and the rate of return on investment of matriculability houses. We found that school grades have a significant impact on the listed prices of matriculability houses. In general, the junior middle school is the most important factor that impacts the selling/leasing prices, followed by primary school and senior middle school. Moreover, the rate of return on investment of matriculability houses of well-known schools is low.

This paper gives a new data mining technology based on S-rough set and gives the application in the real estate industry’s sustainable development. The research results are as follows: firstly, the dynamic decision system model based on S-rough set is established. A new algorithm of attribute reduction based on S-rough set attribute is proposed, which can generate decision rules, and then, it can identify the other data. Second, the method can be extended to a plurality of dynamic information decision system, such as investment risk analysis and profit curve analysis and other fields. Third, the real estate industry’s sustainable development empirical analysis is made, and it found that sustainable development is closely related to resources, environment, population, and economy.

In order to keep real estate enterprises developing healthily and continually, the talents level structure of real estate companies must be maintained relatively stable. In this paper, a model based on Markov chain is proposed for real estate companies to carry on dynamic management of its talents level structure. The model is centered on describing the changes of talents level structure, forecasting future talents level structure, and looking for strategies in order to reach some ideal talents level structure and realize dynamic adjustment timely. In the end, many academic conclusions are drawn to improve talents level structure management.

At present, the development trend of China’s traditional real estate industry is poor. However, there is no doubt that the real estate industry will continue to mature and take on the state of diversification. In the meanwhile, the format and management mode in the real estate industry are more subtle. Based on this, with the great power of informatization and urbanization, the real estate industry can use “Internet+” wings to expand the thinking mode of real estate enterprises, promote industry innovation and productivity, and stabilize industry growth.

Using quarterly data from 2008: Q1 to 2014:Q4 and VAR model, the statically empirical results show that the influence of policy adjustments on house prices is opposite to economic theory, which means there are deep-seated problems about policy structure and design. Based on impulse response function and variance decomposition method, dynamic empirical analysis draws conclusions in three ways. First, response of house prices to total supply of state-owned construction land is the weakest, but its contribution to the fluctuation of house prices is much more remarkable. Second, house prices responds to real interest rate and money supply most sensitively, both of which contribute to house prices most remarkably and show obviously complementary effect. Third, the mutual relationship between house prices and the ratio of house investment below 90 squares to total house investment is not as high as the government expected, which means “90/70” policy is invalid. The paper finally suggests that government should push on the construction of explicit response mechanisms of interest rates to macro-economy and real estate market, improve the marketization level of interest rates, broaden the framework of fixed investment policy, optimize the capital source and structure of fixed investment, design more effective policy tools to promote marketing process of land supply and strengthen response of land policy to structural issues of real estate market.

This paper aims to study the influence of financial leverage on the value creation ability of real estate industry in China, making companies better improve and utilize financial leverage, and then promoting value creation ability. This paper classifies financial leverage into three categories: financial leverage from bank (FLB), financial leverage from payable (FLP), and financial leverage from other (FLO), using a pool sample composed of 115 Chinese real estate companies over the period 2010–2014, and taking the growth rate of rate of capital increment (G_ROCI) and the growth rate of market value added per share (G_MVAPS) as measures for financial value creation ability and market value creation ability. The results show that FLP contributes the most to the value creation ability, less with FLO and the least with FLB. These findings fill the gaps in the study of financial leverage, which help push companies to change the financing channel so as to promote the value creation ability.

Standing in the view of money supply, this paper works to examine the impact of money supply adjusted by monetary policy on real estate prices. During the empirical studies, vector auto-regression model is adopted to test the impact by using quarterly time-series data from 1998 to 2015. Evidence suggest that a two-way granger causality exists in monetary policy and real estate price; Monetary policy’s transmission has time lag and in order to make the real estate prices remain stable, we should make prevent policy in advance; We must control the excessive growth of housing prices effectively from the source and at the same time the Central Bank need to adjust monetary policy framework and inflation target for controlling the excessive growth of money supply.

Low-rent housing system is an important part of the social guarantee systems and it is not only a matter of competitiveness and regional economic development, but also relates to social stability and harmony. The implementation of China’s low-rent housing system is inevitably faced with many problems. In this paper, the authors point out the problems in the implementation of China’s low-rent housing system and then use a “filtering model” to identify those problems and offer a set suggestions, including building a rational, multi-level housing system, establishing personal credit system and an exit mechanism, and so on. The paper’s aim is to promote the construction and development of China’s low-rent housing system.

The real estate investment decision is the key to the whole process of real estate development; the rationality and scientificity of that will influence directly the development of the investment project. With the real estate industry gradually maturing and the competition becoming increasingly fierce, the investment decision makers put more and more emphasis on the method of analysis and research. Firstly, this paper based on the analysis of the theory of the traditional real estate investment decision-making and real options investment decision-making points out the defects in traditional real estate investment decision method. Secondly, put the traditional method that net present value and real option pricing model that Black-Scholes for a comparative analysis, the results show that the real estate investment decisions are more rational and accurate under the perspective of real options.

An aging population and the pension have undoubtedly become the urgent problem in China, but with inadequate pensions at present, in the light of the problems that arose on commercial long-term care insurance and housing reverse mortgage pilot in practice, how to protect the quality of life of the elderly has become one of the focuses in today’s society. Taking Shaanxi as an example, from the perspectives of the elderly and the insurance company, being based on the principle of the actuary of life insurance, the paper sets up an actuarial model of housing mortgage loans insurance, and practiced example calculating according to the data of the mortality table in life insurance, it comes to the result that each elderly owning the 40 square meters’ house can not only receive the long-care but also remit their current pension situation.

India is the world’s largest democracy, which shows an important area power in the world. Thus, India’s development has the potential to create a vast influence to the world. In 2006, the Indian government declared the opening of its building industry in order to revive its economy and to develop city construction in the competitive global economic situation. Foreign investors are allowed to directly invest in real estate industry unconditionally. The Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) Project is invested and designed by cooperators from China.

Influenced by the rapid development of a new type urbanization path which is intensive, smart, green, and low-carbon, many cities in China are striving to develop urban rail transit systems (URTS). It is critical that URTS are concerned with their operational efficiency and the governance development models within which they are developed have a profound impact upon their process of operation. This paper outlines the corporatization model and the public-private partnership (PPP) within which URTS in many cities in China are developed. The relationship between governance development models and operational efficiency of several urban rail transit lines is analyzed through the application of data envelopment analysis (DEA). By the comparative analysis of operational efficiency of several urban rail transit lines in Beijing and Shenzhen, it indicates that, comparing with the corporatization model which has been predominant in China, PPP has a positive impact upon the improvement of operational efficiency.

The paper aims to comparatively analyze administrative measures for the circulation of collectively-owned land for construction purposes in Guangdong and Chengdu and dig deep into beneficial enlightenments for circulation management at the national level. Methods applied include comparative research, literature research, and theoretical research, with the principal findings: six aspects of common features and six aspects of unique features in the collective construction land administration in the two provinces (or cities). The conclusions are: (1) legislation practices of administrative measures in the two places has made a beneficial exploration and accumulated experience in legislation for the introduction of national-level collective construction land administrative measures; (2) in the future, the framework design of collective construction land administrative measures at the national level should adopt Guangdong measures largely, with Chengdu measures as the supplement; (3) property law, land management law, and other related legal provisions are suggested to be modified to crack existing legal constraints.

The city plays a leading role in social development. Constructed by a variety of traffic and transport system, urban network also occupies a pivotal position in urban development. The urban network not only affects the economy, the environment, and urban development but also reflects the resilience of the city when met majeure. By summarizing overseas and domestic research status of urban network, this paper refines the hotspots of urban network research and gives some advises to accurately grasp the development trend and characteristics of China’s urbanization and systematically study the uncoordinated issues of urban layout, which can make great significance for economic and social development.

New urbanization is the important planning, which can balance the urban-rural dual structure and promote the harmonious development of cities and towns. But evaluation of China of new urbanization is still in the initial stage; China has not established a complete comprehensive evaluation system for new urbanization. First, based on a detailed research, the five factors including financial investment, urbanization of the population, construction land and arable land, transportation network, infrastructure factor were put forward. Secondly, the comprehensive evaluation index system was set up from the 5 criterion-layers and based on the 37 factors. Thirdly, this paper proposed a comprehensive evaluation model based on the support vector machines. In addition, the paper uses this model to make an empirical analysis of Heilongjiang Province; it shows that the model is feasible.

Since Wuhan urban agglomeration has been one of the pilots of “two-oriented” society in 2002, the evaluation of its land use efficiency not only can help the government research the current situation but also collects reasonable data to provide a scientific basis for further decision-making. This article mainly uses the data envelopment analysis to evaluate the efficiency of land use. In order to build a composite index system, they were selected from different aspects: economy, society, and ecology. Data from Wuhan urban agglomeration which ranging from 2002 to 2012 were collected for the evaluation. On the basis of the evaluation results of the article analyzed, the temporal-spatial differences and influencing factors of land use efficiency.

Urban expansion has led to the land use/cover change along with the continuously human colonization. The production and development of biological material has influenced by land use change. In recent years, more and more researches have been done by scholars as it has become a serious issue concerning the resource and environment damage. In this paper, urban land use change has been taken as the core problem based on the niche theory, and the land use change and its ecological effect research framework has been put forward by analyzing the definition and connotation of urban ecological niche. It analyzed the state and efficiency of resources and land and took Shanghai as an example for empirical research.

Although influenced by the planned economy system and ideas, there is also a huge improvement room in Qiqihar during the urbanization construction and the development. In order to solve the problem of urban-rural dual structure in our country and promote the urban and rural integration better, this paper forecasts the future urbanization level in 2020 of Qiqihar counties by the United Nations method. The existing problems are pointed out in the current phase of this city’s urbanization construction, and those are discussed, finding strategies and suggestions to accelerate the development of urbanization in Qiqihar.

Currently, the research for urban infrastructure modernization evaluation in China mainly focuses on the study of the city or the region, the sample size of which is small and it can’t reflect the overall situation of our country. In addition, selecting one panel data as the data analysis section, the lack of longitudinal dynamic analysis of time series and some of the research only focus on one single country, lack of lateral international comparative analysis. Thus, in this paper, considering the above problems, we select the urban infrastructure of China as the research object and choose related index in 1978–2013 time series data analysis from the longitudinal angle, using combination weighting approach of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy value method to calculate the modernization of urban infrastructure development index in China. On the basis of the results, we analysis the laws and characteristics of modern urban infrastructure development since the beginning of the opening up policy and made a horizontal comparison with developed countries to find out the problems and shortcomings in the development of China. The results show that China’s urban infrastructure development level has increased from 0.3379 in 1993 to 4.1156 in 2012; the modernization level of urban energy supply system and water supply and drainage system were relatively backward; the gap between China and developed countries was gradually narrowing on the whole, but there is a bigger challenge for the modern development of China.

Currently, there exists a common phenomenon that the school site distribution is not very reasonable. Thereby establishing a model suitable for real estate corporations to choose proper school locations is of vital importance. However, with the well-developed transportation, the weights of traffic factors in choosing public service facility location declined, which means “the closer the better” standard is seriously flawed. To the contrary, the environmental factors and humanities factors become essential components in the model. Based on fieldwork, model methods, case testing, analytic hierarchy process as well as gravity method, this paper establishes a new model to select school address and uses it in an area of Harbin. After more factors considered, the case proved to be more suitable. Moreover, we have also put forward an array of new countermeasures to improve the unreasonable layout of school.

Stereoscopic agriculture is an old and effective mode of production in China, but it stagnates now. This paper analyzes an innovative pattern of stereoscopic agriculture and its advantages on enhancing land use efficiency, taking Inner Mongolia as an example. With results from analysis on its development and case study, we conclude that stereoscopic agriculture, in its nature, is a complex system with a series of innovations. From historical perspective, to enhance land use efficiency in a sustainable way, suitable explanation on stereoscopic agriculture is needed, while case study shows its advantages of diversification on income, capital, and risk to enhance efficiency in both economic and sustainable way.

With the accelerating development of urbanization, the use right transfer of rural collective construction land has become a promising means to increase the efficiency of rural land use and promote urban and rural integration. Because of the divergent cultural characteristics and geographical features in different areas, however, a unified and common mode for rural collective construction land transfer cannot fit all areas in China. Based on the current situation of land in Zhoushan City’s new urban district, this study analyzes the transferable land, the definition of transfer subject and object, and the scope of collective construction land transfer. In addition, by comparing the Wuhu mode and Nanhai mode, this paper discusses an appropriate mechanism for the use right transfer of rural collective construction land in Zhoushan. It also suggested that by planning seriously, following the market regulation mechanism, reasonably allocating the benefits of transfer, and strengthening the supervision, government could control collective construction land transfer better.

The results of urban renewal are closely linked with many economic indicators, and different economic indicators have different meanings for the decision making of urban renewal. This paper constructs an economic index model of urban renewal, establishes the fund balance relationship between the government and the developer, seeks the key economic indicator variables which influence government and developers’ decision, provides decision support for the government to control the variables and formulate public policy of the transformation. The results show that the volume rate and land price are the key factors for the government to decide whether to start the urban renewal and whether the developers are involved in.

The quality of urban infrastructure construction is closely related to the capacity of urban infrastructure planning management. In China, the urban infrastructure planning management is more or less conducted in a unitary way, which has resulted in several undesired consequences. In this paper, the methods such as documentary analysis, qualitative analysis, and case analysis are used to review the issues/challenges in China’s urban infrastructure planning management and analyze the root causes of these issues. The authors conclude that for better urban infrastructure planning management, it is necessary to strengthen the legal system construction, introduce the citizen supervision mechanism, and respect citizens’ rights of acknowledgement, participation, and supervision, thereafter to realize the joint governance and management. Additionally, the planning management should be boosted based on top-level design in accordance with the national conditions.

As a unique phenomenon of urbanization in China, the emergence of urban villages has attracted considerable attention from the academic community. Adopting an institutional approach on land development, this study analyzes how the land property rights regime affects village-led land development behaviors and spatial outcomes in urban villages. Using a set of reliable data from Shenzhen, the empirical study shows that although unequal land rights under the current land property rights regime impose severe institutional constraints to the development of urban villages, they actually play a much more important and diversified role in China’s urbanization than previously recognized. As the primary developers of urban villages, villagers have adopted various land development strategies in response to the changing market environment and internal economic conditions in the dynamic urbanization process. These dynamic strategies have contributed to the coexistence of sub-optimal industrial development and high-quality housing development in urban villages.

The statistical analysis of present land-using structure of the urban and rural area is beneficial to use and management of the urban land resources. Based on the statistics of land-using in Guangzhou Bai-Yun District for nearly five years, this research analyzes the correlation degree between the indicators of urban construction land and the total land size with the evaluation method of the grey correlative degree. Conclusion shows that focusing on the control of residential land and adjusting transport facilities, land and green land reasonably can achieve general balance of the land resources and avoid the idleness of land resources. And then, put forward the proposal for controlling the pace and intensity of land-using in the key areas.

Firstly, the paper takes construction land in 14 cities of Liaoning Province in 2013 as the research object, basing on data envelopment analysis DEA model. Then it analyzes construction land efficiency of the 14 cities of Liaoning with the help of input and output per capita. Last, it considers DEA evaluation results structure to construct judgment matrix, introducing AHP in order to calculate and analyze the land use efficiency of construction land. The results show that the present structure of the land utilization is not in a proper state, it also proposes suggestions and countermeasures to improve the using efficiency of the construction land in the future in Liaoning.

Subcontracting is a very common practice in the construction industry. Subcontractors perform the actual production work in most of the construction projects. Selection of subcontractors for the work packages is generally made based on a deterministic manner. However, a real-life construction project is full of risks and uncertainties. The objective of this study is to account and incorporate risks into the subcontractor selection problem by performing Monte-Carlo simulation method in order to make better decisions under uncertainty. This study is mainly based on the findings of a previous study. In the previous study, the selection of subcontractors for all work packages in the studied real-life construction project was made using genetic algorithm technique considering time, cost, and quality performances, and six different optimal subcontractor combinations and their related three deterministic project performances were identified. In this study, risk analysis of these subcontractor combinations is performed and the probabilistic distributions of time, cost, and quality performances are obtained. The probabilistic solutions of optimal subcontractor combinations are used to make a decision in a more realistic way.

Cost overrun of infrastructure projects is widespread and represents significant financial risks to stakeholders. The cluster analysis on the data of 41 commonly cited causes identified four dimensions of causes: scope changes, market and regulatory uncertainty, inadequate planning and control, and unforeseen circumstances. Subsequently, these four dimensions were then used to develop a risk-based cost contingency estimation model (RBCCEM) to improve the accuracy of cost contingency estimation which was then validated using a bootstrapping approach. The accuracy of the cost estimation measures was used to compare RBCCEM with other methods, namely fixed cost contingency, reference class forecasting, and a hybrid method. The findings suggested that RBCCEM could be more accurate as the error decreased by 10%. As a result, RBCCEM produces contingency estimates that are more consistent and brings project costs closer to actual costs than alternative approaches, such as reference class forecasting (RCF).

The significant impact of construction projects on a nation has been characterised in literature in terms of infrastructure development and job creation. These projects are nevertheless associated with various risks that need to be managed to achieve set goals. To manage the project for a successful delivery, several management actions or practices are used to avoid or reduce the negative effects of risks. Hence, this study sought to investigate the effectiveness of risk management actions used in construction projects according to contractor’s perspective. A questionnaire survey was carried out, and a total of thirteen risk management actions were identified which were further categorized into two groups of preventive and mitigative actions. Research findings identified subjective judgment to produce a proper programme and production of a proper schedule as mostly used actions to manage risks in the first group. Furthermore, close supervision, increase the working hours, and coordinate closely with subcontractors were the most used actions to manage risks in the latter group. The results of this study would considerably boost the understanding of risk management actions and also assist contractors in handling various risks faced by the industry.

Cost overrun is not an uncommon phenomenon in construction projects and in particular with civil engineering and infrastructure projects. South Africa has some significant projects that have experienced noteworthy cost overruns. Hence, the purpose of the study was to identify factors that influence the project cost overrun within public sector construction projects with specific reference to Gauteng Province. The primary data was collected by means of structured questionnaires which were distributed to construction professionals such as: architects, contractors, project managers, construction project manager, construction managers, quantity surveyors, and other professionals who worked on public sector construction projects. The secondary data was derived through reviewed literature. Out of 120 questionnaires sent out, 119 were received, which represented 99% response rate. Data received from the questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistical procedures. Findings from questionnaire survey revealed the most dominant factors as variation orders, change in scope of the project and cash flow and financial difficulties faced by contractors, delays in decision making, inadequate planning, frequent design changes, lack of coordination between parties, policy in accepting lowest tender, inaccurate time and cost estimates, errors and omissions in design, inaccurate quantity take-off, and contractors’ project inexperience. It is necessary to identify factors that may influence construction cost overruns at the start of the project in order to minimize cost overruns and to improve the cost performance on construction projects.

The occupational health risk of construction employees is very notable during their working process. This paper establishes a structural equation model (SEM) to explore how the occupational health management process affects occupational health performance. First, five influence factors from management process are identified with a hierarchical description based on OHSAS 18001. Then different factors are decomposed into measurable questions and used to develop a questionnaire to measure enterprise occupational health management process. A relation structural equation model of influencing factors and management performance is built to analyze the influencing path with structural equation model, regarding above influencing factors and one management performance as latent variables, which presents the transfer path and different influence of each factors. It is found that five influencing factors all have effects on the management performance in different ways.

Construction safety risk analysis can provide the necessary insights for accident prevention. The fault tree analysis (FTA), as a conventional risk assessment tool, has gained widespread acceptance among practitioners in various industries. However, the analysis process, especially in construction settings, entails several difficulties owing to the constraint of sufficient data. To give a reliable approximation, the linguistic assessment and expert confidence index method are employed to convert the imprecise probability of occurrence of basic events into triangular fuzzy numbers. Owning to a large number of basic elements contributing to system failure in construction setting, the binary decision diagram (BDD), as a symbolic approach, is employed to overcome limitations of the algorithms based on the FTA in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. In the paper, the fuzzy Boolean algebras are utilized to determine the probability of the top event and the fuzzy importance measure (FIM) of the basic event. The approach proposed was verified using a scaffolding collapse case as an illustration. The paper offers some advantages of allowing to linguistic assessment for risk events, and also efficiently treating the risk analysis with the BDD method. The approach proposed can further construction safety practices as a fuzzy decision tool.

With the implementing of national polices to prevent property bubble, it is difficult for the real estate company to get sufficient funds from loan. As a result, trust financing has gradually become the priority, especially when a small or medium-sized enterprise choosing their financing plans in growth period. Although the real estate trust has many advantages on flexibility, application scope, and financial expense, it also has some risks that could bring negative influence on the project, like capital operation risk, payment risk, credit risk, etc. This paper classifies trust financing risk into five categories: political environment risk, financial environment risk, project risk, financier risk and trustee risk, and establish a risk assessment model to appraise these factors. This new model based on the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive can estimate real estate trust financing risk directly. Putting forward some recommendations according to the result of model, like strengthening after-loan management, improving payment mechanism, establishing credit evaluation system and other risk control programs, helps trustee enterprises controlling risks during financing process.

With the diversification of construction products and the modernization of construction technology, the factors of construction safety have become more complex. Studying the factors under the new situation is of great importance to improve the production efficiency of construction and reduce the occurrence of construction safety accidents. Based on literature review and expert consultation, several factors that affect the construction safety are summarized. By means of questionnaires, these factors are given marks. Then, seven representative comprehensive factors are extracted from these factors through factor analysis, which are considered as key factors affecting the construction safety and can provide a reference of safety management for the construction enterprises and other related parties.

Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the real estate industry listed companies in China, the paper selects 28 practicable real estate companies as research objects and representative indicators of 2014 such as profitability indicator, operation ability indicator, debt paying ability indicator, and growing capability indicator, using factor analysis and logistic regression equation to establish financial risk early warning model. At the same time, in order to further enhance the effectiveness of the early warning model, the sensitive cash flow index is introduced into the enterprise’s financial situation in the construction of a financial risk early warning model; thus, the financial risk early warning system is of great significance. Based on the newly built early warning model, a new way of thinking is proposed to improve the measurement of preventing the real estate enterprise financial risk.

With rapid development of economy in China, the BOT project financing, as a new way of raising money, is increasingly used in urban infrastructure and relevant areas and has made great contribution to solving the problem of lack of funding of large infrastructure projects in China. Because of characteristics of BOT financing project such as large time span, lots of participants, complex structure, it leads to great project financing risk. As an important participant of BOT project financing, banks also bear huge risks. For lending banks, it has very important realistic significance in identifying, evaluating, and avoiding the risks of BOT project financing, to prevent and reduce the loan risk. On the basis of BOT project financing and risk management theories, this paper makes detailed analysis of each risk management process of project financing from the perspective of commercial bank, to prevent and manage all kinds of risks of project financing, and promote the smooth running of BOT projects in China.

To effectively assess the railway project EPC general contracting risk in Ethiopia, this paper use improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate risk level of every risk and the overall project and take the railway from Sebeta to Mieso in Ethiopia for example. It is concluded that the total project risk ranks at middle level. In the first-class index, contract risk, economic risk, and natural risk are in high level. In the second-class index, improper contract type selection, water shortage, complicated geological conditions, inflation, financial risk, exchange rates, engineering quantity change, war and civil strife, incomplete terms, imprecise terms, and labor employment restriction are the key risk control points. The assessment results are broadly in line with the actual project situation that can provide certain reference for Chinese Ethiopia engineering contractors and prove that this method is applicable and effective.

Stages of total construction process such as decision-making, design, trading, construction, and completion of construction project all exist risks. From the point of project cost consultancy involved, focusing on and analyzing construction project risk, effectively identifying and controlling risks that consultation process may encounter, can not only reduce the risk of consulting enterprise itself, and reduce project cost risk of construction project, but also reduce the overall risk of construction project to a large extent, which is conducive to the smooth conduct of company consulting activities, and further improving consulting management level. Based on correlation theory of risk management and whole process cost management, this paper analyzes risk closely related to project cost from the perspective of cost consultation institutions. Using company S project B as example, it uses risk management methods and tools such as analytic hierarchy process to manage construction project whole process cost consultation risk, and on this basis, puts forward a series of countermeasures.

Nowadays, Chinese high-speed railway companies have already developed the core technology of independent research and innovation of high-speed railway. However, domestic enterprises participating in the competition of international high-speed railway projects will encounter a variety of risks. Under the conditions of contract for FIDIC-EPC, the equilibrium allocation of mechanism is broken. Contractors take a lot of additional risks in the case of the higher contract’s price paid by owners. Generally, the international high-speed railway projects use the FIDIC-EPC contract. Based on the angle of contractors, this paper has studied the main risks of high-speed railway projects on the basis of risk analysis. The countermeasures are put forward to deal with market risks, technical risks, exchange rate risks, implement-contract risks, and human resource risks for contractors. Moreover, building information modeling (BIM) system of integrated management of high-speed railway projects is put forward to strengthen the control for general contractors in order to reduce the losses of risks.

The establishment of criteria for selection, classification, and evaluation of engineering risk identification factors is the foundation of and the key to risk assessment. Approaches and methods for qualification of risk classification and of evaluation criteria are put forth in line with quantification theory (Hayashi III) on the basis of research into such qualitative analysis techniques as expert survey, questionnaire survey, literature review. The multi-attributes of engineering risk are explored from both prospective of genetic factors and influencing factors. Moreover, a method of multivariate scaling is proposed to solve the problem of valuation of reaction scale for factors of complex international projects. Furthermore, a quantified model is established of engineering risk identification factors and evaluation criteria, and computer applications are applied to solve and analyze the model, with the aim to satisfy needs of different management departments for identifying and evaluating risks.

Literature suggests that acoustic treatments for classrooms are disregarded because costs of acoustic treatments are calculable and costs of lack of acoustical treatments are incalculable. Researchers suggest that this problem can be addressed only if a proper economic study of classroom acoustics could be performed where extra costs of acoustics is justified by its economic benefit. This researcher agrees with the previous research and suggests life cycle value (LCV) assessment of classroom acoustics. The researcher is developing a LCV evaluation model for classroom acoustics based on the principles and theories of multi criteria decision making (MCDM). The outcome is expected to help offset the current practice of initial-cost decision making, because additional costs per new classroom for good acoustical performance is not high, ranging from $1500 to $4500. But the problem is that what gets measured gets taken care of during the cost-cutting business when a new school comes in over budget.

The important position of private enterprises in the national economy is obvious, and it plays an important role in the development of national economy especially expanding urban and rural employment. Nowadays, startup has become an important part of the our country’s private enterprise, and based on the investigation data of 195 enterprises in northeast China, understand the main factors affecting the performance of new ventures, and analyze industry environment influencing the performance of new ventures, the new technology adoption, government support, and social relations, then reveal the problem of startup in our country. Finally, puts forward some countermeasures to improve startup performance management in China according to the above statement.

This paper emphasizes to explain the development of China’s construction management education systematically based on the analysis on the literature referring to the policies, research reports, the curricular certification mechanism, talent training, teaching models and methodologies for past 20 years. The focus of engineering management education in China is analyzed and summarized from the aspects of talent cultivation, educational concept and model, theoretical and practical teaching, the development and innovation on the teaching models, the industrial and technological development, and the reform on the educational mind. The successful experience on the construction management education and the relative major construction were summarized and promoted through this literature study, as well as the weakness on the current construction management education and the existing talent cultivating mechanism were analyzed.

Large infrastructure projects play an important role in new-type urbanization; the governance structure has determined influence on the realization of construction target. Based on project network governance research and a case of Nanning Railway East Station program, governance evolution characteristic of large infrastructure projects was analyzed; adoption advantage and stability risk about network governance structure was revealed; regulation authority was added to network governance, which could get advantages complement both of government and market system and give reference for large infrastructure project construction management improvement and implementation of PPP in the government-market environment.

In this article, we transform intuitionsitic multiplicative preference relation into interval fuzzy preference relation and propose the concept of geometric index based on multiplicative and fuzzy aspects. In order to deal with the incomplete group decision making problems, we give a simple method to calculate the missing values and weight values with respect to the geometric consistency degree. Depending on these studies, we introduce a novel approach to group decision making with incomplete information. An illustrative numerical example is followed to demonstrate.

With the accelerated pace of the new urbanization, it is particularly important to save the construction cost and maximize the utilization of funds; therefore, the application results of the lowest bidding price evaluated in some typical areas are analyzed through the field research, the bid evaluation model of the method of the lowest bidding price evaluated is analyzed by the comparative study, at the same time, it’s proposed that the bidding evaluation mechanism and guarantee mechanism should be established adhering to the principles of compliance, systematization, and applicability.

As the core part of bid, bid evaluation plays a decisive role in bid activity. Aiming at the problems in bid evaluation area, this paper analyzes the relevant problems and set up the institutional bid evaluation system. Then, evolutionary game approach is applied in the analysis. So, it has to set up an evolutionary game model to imitate the game activities. Some factors that influence the stability of the behavior evolution of both sides were found. The factors which most deeply influence evaluation experts’ behavior were selected out as parameters. Based on MATLAB GUI interface, numerical simulations were performed to show the influence of parameters on the bid evaluation experts’ behavior evolution. The results show the influence of two different evaluation methods on the behavior evolution of bid evaluation experts, and the establishment of institutional bid evaluation system does benefit to the quality of bid evaluation and improve the efficiency of bid activities.

This paper studies on the localization of advanced teaching mode from international first-class art colleges. Talent exchange of both teachers and students is an effective way to deepen communication and cooperation between domestic and overseas institutions. As for ability training, it is highly recommended that art colleges should pay more attention to autonomous learning, self-renewal, and innovation and make great efforts to reform traditional teaching mode and explore practical talent training mode to meet the requirement of industrial progress and develop environment design.

Service innovation for enterprises to enhance their competitiveness that opened up a new way; thus, this paper builds the effect of customer participation on service innovation performance and analyzes the function of employee innovative behavior in customer participation and service innovation performance relationship. The relationships among variables are analyzed by the multiple hierarchical regression analysis method. The results show that customers participating in the service innovation can make a significant boost to service innovation performance, and employee innovative behavior plays mediating effect in the relationship between customer participation and service innovation performance. Finally, the paper gives some suggestions about how manufacturing enterprises make customers and employees to participate in enterprise service innovation.

The rapid development of BIM brings evolutionary technologies to the construction industry, as well as tough challenges. Insufficient BIM talents will be a barrier in fully performing the BIM technology. By analyzing major knowledge points involved in the construction management, the thesis puts forward two different principles which should be applied in setting courses for construction management major. The first principle is that, with regards to basic courses, BIM should be used to enhance students’ comprehension and understanding of basic knowledge points. The second one is that, for senior students who major in construction management, the focuses should be placed on improving their application ability in using BIM software and using BIM software to improve practical ability in engineering. Besides, the thesis also discusses the challenge that may be encountered by teachers in the BIM course reform process of construction management major.