ICCTP 2010: Integrated Transportation Systems: Green, Intelligent, Reliable

To resolve the traffic congestion problem, this research develops a method for design of a shuttle bus route and its stations considering transfers with subway., Such a design can potentially attract a large number of commuters to take a shuttle bus to workplace instead of private cars to avoid rush hour traffic. The RP and SP survey about the travel behavior of shuttle bus commuters' is carried out and analyzed considering its transfer with subway. Influencing factors of selecting shuttle bus are analyzed. On the base of combination of various factors, transfer mode choice model of shuttle bus is given in this paper. It can be concluded from the analysis results that most of shuttle bus users arrive at the stop by walk. About 78 percent of the users whose ratio of transfer time to total time is between 0.2 and 0.5, and 23%of the users dissatisfy with the stop locations. The results show that time from home to shuttle bus station, cost, car possession have marked influences on the result of mode split. The precision of the model is high and the results can provide a good reference for optimizing of the shuttle bus route.

Integration of Railway and Aviation is a typical trend all over the world. Except for competition, the modes can be cooperated to provide better service for travelers. This paper reviewed status of Air-rail inter-modality in Europe and other regions. In developed areas such as Yangtze Delta Area and Pearl River Area, economic vigor and regional communication lead to a typical trip-chain pattern for Aviation and Railway. Under the background of Yangtze Delta River, this paper interprets the concept of the inter-modality. The main point of this paper is not just infrastructure settlement; service is key index for travelers. Service pattern of inter-modality is also illustrated.

Traffic simulation is an important tool for modeling the operations of dynamic traffic systems and it can help analyze the causes and potential solutions of traffic problems such as congestion and traffic safety. Microscopic simulation system provides a detailed representation of the traffic process. This makes microscopic simulation system more suitable for evaluation of complicated traffic facilities and Intelligent Transportation Systems that often consists of complex traffic management, safety and information systems. Generally producing vehicles is the first step followed by the start of the simulation which is one of the most important components in microscopic simulation system. This paper analyzes models and demand of traffic microscope simulation for producing vehicles, and design the structure of the simulation system based on OD. After preparing the OD models and produce vehicles, the system applies the theory of GIS to generate traffic network, using Floyd-Warshall algorithm to build the route path library. Finally implemented the distribution of headway by function-transfer method. The simulation system was programmed with the idea of Object-Oriented. This paper proposed an object-oriented method (OOM) for microscope traffic simulation system which focused on producing of vehicles. The paper presents in details the basics and advanced features of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of traffic flow. The sample C++ code is discussed in detail on the implementation of OOP features. The main contribution of this research work is the development of software objects for various components such as vehicle, network, path and distribution of headway. This software can be adopted for microscope traffic simulation programs, in general.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and Park and Ride (P&R) are very important theories and methods used in urban transportation planning. At first the paper analyzes the relationship, effects and applicability of TOD and P&R in Chinese urban planning. Then, it demonstrates some impacts brought by the two methods to urban space layout and land use. At the end, research results are proposed to the government and technical staff whereby it can be used as reference and support tool for policy decisions and technical projects in practices.

In urban road network, efforts should be made to avoid congestions on some key roads and intersections not only because more vehicles are involved but also because they block more connections of important zones. The concept of Betweenness in complex network theory is used in this paper to measure the role of certain intersection and road section in keeping the connectivity of key zones. Analysis on Shanghai urban road network shows that congestion on a little proportion of road sections and intersections may cause large-scale connection problems. And such key road sections and intersections in Shanghai road network are found and illustrated with the help of GIS software. At the end of this paper the result is proved to be stable and representative.

The subway station is the important node of the subway traffic net. The traffic volume of the subway station directly influences the programming of the subway net and the disposal of subway stations. When the subway net is dense, and there are several selections of the subway stations for the passengers, the selection result of the stations is directly related to the attraction of the station. In order to calculate the traffic volume of the station, the attraction of the station is needed. Therefore the method of utility combined analysis is used in this paper to calculate the station attraction. The values of every level of the characters are calculated according to the compositor of the stations, and then the attraction of the station is got. Combing the total subway volume of the traffic zone, the final volume of the station is got. The results show that the method is efficient in calculating the attraction of stations, and can provide basis for forecasting the traffic volume of the subway station.

Taking the Xiangtan Iron And Steel Group Co. Ltd as an example, the paper investigates the status of enterprise's rail leased line and analyzes the problems existing in the railway car operating. For solving these problems, this study develops an integrated transportation system to optimize the management process and proposes a package solution based on the advanced information technique and wireless communication technique. Finally, the paper summarizes the main function and key technique of the system and proves that it would be applicable to related industries.

As an urban developing mode, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) mode targets in energy-saving and bases upon public transportation system, and it has positive significance for solving the problems like disordered sprawl and traffic congestion in Chinese cities. This article intends to take Bin Hu new district in Hefei as the example to illustrate the practice of TOD mode in the urban designdesign in middle to large scale cities. The paper analyzes the relationship among new district, central urban area and public transportation development, and concludes that TOD mode is applicable in the design; it states from the aspects such as the building of "double-rapid" complex public transportation network, setting up of dispersion-compact urban body and TOD community, the mixed use of different types of lands, as well as the scenery design with walking space to realize TOD mode; It also proposes that some flexible methods can be adopted in order to realize the TOD mode. These flexible methods include taking normal bus transit instead of rail-transit, setting TOD community with transportation hub, etc.

Traditional green transportation research pays more attention to the optimization of transportation technology and structure in terms of traffic environment consumption constrains. The results cannot achieve on the feedback between transportation and land-use. The paper proposed urban land structure planning model, considering the interaction between land-use and transportation. It uses the index of land use structure as variables to set up bi-level programming model, from the perspective of the origin of traffic production. In this regard, GASA was used to solve the model in which the upper objective function minimized traffic environment consumption, and the lower objective function maximized transportation efficiency. Taking the case of Zhenjiang for example, the paper described the application of the bi-level programming planning model, and resulted for the feedback suggestion that land mixed extent and road area ratio should be improved properly.

The commercial airlines are challenged by various factors, especially for a newly built commuter airlines. To select appropriate aircraft which flies in mountainous and the desert areas must strictly meet the operations and security regulations. The aim of this article is to use comprehensive evaluation models based on Information Entropy and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to analyze suitable choices of the evaluation and selection of a fleet of aircrafts for local commuter airlines. . The output of the study verifies efficiency and its airworthiness of the aircraft, which are important to the commuter air carrier within the given range and payload. In the end, some recommendations are given for selecting the suitable aircraft type.

With the development of cities and the application of ITS technologies, methods can give more accurate results of traffic assignment by considering both travel costs through road links and signal delays at intersections. These methods are needed in urban traffic planning and management. Practical signal control policy and delay models are introduced in the traditional user equilibrium assignment model. Also, a new asymmetric network user equilibrium model is proposed. An arc-labeling algorithm is used instead of the classic node-labeling algorithm in searching the shortest paths. General procedures to solve the problem are presented and the model is solved by a diagonalization algorithm. Finally, the numerical analysis showed that it is significant to include the signal delay in urban traffic assignment, and the developed algorithm has good performance on solving this problem.

From the new perspective of urban traffic efficiency and low carbon transportation systems, this paper discusses and summarizes the interactive relationship between urban land use patterns and transportation system. A comprehensive model is designed based on minimum travel time concerning both the optimization of land use around high speed railway station and the optimization of population under restriction of a certain land use and population condition. A case study from the city of Yixing, which is located on the railway line between Nanjing and Hangzhouwill research the high speed railway's effects on the land use around the railway station. Results from the study show that the application of this model is simpler, more practical, and highly operational, when compared with the traditional planning methods. Finally, this paper will develop land use strategy, which provides theoretical foundation and methodology for the planning and construction of sustainable cities with high speed railway stations.

The aim of this paper was to study the floating car data (FCD) application from origin to destination (OD) estimation issues. Thus the study put forward a method to estimate the OD matrix based on FCD. In this study, we first propose a model for obtaining prior OD matrix from FCD. Then a bi-level programming model was designed for OD flow estimation. As mentioned above the bi- level programming model is multi-objective optimization model, and the second model is for obtaining prior OD matrix which was integrated into bi-level model. The first model is a time-dependent OD traffic assignment model. Two-stages of genetic algorithm were used for solving the bi-level programming model. At last, we apply this model to a test network and examine its estimation performance. Compared with the traditional estimation method without FCD information, the OD estimation result was found to be more accurate and efficient.

This paper focuses on traffic delay due to the number of lanes associated with building cost and appended cost. An objective of comprehensive cost is established by quantitatively calculating construction cost and delay cost which depend on the number of lane. Typical road design and traffic control plans for urban roads have been utilized to develop equations for calculating traffic delay. A method is presented to quantize traffic delay cost. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted taking a typical urban lane upgrading in Huaibei City as an example. It is suggested that the methodology presented enables the decision maker to consider total costs, including user traffic delay costs relative to the number of lane, building cost and appended cost.

The development of inter-city railway in China will greatly facilitate people's travel between cities. Accessibility is a fundamental concept in transportation analysis and planning. Typically, the accessibility of an inter-city railway station means an ease level from an origin to the railway station that can be used to evaluate the service performance of an inter-city railway station. Therefore, the inter-city railway station must have relatively good accessibility in order to reflect the railway's advantage of travel time compared with other traffic modes in terms of four indexes: time, cost, level of comfort and reliability. In this paper, we calculated these four indexes by evaluating the costs of travel time, travel fare and discomfort. This paper mainly discusses the accessibility level depending on groups of people and distances based on each travel mode.

Concerning the increasingly serious problem of delays in flights, a method is proposed in this paper based on the Visual Simmod tools. By this means, a dynamic simulation model of QingDao Aerodrome is established, and an analysis about every component of departure delay is shown in the following passages, which provide a better comprehension for flights optimization.

In government policy, urban rail transit is regarded as the backbone of public transit of large cities in China. The stations with different patterns and attributes require diverse cohesion demands when integrating urban rail transit and surface transit. In this paper, the relationship between land use and a multimodal transport system within a station influence area is analyzed using the "surface-line-point" rule for station location. An influence index system with nine function-relative indexes is established based on land use and multimodal transit hierarchies. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to extract the function feature for functional orientation of urban rail stations. Combined with investigation results, function and main index features, mode split for transferring to urban rail stations, and daily passenger flow distribution are analyzed for different station patterns. These characteristics provide necessary guidance for rail-surface transport systems.

This paper defines the origin and destination demand estimation process in terms of its mathematical formulations for estimating OD demands based on counts of both road segments and turning movements and original OD demands. Then we review the ODME procedures in practice and discuss how this process is implemented and applied in Emme, which includes data preparations, macro computations, the results analysis and result outputs. Then we identify several areas of modeling concern and possible issues with the ODME procedure in practice. In fact, this process can be used as an effective modeling tool for finding potential problems with the land use data, traffic counts and the modeling networks, especially for more detailed modeling requirements. We have applied this process for highway interchange designs, city general plans, traffic impact studies, and the model calibrations in California. We propose a practical guideline called "a 3-Stage ODME based demand forecasting framework" based on various discussions and projects in hope that this may be used in China as well.

This paper aims at establishing a comprehensive evaluation method for integrative transportation system which consists of kinds of transportation modes with considering both equity and efficiency. Transportation has great impact on regional social and economic development. In order to accelerate the development of a region, the optimization of integrative transportation network is very important. The first step is to evaluate transportation network objectively and correctively. Lots of studies have been done on evaluation of transportation network of a single traffic mode, while it consists of various transportation modes. Therefore, studies on integrative transportation system become more and more necessary. In this paper, various factors such as regional economical level, configuration of regional transportation network, transportation demand, social-economic benefits, etc., are taken into account to reflect efficiency of a transportation network. Additionally, differences of these factors among areas, social groups, traffic modes and generations could reflect equity. These criterions are weighted, and scores would be given to each criterion. The weight of equity and efficiency will be obtained through questionnaire according to the development state of a region. Then, the final score could be obtained and the evaluating result can be achieved.

With the rapid development of China's high-speed wheel-rail and the gradual construction, testing and improvement of magnetic levitation (maglev), and the sustainable development of fundamental installations have become the irresistible trend of China's transport construction. Compared to high-speed wheel-rail transit, magnetic levitated train has the advantage in speed, especially in intercity high-speed transportation. According to actual situation, this paper presents the comparative studies on high-speed maglev and wheel-rail, using the concrete parameter. The authors believe that high-speed maglev train has some competitive advantages on the quantity of energy consumption per unit transportation, air pollution, noise pollution, soil occupation, ecological impact and so on, those are in accordance with China's sustainable development conception. Therefore, promoting the development of maglev is one of the most important measures to fulfill the sustainable development requirement of China's traffic.

The construction requirements of a transportation project can be modeled and then evaluated for improving its constructability. The intermediate function concept has been developed for semantically representing construction requirements from the function perspective. This study develops the concept of spatio-temporal interaction matrix to capture the time-dependent spatial interaction between the user and the provider of an intermediate function, and meanwhile introduces another concept, spatio-temporal criterion matrix, for detecting unavailable spatial interaction required for supporting construction processes. Furthermore, this study also indicates that some non-collision conflicts residing in construction schedules can be identified using the detection method developed. The analysis result can aid planning engineers in identifying and resolving constructability problems. In addition, a simple case of supporting platform is used to demonstrate and validate the new concepts and the detection method.

In respect to the solving of large-scale population mobility status we need a high-speed railway mode of transportation that is reliable, safe, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. At present, the pace for China's high-speed railway construction is accelerating. The construction of high-speed railway will not only bring about a new leap in China's economic development, but also will lead to the whole transportation system to be faced with new changes and reorganization. Therefore, there is a need for new missions for the transportation planning, such as the linking between high-speed railways and other transport facilities. In addition, the construction of low-carbon, efficient and intensive transportation system are of mandatory. The paper presents the ideas and methods of the new-aged planning of transport facilities adjacent to the high-speed railway stations taking transportation planning of the South Songjiang New Town as a case study. The analysis provides reference for the planning and construction of high-speed railways in China and any other party of the world.

Subways and buses are two primary modes of the public transit system. In order to decide the reasonable price ratio of the subways and the buses, the effects of fare on traffic structure is studied in this paper. Questionnaire investigations of public traffic mode split were done in Beijing. Influencing factors of selecting subways and buses were analyzed. The results show that trip time, cost, gender, age, occupation, income, and trip intention have remarkable influences on the results of trip mode split. On the basis of combination of variable factors, the variables that should be used in the model were determined and the model of public traffic mode split based on disaggregate model is given in this paper. The relationship between fare and mode split is studied, which provided a base for adjusting the structure of public traffic by using the fare policy. Subways and buses are the primary compositions of the city public transit system; however, in big cities, the passenger flow split is always unreasonable between subways and routine buses. According to the questionnaire investigations of subways and buses routes split in Beijing, a split modal is given in this paper. It provided a tool for using traffic policy to adjusting the structure of public transit system.

This paper analyzes chemical industry safety assessment methods which are applied widely at home and abroad and the status of dangerous goods transportation on railways in China, finding that there is no one kind of evaluation method applied in the field of dangerous cargo transportation via railway. Then, the classification and the characteristics of dangerous goods, equipment of railway transportation and railway traffic organization are also analyzed. Based on the method of DOW Fire Index V.7.0 and the method of ICI toxicity, flammability and explosiveness, the evaluation method of dangerous goods transportation via railway is presented, combined with the characteristics of the process of dangerous freight transportation via railway.

The relationship between vehicle speed and crash severity is unquestionably based on the laws of physics. That is, the probability of injury, and the severity of injuries that occur in a crash, increase or decrease as a function of vehicular speed. To increase compliance with the reduced work zone speed limit, consideration should be given to speed control techniques other than regulatory or advisory speed limits. This research conducted an evaluation of several speed reduction measures at work zone of highway in China. The speed reduction measures include regulatory speed limit signs, speed bumps, as well as a new type of three-dimensional speed markings. The speed distribution patterns and some statistics of upstream and downstream of the control measures were presented. It was concluded that the effect of the individual speed limit sign was limited, which cannot achieve the desired results. The three-dimensional speed markings took effect to some extent, which can reduce the average speed by 8 km/h. The speed bump showed measurable positive results, which make the average speed decrease by 17 km/h, as well as a large speed variance and also cause the vehicles queuing easily.

In this paper, we try to evaluate the state of mountain highway network traffic by using data collected by a fixed detector and using catastrophic theory as the criteria. Flow and Speed at the pivotal intersections and segments on the mountain highway are considered to be the characterization of traffic anomalies. We will find the abnormal road section and analyze the inducement. Finally, part of 108 national road is used as the example to validate the availability of the method. The results will be of great assistance for mountain highway maintenance.

The paper is aimed at improving the reliability of comprehensive evaluation results to be applied in all industrial production and economic activities. For this purpose, the paper has been examined using the Kendall and Cronbach coefficient of concordance. The evaluation method was practiced and tested in the comprehensive evaluation of the road safety transportation in accordance with the reliability criteria. All the results of the evaluation items indicate that the reliability evaluation method is practicable and the results of comprehensive evaluation on the road traffic and transportation reality are reliable. In addition, the evaluation method in this paper is also applicable to other evaluation areas, such as the chemical industry, environmental protection projects, engineering and so on.

Drunk driving is one of the main causes of fatal traffic accidents and its effect on driving behavior is one of the most heated research debates. The driving environment such as emergency parking belts, sharp curves and obstacle zones on a freeway were simulated by a driving simulator. The driving behavior was monitored during the experiment. The drivers' performances were compared in their different drinking states under the same conditions. The data of alcohol-impaired driving and safe driving behaviors show that the alcohol-influenced driving performance (steering wheel, accelerator, brake and the clutch in the same scene) is obviously different from non-drinking performance. The study concludes that drinking significantly affects driving performance and this data has practical value for researchers studying drunk driving behavior patterns.

Countdown signal can be used to remind drivers when the colors of signal change and help them choose appropriate driving behavior to go through an intersection between stoppings and crossings. It is a method to reduce complexity of judgments for drivers when the colors of a signal change. In China, the study on the effects of countdown signal at intersections on drivers' violating behavior is few. From the results of the investigative questionnaire, more than 85% of drivers and pedestrians preferred countdown signal to no-countdown signal. More than 85% of drivers and pedestrians thought the intersection with countdown signal was safer than the intersection with no-countdown signal. The paper will be researched on an intersection with four legs in Beijing fangzhuang district in the virtue of video recorders. It analyzed the drivers' behavior during seven days before and after installing the countdown signal respectively, which was digit-display countdown timing and showed the whole green and red time. The findings indicated that traffic volumes were quite similar before and after installing the countdown signal, however, the drivers' behavior of yellow-crossing and red-running decreased significantly after installing the countdown signal.

To improve the shortcoming of fuzzy evaluation model based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, a method of road safety evaluation was presented based on a vague set. Firstly, according to the attribute set and attribute measurement theory in mathematics, true membership function, false membership function and hesitate degree function of evaluation index are constructed. Then the vague value of each evaluation index can be calculated out by these functions. Secondly, the score value of each evaluation year is gained by a weighted score function. To provide the reference for the traffic safety decision-making, the road safety condition of each evaluation year can be ranked by the score value. Finally, an application of the method to a case study indicates that proposed method is effective and practical.

This study analyzed the relationships between alignment elements and traffic accidents, traffic flow characteristics and traffic accidents, and environmental features and traffic accidents, which were based on the presumption that drivers on the freeway had better conditions for steering and had experience driving. The findings from the freeway Jing Jintang in plain terrain is that the ideal alignment design is not a main factor causing traffic accidents. There are strong and obvious correlations between traffic flow characteristics and traffic accidents and environmental features and traffic accidents. By means of nonlinear regression, the crash rates prediction models were constructed, the dependent variables are crash rates including three types which are: property damage only accident rate, casualty accident rate and the total accident rate. The independent variables are the characteristics of traffic flow and the environment. The three models can be used as management tools for traffic engineers to measure the safety of freeways.

This paper explores an efficient solution for emergency management of urban rail transit to improve the capability of information collection and decision making. Aiming to achieve effective directions in accident background, this paper builds information sharing through integrating independent supervisory systems. Another crucial technology is adaptive digitalized planning based on ontology strategy and resource deployment of GIS application. Acknowledge description matched with semantics is applied to a searching algorithm to achieve rescue schema that is suitable for current incident features. An emergency decision support platform is developed, including functions of emergency duty, supervision alarm, resource management, commanding, evaluation, and drill. It solves technological difficulties in communication transmission and dynamic cross-systems interaction through information sharing, allowing conveniently amended schema according to accident situation changes. The implementation proves effective in emergency decision making and treatment tracking.

Many models and statistical techniques have been proposed in transportation literature to model crash count data. Although there has been some effort to compare and evaluate crash model performance, most of the results are difficult to generalize because they focus on a real datasets. It is argued that a common ground to compare techniques for accident modeling need to be defined. A statistical simulation is proposed to serve this purpose, not only because the known model used to simulate data is an ideal point of comparison, but also because the flexibility of the technique. Artificial hot spots, i.e. sites whose crash intensity is higher than the one expected for sites with similar known features, were created as part of the simulation. The simulation used Negative Binomial (NB) regression mean estimate, NB Empirical Bayesian (EB) estimate, and Pearson regression residuals to rank sites and to identify hot spots. The results show that only a small fraction of the artificial sites can be successfully identified regardless of the methodologies and Pearson regression residuals lead to the best results.

Future traffic information (i.e. speed, traveling time) can be predicted through analyzing former floating car data (FCD). However, a significant deviation of the forecast usually occurs due to traffic incidents. In order to study the impact on traffic caused by incidents, this article sampled the incidents of the highways of a certain area in Beijing to analyze the alterations of FCD and the impact of the occuring time, location, and the local traffic condition on the characteristics of the traffic incidents. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were applied to analyze the speed decline of the floating car caused by the incidents, impact road length, and impact duration of the incidents. The article concluded that local traffic conditions plays a key role in speed decline and the occurring time effects impact duration and speed decline.

The prediction of operating speed is one of the key problems used to evaluate highway safety at the design stage. The research status on prediction models of operating speed for highways is presented, which includes the prediction models related to the parameters of tangent, horizontal curve, vertical alignment and the combination of horizontal and vertical alignment. The existing problems such as the influencing factors of road characteristics, driver perception, data collection devices and vehicle type are discussed. Some research focuses and developing trends on the modeling of operating speed are presented including the driver's model on the basis of preview behavior, the vehicle dynamics simulation model and the model based on the driver-vehicle-road comprehensive consideration.

In this study, 500 rural vehicle drivers in China will be cluster sampled and surveyed based on consciousness of drivers and the occurrence of traffic accidents. Based on the research in this article, the statistical methodologies of the t-test and ANOVA will be applied to determine the demographic factors and driving skill related factors that contributes to a driver's traffic safety consciousness. The purpose of this article is to acquire the association between a driver's traffic behavior and occurrence rate of a traffic accident. The analysis of relativity on driving experience (F=0.538, P=0.044) , educational level (F=5.257, P=0.010) and driving skill acquisition approach ( F=12.329 , P˜˜0.000 ) shows that there are significant differences among sample groups (P <0.05). With the rise of Traffic Safety Consciousness (TSC), the safety level of the traffic behavior increases gradually, meaning less occurrence rate of traffic accidents. The conclusion shows that the consciousness affectsa driver's traffic behavior indirectly, while the traffic behavior results in the traffic accident directly. A combination of education and improvement in road traffic safety facilities can help guide and standardize driving behavior for comprehensive management of traffic accidents in rural areas. With the rapid development of the economy, motor vehicle population has increased and traffic injury has become one of the biggest public health concerns in rural areas of China. Traffic fatalities in rural areas reached more than 60,000 in 2009, about 73.82% of total fatalities in China. Jia Cunxian and Fang Le(2005) suggested that traffic accidents are the biggest cause of accident casualties and are the heaviest economic burden. Motor vehicle drivers are responsible for more than 90% traffic accidents. Traffic Safety Consciousness (TSC) and behavior may affect traffic accidents directly or indirectly. Studies on association between TSC and the occurrence of traffic accidents provide theoretical and technical support for developing safety improvement projects that aimtowards reducing crashes at these locations.

Speed management has been demonstrated to enhance the overall safety of the road system. Setting appropriate speed management facilities (such as posted speed limit, automated speed enforcement systems, etc.) would be highly effective in reducing illegal speeding behavior and enhancing transportation efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of posted speed limit signs and automated speed camera enforcement systems and to make suggestions for highway design practitioners and policy makers. A speed increment analysis method is used to discuss samples with posted speed limits ranging from 40km/h to 80km/h or automated speed camera enforcement systems. The ratio of drivers complying with the limit speeds or not was also observed or investigated by questionnaires. Conclusions and constructive suggestions for posting speed limit signs or automated speed camera enforcement systems are put forward in this paper.

The Shi Ziyang tunnel is the first underwater tunnel for high speed railways in China. It is constructed by the open cut method and shield method. The joint between the working shaft and two side tunnels (shield tunnel and open cut tunnel) is a special space crossing structure, and dynamic response characteristics of the joint are quite complicated under train vibration loads. Therefore, a three dimensional numerical model of the joint is established. Vibrating response analysis on the complicated structure under train loads is conducted with FLAC3D. The displacement and stress response rule of key points in the joint are obtained. In the process of train loads excitation, vertical and horizontal convergence displacement of the joint between the working shaft and open cut tunnel are respectively 0.402mm and 0.109mm, and vertical and horizontal convergence displacement of the joint between the working shaft and shield tunnel are respectively 0.293mm and 0.235mm. Peak values of tensile stress and compressive stress of all key points are all less than the strength design value of concrete. Thus, in further analysis, which is presented here, the joint has a better anti-vibration ability. The research results have important reference value not only on the dynamic stability evaluation of tunnel structures but also on the tunnel construction design of high speed railways.

This paper studied the relationship between speed differences and crash rates using nine of china freeway's speed and accident data. Research shows that the accident rate has correlations with the dispersion of speed. According to the accident rate and speed scatter Distribution, three kinds of models will be carried out, analyzing the significant level of F, as well as R² amendment. Arrived at the index distribution model of accident rate and speed standard deviation.

In this paper, advanced devices such as the dynamic GPS and dynamic electrocardiogram equipment have been employed to monitor the car speed and the driver's heart rate in carefully designed driving tests. Thirteen selected drivers took the tests by driving the standard cars recurrently through the same highway testing section, which has the speed limit of 80 km/h and a length of 60km. The enormous data extracted from the testing results have been summarized and analyzed in this paper. Based on the correlation analysis, it can be concluded that the heart rate increment of the driver strongly correlates with the combination index of the curving and sloping section. On the other hand, no apparent correlation can be identified between the driving speed and the heart rate increment. By applying the linear regression analysis, a quantitative model has been established for the longitudinal gradient, the radius of the horizontal curve, and the heart rate increment. The model has been applied to retrieve the safety threshold values for the geometric design of the curving and sloping sections at a specified speed limit. The research result of the paper will provide the useful theoretical reference for revising the Design Specification for Highway Alignment.

As a dangerous area of expressways, work zones are home to traffic congestion and various traffic incidents frequently occur due to the complicated traffic status. According to the vehicles' driving characteristics in expressway work zones and a literature review, 23 factors on expressway work zone safety are selected from the aspects of driver, vehicle, road and traffic environment. Based on finding out the direct and indirect relations among these factors, a multilevel step-up structural model on factors involved in the traffic safety of expressway work zones is developed using the interpretative structural modeling (ISM) method. In terms of the results of this hierarchical modeling, the key factors contributing to expressway work zone safety are presented and relevant suggestions are put forward to provide a scientific reference for construction organization, traffic control and environment improvement at expressway work zones.

In order to determine a reasonable length for left-turn lanes, we observed vehicles' speeds on a selected left-turn lane set up with a new concept on a second-class highway and obtained speed data of a normal section, main lane taper start point and split point. Then, we analyzed the data by means of descriptive statistics analysis, the paired-samples T test and ANOVA. The results showed that the length of a left-turn lane could be shorter without compromising comfort and safety. The speed used to determine the length of main lane taper could be reduced by 5%, and the speed used to determine the deceleration length could be reduced by 15%.

In recent years, natural and human related disasters have occurred frequently in China. Due to these unfortunate events, there have been tremendous losses of property and lives. Natural and man-made disasters have made transportation evacuation become a major concern that emergency agencies need to consider in their emergency management. Emergency management plans should be able to ensure the safety and quick movement of people at the time of crisis. It is, however, impossible to conduct experiments in the field to represent scenarios of emergency. Therefore, simulations are used to approximate emergency conditions. This paper presents an urban emergency transportation simulation system based on PARAMICS and its applications for Beijing metropolitan area. The proposed system (called MEETSIM) can be used to simulate movements of vehicles and pedestrians under emergencies based on the behavior analysis conducted through the simulator. Moreover, the proposed system has put the entire process of evacuation under the hypothetical emergency event into consideration. The development of this package has demonstrated its effectiveness for producing evacuation routing strategies, optimizing emergency resource, identifying total evacuation time, and evaluating the performance of evacuation operations.

Driving fatigue is one of the main causes for fatal accidents. Environmental stimulus as the countermeasure against driving fatigue has been widely researched. For this paper a driving simulator experiment was carried out in order to validate the effect of sound as the environmental stimulus countermeasure. Firstly, the paper analyzed the change law of ECG (Electrocardiograph) with driving time, then validated that it was reasonable to consider ECG as an evaluation indicator of driving fatigue. Various indices of ECG recorded from alert to fatigue throughout the experiment were used to measure degree of fatigue using principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, being a countermeasure against driving fatigue, the validity of sound stimulus was verified and the optimal combination of sound was presented by orthogonal experiments. The results show that the alerting reaction exists in the sound signal stimulation during driving fatigue state, and there is a significant difference among different types of sound stimulus. Stimulating interval and sonic intensity are the most significant factors to fight driving fatigue, the impact of frequency and stimulating interval are weaker. The experimental method will lay a foundation for further study on light and vibration stimulus as countermeasures against driving fatigue.

Large speed gaps may increase risks between adjacent speed zones. Therefore, a speed transition zone is designed to provide a smooth change between two highway segments with different speed limits. The purpose of this study is to establish a procedure for transitional speed zone design on two-lane roads by using drivers' behavioral statistics. In order to evaluate the effect of the speed limit zone on drivers' deceleration behaviors when passing different speed zones, two factors were considered in this study: existence of work zones and horizon curves. The speed gaps in this experiment are 50 km/h in work zone areas and 20 km/h respectively. By using randomly selected drivers, the study measured drivers' actions in a real vehicle under the simulated environment traveling between speed zones at a 0.03 second intervals. Several different measures of effectiveness were used to compare the characteristics of the speed distributions, including average speed, 85th percentile speed and pace speed. Results show that there is a significant difference in speed choice for deceleration between two scenarios due to speed reduction. The relationship between speed limit reduction and deceleration length is described by a linear model. The length of the deceleration section is estimated by the model. Results show that the deceleration section is positively correlated to speed reduction. The modeling process gives detailed guidance for the design of a transitional speed zone.

Controlling speed is very important for roadway safety since speeding increases the severity of crashes. By offering the highest mobility, freeways are more vulnerable to fatalities and crashes involving injury. How to effectively control operating speeds at certain freeway sections is an important topic in China. This paper presents a study on the effectiveness of rumble strips on freeways through a user survey and field observation. The main results indicate that drivers' view of the effectiveness of rumble strips on freeways is inconsistent in different regions. By analyzing speed before and after rumble strips, this paper tries to estimate the impact of this speed control device on speed reduction.

The effect of speed limit enforcement ultimately depends on the presence of police and other speed control technology. If the speed limit for a section of the highway is perceived to be low by the majority of motorists, there would be a high proportion of speeding vehicles. Enforcing the speed limit law at such locations demands tremendous police resources. This would increase the cost of enforcement. If the speed limits at such locations are not enforced due to a lack of police manpower, the crash risk could be much higher. This paper divides the enforcement cost into several components, then analyzes the speed limit effects of automatic speeding enforcement and artificial speeding enforcement through the data from the survey. It ultimately arrives at the conclusion that automatic speeding enforcement has a much better effect on maintaining speed limit than artificial speeding enforcement. Further it is proved that the camera is more effective than the radar.

The research used Eye Link II system to obtain the driver's eye movement data on the tunnel sections (the non-tunnel section, the short tunnel section, the group tunnels section, and the super long tunnel section) of a mountain freeway. Allocation of drivers' attention is divided into five parts (instrument panel, the right signs and right mirror, left lane, right lane, and left mirror). Analysis and comparison of the four kinds of sections on the driver's attention to the allocation of access to outside information on the differences in the five parts, came to the conclusions: (1) The percentage of fixation count and the percentage of average fixation duration of the driver's attention to the instrument panel in the short tunnel section, the tunnel group section and super long tunnel section are more than the non-tunnel section; (2) The percentage of fixation count and the percentage of average fixation duration of the driver attention to the right signs and right mirror in the short tunnel section, the tunnel group section and long tunnel section are lower than the non-tunnel section. From the conclusions about driver's visual characteristics, some improvement measures for the traffic environment in the tunnel sections have been proposed.

This paper analyzes the characteristics and patterns of the distributions of the desired speeds by collecting data of the vehicles and the drivers from 3 roads. It is pointed out that the desired speeds were influenced in different degrees by the speed limit, the age of the drivers, the performance of the vehicle, the characteristics of traffic flow, and the weather. The results indicate that the desired speed was based mainly on the speed limit, however, in the case of good road conditions with low speed limits; drivers still tend to drive with higher speed. With the decline in the speed limit, the impact of vehicle performance becomes smaller, while the driver's individual psychological condition and technological skills will give a greater impact on choosing driving speed. Meanwhile, based on the correlation between the speed limit and the desired speed, the step-wise regression model is developed.

Most methods used to identify traffic accident prone location are now based on statistics. These methods are hysteretic for traffic accident prevention. To solve this problem, an idea was brought forward to identify these locations in terms of vehicle speed harmony. The concept of vehicle speed variability was given, and eight indices were constructed to describe it. The sensitivity and utility of the indices were analyzed through actual driving experiments. The results indicated that the vehicle speed variability indices are sensitive enough to represent the influence on vehicle speed by road factors. It afforded a new way of evaluating the safety level of a road, and was useful in identifying traffic accident prone location. Finally, identification of the locations based on vehicle speed variability indices might remedy the defect of the hysteretic problems of traditional methods, due to the fact that the method does not always depend on traffic accident data.

Qinghai-Tibet highway is a highland highway connecting Qinghai and Tibet in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to improve traffic safety and reduce traffic accidents of the Qinghai-Tibet highway, present state of traffic safety and traffic accident causes are analyzed. According to preliminary investigations, driver fatigue, speeding, and poor highway conditions are the main causes for accidents. The main problems about highway conditions have been analyzed from the following three aspects of roadside circumstances: highway, alignment, and traffic safety facilities. Finally, safety countermeasures are put forward, which consist of improving highway circumstances, adding traffic safety devices, and strengthening driver training.

Pavement macrotexture depth proves to be both a significant factor affecting the pavement adhesion coefficient on rainy days and a regular data for freeway maintenance routine testing. Based on a comprehensive consideration of the road conditions, weather and daily traffic volume, this paper analyzes the impact imposed by road macrotexture depth and the discontinuity of changes upon accidents on rainy days with 500m as a computation unit and the average macrotexture depth per 100m and daily traffic volume as indicators. Those fitting results by inverse function have indicated that accidents on rainy days show an upward tendency along with the decrease in macrotexture depth. What's more, studies on the continuity of changes in macrotexture depth have shown that accident rate on rainy days will increase as the rate of reduction in mean macro texture depth within 100meters dose. By means of the test of significance of the average rate of accidents on rainy days on different macrotexture depth and its change, it is found out that accidents rate on rainy days increases noticeable as the is lowered below 0.4mm and the change rate of macrotexture depth is higher than 0.3mm within 100m, on which occasion maintenance of the road is strongly recommended.

According to the characteristics of urban road intersection, a probability index, namely Reliability, was introduced to study the analysis and optimizing design theory of urban road intersection based on reliability analysis theory; meanwhile, a optimizing design model of urban intersection was proposed with the Numerical-approaching method, which could transform probabilistic constraint to deterministic constraint. The comparison of the proposed method versus a traditional Monte Carlo method was applied to a case study of X-urban intersection. The results show that the proposed model makes the calculation more efficient and easy. With the continued expansion of the modern city and the amount of car ownership, the amount of urban internal transport is also increasing dramatically. As a result, environmental pollution and traffic accident caused by traffic congestion are growing rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary to propose new requirements for urban road management. Current evaluation methods of road traffic running are mainly limited to static parameters, e.g., degree of saturation, congestion level, and occupancy, which are non-probability measure parameters. However, transportation system is a large dynamic system and the actual road capacity and traffic demand are constantly changing, due to various factors. It is necessary that establishing a probabilistic assessment index to evaluate the urban road system state. This paper presents the urban road intersection optimizing theory based on reliability analysis to solve traffic system optimization problems. Reliability is defined as the probability of required function or mission under required conditions. As a probabilistic index, reliability can be more accurate and comprehensive to evaluate the situation of urban road intersections and the stability of load system. Moreover, the operational quality of transportation system can be inspected by the index, as the basis for urban intersection management and design. It is more effective and practical than the deterministic index used in the past.

Black spots are inevitable on expressways, and improving the level of safety service is a key issue in expressway operation. Since road safety improvement by engineering manners showed the limitations of the high cost, the development of intelligent transportation technology has made accident prevention on expressway black spots possible. Based upon identification of expressway black spots, safety evaluation of traffic condition as well as the analysis of accident processes, this paper divides Accident-prone locations into two categories, locates the accident precursors of black spots and extracts the characteristic variables of forewarning accidents so as to set up a computational model of DMS's setting, brings forward the principles of information distribution and designs a data base of accident prevention. Finally, it establishes the accident prevention system of expressway black spots composed of traffic information collection, risk status judgment, pre-warning information distribution and communication.

Road environment monotony is a critical exogenous cause of driving fatigue. According to the definition of monotony, the MPEG compression technique was used to obtain the change of road environment and the related parameters of this technique were discussed. Considering drivers' most meaningful information (MMI), the driver observation region was divided into three regions. Each region was given a different weight based on gazing time (or gazing frequency), and the new method of road environment change calculation combined with drivers' observation region was introduced. The mean of environment change was considered as the road environment monotony measurement, and the location identification method of road environment larger change (or stimulation points) was given. The method of evaluating the road environment has been proven to be feasible in the in-field experiment. It is also the basis of researching road environment monotony levels and monotony improvement countermeasures in the future.

In order to calculate the optimal driving speed on the mainline of a freeway, factors affecting the speed have been analyzed and prepared. Several methods are used in the research including the Fuzzy Control Method, the BP Neural Network Method, the Fuzzy-Neural Network Method and the GA-BP Method. Firstly, the Multi-Layer Fuzzy Decision system with the optimal speed of fuzzy logic has been put forward. Then, the neural network model is used to calculate the optimal driving speed. Finally, another method of GA-BP has been put forward: the neural network is saved to memory and used to learn the fuzzy rules after the initial weights of the neural network has been calibrated by the genetic algorithm. It is done in order to speed up the convergence and to avoid falling into local minimum. The simulation results show that the methods can address the actual conditions of traffic flow and make full use of speed-related factors to determine the optimal driving speed on the mainline. The methods can overcome the issues of traditional methods which excessively rely on historical data and have modeling difficulty. The optimal driving speed is real-time and has a high accuracy which provides reliable methods for the variable speed limits on a freeway.

The freeway incident delay calculation model is generally based on freeway capacity, reduced freeway capacity, traffic flow rate and incident duration. Now, it is difficult to obtain traffic flow on-line data in China because the freeway traffic flow detection equipment is scarce and most types are not available. On the other hand, the Chinese freeways are all toll roads which have entry and exit toll stations, so this paper proposes a method to analyze the traffic flow rate and the vehicle travel time by using the toll data in the freeway network and further to study the traffic incident delay. Finally this method is validated by the deterministic queuing delay model.

According to an accident investigation of twenty expressways in China from 2001 to 2007, the author found that only about 3.56% of all crashes involve rollover accidents and considering the severity of rollover accidents, the percentage of people that died from rollover crashes is nearly 40.5%. However, the current Design Specification in China only specifies the maximum superelevation rates for different design speeds, and does not provide suggested value for certain traffic conditions. Moreover, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has proposed the concept of the static stability factor, which can provide new research thinking for the superelevation model. Therefore, this paper built an optimization model considering it's compatibility for different vehicle types, different design speeds and different curve radius. Moreover, the paper demonstrated the detailed calculation process of the optimization method on the basis of this data through an example.

Assuming that the frequency of various types of conflicts occurring at intersections follows a Poisson distribution, this paper first introduces the method of identifying dangerous conflicts and then analyzes traffic conflicts at two phasing intersections by using a traffic conflict technique. In this paper, a two-phase signalized intersection is selected as the survey site and the method of identifying dangerous conflicts is applied to diagnose various types of conflicts at the intersection. By operating a protected left-turn phase at the approach which is diagnosed as causing existing dangerous conflicts, fewer conflicts occur at this intersection. Meanwhile, VISSIM verifies that operation efficiency of vehicles at the intersection has been improved. Therefore, the conflict technique can be used to select signal phasing effectively.

At-grade intersection is one of the black points of highways in plain areas, and it is a key section of highway safety improvement. Improving safety for intersections and avoiding traffic accidents can effectively improve road safety of the plain area highway. The accident data of plain areas in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2006 was collected; accident type and the accident frequencies of different driving directions in at-grade intersections were analyzed based on statistical methods; the causes of at-grade intersection accidents were analyzed based on accident data statistics and at-grade intersection investigations of highways in plain areas; at-grade intersection grading methods were proposed based on the technical grade, traffic volume of crossing roads and the role in the network, and key points to improve the safety of different grade intersections were proposed.

During road design, rational location of the escape ramp is one of the most effective measures to guarantee passengers safety and reduce road accident losses on long continuous downgrade road sections. It attracts considerable attention, and has been widely applied in China; however, the effectiveness of escape ramp mainly relies on the appropriateness of the location. Currently, the configuration of an escape ramp is mainly based on vehicle performance on long downgrade section, and construction constraints and costs are the major considerations in China; whereas, lack of considerations on drivers' safety and psychological factors, and poor management result in low functioning escape ramps. In this paper, an integrated technique of escape ramp configuration which covers speed management measures, brake drum temperature, emergency stopping demand as well as rest area configuration, are discussed based on the Hebei-Shanxi Expressway. The technique will hopefully be a good guideline for safety facility design on long continuous downgrade road sections in the future.

Roadway rumble strips are used to reduce driving comfort and make drivers decelerate. While vehicle suspension systems are designed for passengers' comfort by absorbing vibrations caused by bumping roadway surface, roadway rumble strips are implemented to alert motorists to reduce speed. An efficient and safe roadway rumble strips design depends on the understanding of the vehicles' suspension system. Newer marked vehicles always have better suspension system that can absorb higher vibrations. This paper investigates the relationship between vehicle suspension system and roadway rumble strips design through TruckSim, a computer simulation model for trucks. The study analyzes the various shock-absorbing effect of current popular vehicle suspension systems on the roadway rumble strips designs in order to evaluate roadway rumble strips effectiveness in speed reduction.

Hazardous locations are sites with higher than expected frequency, rate, or severity of crashes. Identifying hazardous locations is used in deducing underlying causal factors and implementing potential countermeasures. A summary of typical methods for identifying hazardous locations and the associated problems are provided. The emphasis is placed on the rate quality control method. A brief historical perspective on the development of the rate quality control method, its use in identifying hazardous locations, and its strengths and weaknesses are presented. The limitation of collected data from similar locations is discussed. An improvement is provided to estimate the crash rate at the treated site where it is difficult to get locations with similar characteristics associated with the rate quality control method. The improvement is combining the rate quality control method with the Safety Performance Function (SPF), which accounts for factors which probably have close relationships to the crash rate at the treated site and the reference sites. A case study is briefly described to show the improvement.

Traffic safety simulation is a preferable way to evaluate safety through computing conflict indices between every two vehicles during their running process. Compared to operational efficiency simulation, lots of parameters need to be calibrated, and high precision is required and a little change of parameters may result in great difference. Moreover, commonly used calibrations based on intelligent algorithms prefer result precision to behavioral parameters, and may not reflect real traffic conditions for stochastic heuristic algorithm. Thus, a two stage calibration methodology based on experimental optimization is put forward. To depict its effectiveness, 6 group data of 3 intersections are surveyed and imposed for calibration and validation through above method by linking Surrogate Safety Analysis Model (SSAM) using vehicle trajectories exported from VISSIM. The result is quite promising that the errors of conflict number, conflict velocity and delay are 7%~13%, –7%~5%, –11%~–-6% respectively with a decreasing of 39%~43%,–6%~ –2%,–17%~–10%, which objectively demonstrates feasibility and validity of the method.

The freeways crossing mountainous areas in China are playing a major role in economic development. In the past decade, building freeways in these regions have greatly stimulated economic development in all aspects and will also be a major factor in the areas' sustainable development for the future. Due to the geometry of highways, freeway accidents have become a serious problem in these mountainous areas. This paper focused on the modeling of freeway safety with the consideration of geometry, traffic flow, and roadside environment. Particularly, the generalized regression model was developed based on the data collected from the mountainous areas.

The continuity of geometric alignment is now able to be illustrated by driver anticipation and comfort of passengers. But geometric alignment sometimes is inconsistent with driver anticipation due to topographical constraints in mountainous terrain. To solve this problem, alignment data and heart rate of driver were simultaneously collected by GPS and Holter on a two-lane highway in mountainous terrain. Combined with the drivers' subjective feeling survey (such as stable, less stable, unstable and unacceptable conditions) and the sideways force coefficient, a classification index of psychophysiological response characteristics were identified and categorized into four levels, and comfort threshold and safety threshold were prompted. Based on correlation and partial correlation analyses of collected data, the geometric design parameters (such as curve radius, gradient and tangent length which is between same direction adjacent curves and reverse curves) and growth ratio of heart-rate interaction model was established. The findings show that an increase in heart rate of 30% is used as the critical threshold. The tangent length between same direction adjacent curves is suggested to be 120m and 300m respectively when the topography constraints are severe or not. The tangent length between reverse curves is suggested to be greater than 80m. The conclusion will provide a technology of geometric alignment design of the two-lane highway in mountainous terrain.

Crosswinds have an obvious influence on traffic safety in pastoral areas because of the special geography position. A Finite element model is established to analyze wind velocity field of embankment. With no sideslip and overturning as targets, the threshold of natural crosswind velocity is analyzed under the influence of the multiple factors including crosswind, traffic velocity, friction coefficient, and alignment by using a static vehicle model. The results will supply guidance for driving safety management and road design in pastoral areas.

As a part of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS), the Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS) can effectively avoid forward collision accidents and improve traffic safety. Based on the Drivers' Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), five clusters were defined by the cluster analysis in this paper. Meanwhile, on the basis of the driver behavior experiments on the passenger vehicle, and TTC strategy, a forward collision warning algorithm in accordance with the driver characteristics is presented. In this research, it is the key of the strategy to determine the warning-start logic and statistically estimate the warning threshold. Finally, the experiment results demonstrate that the algorithm is able to embody various types of driver characteristics and enhance the acceptance of FCWS.

The device producing a fluctuant load for automobile brake line is a new system to improve vehicle security and investigate an automobile's brake performance. In order to study the fluctuant effect caused by the system parameters, the hydraulic models around piston pump must be established, which are based on AMESim simulation platform. Some system parameters include motor rotary speed, piston diameter and brake liquid bulk modulus. By the simulation results, the analyses of fluctuant effect caused by the system parameters in brake lines have been conducted. Moreover, the simulation results, which are compared with bench test data, indicate that the system hydraulic pressure property can be effectively simulated, and the simulation model can be used for selection of key device parameters. The vehicle system models, which co-simulated with the hydraulic system models, have also been completed in the AMESim. The simulation results indicate that the simulation vehicle with the device is able to reduce the brake distance.

Fatigue Driving is one of the main factors causing serious traffic accidents and the study of fatigue driving can contribute greatly to avoiding road accidents. Therefore, many researchers are making a great effort on how to detect driver fatigue both at home and abroad. This paper presents a new method to identify driver fatigue. The driving behavior signals, such as gas pedal, steering wheel angle, brake pedals and so on, and PERCLOS are measured and facial video are stored at the same time. PERCLOS and facial video are used as reference, so the feature vectors of the normal state and fatigue state data can be extracted. The driving behavior data is analyzed at normal driving state and fatigued ones. The Distance Classifier is used to classify driving behavior signal. Improved results were achieved by using the weighted minimum distance classifier in comparison to the normalized Euclidian Distance classifier. Results show that data of steering wheel angle and distance to center of lane can be used as data source to identify the driving state. The experimental results also verify that the proposed method is valid.

In order to understand the traffic safety characteristics of two-lane highways in China's Mountain area , a systemic analysis was conducted. Two-lane Highways with more than 3,500 kilometers were investigated for accident data, geometry designs and roadside features. The analysis includes a routine analysis, single-factor safety analysis and multi-factor safety analysis. The routine analysis shows that segments passing by villages have a greater tendency to be involved in traffic accidents. The single-factor analysis shows that two-lane highways with driveway density of 5 and roadbed width of 8 metersexperience the lowest accident rate with respect to other analyses. Negative binomial modeling technique was applied and proven to be the best for multi-factor analysis. The results show that village influence, truck proportion, the horizontal alignment, and driveway density influence two-lane highway safety significantly. Two-lane highways, such as secondary, tertiary and some of fourth grade highways, are main kinds of highways in China's mountain areas. The secondary and tertiary highways have less than 20 percent of total highways, but there were more than 60 percent of the total traffic accidents and death counts in 2007[1] in those locations. Traffic safety conditions of two-lane highways is very serious subject. Because most two-lane highways are located in mountain areas have many fatal accidents , it is necessary to study the traffic safety problem of the two-lane highways in mountain areas. Usually, two-lane highways have less roadbed width(including the width of road surface and shoulder) and few driveways(access roads) in mountain areas than in plain areas. The factors which influence traffic safety are also different, but roadbed width, driveway, truck transportation and inappropriate geometric alignment are the most important factors that influenc traffic safety in mountain areas. To understand the safety features of two-lane highway in China's mountain areas, research on two-lane highways in Beijing have been conducted. The research included routine analysis, single-factor safety analysis and multi-factor safety analysis aiming at those specific factors listed above. The routine analysis does not only to show some basic safety characteristics of two-lane highways, but also is the basis for the multi-factor analysis. The single-factor analysis shows the valuable safety characteristics respectively and can be one part of the accident prediction model. The multi-factor analysis shows the safety characteristics when putting many variables together.

Fire, a dangerous hazard in any situation, can take on extraordinary implications when it occurs in a tunnel. In the past, many scholars have conducted research about how to evacuate people from tunnel fires. They have attempted to optimize fire evacuation parameters through theory analysis, simulation, and other methods. Here, the author has presented a new technology called the water curtain smoke discharged instrument and it aims to speed up evacuation in the event of a tunnel fire. Here, the author has analyzed the fire smoke transfer theory and the interaction between smoke particles and high ventilation velocity to decide smoke move law. Then the interaction between smoke and water is simulated and identified so that the water curtain is effective. It is assumed that people can go trough a thin water curtain easily. Finally, the new instrument about fire smoke discharged water curtain is designed and tested. It is very effective and useful when considering tunnel fire designs.

This study is based on traffic safety engineering, engineering mechanics, psychology, and other theories to solve highway accident-prone situations. By analyzing the traffic accidents of the Beijing-Zhuhai expressway in Hebei province and focusing on highway traffic safety problems, this paper uses the LAN Systems Analysis method to analyze the causes of traffic accidents (person, vehicles, and roads and environmental factors). The factors that could induce traffic accidents are analyzed to develop prevention strategies for traffic accident, which could provide an efficient way to increase traffic safety.

Based on the case of the underground passage beneath Changchun railway station, the surface subsidence caused by tunneling beneath the railway is studied in this paper. A 2d finite element model was established to simulate the tunnel construction process. During the extremely shallow tunnel construction, the maximum subsidence value and its rules were obtained by loading with conventional quasi-static train loads. Train loads' position where cause the worst surface subsidence, ground maximum value, and its distribution were obtained by moving the train load's position. Firstly, in the construction process a suitably strict control and monitoring system is designed to detect the surface subsidence. Then the collected data from the monitoring system is analyzed and fed back, and the construction is dynamically managed. Finally the construction work is ensured to keep on going smoothly and safely.

Due to the discontinuities of rotation, DOF between solid and shell elements cannot be connected well at the connection points. Based on the finite element analysis (FEA), the method of the constraint equation co-modeling was proposed and used during the modeling First, according to the theory of FE, the stiffness compatibility equation between the connection points of a shell element and a solid element were derived. Then, the FE examples were calculated and the results were compared. Finally, the method of this modeling was used in a metro car simulation. Theory analysis and simulation results show that the compatibility of DOF between the elements has a great impact on results during the simulation. Using the constraint equation to make transitions between shell elements and solid elements can effectively eliminate the problem of compatibility of DOF, and thus achieve more realistic simulation results.

In order to develop the electronic control system of the second-generation CST vehicle collision energy absorption system, the drive motor will be installed aside, and the transmission gear drive style will be added to this system. Among the first-generation products, the drive motor was fixed on the bumper, due to the gravitation, the transmission torque of the flexible shock pole dramatically increased. From this the second-generation products not only solved this problem which existed in the previous products, but also reduced the difficulty of the electronic control system design. On this base, the drive motor was confirmed, and the design of the control circuit was divided into two modules, the main circuit module and the relay module. The main circuit module comprises regular power supply circuit, signal-input amply circuit, route switch circuit and signal-output relay drive circuit. In the main circuit, a SCM STC89C58RD was applied as the core to the control circuit, explored the corresponding control software, and got a successful application in ZOTYE2008, consequently afforded a new control module for the CST Vehicle Collision Energy Absorption System.

Track irregularity, which is the main vibrating resource of vehicles and one of the main factors to limit a train's highest speed, plays a very important part in the safety, stability, and comfort of train travel. The statistic samples used in this paper are collected by track recording vehicles from the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway. An elimination method of abnormal value and a zero mean normalization method of track irregularity are used in the data preprocessing of track irregularities on this railway. The change rate of track irregularity is calculated using the methods of linear interpolation and wavelet analysis. The PSD of track irregularity is calculated by using the periodogram method. The statistical and analytical results indicate that the PSD of track irregularity of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway contains a number of different amplitudes and wavelengths of the harmonic part and a wide wavelength range. A comparative study of a 12-month track spectrum indicates that track quality is the worst in the month of August and the best in February. Finally, the track irregularity spectrum is suggested as an index to control track geometric irregularity.

Sleepers, a main element of the railway track, which bear the load transmitted by rail and ensure the track's geometry and integrity, have a great impact on the smooth and safe passage of the vehicle. In recent years, the continuous increase in speed and loading have caused rising damages of PC sleepers. In particular, the longitudinal crack originating from the bolt-hole of PC sleeper II is the most serious one and has influenced the stability and safety of the track to a great extent.. This paper analyzes the cause of longitudinal cracks originating from the sleeper's bolt-hole and puts forward measures for modification with regard to special concrete in the area around the bolt-hole.

The types of freeway off ramp-crossroad terminals were divided based on investigation and the features of the traffic flow of freeway off ramp-crossroad terminals were analyzed; Based on traffic conflict technique and access management technique, this study utilized turn lanes design, channelization design and the traffic management and control to organize the traffic flow and improve traffic efficiency and the safety of the off ramp-crossroad terminal.

In this paper, we present an overall scheme on the precision parking guidance and information system (PPGIS) as a resolution to help the driver find available parking space quickly in a large parking lot. The basic framework hierarchy of the network and other necessary parts of PPGIS are deeply explored. Emphasis is placed on the principles of parking guidance logic; (PGL) while its design method is systematically summed. Furthermore, the development and implementation of the hardware and software of PPGIS is conducted. Finally, PPGIS is installed in the Beijing Cuiwei Shopping Mall. The experiment results will verify the feasibility and high efficiency.

The junction sections of bridges and tunnels can shorten the mileage of mountainous area freeways and improve the accessibility greatly, but it also causes serious accidents easier. This paper using the example of Xi-Han expressway, analyzes the causes and characteristics of traffic accidenst in the junction sections of bridges and tunnels byusing experiments to measure the speed of the vehicles coming in and out of the tunnel, the illumination intensity inside and outside the tunnel and the surface adhesion coefficient. It applies software to obtain the limiting scope and calculates the safe following distance when vehicles enter and exit the tunnel in order to supply reference dates for drivers to improve the safety, and suggest that designers lower the speed of the junction section of bridge and tunnel in mountain expressway.

To heighten the traffic safety level of urban interchanges' functional areas, the crossroad access design technology was studied. According to traffic flow features at interchange ramp terminals in China, with the use of the Hick-Hyman Law and Fitts Law to study the distribution of driver perception-reaction and movement time, interchange functional area range's calculation methods were presented. Then, based on the Cowan M3 headway distribution model and gap acceptance theory, the arriving distribution function of crossroad traffic and turning trajectory of vehicles in the driveway were proposed to provide mathematic models for crossroad access design factors, including driveway throat length, throat width, curb radius and clear vision area. Finally, design models were applied to the Xin Zhuang Interchange. With the model of the relationship between traffic stream parameters and crash rate, the paper evaluated safety impacts of crossroad access design using flow and speed values from Vissim. The result indicates that the methods and models are effective for traffic safety.

Safety evaluation of highways in mountainous areas has multi-attributed, decision-making problems, which the preference information of the decision maker is not known a priority. In this paper, based on the principle of rank consistency, the ordering chain comparison method will be used for determining weight vector and memberships. This makes the weight more consistent with the actual situation. Using the learning algorithm in BP neural network and comprehensive decision-making model, it gives the fuzzy comprehensive decision method a base on the neural network model of weight adjustment. The use of this method makes the weight more objective and exact, and gives the weight to the self-learning function. In this paper, the use of this method in comprehensive evaluation of highways in mountainous areas has led to satisfactory results. This method can effectively solve the traffic safety evaluation.

In recent years, most road traffic accidents were caused by commercial vehicles, the main reason being the bad conditions of brake systems. In this paper, based on the statistical data of the accidents caused by commercial vehicles, symptoms and mechanisms of the accidents are analyzed; the main factors of the accidents were discovered. Then, using multi-sensor technology, WinCE 5.0 and distributed data acquisition technology, a software and hardware platform for data acquisition of the commercial vehicle brake system running parameters was built. By using the platform, the vehicle's brake system performance parameters can be collected in real-time to recognize dangerous brake systems.

Information overload is a general problem in the layout design of urban guide signs in China. Based on large numbers of indoor simulation experiments with EMR-8B as an experimental apparatus used to simulate the process of drivers' search for destination they are not familiar with from guide sings, this paper studies the influence of the number of road names on guide signs on the drivers' recognition. The main conclusions obtained are as follows: The number of road names of guide signs has significant impact on driver's recognition. In all, the more the number of road names, the longer the recognition times; When the number of road names is less than 5, with the number of road names increase, the increasing tendency of recognition time shouldn't be obvious. If the numbers are more than 5, the recognition time shows a greatly notable increasing tendency. At last, the suitable number of road names should be less than 5 is proposed for urban guide sign layout design.

Crashes caused by red light violations (RLV) are often associated with injuries and in some instances fatalities. Low cost safety treatments at signalized intersections are effective in mitigating traffic crashes and injuries. It is well known that the duration of all-red clearance interval is one of the more significant factors involving low cost safety treatments. Appropriate all-red clearance interval would improve the safety of a signalized intersection. However, in the absence of a well designed, all-red interval, these vehicles run the risk of a collision with the cross-street vehicles since they will be traveling during the green light. The research presents a method to determine all-red clearance interval based on avoiding traffic conflicts between an exiting traffic stream and an entering traffic stream. Compared to the other method of calculating all-red clearance interval, the conflict zone approach is more applicable, better reflecting intersection geometry and controls sequence. It considers the traffic operations at an intersection in more detail and takes into account both the exit and the entrance time.

Considering a number of factors affecting traffic safety, the predetermination model for traffic safety of fuzzy generalized neural network was built in this paper. This was a combination of neural networks with fuzzy algorithms, through the study of present road safety situations in China, and the summary of domestic and broad documents. This method was based on MATLAB programming, and fuzzy revised generalized learning vector quantization modeling; fuzzy generalized neural networks had to be used to cope with subjective factors in traffic accident prediction and improve the computations of the predetermination model for traffic safety. The theoretical analysis and experimental results indicated that the model was effective for the good function of nonlinear mapping and generalization, and can be applied to forecast traffic accident suitably.

Setting reasonable speed limits is an efficient measure to improve the safety of freeways in mountainous areas. Twenty-five typical sections randomly selected from Xihan Freeway and Qinglian Freeway in China were investigated. On the basis of analyzing the data of 25 sections, speed distributions for cars and trucks under different speed limits were obtained. The correlation between operating speed and posted speed limit of mountainous freeways is analyzed. By means of regression analysis, the relationship model between the 85th percentile speed and posted speed limit, 50th percentile speed and posted speed limit, 15th percentile speed and posted speed limit are established respectively. The regression analysis of posted speed limits and operating speeds shows that there exists a strong linear relationship between these two speed concepts. The 15th percentile speed model is the best fitting model among the three.

Speeding is a kind of common illegal behavior among drivers, and is also one of the primary reasons causing traffic accidents and so the speed management takes on great importance. As the effect of traditional speed control measures is not significant, the speed camera is introduced as a new-style speed control device with the development of high-tech. Many overseas reports show that the effect of speed camera is excellent, especially on the expressway. However, there are only a few studies on the effect of speed camera in China. It bears highly theoretical and practical sense to analyze systematically the effects on reducing speed of the speed camera. This paper takes an urban expressway in Beijing as studying object, and explores the effects on speed control of speed-limit sign, rumble strip and speed camera. The result shows the favorable effect of speed camera on speed control.

Based on the objective safety of road alignment perception, the traditional single index modeling method of operating speed prediction was modified. Then, the road alignment comprehensive index was put forward by analyzing the nature of the operational environment. According to the relationship between the horizontal, vertical and cross-sectional indices, the operational environment description model was established by applying the fuzzy comprehensive judgment method. The significant influencing factors on speed, such as the radius of horizontal curve, the accumulative corner, the position proportion of the curve, the longitudinal slope and the cross slope were considered in the model. Using the analytic hierarchy process the weight of each factor was determined. This model is a research foundation for operating speed prediction and safety evaluation of highway operation environments.

Stampede accidents usually take place in crowded areas in transfer stations, sports stadiums, shopping malls, religious places and other similar areas. One of the causes of stampedes is that people do not have enough distance to stop themselves when there are emergencies. Like vehicles, pedestrians also need stopping distance when they want to stop from a certain speed, especially in a sudden situation without any previous notice. People who could not stop in time crush into or step upon other people, and may trigger a stampede accident. Analysis of worldwide stampede accidents reveals the reasons for stampede accidents. In the following sections, this paper describes the experimental design, including variable definitions, measurement set-up and experiment processing. The process of data collection and the building of relationship models are presented, as well as some preliminary results. In the end, the application of this relationship of stopping distance and walking speed will be introduced.

In adverse weather conditions, safe operation on freeways is closely related to the "driver, vehicle and road" concept. In order to ensure a safe distance between vehicles on freeways, the traditional concept of visibility should be taken into account, as well as the physical state of the driver and vehicle performance, which overcomes the limitation caused by traffic control methods which are confined by the traditional view of visibility. By putting forward a new concept of generalized visibility (GV), along with a deep analysis of its calculation and application, this paper introduces the main achievement of a freeway management department by using the generalized visibility index (GVI), a comprehensive way that takes other factors (driver, vehicle and road) into consideration. Serving as a single composite index, GVI will be an important tool for traffic management departments to make a decision easily and for making traffic control more scientific and rational.

Tire blowout is one of the main factors leading to a fatal traffic accident. Finding out and monitoring the main factors that affect tire safety performance is an important way of reducing traffic accidents caused by tire blowout. Based on the fault tree analysis of safety system engineering, the fault tree model of tire blowout was established; the structure importance coefficient of each basic event was computed; the abnormal vehicle states of the main factors arousing tire blowout were found out and sorted by the structure importance coefficient as follows: over-speed, under-inflation pressure, overload, eccentric load, over-inflation pressure, etc. The vehicle monitoring and early warning system was developed based on the above-mentioned analysis result, which realized real-time monitoring of factors affecting tire safety performance and reduced the probability of tire blowout. This system was of great significance to the prevention of tire blowout.

Ship evaluation factors of navigation risks are determined according to the principles of choice evaluation factors and the practical situations of ship collisions in sight of another. Collision risk assessment criterions have about three circumstances of crossing situation. These circumstances being head on taking situation and overtaking situation are established according to some ship collision data which will be analyzed. With the help of Delphi, Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy theories, a comprehensive fuzzy mathematical model for assessment collision risk degree (CRD) with some subordinate degree functions can be constructed. According to comparisons with other BP network models and the truth, the present CRD model in this paper is practicable and credible because the CRD assessment results for many ships encountering are basically agreed with BP network model and the truth. The research indicates that the fuzzy mathematical model can provide some scientific decisions and references for ship commanders.

With the rapid development of mountainous expressways, the traffic accidents increase obviously on bridge-tunnel sections, which brings new challenges to traffic safety protection on mountainous expressways. Based on the traffic accident data of Tongchuan section on Baotou-Maoming expressway, this paper carries out an in-depth study on traffic safety of mountainous expressway bridge-tunnel sections and sets up the safety evaluation system of bridge-tunnel sections on mountainous expressway based on Bayesian network. It is helpful to further identify potential threats and to provide guidance for future construction.

The freeway network is the backbone of regional geographic space and the bond of business activities, the construction of which determined the extent and depth of interaction among different geospatial units. Traffic incidents and bad weather will decrease the road capacity of a freeway, and have a significant impact on traffic flows. Bridges and tunnels are important components of freeways, which is much more fragile leading to a traffic jam for a longer time in wider areas. Taking the impacts of network topology, traffic control measures and traffic demand into account, Dynamic Traffic Assignment can analyze network performance characteristics and provide support for decision-making under an emergency. Hangzhou Bay Bridge is part of Shenyang-Zhuhai Freeway as well as part of the freeway network in the Around Hangzhou Bay Area. In this paper, a simulation-based DTA model is employed to evaluate the effectiveness of dynamic assignment using a freeway network in Around Hangzhou Bay Area, and assess the impacts of designed incident scenarios, as well as compare traffic situations of different traffic control strategies and information provisions. The results show that dynamic traffic assignment presents better performance over the static traffic assignment under an emergency. It shows that the network performance is sensitive to the duration of the emergency situation, which indicates that a timely clearance of an emergency and quick response of operators benefit not only the emergency site and surroundings but also the whole network. Moreover, travel time savings and traffic delay reduction can be realized as a result of Route Guidance System, which implies that the deployment of ITS technologies can reduce the undesirable impacts of emergencies on traffic operations.

The purpose of this study is to examine crash injury severity. Ordered probability models with either logit or probit function is commonly applied in crash injury severity analyses; however, its critical assumption that the slope coefficients do not vary over different alternatives except the cut-off points is usually too restrictive. Partial proportional odds models are generalizations of ordered probability models, for which some of the beta coefficients can differ across alternatives. Left-turn crashes are the most frequently occurring collisions and they are prone to be severe. They were analyzed by partial proportional odds models. The results show that partial proportional odds model performs better than ordered probability model. Many variables in driver attributes, vehicular characteristics, roadway geometry design, environmental factors, and crash characteristics were identified. Specifically, the use of the partial proportional formulation allows a much better identification of the increasing effect of alcohol and/or drug use on crash injury severity, which previously was masked using the conventional ordered probability models.

It is common in crash data recording and safety studies to designate crashes occurring within a default radius from intersections as occurred at or influenced by intersections. The purpose of this study is to investigative how intersection attributes affect this safety influence area. Data for a sample of 177 four-legged signalized intersections was collected from the state of Florida. Based on the crash data and the approach features, the intersection inside area (from the center to the stop bar, used to designate "at intersection" crashes) and the safety influence area (measured upstream from the stop bar, used to designate "intersection-related" crashes) were explored using the classification trees method. Results show that the inside area is mainly influenced by the intersecting roadway; however, the approach upstream safety influence area is mainly affected by the attributes of that approach. The study also examined when the safety influence area extends beyond the physical functional area. Finally, test statistics show that intersection-related crashes defined by a 250 feet boundary versus varying boundaries are significantly different. The research concluded that it is better to define "at-intersection" and "intersection-related" safety influence areas for each approach separately and then based on approach features to determine their size.

According to the finite element principle, an analysis is made of the pitch point displacement, which the automobile collision distorts. The frontage collision distortion process is also analyzed with the distortion rigidity method. Through the analysis of the automobile speed, ranging from 48km/h to 56km/h and the rigid wall frontage collision of the simulative automobile body distortion result, it can be concluded that as the collision speed increases, the automobile's front body distortion enlarges, and the cab mean acceleration also increases along with the collision speed enhancement. When collision speed increases the self-protecting sector rigidity of the automobile body should be strengthened so that the crew member's safe can be guaranteed.

Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) has been widely applied in developing Maritime Safety standards by International Maritime Organization (IMO). It is an applying process of risk analysis and risk management theory to maritime safety standard-settings. FSA projects, completed by some member states, have been submitted to IMO for consideration and the results will gradually affect IMO standard-settings. These research projects have verified and enriched FSA-based risk analysis and risk acceptance criteria recommended by IMO, and a relatively systematic risk acceptance criteria has been developed. Based on the summarization of these acceptance criteria, this paper formulates a relatively comprehensive index system applicable in maritime safety risk assessment. Furthermore, the paper highlights the absence of human error probability index of marine accidents in the current risk acceptance criteria. In order to improve the drawbacks of lack of randomness resulted from inadequate observational data in human error analysis and increase the credibility of the calculated human error probability, the paper suggests the introduction of Monte Carlo model to the existing human error quantitative analysis methodology. The findings of this paper will enhance the effectiveness of maritime safety risk assessment and benefit the validity of human error analysis in marine accidents.

The accesses are the gates of vehicles leaving and entering into the road system. The consistency of the accesses has a close relationship with the road capacity. The accesses also have some impact on the natural operating speed. Through the investigation of the speed of the vehicles on the main lane passing by the accesses, a conclusion that they decelerated when they passed by has been made, and that the range of deceleration has a close relation with the access interval. then the range of deceleration has been discovered by computing the delay of the vehicles. And finally the reduction ratio of the operating speed to the accesses density has been calculated. The conclusion provides a basic data for predicting the operating speed of two-lane highways.

On the basis of exploring the significance of research on the vehicular operating speeds on long tangent expressway sections, this study collected the continuous and undisturbed operating speed data of passenger cars on long tangent sections by advanced (vehicle-based) GPS devices and analyzed the vehicular operation speeds on the sampled long tangent expressway sections. Then, in consideration of the variations of vehicular operating speed on long tangent sections and drivers' characteristics on the sections such as tendency toward speeding, lagging responses, etc, a model of continuous vehicular operating speeds on long tangent sections was developed in the form of a second order differential equation.

Regarding the operation environment and traffic characteristics of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, this paper will be studying the driving behaviors under the rain, fog, strong wind and other disastrous weather conditions. This paper also investigated the different operation speeds in various operating environments through driving simulation experiment. Using the driving simulation data, this paper established the deceleration model under the vehicle deceleration moving and steady-state operation speed model. This paper, based on the developed model, proposed the recommended value of speed control standards for Hangzhou Bay Bridge operation under disastrous weather conditions. The research results have been applied in the operation management of Hangzhou Bay Bridge.

Speed is the key parameter of road alignments design. The alignments design and evaluation based on operating speed is an effective way to solve safety design problems. According to the geometric properties of road alignments, the compound curvature of the alignments in highway's horizontal and vertical curve combination was calculated, and modified by gradient and section width in this article. According to the road alignment evaluation index, which was composed by the modified compound curvature, the relationship between the index and the operating speed was analyzed and the operating speed prediction was established. The prediction model was proved of high reliability through the contrast between the observed and predicted values. This kind of prediction model, which combines the horizontal with the vertical alignments, provided a new thought for the operating speed prediction. This will apply calculating reference to the highway`s design and management based on the operating speed in future.

This study established the highway intersection safety maintenance evaluation system from the demand of highway safety maintenance management. Focusing on the characteristics of intersection safety maintenance evaluation, qualitative and quantitative data collecting methods are put forward and the relative weight of each evaluation object is obtained by employing an optimization algorithm of AHP. Finally, the rationality of the model is verified by the relativity between experts' scoring and calculated value and the intersection safety maintenance quality is divided into four levels.

The simulated replay and automatic analysis of vessels in collision simulates the vessel's collision at sea from any time before the collision to the collision time based on the vessel's maneuvering mathematical model, the simplified Electronic Chart, Display and Information System (ECDIS) and recorded real sailing data. Based on the recorded data of the simulation and the relative laws and regulations, it can start an automatic analysis of violations, failures and neglects. After study on the hydrodynamic and response models, the response model is selected to be used in the simulation due to its controllable and adjustable feature. The factors or coefficients in the response model are got through recognition method from vessel's standard maneuvering tests. The simplified ECDIS used in the paper is specially made for the simulation. It has similar precision to standard ECDIS except for its not adopting ISO standard. The reason for making a simplified one includes cost and speed. In order to accelerate searching and display speed, different data organization methods are employed. The display data has chain structure, and the searching data has matrix structure. Meanwhile, the time-divided algorithm is employed for searching and computation since the movement of the vessel is slow. After the simulation, the automatic analysis can be carried out based on the recorded data of the simulation. In order to achieve the automatic analysis, the expert knowledge database is established. The analysis can tell the violation of the International Regulation for Collision Avoidance at Sea 1972 and good seamanship.

Safety improvement is an indispensable process for an expressway to maintain and enhance its safety performance. Similar to an expressway safety audit project conducted on several existing expressway facilities for the Jiangxi Provincial Communications Department, the authors identified several critical safety issues in terms of facility design, maintenance, and operations. Illustrated by pictures, these issues include: poor service area design, neglected local access road improvement, improper roadside safety design, inadequate/improper installation of signs and markings, insufficient maintenance/construction zone protection, and inadequate right-of-way reservations. The causes and possible consequences of these issues are pointed out, and tentative countermeasures proposed. Due to the nation-wide significance of these issues, it is suggested that a safety improvement management program be instituted across China, so that potential safety issues like as the previously mentioned can be dealt with on a consistent, constant, systematic, and quantitative basis.

Safety Analyst (SA) is a newly released software package that is designed to help state-wide or local agencies with a strong improvement of highway safety management on a basis of cost-effectiveness procedures. This study aims to help the potential SA users to better understand the methodologies, implementation procedures, and benefits of SA by four analytical tools. The case study was conducted at a 14.8 mile long corridor on Interstate 275 (I-275) in Tampa with the crash data in 2007. The network screening tool, diagnosis and countermeasure tool, and economical appraisal tool, are performance at the three highest-rank sites for potential safety improvements by SA. For practical purpose, this analysis could be used as an initial implementation before the widely application of the software.

Despite a higher level of motorization, the roads in the US are significantly safer than those in China. Such a difference partially results from much advanced road safety research and their scientific implementations of the research results. In the past decade, a series of nationwide strategies have been developed to improve the road safety in the US. There are many invaluable experiences in the process of addressing road safety that may be useful for China to formulate its own strategies in road safety investment and research. Following a presentation on the state of the art and the practice of US road safety, this study attempts to reveal some key strategic issues to improve safety from a perspective of research.

The basis for traffic safety research studies, which have developed numerous countermeasures to treat deficiencies in highway design features, surface conditions, traffic control devices, and driving behavior, comes from police reported crash data. However, a significant number of crashes go unreported. Studies show that severe crashes are more likely to be reported than those with lower severity. This issue is called frequency-severity indeterminacy. Because of frequency-severity indeterminacy, it is difficult to determine if a change in the number of reported crashes is caused by an actual change in number of crashes, a shift in severity proportions, or a mixture of both. Using underreported data tends to create the issue of frequency-severity indeterminacy, further producing a biased picture of traffic safety and by extension ineffective treatments. This paper presents a new approach addressing the issue of frequency-severity indeterminacy with a modified latent Poisson regression model. With recent advancements in crash modeling and Bayesian statistics, the parameter estimation is implemented within the Bayesian paradigm using two Gibbs Samplers and a Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) algorithm. The methodology is then empirically applied to investigate the issue of frequency-severity indeterminacy in traffic crashes that occurred on Washington two-lane highways.

Interchange ramp terminals are important parts of the highway system. However, crashes that occur at ramp terminals are not well researched. Additionally, very few research efforts have developed safety performance functions for interchange ramp terminals. This research collected data from six none-frontage-road diamond interchanges in Madison, Wisconsin, and developed a safety performance function for signalized diamond interchange ramp terminals by using a generalized linear regression approach. The factors considered include the following: volume, clearance interval (i.e., yellow and all-red intervals), off ramp exclusive right turn phase, and spacing between two adjacent terminals. The major findings suggest three outcomes: (1) the crash frequency will increase with the deficient yellow or all-red intervals; (2) the probability of rear-end crashes increases and the probability of angle crashes decreases if the interchange ramp terminals have an off ramp exclusive right turn phase; and (3) as terminal spacing increases, the crash frequency will increase, with crash type dependent on terminal spacing.

As the first and crucial step in improving the overall safety of a road network, hot spots identification (HSID) has been the focus of many research efforts. In general, most of the HSID methods employ either crash counts or crash rates to screen hazardous locations. However, there is a lack of empirical comparison of the two crash statistics in terms of their identification performances when dealing with HSID. To quantify the performance difference of the two crash statistics, both real road section accident data and experimentally derived simulated data are used in this paper. Three different tests are employed to evaluate different aspects of identification performance. Additionally, various levels of confidence are also explored across different situations. The results illustrate that crash counts significantly outperforms crash rates in identifying hot spots. The findings are in agreement with the other theoretical derivations shown in previous studies.

Work zone safety has become a very serious concern in traffic management over the past several years in Florida. The disturbance of construction/maintenance activities on normal traffic may result in traffic conflicts, crashes, and even severe injuries. A clear understanding of the characteristics of work zone crashes is necessary to address the existing safety problems in work zones. In this paper, an injury severity model, utilizing the Ordered Probit Regression, was developed based on the history work zone crash data collected in Florida, to investigate the factors contributing to injury severity in work zones and to evaluate the impacts of the contributing factors. These factors include roadway geometric design, environment, traffic, and vehicle/driver characteristics. The results are valuable for developing appropriate countermeasures to reduce the injury severity of work zone crashes.

Rumble strips have been applied on highways to reduce vehicle collisions involving vehicles either running off road or crossing over the centerline. The rumbling effect may be understood as tactile and/or audible inputs to inattentive or fatigue drivers. In this paper, by adopting a quarter vehicle model, we analyzed the tactile effect for milled-in rumble strips with different geometric parameters in terms of jerk intensity experienced by drivers. It can be inferred from this study that for higher jerk intensity ratios the optimal spacing between individual grooves lies somewhere around 180 mm. The spacing between individual grooves should not exceed 30 cm, and the depth of grooves between 5 to 15 mm is sufficient to cause an intense jerk ratio for practical purposes. These conclusions match the current field practice very closely. It is believed that the methodology may help develop new rumble strips design, or improve the existing design.

Transportation engineers and planners have used access management as an efficient tool to preserve and improve the safety characteristics of road systems. Recently, access management techniques have been applied as good solutions in many places. Median treatment is such a technique, where right turns and U-turns are employed as an alternative to direct left turns at high volume driveways that intersect with high to medium major-road volumes. The safety impact of this treatment needs to be clarified. In order to reduce the safety impacts due to left turn movement from driveways, the reducing of conflicts might be used as an effective tool. In the study presented in the paper, more than three hundred hours of field data was collected in the field from ten sites in the Tampa, Florida area, including driveway volume, through traffic volume, number of conflicts, speed, and geometric data. A safety effect database was set up to perform the statistical analysis. The objective of this study was to develop models that can predict conflict rates for the two different types of left turn maneuvers. Based on those rates, correct decisions may be made and a suitable access technique may be applied.

This paper introduces the first Internet-based solution for transportation modeling software, named "Mint" (i.e., Modeling on Internet). Mint is a web-based, hosted scalable platform for transportation modeling that provides governments and consulting firms with software-as-a-service (SaaS) benefits. In other words, Mint is a "no software" solution. Using Mint, most organizations will be able to get faster results while reducing their costs by cutting down on software and hardware investments, as well as on overhead for in-house IT staff. Cost savings can also be realized as web-based systems enable the sharing of licenses across multiple clients. By leveraging web technologies and using a system architecture that allows for simple sharing, multiple clients and stakeholders can apply models and access the results online from anywhere.

The method of high-accuracy and high-speed calculation of flight performance data is the key point of air traffic automation and simulations. The Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) performance model provided by the Euro-control Experiment Centre (EEC) has been widely used by international research organizations to calculate the aircraft performance data. The mode can calculate the fixed mach number cruise data, but it cannot calculate the long range cruise mode (LRC) flight data as is mostly adopted by the airlines in order to save fuel or flight cost. Based on the BADA model and related parameters, this paper studies the methods used to calculate the LRC cruise mach number, and also calculates the data for the B737-800 aircraft. The results are compared with calculations obtained by INFLT in the same conditions, which shows that the accuracy and calculating speed can be accepted by the research of ATC automation and simulations. The flight modes between fixed cruise mach number and LRC are also compared in the end, which shows that the LRC cruise mode can decrease the operation cost for airlines by saving cruise fuel consumption.

In this paper, we analyze the applicability and usage of the road network reliability (including connect reliability, unblocked reliability as well as recovery reliability) as the evaluating indicator of the road network, and take the influence of rainfall weather into overall account. Taking Beijing as an example, we make an analysis of the road network and the points which are affected by the rain easily, and filter the key point in concerns of the significance of the node. The results will be a good support for the government to publish the emergency plans.

Following the No 1 Line of the BRT (bus rapid transit) in Jinan, a double-line project started its operation in North Park Street, Jinan. An important issue is how to make the scheduling table. Longer departure intervals always cause passengers to wait for an unacceptable long time and provide uncomfortable service. On the other hand, shorter intervals increase the operating costs of bus companies. Therefore, with the survey of passenger distribution, a departure frequency model of BRT is proposed based on Genetic Algorithm so as to determine the bus scheduling index at different time and provide efficient operation for No 1 Line BRT.

In this paper, an analysis of development of the current railway station trend to the multi-objective urban synthesis has been presented. The authors apply the theory of design management in the multi-objective design of railway station, and suggest the system of design management with four-level-target, including overall integrated target, organizational structure design, engineering project management and design practice management.

Road safety audit concept has been applied successfully in many developed countries in the past twenty years. But this concept has been applied to few projects in the pre-opening and trial operation stage in China. This paper will describe how to use road safety audit concept in pre-opening and trial operation stage for Qinglian Freeway. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the successful experience of the safety audit concept and to discuss the problems in real world application. In addition, treatments for typical safety issues recommended for this project can be applied to similar highway upgraded projects.

Freight volume forecasting is essential for transportation network planning, construction and management. However, it is generally difficult to forecast the freight volume accurately by using any single method. Combination method can effectively improve forecasting accuracy, and consequently is widely utilized. Based on the entropy theory, a parallel grey neural network combination model is constructed to forecast freight volume. The effectiveness and feasibility of the entropy combination method is demonstrated by a numerical example provided.

Based on the mixed traffic phenomenon in Chinese cities, the pedestrians and the bicycles are taken as a whole. Based on the two-stage characteristic of the releasing process, a new signal control strategy for the right turning vehicles is presented in the paper. In order to calculate the conflicting time between the conglomeration and the vehicles, the notion of the sum velocity of the conglomeration is proposed. Finally, the strategy and the time of signal control are optimized using the simulation method. The results showed that the conflict between the conglomeration and the vehicles decreased under the new strategy, as well as the crash between the conglomeration and the vehicles.

The support service systems of the Global Shipping Hub jointly participate in international shipping resource allocation. This essay aims to analyze the characteristics and development of support service systems among the major global shipping hubs. It describes their cooperative-competitive relationships and specifically gives guidance to the development of support service systems for the Shanghai Shipping Hub. As the analysis reveals, the support service systems play a significant role with respect to the allocation of international shipping resources by how they impact the Business Systems of the shipping industry as well as the Value Chain of the shipping enterprises. The leap-forward development of the support service systems of the Shanghai Shipping Hub entails the cooperative-competitive relationships among global shipping hubs as well as the upgrade demands of the China shipping industry.

Vehicle delays at signalized intersections are an important factor in evaluating the operation efficiency and the level of service at intersections. At present in China, some research institutes and researchers are working on delay models from theoretical studies. They often directly use models from foreign countries without calibration or modifications, which often results in significant discrepancies between the theory and reality. The objective of this paper is to establish a delay model that is adequate for the actual traffic conditions in Beijing. The model can provide a better ground for planning and design of intersections. For this reason a total of forty signalized intersections in Beijing were selected to conduct the investigation, together with the analysis on vehicle delay and queue length. Based on the regression analysis with field data, a planning-based delay model at signalized intersections is proposed. The result from this study shows that this model greatly simplifies the procedure of the theoretical delay model. It also avoids cumbersome and complicated calculations of the traditional delay model. In conclusion, the model is an effective evaluation tool and the results are in line with the actual traffic situations in Beijing.

The problems resulted from the close connection design between the off-ramp and the intersection nearby are analyzed firstly. This problem will induce increase in traffic greatly, while coupled with the weaving behavior, will also result in traffic congestion and chaos, speed reduction, and increase in traffic waiting delay. This has become a traffic problem which cannot be ignored. Then the improvement measures are given in order to explore the reasons for its congestion and how to alleviate traffic conflict in the connection segment. Based on a typical project, the feasible suggestions will be taken in order to reduce the conflict and improve the traffic environment. The paper will be helpful for traffic organization between off-ramps and intersections and for the great development of urban traffic system.

Traditionally, a signalized intersection capacity can't be discussed without putting signal timing into consideration. In general signal timing includes determination of cycle length, number of phases, green interval, yellow time and all red. As a result capacity varies with any change of parameters in signal timing. This is the traditional way of estimating capacity, namely timing-based capacity calculation approach. However, at the planning stage if planners or decision makers hope to know the future conditions of the network they have planned it is impossible for them to evaluate the performance in terms of v/c ratio because of undetermined capacity of an intersection. A new concept of so-called "equilibrium-right-of-way based capacity" is introduced in this paper to overcome this difficulty. This capacity is purely based upon the geometrics of an intersection (number of lanes and lane allocation) rather than the signalization. The motivation behind introducing this concept intends to have capacity of an intersection be a sole value once the geometrics of the intersection are set. Soleness of capacity for interrupted flow facility should be the focus of capacity studies. With this concept, capacity formula based upon the equilibrium-right-of-way is then developed to estimate the capacity of signalized intersections. The result from this study is of great significance for the development of capacity analysis, particularly for the interrupted flow facilities.

This paper attempts to explore the potential capacity of right turn movement when there are conflicts between right turn vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles at signalized intersections. In order to take this impact into account in the capacity estimation, it is necessary to assume that all pedestrians and bicycles observe the traffic regulation, which means pedestrians cross intersections only when the pedestrian's signal indication is on. The objective of this study is to quantitatively analyze pedestrians' and bicycles' impacts on the capacity of right-turn vehicle at signalized intersections. New concepts of "pedestrian group" and "equivalent factor of bicycle versus pedestrian (PBF)"were introduced in this paper. The PBF was computed and its value is 1.7. With these concepts, a pedestrian-grouping based model was developed to estimate the potential capacity of right turn movement under green indication. The model was calibrated using the collected data from eight signalized intersections of Beijing and proved robust after hypothetic test.

As the air traffic flow grows, traffic congestion occurs more frequently in airport terminal areas. One way to solve the problem is to build more runways to extend the airport capacity, but it is too expensive. The alternative is to optimize the queue of aircrafts during their departures or arrivals which could reduce total delay and increase airport capacity. In this paper, a novel mathematical model is proposed that depicts a sorting queue of aircrafts operating on multiple runway airports. Furthermore, the particle-swarm-optimization (PSO) method is used to achieve the optimal queuing result. The experimental results show that one could get more reasonable sorting queues compared to First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) models.

The bus stop has an impact on the signalized intersection's traffic flow when it is set up at the upstream of an intersection. Based on the assumption and the analysis of the practical situation, a model of calculating the efficiency of the lane at the upstream of the intersection (which imitates the work theory in physics) is given. This model is a tool which can be used to evaluate the signalized intersection upstream traffic flow quantitatively and intuitively. It gives a method to set the bus stop at the upstream of an intersection by the analysis of the relation between the length from the bus stop to the stop line, as well as the efficiency of the lane at the signalized intersection upstream influenced by the bus stop. The result shows that this model can calculate the efficiency and gives a better location of the bus stop.

The order of the building of many of our urban transportation systems mostly is the construction of the most urgently needed transport subsystems first and then the construction of a comprehensive transportation information platform, thus there must be an inevitable consequence of a heterogeneous data-integration problem in the construction of the comprehensive transportation information platform. In response to the problem above, and in order to solve the heterogeneous data integration problem of the various transport subsystems effectively and provide the basis for the construction of a comprehensive transportation information platform, this paper presents a program, which includes a combination of CORBA framework and the exchange technology of Extensible Markup Language (XML) by using the complementary of the two parts above. By taking the data-transmission and data-interchange of Nanchang vehicle management system and Nanchang traffic accident systems as an example, this paper provides a specific solution.

The 29^th Olympic Games was held in Beijing in 2008. Large number of spectators and tourists were attracted to the Olympic venue area. Providing access to pedestrian around Olympic venue area is a crucial issue. The objective of this paper is to study evaluation processes of pedestrian facilities around Olympic venue area. Comparing three evaluation methods reflects that simulation is the best approach. After comparing several pedestrian traffic simulation packages, Legion Studio is chosen. Based on simulation method, evaluation processes are developed. Pedestrian traffic demand forecast, evaluation period, simulation period, simulation area and other steps are studied in details. As an example, pedestrian traffic around an Olympic gymnasium was simulated. Improvements were recommended and effect was also simulated. Finally, the simulation results were compared to actual pedestrian traffic during the Olympic.

To improve operation efficiency, the signal timing method for bicycle is studied at the intersection with the larger bicycle traffic flow based on the vehicle-bicycle conflict analysis with different flow direction. From the view of an overlap phase, the early end of green time for bicycle traffic flow is demarcated. Taking bicycle traffic flow as the key flow, the critical value is determined and then the signal timing parameters are calculated. Using the signal timing method, the vehicle-bicycle conflict can be lessened and even avoided. The delay of bicycle traffic flow is decreased and operation efficiency of the intersection is increased.

In order to accurately reflect the situation of expressway service, the paper establishes an index system about expressway service on the bases of systematically analyzing the connotation and components of the expressway service system with the principle of feasibility, science, practicability, comparability and combining quality with quantity, and sets up a matter element extension model to evaluate service system. This model describes the degree of expressway service conditions with quantitative value. The application of extension set and correlation functions makes the evaluation more subtle. The example of the model for expressway from Xian to Lin-Tong shows that the model can make the expressway service evaluation with great accuracy, reflect a comprehensive level of the expressway service completely, and is of good maneuverability, feasibility and practicability.

Adverse weather greatly impacts the safety and mobility of freeway network. Timely and accurate weather and traffic management information will provide reference for drivers' options of going out and driving behavior, relying upon Chongqing expressway network, and based on the analysis of the managing requirements of three levels management system, namely Chongqing expressway network center, the regional center and the project center as well as drivers' traveling demand. From various aspects, like management system structure, operation process, classification and ascertainment of road network management, build of road net model, information dissemination decision-making and placing optimization of variable message signs etc, it puts forward the specific objectives of this system of Chongqing expressway network, the system architecture, the level of information dissemination and the message databases, develops an application software and achieves desired performance of its use in actual projects.

Using the National Highway transportation hub system planning of Beijing as the background, and based on the system functions of highway transportation hubs, this article analyzes the different operational requirements to hub systems on primary functions for different users. Basic principles of transport system planning, system theory and control theory will be used on putting forward a program. This program will have multi-level hierarchical control as the oriented control work, feedback control as the auxiliary control work and high quality service as the core. This article establishes an overall model of highway passenger transport hub systems, and a structure model with the organization and management, production and service, communication and information and ancillary service of it. These methods and models can be used as advices to other highway traffic hub systems.

The goal of the research was to study one of the most important effects of first class highway operating efficiency-roadside interference. First Class highway is a special type of road, which is unknown in other countries; they are similar to multi-lane road. In this research, operating speed on First Class highway is analyzed based on the peculiar influencing factor-roadside interference in China. This factor did not exist when the first class highway was built; however with the rapid development of the Chinese economy, the scope of the city is increasing gradually. The surrounding environment of the highway has been changed time to time. So, the roadside interference (such as pedestrians, bicycles, etc.) changes the original function of the highway. In order to collect enough data, the experimental study includes two aspects: subjective and objective method. According to the influencing degree of roadside interference on operation efficiency, the roadside classification is achieved, which can be theoretical reference for First Class highway construction in the future.

Traffic simulation is an effective means for the optimal design of an intersection. However, the foreign simulation software can't be directly applied in China because of the influence of the mixed traffic. So it is necessary to develop the simulation system based on China's traffic characteristics. This paper presented the methods of the design and realization of the simulation optimization system, with an isolated signalized intersection as an example. Through the expert's investigation, the paper summarizes the existent problems and parameters and the expert's schemes of the signalized intersection. Then the knowledge base and the inference engine of the expert's system are designed. Based on the design, the paper realizes this system by writing VB code. It can export the optimized schemes automatically by inputting the intersection parameters. In addition, the system is also an open system which permits the users to add in the rule bases and the scheme collections according to the user's different demands and the changes of the intersection conditions. The research indicates that the system is applicable for the signalized intersection.

As an urban public transport, city railway transportation is far more concerned with its aggressive development in China, especially in recent years. Almost every local government has special interests to own one or more urban railways running across the city, but when they begin to consider the cost of planning, building and operation urban railways, they will find what a black hole they are facing. As a matter of fact, the reasons that result in this situation include two aspects: how to determine the cost and the quantity of the cost. This article will start with the comparison of opinions from different theories about strategy cost, which is the core element of this article, to analysis of the cost of the urban railways. Then different cost drivers in different levels of the life span of urban railway transport will be introduced and how organization structure influences the cost of urban railways will be illustrated by a following mathematical model.

At the present time, the annual rising number of traffic accidents is becoming a serious problem in China. Especially in the metropolitan areas, the expanding population and influx of migrant workers are making the traffic flow more and more complex. This induces the accidents to occur more and more frequently, on the other hand, the accident causes are also more complex. This paper collects the historical statistical accident data in Shanghai, and then builds the accident-road-traffic flow relational database. On the basis, this paper analyzes the traffic accident statistical characters and the relationship between the accident statistical data and the road parameter data with correspondence analysis method. This paper gives also some suggestion on the active safety planning and the passive safety management method. The paper analyzes the contributing factors on the metropolitan traffic accidents, and then gives some advice to the relative administration authorities, which can help for the improvement of urban transportation safety.

This paper presents a general signal control model for roundabout intersections. By studying the characteristics of signal control and vehicle movements occurring at roundabout intersections, the wave theory, along with the HCM2000 delay function, is employed to analyze the features of each part of the vehicle delay, respectively. By setting the objective function and constraints on timing split and phase sequence, the paper proposes a theoretical optimal timing model for roundabout intersections based on the traditional dual ring control pattern. Finally, a case study was provided to illustrate the effect of the model with numerical results indicating that the proposed optimal timing model is capable to produce satisfying timing splits.

Due to the lack of detailed designs for the channelization at widened intersection approaches in Beijing, it is not unusual to encounter a through lane that changes to a left-turn lane without any transition in between. This paper first compares widened intersections in Beijing with America (Austin, TX) by analyzing traffic flow characteristics and actual vehicle tracking. The results show that this type of design more likely confuses drivers and causes unnecessary merging, which in turn deteriorates traffic operations and safety at the intersection. The typical form in Beijing and two design forms of Austin are evaluated using simulation. It is shown in simulation that both of the Austin designs perform better than the existing Beijing design in terms of measures of effectiveness (MOEs), such as delay and queue length. It is noted that intersection approach channelization and lane arrangement should be designed consistent with road condition.

Phase and sequence design is the first step in the signal control of an intersection. Poor phase and sequence design may result in inefficient control strategy. An automatic process is proposed to generate the optimal phase and sequence based on traffic flow, saturation flow and intersection geometry. Considering traffic operation efficiency and safety, the principles and evaluating indexes of phases are discussed and analyzed first. Then the following four issues are discussed in detail. First, symmetry phase and each phase for an entrance are compared in capacity, conflict points, delay, equilibrium of saturation, inter-stage loss and other indexes; second, develop the threshold from permitted to protected left-turn phasing; third, analyze the sequence of the phases which are essentially due to the position of conflict points; and fourth, the calculation and the thresholds of Overlapped phase are discussed. Considering these four issues, the automatic process of phase generating is established.

The paper first illustrates the meaning of division and integration of traffic control sub-zones. Then, it categorizes all the division rules and decides to make the distance+cycle rule as the resort of division rule in the paper. The essay utilizes the cycle rule to select a certain intersection as the critical intersection of a sub-zone. At the same time, it establishes a probing model based on the cycle and generates the sub-zones with the help of the cycle rule. Lastly, the paper simulates the division and integration process based on nine intersections with the VISSIM. After division and integration of sub-zones with the distance+cycle principle, the average queuing length of all nine intersections reduces by 35.8 percent compared to isolated control strategy, and the average delay of those intersections reduces by 41 percent compared to isolated control strategy.

In 2007, the Operation and Scheduling System (OSS) (including freeway incident management) was set in the Ningtong freeways in Jiangsu Province of China. An approach developed to evaluate the benefits of certain incident management system programs (based on the characteristic that toll stations stand in almost every access and entrance and consist of a close and integrate freeway net in China) was proposed. With toll station data (mainly for calculating the incident delay) and incident logs (mainly for inquiring the incident duration), delay saving can be calculated by extending or reducing the incident duration using queuing theory. With this data, the saved fuel cost, amount of emission reduction, reduced travel time, and reduced secondary incidents can be calculated. After almost one year, real incident data after the construction of the OSS program in the Ningtong freeway were tested and a range of benefit-cost ratios from 3.7:1 to 12.7:1 was calculated. This result indicates that the OSS is a cost-effective tool for freeway incident management.

As more and more airports are becoming congested, airport operators and airlines are increasingly turning their attention to connecting rail links in a quest to relieve congestion. This paper classifies air-rail links into shared and dedicated connections according to the service range, but the former shows some limitations in terms of travel time. By analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of air-rail links abroad, we conclude that air-rail links can be an efficient way to address ground transportation problems. In addition, it can be used as an essential tool to increase an airport's catchment area. Finally, with the introduction of the development situations of air-rail links in large-scale domestic airports, the authors argue that it's necessary to specifically analyze characteristics of the ground access, and adopt different rail links concerning the different conditions of airports. And then the possible use of rail links in Xi'an Xianyang International Airport (XIY) is discussed.

With the increase of freeway mileage and vehicle population, traffic volume in rural freeways is growing quickly in recent years in China. In developed areas, traffic volume in rural freeways are approaching capacity and in some cases exceed capacity, hence, lead to frequent incident and heavy traffic congestion, especially on holidays. To mitigate traffic congestion and reduce the impact of traffic incident, it's urgent to improve operation management with advanced technologies. This paper focuses on developing the real-time operation condition assessment method, which is one of the advanced operation management technologies, for rural freeways.. By analyzing traffic flow and incidents data from rural freeways, the state of traffic flow and the grade of incident were determined. Then the state of operation condition was defined considering both the traffic flow and incident characteristics. The real-time operation condition assessment result will provide reference for optimizing operation management strategy, especially during high-volume period.

The inductive control method, of which the time and space distribution characteristics of intersection traffic flow were considered, was put forward to solve the problem. The current static traffic organization and timing control method possessed weak applicability for multi-state characteristic traffic flow. The inductive control was carried out by setting one or more multi-function entrance lanes (MFE) to enhance the efficiency of traffic organization at intersections, by installing vehicle induction coils and dynamic lane electronic guideboards. Traffic flow direction of MFE can be selected according to traffic flow changes in different directions. Certainly, the multi-function entrance lane provides queue space for vehicles to turn left, go straight, or turn right, and also provides priority for buses through the intersection. An example using the new inductive control method was simulated by the PTV traffic simulation software VISSIM, and the result shows that this method can decrease traffic delay and improve service level of intersections.

Reducing Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) of the cruising levels from 12500 meters to 8400 meters is beneficial in increasing air traffic capacity. Implementing RVSM to increase air traffic capacity, which is qualitative with ration analysis, is adopted in the paper. The mathematical model of air traffic capacity in RVSM area is established based on the air traffic control mode of changing the fly level of aircrafts. Genetic algorithm with ant algorithm (GAAA), which is one of Heuristic algorithms, is applied to solve the large-scale combinations issue. Considering actual characteristics of air traffic control, the improved algorithm in this study can reduce the calculation complexity and time. The optimal cruising mode of flight route in RVSM area is established to increase the capacity in RVSM area. In this research, GAAA computer simulation is used to calculate the capacity in an actual RVSM flight route and proved the feasibility and practicality of the algorithm. The conclusion from this study provided an approach to solve the fight route capacity while reducing vertical separation minimum.

The accelerating pace of urban development has given birth to the large-scale transportation pivot, in which abundant traffic is abstracted and congregated. Drivers often have difficulty obtaining reader-friendly available car-parking place information in this area, inversely been confused with complicated layout of car-park and having trouble finding their correct car-parking place when they returned. This paper describes a choice behavioral model based on principal components analysis to survey data. The model was used to determine the demand intensity of different car-parking guidance information, which influences design of the car-parking guidance system. A triple-level sign system was developed for indoor car-parking guidance aims. The procedures were applied to the car-parking guidance system of Hongqiao comprehensive transport hub in Shanghai.

Traffic signal control for pedestrian crossing is an effective measure to improve safety and efficiency of pedestrian crossing. Pedestrian crossing speed at signalized intersections is an important traffic engineering design parameter. Countdown pedestrian signals (CPS) are increasingly being used as a supplementary device of traditional pedestrian signals to improve pedestrian safety in China. This research examined the distribution of pedestrian speed distribution on signalized crosswalk and the impact of CPS on pedestrian crossing speed in Shanghai. The Pedestrian walking speeds during different signal interval displays were analyzed at the two similar characteristics intersections in the same road, one with CPS and the other without CPS. The results revealed that walking speed seems to be following a normal distribution no matter of male, female, older or younger. The average speed of young people is dramatically larger than that of older people, and the average speed of male is slightly larger than that of female. Compared with normal PGF (Pedestrian Green Flashing), CPS change the walking speed distribution of pedestrians and this effect are more dramatically at the last time span of signal change interval.

This study takes the features of mixed traffic flow of China into consideration and puts forward a signal timing method based on the notion of human orientation. Since the object function of this method regards the effect of average passenger delay and the number of average on-board passengers of different traffic modes, the minimum average people delay (APD) was set as optimization objective and the shortest green time was used as constraint function. Besides, the green split in our method is determined by a new parameter PPF, which is the product of the passenger volume rate and flow ratio. A set of solution method was also established to set up the signal timing model. Finally, a typical intersection in Nanjing City was calculated in this new method. The comparison results of this new method to the current field data indicate that the average people delay can be reduced using the signal timing method proposed in this article.

The work zone cost analysis method is an important part of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and plays an important role of correct LCCA costs calculation. Considering that little research has been conducted on the expressway work zone costs model in China, this paper carried out a preliminary research in the field. It first analyzed the important role of the work zone costs at the expressway using LCCA method, and then it analyzed the work zone life-cycle (LCC) costs composition. Related calculation models necessary for analysis of work zone users costs, such as fuel consumption model, user delay costs model and crash costs model and so on were also proposed in this paper.

As a mature foreign micro-simulation tool, VISSIM software is used widely in China. However, the simulation parameters tend to be default or determined empirically when actually applied in studying traffic operations in China. Domestic parameter calibration of traffic simulation models is usually based on urban expressway characteristics which are in general quite different from surface street intersections. Therefore, calibration methods for intersections under the mixed traffic environment are rarely studied. In this paper, an orthogonal experiment is applied to the parameter calibration of VISSIM simulation model at an intersection. We propose the calibration process of calibration target determination, parameter selection, orthogonal design and range analysis to determine the parameters to be used, and a specific calibration method has been studied to verify its applicability, which can prove it is a good method to reduce the number of simulation experiment as well as to improve work efficiency.

It is important for trucking enterprises to arrange truck ownership properly, which may belong to trucking enterprises or drivers. The aim of different arrangements of truck ownership is to reduce the risk of hold-up and moral hazard problems, and then save transaction costs. The attributes of truck and drivers' behavior influence these arrangements based on surveys and statistical analysis. When there is high specificity of driver and truck or asymmetric information in transportation coordination and transportation quality or little asymmetric information in drivers' driving and maintenance behavior, truck enterprises tend to own trucks themselves. Otherwise the ownership of each truck by its driver is better.

In winters, many freeways in Heilongjiang province are affected by snow. Under snow disaster circumstances, many freeways have to be closed down. Under these circumstances, determining how to forecast the traffic volume on highway segments and establish a management strategy is very important. After a lot of field data surveys and data collection, we can forecast the traffic generation volume of freeway junctions based on the Grey Model, and set up a new highway-impedance model under the snow disaster. This is based on statistic and theoretic methods, then distribution of the traffic volume to every highway segment according to dynamic traffic distribution model. Then forecasting the traffic volume on highway segments affected by the snow disaster can be accomplished. This research will provide a theoretical basis for the control and management of the freeway system under snow disaster circumstances in snow affected areas.

The train carried ATP (Automatic Train Protection) system is the main aspect of the ATC (Automatic Train Control) system. While acquiring MA (Moving Authority) information from track side ATP, a train carried ATP analyzes and outputs the speed restriction in real time. When the train speed approaches the speed restriction, ATP will alarm to the driver when the train is over speed. ATP will then brake the train in an emergency. ATP plays such a vital role that it must be fully tested before put into service. A new testing method based on Infinity-Case Methodology and Virtual Instrumentation is proposed to meet test requirements under various conditions. Simulation and field tests imply that the test system is efficient, easy to use and can meet all the test requirements.

Due to the running of high-speed trains and heavy haul trains, the track equipment is damaged more frequently, leading to a threat of running safety. Therefore, how to evaluate the quality, and improve the maintenance of track equipment is scientifically becoming an urgent issue to ensure the transport safety, reliability, and rational allocation of resources. We analyzed the shortage of track by inspection; locomotive cabs also had portable monitor meter detection installed and static checking in data processing and utilization. In the full analysis of their mutually complementary relationship we proposed the track equipment integrated quality evaluation indicator (Track Integration Quality Index) obtained by giving the three indicators, quantified three data, different weights through different grades, and characteristics track testing, then made some recommendations of its calculation method and application. Considering all the data reflecting track quality, Track Integration Quality Index is able to overcome the TQI's one-sidedness and provides an indicator of equipment quality assessment for secondary lines.

Through the BRT operating facilities, operational efficiency, service levels, passenger satisfaction and other indicators, this paper evaluated the operation of Beijing BRT lines and contrasted the regular bus lines with a comparative analysis. A comprehensive summary of Beijing BRT operating experience was concluded. In general, BRT has the merits of running faster, saving travel time, reducing delay, high rate of punctuality, high efficiency, and being environmental friendly and so on. The survey also found that because there are differences in signal priority and line location in the three BRT lines, the running speed, operation time composition, passenger volume, loading ration, passenger satisfaction are different. To solve the BRT existing problems, BRT lines and the regular bus lines must be integrated into the same corridor, with the implementation of adjustment line's location, transfer connections, and setting signal priority. This paper will be useful for Beijing BRT development and provides BRT experience for other cities.

As the main public transportation in major cities, urban rail transit attracts passengers for its size, efficiency, convenience and punctuality. With the rapid development of China's rail transit, the service has put forward higher requirements. According to the basic theory of the service quality and the characteristics of rail transit, this paper establishes an evaluation index system, and then uses evaluation methodology of neural networks to evaluate the passenger satisfaction degree. At last, an experiment was done by MATLAB software to verify the reasonableness of the evaluation model. The results indicate that this workable approach provides a lot of useful information for rail transit departments to understand travelers' demand and modify service quality.

Delay is the critical index which is used for evaluating the signal timing plan of intersection. There are some classic models for calculating delay, such as HCM2000, Webster, ARRB and the synthesis algorithm used for urban comprehensive planning in Shanghai. The methods mentioned above are verified with the delay data surveyed in some intersections in Harbin. The result shows that there is a large difference between the mentioned models and the measured data. Thereby, five parameters model is established with the measured data by SPSS for calculating the delay of intersection which operates in different status. The test values satisfy the condition, which is required in the SPSS, and the correlation coefficients has attained above 98 percent. The built models have been used for evaluating the traffic situations of signal-controlled intersection in Harbin. The results can be accepted by the experts. Whether the built model can be used in other cities needs further research.

"ATM integration" is the new trend for the development of Next-Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS). The main problem of "ATM integration" is information sharing and interaction of the heterogeneous systems. Standardization and formalization of the domain ontologies provide a good solution for the interoperability information system. This article introduces a concept of ontology to the ATM system, and then it creates an ATM domain ontology and analyzes the relationship in the clear expression concepts. Ontology-based systems prove a fundamental solution for the information sharing and integration issues which are faced by the ATM systems integration. In this paper, we illustrate an ontology-based ATM system framework in order to provide a unified set of semantic knowledge for ATM domain. This measure solves the ambiguity problem in understanding and provides technical support for the ATM integration.

With the development of market modernizing and economy globalizing, sharing inner advantages and realizing advantageous situations are important to the economy of a certain region. In Pan-Asian countries, the distribution of resources and technology is unbalanced, as some Asian countries own abundant natural resources without advanced technology, while some countries have developed industry but fewer resources. Therefore, it is more important to share the advantages in Pan-Asian countries. However, this cooperation should not be made at the cost of convenient transportation. To improve the economic and political status of Asia, we will work to reduce the cost and guarantee the security and efficiency of our product. This paper aims to study the sufficiency and necessity of integrated transportation in Asia, and make adjustments accordingly. These countermeasures will play important roles in the economic development of Asia.

This paper discusses the congestion problem on highways and how ramp metering is used to alleviate this problem. It also gives an overview of the reinforcement learning ramp metering (RLRM) without and with complete information. RLRM is an Artificial Intelligence local-feedback control algorithm that adjusts the metering rate to keep the jam density of the on-ramp at a pre-specified level. RLRM uses reinforcement learning regulation to maintain a desired level of traffic density, or the target density, which is usually chosen to be the critical density or jam density. Numerical simulation experiment showed when effective reinforcement learning ramp metering without complete information is completed in the on-ramp section, traffic confusion can be prevented in advance and smooth traffic flow can be provided.

The objective function plays a crucial role in traffic signal control systems. A new method for establishing the objective function is proposed, which uses the relative indices compared with a performance index of classical signal timing such as F-B. A Pareto-optimal front is obtained by solving a multi-objective optimization model with genetic algorithm, and the correlations of performance indices are analyzed. The most representative performance indices are selected as the final sub-objectives of the model. Furthermore, a fuzzy membership function is used to express the decision-maker's preferences on the evaluation indices. Finally, the most satisfactory solution is obtained from the Pareto-optimal solution set. An isolated intersection is calculated as a case study, and the results illustrate that the proposed method expresses the decision-making preference of each objective more intuitively and makes the control target more clearly.

The test conditions for different experimenters of rail steel were analyzed from the point of view on the influenced factors to fatigue crack expansion growth rate. The results show that, to a certain degree, the test conditions (such as test temperature and stress ratio) have certain uniformity. Based on these, the analysis of differences on the fatigue crack growth rates obtained the different experimenters for same rail steel was carried. The distributions characteristic and discrete of these fatigue crack growth rates were obtained. The fatigue crack growth parameters for each rail steel were fitted. Combining the comparison on fatigue crack growth toughness of different kinds of rail steel, the paper determines the suitable for heavy rail and high-speed rail steels. The results show that the 1100 level of online heat-treated steel is suitable for high-speed railway and bainitic steel is suitable for heavy-haul railway. Rail is an important component of railway track structure, which directly bears the enormous pressure from the wheel. Under the condition of enormous pressure, the rail material has a great impact on the performance of the rail use. At present, Because of the wide variety of rail, the problem of how to choose suitable types of rail according to the characteristics of high-speed railway and heavy-haul railway is to be an in-depth study. With the increasing of train speed and axle load, the trend of rail failure is increasing; especially the increasing of rolling contact fatigue cracks (Chen, 2008, Xi, 2005). Rolling contact fatigue cracks propagate transverse cracks, and propagation of transverse cracks decreases the rail area and increases the concentration of stress, which is easily leading to broken rails. The properties of the growth rate of transverse crack have a great impact on the safe use of rails. The paper provides a basis for the selection of rail for the high-speed railway and heavy-haul railway according to their different requirements by analyzing the disparity of the growth rate of transverse cracks for different kinds of rails.

In multi-user container terminals, the berth schedule, in which, the berthing position, the berthing time and the number of the quay cranes are arranged for each ship, is made in advance based on the sailing schedule of the coming ships. However, in practice, the sailing schedule is often disrupted for many reasons, such as bad weather, or the decisions from the ship companies, etc. This kind of disruption will cause the original schedule in corresponding ports to be no longer optimal, simply unfeasible. Thus, the berth scheduling problem with sailing schedule disrupted was addressed in this paper. Initially, the disruptions from the sailing schedule were divided into the three following types: scheduled ships skipping over the port, ships changing their arrival time, and unscheduled ships arriving at the port. Subsequently, based on the theory of disruption management, a recovery model and deviation from the original schedule was established with the performance of the new schedule and the recovery cost considered. To solve the model, a heuristic algorithm based on neighborhood search was proposed; therefore, there were advantages utilized with the original information to formulate a fast solution. To conclude this information examples have been provided to show the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Railway is regarded as a preferred service reducing the increasing urban traffic congestion and restraining urban sprawl as a public transport mode of high capacity, and therefore is widely adopted. Some of the Chinese metropolises have built the rail systems including high-speed rail, intercity rail, conventional rail, metro, light rail, etc. Integrating the coexisting rail systems is necessary to avoid internal competition and to attract new transit riders. The paper applies comparison and analysis to distinguish the suited service targets of each rail. The correlation between the designed travel speed and the station spacing of the popular rails in a metropolis is analyzed also to identify what demand each may meet. While metro and light-rails mainly serve the urban riders, high-speed and intercity rails carry long-trip travel passengers. There is a lack of rail services for medium-trips as the conventional rail cannot satisfy the travel demand in a metropolis if there are no alternatives. The paper draws the conclusion that either improving the present conventional rail or building a new suburban rail to feed the intercity rail or metro is needed for the rail integration. Some of the research results are introduced into the rail plan in Wuxi City.

Along with the development of the general-speed lines, the speed-improving lines and the incoming of the dedicated passenger traffic lines are also growing. The development has resulted in the railway transportation corridor with various types of lines and there are both passenger and freight trains on the general-speed lines. The railway traffic organization and the carrying capacity of the block section are used to determine the labor-division principles of the transportation corridor. Based on the transportation cost, the daily transportation organization and other factors, the optimization model of labor-division in railway transportation corridors was established. According to the railway transportation corridor from Nanning to Baise, the following research was carried out. The overall condition of the passenger dedicated lines and the existing railway as well as the characteristics of the passenger and cargo flow in railway transportation corridors were analyzed. The possibilities of running double stack container trains in the corridor were also analyzed. In the meantime, the running speed and the train running time of the passenger dedicated lines in the corridor were studied. At last, combined with the analysis above, through the comparisons of several labor-division schemes between passengers dedicated lines and the existing railway in different ways, the final labor-division scheme in Nanning-Kunming railway transportation corridor was determined.

With the method of principal components analysis (PCA), this paper establishes the transportation development exponent and economy development exponent successfully, which can represent the historic status, current status and future trends of transportation and economy development respectively. It is feasible to express the relationship of transportation and economy development with the two exponents. In this paper, we choose two principal components to stand for the transportation development exponent: transportation scale and infrastructure facilities. The economy development exponent contains only one principal component. Moreover, the paper makes quantitative analysis of researching the relationship between transportation and economy. As a result, a mathematical model is established to show the quantitative relation between them.

Pedestrian disturbing delay is one of the most important pedestrian Level of Service (LOS) evaluation indexes at intersection. And it is mostly studied by quantitative methods at home and abroad. To meet practical needs of LOS evaluation, qualitative reasoning model was put forward in this paper. First, the structure of qualitative reasoning for disturbing delay was proposed based on mathematical model of pedestrian disturbing delay, and the limited constraint set was analyzed with the finite table causal analysis algorithm. Second, a qualitative and quantitative model of disturbing delay was built by statistical analysis of sample data. Finally, an example was given to show the qualitative value of the pedestrian disturbing delay can be predicted from the flow rate data of vehicles and pedestrians. And the results show that the model proposed in this paper is valid and feasible.

In this paper, a real-time method of traffic status estimation for highways is proposed based on the fuzzy C-mean (FCM) clustering algorithm. By using the exponential smoothing method in data preprocessing, the short-term traffic disturbance is eliminated such that the stability of the results is improved. The method is verified by the data collected by ultrasonic detectors installed on state road 107, Fangshan District of Beijing. Traffic flow and time average speed are selected as classification indicators. The false rate cross-evaluation method is used to evaluate the results of traffic status classification. The evaluation result shows that the method established in this paper is feasible and effective for highway traffic status estimation.

Nonlinear pricing originates from consumer heterogeneity. It can achieve Pareto improvement, and to some extents it can avoid fairness disputes of price discrimination. The authors apply a consumer-parameter model on explaining the use of the non-linear pricing theory in the intercity passenger-dedicated line (PDL). The research shows that the success of using nonlinear pricing in PDL lies in designing prices in accordance with incremental market. Lower prices may reduce enterprise revenue, but also stimulate customer's consumption. Nonlinear pricing can restrain the lower price in incremental market brought by low prices, and thus the original market would not be damaged, finally Pareto improvement can be achieved.

To support the evaluation of road pricing strategies in a network context, this study develops a bi-criterion multi-user class equilibrium (BMUE) model, which aims to capture trip-makers; path choices in response to toll charges, and hence explicitly considers heterogeneous users with different value of time (VOT) preferences in the underlying path choice decision framework. The VOT is represented as a continuously distributed random variable in each user class across the user population, and a variation inequality formulation is established to characterize the solution to the BMUE problem. This study proposes a solution algorithm featuring with a Gauss-Hermite approximation technique to deal with the normally distributed VOT, therefore finding the multi-user class (MUC) path flow patterns. The applicability of the model has been demonstrated for the Dutch national road network to investigate how VOT distributions affect the MUC path flow patterns under the Dutch Kilometer Pricing (KMP) system.

Compare to field traffic evaluation, computer simulation is less time and cost consuming, safer and easier to perform. With the development of parallel computing technologies, microscopic traffic simulation of large-scale road network can be achieved faster. This paper will first study the feasibility of applying microscopic parallel simulation on traffic network. Then, evaluate and compare the algorithm of two parallel traffic simulation systems AIMSUN and TRANSIMS.. Finally suitable method and strategy on the parallel microscopic traffic simulation is recommended.

Adaptive traffic control systems continuously monitor traffic conditions on an arterial and adjust traffic signal timings to accommodate variation in traffic volume and minimize stops and delays. This paper describes currently practical adaptive control systems which have been used in the United States and worldwide, which include Adaptive Control System-Lite (ACS-Lite), Optimization Policies for Adaptive Control (OPAC), Real-Time Hierarchical Optimized Distributed and Effective System (RHODES), Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) and Split Cycle Offset Optimization (SCOOT). The comparisons of the benefits from past experiences, cost and hardware requirements will help the traffic engineers and decision makers a guideline to select the optimized adaptive control system based on research objectives.

Transit Signal Priority (TSP) is an advanced control mechanism to facilitate transit vehicle operations along signalized arterials. In practical application, TSP systems are integrated with coordinated signal control strategies. People take for granted the reduced transit delays through TSP treatments. However, due to conflicts between TSP control schemes and coordinated signal control strategies along signalized arterials, the benefits achieved by transit vehicles may be washed out to some extent. Our recent study for optimizing the South Snohomish Regional Transit Signal Priority (SS-RTSP) system operations found that transit vehicle delays over a signal-coordinated corridor can be lengthened by TSP treatments in some scenarios. A VISSIM-based simulation model is developed to emulate TSP system operations along the SR-99 arterial covering 13 intersections, in the City of Lynnwood, Washington. Various transit operation scenarios under diverse coordinated signal control plans are designed. Theoretical analysis is also provided to formulate the transit travel process. The research findings indicated that to achieve the best operational efficiency, the compatibility between TSP control schemes and signal control coordination should be strengthened to minimize transit disruption to signal coordination.

Among the multitude of hazardous location identification methods proposed in the past, one of the disagreements remaining unresolved is regarding which kind of criterion should be employed to identify the hot spots, the accident number, or the accident reduction potential. Rather than favor either of the criteria, the authors proposed a methodology combining the two criteria to conduct HSID. To improve the identification accuracy, the well accepted empirical Bayesian technique is used to compute the expected accident number and accident reduction potential. In addition, the confidence levels are also adopted to guard against the uncertainties revolving around the estimated values. The methodology was applied to four functional classifications of road sections in Arizona. The results have illustrated the great advantages of this methodology over alternative identification methods.

An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program was conducted with data collected before and after the implementation of the SRTS improvements at thirteen schools in Hillsborough County, Florida. Descriptive Statistics indicate that the students' walking/biking rates and participants' subjective feelings toward walking/biking activity improved significantly at some schools. Those schools with significant increase in walking/biking rates have similar characteristics. The school-level walking/biking rates and associated factors are discussed. A linear regression model is established to estimate the school-level walking/biking rates. Students' walking/biking rates is a function of weighted distance to school, weighted grade level, male student percentage, and average student family size. Other factors not included in the model, such as the walking/biking environments in school areas, are found to play an important role as well. Model calibration results indicate a school flasher sign alone could increase the school-level walking/biking rates by about 3%.

A High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane is typically a retrofitted lane next to the median along urban freeways that is dedicated to high occupancy vehicles with more than one passenger. Due to right-of-way constraints, median barrier and bridge piers may become sight constraints when freeways curve to the left (relative to the direction of travel), so that stopping sight distance would not be satisfied. On the other hand, since an HOV lane is supposed to be operating at a higher level of service than the neighboring mixed-flow lanes, sight constraints may also come from the queued vehicles in the adjacent congested mixed-flow lanes when freeways curve to the right. It is the focus of this paper to demonstrate and evaluate these sight distance constraints and to recommend countermeasures to alleviate or eliminate their impacts, either by reducing design speed, altering horizontal and cross-sectional design, or both.

The traffic operations academy has been conducted in-house at the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for more than 20 years to give junior engineers working knowledge on fundamental traffic operations. In the past two years, the academy was revamped to emphasize the Caltrans system management philosophy, refresh the course material, and most importantly, improve the way it was delivered. The revamped academy was very well received by the students and won an award from management. In this paper, the experience and lessons learned from the revamp of the academy are presented, with special focus on course design and course delivery strategies and tips. It is hoped that such experience will benefit all DOT in-house training programs in other states.

Using design speed as a primary consideration for selecting the speed limit of a freeway has been a common practice since the opening of the first freeway in China about twenty years ago. This practice has been widely questioned and challenged in recent years by the public, freeway operators, and law enforcement. Speed limits solely based on the location specific design speed in many newly completed freeways in the country have been under intensive public scrutiny, particularly at locations where the operating speeds are much higher or lower than the speed limits. One key consideration in establishing speed limit is the operating speed that closely relates to driver behavior, vehicles' mechanic properties, and the design speed. Driver behavior varies greatly by factors including cultural background and stage of economic development. Undoubtedly different social, economic, and cultural environments contribute to significant variation in driver behavior. The methods used by developed countries in speed limit selection may not be suitable, or at least not entirely applicable, to situations in developing countries. Thus, as part of a project sponsored by the Chinese Ministry of Communication, the goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between speed limit and operating speed in different freeway environments. The principal findings from the study are: (a) operating speed is only loosely associated with speed limit, (b) for a given speed limit, the average speed varies greatly depending on the characteristics of the location, (c) standard deviation of operating speed distribution on freeways in China is generally much bigger than on a typical freeway in developed countries, and (d) there are huge speed gaps between small and large vehicles. The last two findings represent a big safety problem for freeway transportation. The combination of speeding and slow running vehicles on freeways significantly lowers freeway capacity, as well. The unique speed characteristics observed by this study prompts a few suggestions on speed limit and speed management.

Signal timing and lane allocation are most important settings at signalized intersections to control the operation. Efficiently operated traffic signals and reasonably designed lane markings can reduce congestion and bring about significant payoffs in time and energy benefits. The design of signal timing plan and lane allocation pattern should be complementary to each other; however, existing research works have been concentrated on signal optimization, and few of them considered the impact of lane allocation pattern. This paper proposed an optimization model for the integration design of signal timing plan and lane allocation pattern at signalized intersections. A Genetic Algorithms (GA) model is developed and validated with the Cube transportation software suites. A fully optimized intersection design, including cycle length, phase durations, phase sequence, permitted movements, lane allocations, and shared movements, can be generated according to the assigned traffic flows and geometric properties at the intersection. A set of constrains are set up to guarantee feasibility of the optimal signal timing plan and lane allocation pattern design.

Dynamic segmentation is an important technique in dynamic analysis, displaying linear features in Geographic Information Systems for transportation (GIS-T) and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). In this paper, the authors present brief surveys of work in dynamic segmentation development, then present a spatial-temporal dynamic segmentation model. In the conceptual model, components of a dynamic segmentation system merge into a temporal factor. The temporal information in the attribute tables is stored as a field, and the temporal maintenance of physical arcs is reconciled by temporal GIS techniques. In the logic model, the relationships between objects in the spatial-temporal dynamic segmentation model are provided, and the necessary attribute fields and operations are defined according to the class diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML). The topologic relations related to the spatial-temporal dynamic segmentation model also are introduced based on the one-dimensional expression of the linear reference system.

In this paper, the structure of a multi-mode urban transport system is fully analyzed and then a super-network model is proposed to describe such a system. Based on analysis of travelers' combined choices, the generalized travel cost functions and the link impedance functions are formulated, where the interferences between different modes on the same road segments are taken into account. On the basis of these, a variational inequality model is proposed to describe equilibrium assignment for multi-mode urban transport system. The corresponding solution algorithm is also presented. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed model and algorithm.

In order to maximize the function of a high-speed railway (HSR), this paper aims to clarify its effects on the modal split within its influence scope and the factors affecting its modal split. The authors in this paper take HSR line between Harbin and Dalian, along with Dalian City, as the research objects. This paper analyzes the potential variation of the accessibility from the main sites in Dalian to other cities in Northeast China on the premise of the opening of the Harbin-Dalian HSR line. It also studies the likely modal split of the different transportation modes. Based on the results, the construction schemes of the transfer facilities along HSR can be formulated. Finally, according to cost-benefit theory, the paper presents a comprehensive evaluation method for optional transfer facilities, which provides a theoretical basis for the policy-makers.

A growing number of cities in China are planning and preparing to construct rail transit projects. Under uncertain conditions, the presence of irreversibility and flexibility in rail transit investment makes its timing option valuable. This paper sets up an option value model based on population scale for evaluating the investment decision-making of rail transit projects in order to ease metropolitan congestion. The model reflects fare differences and rail transit's effect on congestion cost depending on population scale. Furthermore, the influence of uncertainty factors on investment decision-making is analyzed through a case study, which could provide a theoretical basis for government decision-making. Results show the option value increases with the rise in the volatility and growth rate of population and decreases with the increase in the proportion of fare differences to income.

To improve the rationality of road network planning in scenic areas, the paper proposes that the Importance Method should be used to plan backbone road networks in scenic areas. Nodes are selected according to the layout of scenic spots and service stations, the scenic resources, and the reception capability. Then, the nodes are ranked by their importance. Finally, the backbone road network is established with the Minimum Spanning Tree. Then, the local road plans can be completed and a reasonable structure of the road network can be formed. Sun Island, a scenic area of in Harbin City, was taken as an example to illustrate the applicability of the Importance Method in road network planning. The study shows that the Importance Method can be used as a scientific and reasonable method for the backbone road network planning in scenic areas.

An important aspect of traffic planning is organizing and rationally assigning traffic flow. The impedance function can reflect the impact of traffic flow on the impedance of road sections and intersections. The impedance function of the road can be divided into two parts of impedance, section and intersection. Taking the motor vehicle as the research object, on the basis of the BPR prototype function, this paper builds the impedance function model of a city section in connection with the road type on the premise of distinguishing the road class, studies the impedance of left-turn and right-turn vehicle flow in signalized intersections, and sets up an intersection impedance function model based on an exponential function. The influencing factor is calibrated by use of road data for Ningbo city. The results indicate that the impedance function model of the road can better reflect local actual traffic in Ningbo city.

By analyzing the stochastic characteristics of traffic flow at an intersection, and according to the definition of phase clearance reliability (PCR), the quantitative relationship is researched among PCR, cycle length, and green time. Then, a calculation formula of the PCR is deduced from the stochastic of traffic flow. In the end, a simulation example of a two-phase signalized intersection is presented. The results show that the randomness of arrival rate has an obvious effect on traffic signal settings, and a numerical test illustrates the correctness of the model.

Distance headway is one of the important components in car-following theory. The rule of distance headway movement in acceleration & deceleration car-following regimes is described in this paper. Based on the car-following behavior data collected by an instrumented GPS vehicle in real traffic flow, several regression models between distance headway and speed were built. The distance headway — speed model is linear, and the headway — speed model is exponential in acceleration & deceleration car-following regime.

Recently, the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) has attracted many researchers' interests because of its representative data and rich contents. Based on the NGSIM data, this paper calibrates the multi-anticipative car-following models, including multi-anticipative IDM, multi-anticipative FVDM, MHVD model, and MVD model. Before calibration, this article pre-processes the accelerations and velocities since there are several defects in the original data. The calibration of car-following models and multi-anticipative car-following models is grounded on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm; furthermore, the calibration results of car-following models can provide important reference value for researchers, such as the appropriate estimating ranges of model parameters, while the results of calibrating multi-anticipative car-following models not only introduce the parameter estimation ranges but also testify that, in reality, the multi-anticipative models are more suitable and two preceding vehicles can be a better choice.

Pedestrians are not constrained by road networks (for example, lanes, turn restrictions, one-way streets), unlike vehicle drivers. An optimal route for pedestrians might involve many intersections that are difficult to navigate, because they offer more than one alternative to turn left or right or go ahead. This makes it much easier for pedestrians to lose their way, even having turn-by turn-direction assistance. After analyzing related work on the problem, we find there are two aspects that need to be improved. One is that current solutions have high computational time complexity (most of them are O (|V|⁴). The other is that the turn weight/turn unreliability models are either inaccurate or unreasonable. We propose a general solution to both of the aspects to provide a more reliable optimal route for pedestrians. The first part of the solution presents a reliable path algorithm that minimizes the number of complex intersections with turn ambiguities between two locations along a path by giving an improved burning algorithm with its own definition of intersection weight standard. The improved algorithm reduces the regular computational time complexity of the reliable optimal route to O (|V|). The second part of the solution focuses on improving the accuracy of the turn unreliability function by building an improved model based on information entropy. Both parts of the solution can be implemented separately or altogether. Examples are given to demonstrate the solution, and they show that the solution is feasible for better pedestrian navigation services with a more reliable optimal path.

In the course of traffic impact analysis (TIA), confirming the number and location of construction project accesses for vehicles (CPAV) is an important analytical content of the TIA. There is a shortage of efficient methods to design a CPAV. Therefore, based on a characteristics analysis of 686 vehicle accesses from 189 TIA projects in Beijing, 42 survey locations were chosen as study objects for this research. After analysis, headway samples were collected from the 42 locations, a mathematical model was set up to analyze the capacity of the CPAVs, and queuing theory was used to evaluate the level of service (LOS) of the CPAVs. Finally, a systematic analysis methodology is proposed to establish the guidelines for the determination of access location.

Based on the theory of Multinomial Logit Model (ML) and its modeling method, this paper analyzes the factors that influence the travel mode choice of residents, referring to the urban resident trip investigation data of Jinan in 2009, and develops an urban resident travel mode choice model. The results show that there is a stable relationship between travel mode choice and personal characteristics, family characteristics, and trip characteristics. Through the guidance and adjustment of controllable factors, which can affect resident travel mode choice, the purpose of optimizing and adjusting the urban travel mode structure can be achieved.

This paper analyzes the impacts of traffic accidents both on basic freeway sections and merging areas. First, based on hydrodynamic traffic-flow wave theory, a theoretical method is found in order to estimate the special critical points position and corresponding time through analyzing the interactions among traffic-flow waves. Parameters obtained through the method not only reflect the severity of accidents, but also give a theoretical foundation to design an effective and efficient emergency rescue system. Then, the validity and applicability of the method is illustrated through an example.

Based on field data collected in Beijing city, this paper analyzes the running speed and its influencing factors on urban major streets. The base running speed is defined under suggested base conditions and calibrated based on the BPR impedance function. In order to derive actual running speed, the influencing factors of running speed are analyzed, including segment length, and number of lanes, bus stops, pedestrian crossings, and access points. According to the relationships between running speed and its influencing factors, the adjustment factors for base running speed are identified. By modifying base running speed through these adjustment factors, actual running speed can be obtained.

As we know, to predict short-term traffic flow accurately and efficiently is the premise and key of traffic management and control. This paper applies the theory of genetic algorithm into the BP neural network structure, designs an optimization BP neural network predict model with it, and develops the corresponding programs that can be applied to predict short-term traffic flow. Moreover, this paper conducted a predicting experiment with the observation data; the results show that the new model is feasible, reliable, and of some practical value.

In this paper, the relationship between free-flow speed on urban road segments and lane width is analyzed using 2006 data that was collected by video camera and image identification software. Over 9,000 spot vehicle speed data, collected at 9 road segments with similar facilities and traffic conditions but different lane widths in the urban area of Hangzhou, were used to estimate the impact of lane width on vehicle speed. Mean speed and 85th percentile speed increase as the lane widths increase. But the impact on speed variance and adjacent speed difference are different between the mid-block points and near intersection exit points. The lane width near intersection exits does not have an obvious impact on variance, but it has a quadratic impact on adjacent speed difference. However, at the mid-block, both variance of speed and adjacent speed difference increases as the lane width increases.

The objective of this paper is to estimate the capacity of urban expressway work zones. The first part involved data collection and data analysis of five work zone sites. Based on field data, the operational aspects and traffic characteristics were analyzed by using statistical techniques. It is suggested that the capacity of urban expressway work zones is between 1500 veh/h/ln and 1700 veh/h/ln. In the second part, simulation models were developed for different work zone configurations on a bidirectional 8-lane urban expressway. The simulated capacity of 4-to-1, 4-to-2, and 4-to-3 lane closures is 1530 veh/h, 3300 veh/h, and 4850 veh/h, respectively. The results show that average queue length and delay increase, as does the number of closed lanes. Finally, the relationships of average speed, flow, and density were analyzed, and a regression model between average speed and flow under maximum flow conditions was developed.

The paper presents a study of problems about traffic safety and efficiency of highways in perennial permafrost areas. A series surveys were conducted to investigate vehicle speed and traffic composition on the Qinghai-Tibet highway. The data associated traffic compositions and vehicle speeds on different sections were analyzed, and then the running velocity model for different types of vehicles was established using analytic hierarchy process approach. Along with the accident data, the running speed values of the roadways in the perennial permafrost area are helpful to implying traffic safety concerns and exploring new ideas for reducing the traffic accidents.

Highway capacity is the basic standard of highway construction and management. It is defined as the maximum volume of traffic flow through a particular highway section under given traffic conditions, road conditions, and so on. In order to explore the highway capacity model under complicated roadway characteristics, this paper establishes a practical model based on one month of serial data collected from loop detectors at different sites on the expressway in Beijing. On the basis of different road conditions, we classify the expressway into different types. Based on the gap acceptance theory, we establish a model for each kind of road and give the recommended capacity value separately.

Floating cars provide a cost-effective and reliable way to collect traffic data and are particularly suitable for large cities. There are about 10,000 taxies equipped with Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) systems in Beijing, China. Based on the research of traffic flow characteristics of Floating-Car Data (FCD), this paper analyzes the methods for improving the data quality of floating cars in traffic flow time series and studies the FCD pretreatment approach, which includes the discrimination of deficient data, the criteria of abnormal fluctuations, the determination of the minimum sample size, the method of data de-noising, and data recovery. Reliability of the road network and accuracy of short-time travel time predictions can be greatly improved by floating-car original data being pretreated.

Traffic flow models and algorithms for ramp access areas are an indispensable theory of signal metering control, which is an efficient method to control merging traffic flow for busy expressways. In this paper, a traffic flow characteristics analysis of an urban expressway on-ramp and adjacent intersections is studied. Most studies are concerned with uninterrupted traffic flow, primarily on freeways or expressways. Traffic flow for on-ramps and intersections is interrupted, especially when congested. To solve the collaborative difficulties and limitations of a traditional uninterrupted and interrupted traffic flow model, an innovative area traffic flow model is presented, in which the interactions among vehicles, drivers, and the infrastructure are described in a precise mathematical way. The on-ramp traffic state is computed with occupancy and congestion rates, and access traffic flow with intersection lane flow is strong associated with traffic parameters, including volume, capacity, cycle, green split, etc., so as to realize the coordination of ramp metering and intersection signal control. The model is applied to the case of the South Wanping Road on-ramp and the South Wanping Road-South Zhongshan Road intersection. Actual traffic data were collected, and the on-ramp traffic state and the associated characteristics were analyzed. Simulation results show that the method is sufficient in providing an accurate traffic flow analysis. With the optimized ramp metering and intersection control strategy, the test traffic corridor's capacity is improved by 15 percent, and the vehicle delay is decreased by 17 percent.

The study on speed-flow models of arterial roads is very important in traffic flow theory. In this paper, we improved the available models based on studying speed-flow models at the international level. We compared the differences and conducted an experimental study with real data. The main innovations with the comparative analysis include 1) fitting the curves on the basis of an improved HCM model, 2) identifying the identical and different features of different links connecting intersections based on the speed-flow model, and 3) conducting a comparative study of some special characteristics of speed-flow relationship. According to this study, more can be learned about the traffic status of the arterial roads in Beijing, and useful suggestions to improve Beijing's traffic situation are made.

It is known that the work of highway geometric design is very complicated and needs significant calculation. In highway geometric design, the horizontal alignment design of an alternative interchange system is the most difficult step. Artificial design cannot fully meet the various provisions, so there is a need for good design, and the optimal design model of ramp horizontal alignments and an efficient method for reducing design cost and geometric design automation have become particularly important. Based on the genetic algorithm (GA), this research proposes an optimizing model with the trait of searching widely so as to satisfy all constraints in the horizontal alignment design of an alternative interchange. First, by analyzing the basic elements of the ramp horizontal alignment and accumulating the regularity of the basic elements between inflection points, four new ramp element types are defined according to the variation of the curvature radius along the horizontal alignment. Then, after defining the components of the GA, a basic model for solving ramp horizontal alignments is developed. Testing results suggest that the optimal model can determine horizontal layouts of alternative interchanges correctly and efficiently.

Congestion analysis and identification is important in traffic control and the information service field. VISSIM is used in this paper to simulate an urban road network and analyze the correlation of adjacent congestion. First, a simulation environment was built based on VISSIM. Then, the correlation of queue length and travel speed of adjacent roads was analyzed. From the correlation analysis, it is shown that there is causal relationship between adjacent congestions. Congestion occurring on some links is caused by congestion occurring on other links nearby. This condition is called congestion diffusion in this paper. During the simulation, some congestions occurred on adjacent links, but their correlation was weak. This condition is analyzed and is defined as pseudo-congestion diffusion. A method to distinguish pseudo-congestion diffusion from congestion diffusion is put forth.

In order to analyze the traffic conflicts under the circumstance of mixed traffic flow, this paper focuses on shared-use paths used by pedestrians, cyclists, and electric bicycle riders. First, a basic cycle traffic conflict model is put forward to describe cycle passing and meeting events. Second, five typical trails were selected to perform the investigation in Nanjing city in China. Third, we set up an electric bicycles-cycle passing conflict model, a cycle-cycle passing conflict model, a cycle-pedestrian passing conflict model, and a cycle-pedestrian meeting conflict model according to the data collected. Finally, a strength conflict model was built considering the effect of the widths of shared-use paths. The results of a sensitivity analysis showed that the value of all types of traffic conflicts decreased with the increment of the path's width, while cycle-pedestrian passing and meeting strength conflict contributed much more to the total impact than electric bicycle-cycle passing strength conflict and cycle-cycle passing strength conflict in shared-use paths.

In the research of transportation systems, measures from the perspective of networks have been broadly applied, and properties of networks have provided much help for the analysis of transportation systems. However, properties of hierarchy have not been well studied, which is actually a very common and important property. In a hierarchical organization, vertices cluster together in groups, which then join to form groups of groups, and so forth, up through all levels of organization in the network. Here, we conduct research into the hierarchical properties of the transportation network. The analysis is based on a dual approach, in which streets are taken as nodes and intersections are taken as edges. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the hierarchical properties and the result of classification based on road grade. The paper also attempted to discuss the relationship between them.

The objective of this paper is to study the operational characteristics of exclusive double left-turn lanes at signalized intersections. Data for exclusive double left-turn lanes were collected at seven signalized intersections with protected signal phases in Beijing, and the influence of lane usage and u-turning performance on double left-turn operations were analyzed. Results showed that the proportion of lane utilization was 50 percent in both of lanes for a double left-turn and that more heavy vehicles tend to use the outside lane. The observed saturation flows yielded a mean saturation flow of 1665 passenger cars per hour of green per lane (pcu/h/ln) with a saturation flow interval of 1587—1818 pcu/h/ln. Also, the saturation time headway between the inside and outside left-turn lanes were analyzed using independent sample T-tests. It was concluded that there was no significant statistical difference between the outside lane and the inside lane. In order to analyze the effect of u-turning on left-turn saturation flow rates, the concept of u-turning passenger car equivalent (UTPCE) was introduced, and it is revealed that the UTPCE is 1.39. Finally, the u-turning adjustment factor for the left-turn saturation flow rate is developed.

This paper presents results of an exploratory study on building up the car-following model under emergency evacuation situations. A simulated scenario was used to create a driving environment in emergency evacuation conditions, and a questionnaire investigation at the Miriam ECG was used to verify the validity of the driving environment from both the subjective and objective aspects. A BP Neural Network was designed, and a gray-correlation analysis was conducted to determine which factors have more impact on the acceleration of the following car. Acceleration of the following vehicle was set as the mother factors series, and speed of the following vehicle, speed of the leading vehicle, speed difference between vehicles, headway between vehicles, and acceleration of the leading vehicle were set as the sub-factors series. Finally, acceleration of the leading vehicle, speed difference between vehicles, and speed of following vehicle were determined to be the three most important factors. These three factors were selected as input variables. The acceleration of the following car was selected as the output variable. Simulation of the BP Neural Network using data collected from the driving simulator revealed that the BP Neural Network has a high precision in the prediction of the car-following model.

This paper presents some enhancements to the exiting Additive-Conflict-Flow procedure for Two-Way Stop-Controlled intersections. The procedure is modified in such a way that it is simplified and more accurate. With those extensions and modifications, the Additive-Conflict-Flow procedure can directly use microscopic parameters such as critical gaps and following-up times from the gap-acceptance theory. The deviations to the measurements can be reduced.

In this paper, we propose a new path finding model, called the α-reliable mean-excess model, to determine an optimal path with the minimum mean-excess travel time required to meet the user-specified reliability threshold α. The model explicitly considers both reliability and unreliability aspects of travel time variability in the travelers' decision process. It provides a more accurate and complete picture in reflecting travelers' risk preferences under an uncertain environment. The problem is formulated as a stochastic mixed-integer problem and solved by a double-relaxation scheme. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the characteristics of the model as well as the solution algorithm.

The significance of vehicle-type-specific headway studies lies in the application of freeway capacity and safety analysis. However, data reliability plays an important role in the ability to understand the characteristics and microscopic modeling of freeway traffic. This study takes advantage of observation-based video data by using data extracting software VEVID to retrieve reliable vehicle trajectory data. The study focused on uniqueness of vehicle-type-specific headway under specific traffic states, as well as mixed headway. Data examination showed significant differences in vehicle-type-specific headways under average traffic conditions, uncongested flow and congested flow. Headways tend to be minimal in uncongested traffic flow, and maximal in congested traffic flow. In addition, the degree of discreteness by vehicle type headway differs significantly under different traffic conditions. Noticeably, in congested traffic, all types of headways tend to be less than reported in literature review results. In particular, Truck-Car and Truck-Truck headways behave considerably differently when traffic shifts between congested and uncongested conditions. The practical applications of these findings including improvement of microscopic car-following models, traffic state identification and vehicle classification.

A travel time estimation method presented in this study, takes an analytical form with parameters calibrated based on microscopic simulation data. The degree of congestion is defined by ratio of volume over capacity (v/c), aligned with current practice. The developed model is intended to be applied in travel demand models in which future intersection delays due to signal controls are difficult to estimate. The model has three advantages compared to traditional models. First, the model considers the signal effect for a variety of traffic volume combinations without requiring explicit signal data. Second, the model estimates delay for various link length based on delay spatial distribution along a link. Third, the model shows promise of improving accuracy of link travel time compared to existing models. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of the model are comparable to or better than MAPE of uniform delay of the HCM 2000 method.

The critical second-by-second vehicle operations in a simulation model are dictated by microscopic flow theory, or so-called car-following models. The majority of existing driver behavior and car-following data sets which these models are based upon are relatively old, and focus primarily on the following vehicle, not on the lead one. In addition, simulation models typically assume lead vehicles travel at a relatively constant desired speed with small, random acceleration or deceleration changes. The limited study of lead vehicles is surprising because the behavior of lead vehicles is the most fundamental input to the microscopic car-following theories and, therefore, affects accuracy. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study how lead vehicle speed varies along basic uniform roadway segments, with grade and horizontal curvature in the microscopic traffic. The simulation results show that lead vehicle speed will keep constant in any circumstances whether with slope or with grade at all selected road types. The results generated by the traffic microscopic simulation model do not match the proposed hypotheses. The simulation results cannot reflect real lead vehicle dynamics in the real environment.

This paper proposes measurements regarding the performance evaluation indexes of urban public transport based on Intelligent Card (IC) data. The analysis is performed in a 14-day period. In order to calculate the number of station passengers, the data mining techniques are used to process the trade records according to the difference of sequential trade time. The test shows the travel and operations during the peak hours of Beijing subway lines, and the comparison result shows higher intensity during peak hours.

In traditional differential GPS positioning, the vehicle management system is too complex to monitor the user in real-time. Recently a continuous operation of satellite positioning services, a comprehensive system with multiple base stations and network RTK techniques, has become a focus of GPS application development in some foreign countries, such as Japan. Domestic enterprises not only lack qualified personnel who have advanced management training, or have a clear concept of and experience with practical applications of management, but also the lack of a platform to develop these ideas. This paper is based on applications of high a precision dynamic positioning service in the Tangshan City Vehicle Management System, provided by continuous operation of satellite navigation and positioning system reference stations, which consists of a satellite tracking base station, a system control center, data center users, user applications and other parts. Through Internet or wireless networks, we can receive and record GPS carrier phase observation data from CORS data center and from user mobile station, thus achieving real-time differential processing and sending three-dimensional coordinates of the vehicle, speed and precision indicators, and other the necessary information to the user mobile stations.

With the development of Chinese transport industry, vehicle tracking and monitoring become more and more important in logistics and other industries. In practice, the system has several hot issues: GPS positioning accuracy, GPS blind, application of temporal and spatial characteristics of GPS data. This article focuses on improving positioning accuracy of GPS, and takes C/A code pseudo-range observation data as researching object, using broadcast ephemeris of Global satellite navigation systems and quick prediction of ephemeris provided by IGS to achieve real time solution and position of the satellite receiver. The result shows that fast satellite position prediction ephemeris positions are more accurate than broadcast ephemeris. Using rapid ephemeris solution to achieve the location of satellite and vehicle will improve accuracy of position points. It helps to effectively eliminate the vehicle moving disorder appears on map caused by GPS errors and geometric distribution of GPS satellites, and meanwhile satisfy users' requirements on high-precision position, speed measurement and displacement measurement, finally achieves modern managements of logistics, public safety and traffic navigation.

In this paper, the system architecture and operating flow chart are given, in which the data collection by mobile phones, transmission of data to an information center, and the process of obtaining useful results are described in detail. Based on MapInfo and an intelligent map-matching algorithm, an urban traffic data collection and processing software has been developed. Through this software and the joined database, many useful results can be obtained. First, the traffic situations on the road network can be displayed in real time-by different colors. It also has some other functions such as best route choice display, O-D data summary and statistics of trips. At the end of the paper, we include a case study which shows some primary results of this system tested in an area of Chongqing.

This paper proposes a system architecture for a video-based traffic monitoring system to collect traffic flow micro data. The proposed architecture was implemented through a software platform called "VideoTrack". The VideoTrack software platform was developed in Visual C++ 6.0 with OpenCV. After initialization, system frame calibrated the traffic scene. The coordinate transformation was done using the direct linear transformation algorithm. The feature point optical flow tracking algorithm was used to track the motion objects at the traffic scene.. The collected output data such as speed acceleration and the trajectories were analyzed to validate the statistical significance. The experiment results have indicated that the coordinate transformation algorithm is valid, and the object tracking performance is relatively accurate and the proposed system architecture is stable and ready to be implemented in real world situations

Short-term traffic flow forecasting plays a significant role in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Previous research shows that the successful predictability decreases sharply in multiple-steps-ahead prediction due to the fact that freeway traffic state changes abruptly under heterogeneous traffic conditions. This paper proposes a pattern-based forecasting framework that is consistent with the evolution of traffic flow and has the ability to exploit past traffic pattern information in order to enhance predictability. For the purpose of prediction, several historical traffic patterns are developed for each traffic state according to the classified historical traffic data. The future value of traffic flow can be quickly predicted with the real-time traffic data by means of pattern matching techniques to identify the current traffic pattern. Finally, a comparative study on a section of the Third-Loop Freeway, LIULIQIAO, Beijing, indicates that pattern-based forecasting that considers traffic state is more accurate when compared to classical ARIMA models, which only operate under the time series consideration.

The travel speed prediction method proposed in this paper takes advantages of fuzzy inference systems that are insensitive to random noise, robust to uncertainties, and transparent to interpretation. The collected traffic data is pre-processed by removing the outliers based on the density distribution of the raw data. Subsequently, a clustering is performed on the pre-processed data to construct a Gaussian mixture model and this mixture model is then used to identify the parameters for the fuzzy inference system. A comparative evaluation of the proposed prediction method was conducted using the real traffic data. The results indicate that the proposed prediction method gives an improved performance.

An Ad-hoc NETwork consists of several mobile nodes that communicate with each other with no infrastructure. In the Vehicle Ad-hoc NETwork(VANET), moving vehicles are organized into a mobile wireless Ad-hoc NETwork to share online traffic information. VANET is a mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET). However, routing protocols designed for MANET cannot be directly applied to VANET because of the intrinsic characteristics of VANET. One of the most important routing protocols used in Ad-hoc NETwork is AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing). In this paper, we improved AODV based on velocity and direction classification (VDRP). By comparing the velocity and direction of other nodes with those of the local node, VDRP classifies the mobility relationship among the nodes into the following four categories: standing, following, unstable, and worst. Mobility relationship determines the suitable routing strategy that could improve the stability of routing. At the end of the study, we conducted a simulation test. Compared with AODV protocol, data transmitted successfully are 15% more in TCP connection, and time delay is reduced 50% in CBR connection when the account of the nodes is large. Simulation results show that VDRP performs better than AODV protocol in urban road circumstance.

This paper focuses on semi-actuated signal algorithm with the affect of the crossing pedestrian-bicycle groups on left-turn vehicles at two-phase intersections. The paper analyzed the conflict characteristic of left-turn vehicles with pedestrian-bicycle groups, and made good efforts to study gap-acceptance with field data collected in Huairou District of Beijing. According to the balance principle of the left-turn vehicles arriving and departing, the new minimum green interval algorithm model is built, and it is validated with the field test. The minimum green time value result with the new algorithm is bigger than that determined with HCM2000, which means it can make up the lost time of left-turn vehicles for the affects of crossing pedestrian-bicycle groups. As demonstrated in the field study at the intersection of Yingbin Road and Fule Street in Huairou District, the timing plan calculated with the new algorithm adapted to the intersection situations perfectly. The total control delay of the whole intersection decreased 37.8 percentile, and the LOS (Level Of Service) of whole intersection improved from C to B.

Driver fatigue is an important cause of combination-unit traffic crashes and eyes are an important factor to embody driver's fatigue degree. At present, almost all of driver's eyes detecting and tracking systems are based on one camera. Such system of detecting and tracking eyes' features will give very lower accuracy. So a method of driver's eyes detection and tracking system using two cameras is proposed in this paper. It is based on a controllable camera and a fixed camera and the two cameras can communicate through serial port. The main principle is to collect the monitoring video of the cabin through camera A (shoot driver's upper body) at first, then locate the driver's face using rapid image processing algorithm in camera A. After that we control camera B (just shoot driver's face) through serial port according to face position in camera A and make it shoot driver's face all the time. At last, a new method which is based on combined Adaboost algorithm, particle filter and prior knowledge was applied to track driver's eyes in camera B.

In Chinese less populated western regions where road networks are sparse, accidents are prone to occur due to poor road conditions and bad weather conditions. Severe losses of life and property are caused because of delayed accident detection and first-aids. Consequently, it is imperative to improve the traffic safety by adopting advanced modern technologies for traffic incident detection on sparse road networks. This paper proposes a bi-objective optimization model to determine the type and location of detectors with the objectives of maximizing the incident coverage and minimizing the cost. Due to the unique characteristics of road, traffic and accidents, license plate recognition technique (LPRM) is applied to the incidents surveillance for sparse road network. The weighted-sum method and genetic algorithm (GA) are used to solve the proposed bi-objective location model considering the tradeoff between quality and cost of detectors.

Parking Guidance System is an important component of the Intelligent Transportation System. Unoccupied parking space prediction is a crucial technology of the system. So far there have been no reliable prediction methods. Therefore, to predict the future unoccupied parking space of parking lot becomes an important research subject. Based on the chaotic time series forecasting methods of historical data, the paper developed a weighted one-rank local-region method to predict unoccupied parking space. The model was verified with observed data of a Parking Guidance System in Beijing, China. The results show that the prediction model is precise and model has a great practical value.

Easily achieved automatic incident detection (AID) algorithm based on two-dimensional integration was proposed by the analysis of floating car data (FCD) and traffic event data. The wide coverage of FCD was applied to AID of urban expressway to improve the performance of incident detection. The algorithm integrated the change of speed by the standard difference in the temporal dimension and the difference between travel speed on upstream and downstream in the spatial dimension to detect incidents. Then, the algorithm was verified with the FCD and traffic incident data collected from Beijing expressway, with a 87% detector rate (DR) and a 1.86% false alarm rate (FAR), which were extremely close to the average TMC acceptable limits of at least 88% of DR and not more than 1.8% of FAR. Therefore, we could conclude that the FCD based integrated algorithm could meet the basic needs for practical applications.

The selection of Signal Control Plan to improve overall operation of traffic intersection is of great significance. The paper takes Custom Bridge intersection as an example on the basis of statistical analysis about intersection's survey data, sets up six signal control plans using the principles and methods about signal control plan, uses VISSIM for the selection and analysis about the six signal control options in terms of delays and queue length, and then selects the best option. The results showed that the use of VISSIM in the intersection's selection and analysis about the signal control plan not only met the need of the election, but also maximized conservation of resources. It is a practical, convenient and intuitive method.

Traffic control and route guidance are two subsystems of the Intelligence Traffic system. It's of great value to cooperate the management of them. Meanwhile, different cooperative strategies should be established aimed at different traffic situations. This paper proposes a cooperative strategy to solve the problem of traffic congestion in a section by guiding the traffic flow to some other sections as well as transferring the control method in downstream intersections. A simulation on individual traffic control strategy and cooperative strategy in a typical traffic network was developed with Paramics software, respectively. The output of the simulation showed that the total mean delay of the network was reduced when the cooperative strategy is applied. The result demonstrated that the cooperative strategy is practical and useful.

This paper proposes a traffic state estimation model based on FCM-Rough set. This model is a multi-section model. An urban route on the east second ring road of Beijing, China has been selected as the test site. The proposed model has been evaluated with empirical data. Test results show that under certain conditions, the urban expressway traffic state estimation method based on FCM-Rough set is effective. The model can deal with large amounts of data from several sources of detectors. It is able to process and analyze the relevance of the sub-sections and entire section. The model has the lowest identification rate of 95.77% and a highest false identification rate of 0.13%.

This paper presents a driver lane change model that adapts to individuals with different driving behavior. For lane change assistance systems, its acceptance by customers greatly relies on the assistant algorithm which can accurately reflect drivers' individual characteristics. By analyzing the real world vehicle data and drivers' characteristic parameters, such as time to lane change (TTLC), the steering angle and lateral offset were obtained, and consequently a lane change model was proposed. The inputs of the model are the vehicles' current state (e.g. velocity) and drivers' characteristic parameters (e.g. TTLC, lateral offset), and the output is the steering angle. Drivers' individual differences can be demonstrated by the variation of model parameters. Comparing the simulation results to the real world vehicle data indicates that the developed model is able to imitate driver operations during lane changes, and it can be integrated into the control algorithm of the lane change assistance system embodying drivers' characteristics.

This paper introduces the organic computing concept into the study of realtime traffic flow prediction system architecture. It designs the observer and controller's structure in order to achieve the function of observation and control. It also improves the self-x capabilities of the system. According to the real-time collected road network traffic information, the system determines the travel time of different road sections and inputs the analysis of road situations into the traffic guidance system automatically. Real-time dynamic monitoring of all the nodes and tasks running on the nodes which belong to the road information acquisition system is also supported for efficient and intelligent prediction of the traffic flow.

The inconsistency of road network description makes it difficult to integrate dynamic traffic information with GIS information on a website. To solve the problem, this paper introduces a two-phase mapping approach to integrate dynamic traffic information with route planning results on a GIS map via Internet. As an intermediary, a logical structure of road network is built; it is independent of physical road network. Then both dynamic traffic information and GIS information are mapped to the intermediary road network. By using the method, a system is implemented that provides dynamic traffic information on a website for the travelers in Beijing.

This paper presents a dynamic Origin-Destination estimation model for expressway networks. Based on the assumption of travel time normal distribution, the paper extends the dynamic OD estimation model proposed by K. Ashok. The proposed model to estimate dynamic OD matrix doesn't depend on a historic OD matrix. The research employs the Unscented Kalman Filter. The proposed model is evaluated with simulation tests. Numerical analysis with respect to the sensitivity of both input measurement errors and the selection of initial parameters on the estimation results indicate that the proposed model can provide reasonably and stable estimates for real-world applications.

To improve the effects of travel information on the traffic environment, it is of great importance to understand drivers' route choice behavior under the influence of travel information. This paper applies stated preference survey techniques to collect data, and based on these data, a model of drivers' route choice under the impact of travel information is developed by a multinomial logit model (MNL). The objective of the model is to determine the potential interplay among real-time travel time information, socio-demographics of drivers and route choice. From the estimated models and the analysis of the model, it can be discovered that (1) real-time travel information—travel time, travel time variation and the extent of road congestion— has significant effects on drivers' route choice behavior. (2) Drivers pay more attention to travel time information than travel time variation. (3) Among socio-demographics information of drivers, drivers' age, driving experience and gender have considerable correlations with drivers' route choice behavior.

This paper presents the theory of organic combination, which is defined as follows: By the efforts of tens or even hundreds of governments carrying out the urban and rural plans faced to the future consistently, and by the methods of market-oriented development and rural-urban construction, the city utilize almost all the land for construction into a few "points", and then these "points" are combined into only but one whole city supported by truly original public transport with Celerity, Convenience, Cheapness and Comfort. As a result there will be no difference between urban and rural, furthermore, the city will be shared by all the people. The two ways will help to make public transport be 4C (Celerity, Convenience, Cheapness, and Comfort), one is a way out for public passenger transport vehicles keep running and their compartments for pull in / out A station, and the other is a zonal center with a parallel and radial network of road systems.

This paper presents the developing tendency of traffic signal control systems. this paper gives out a long-range distribution traffic signal control system based on the wireless network. System construction and system principles are analyzed. The system construction units are designed. Finally, technologies are explained to support system framework.

A method of vehicle acoustic signal signature recognition based on Karhunen-Loeve transform is proposed. First, the vehicle acoustic signal is preprocessed, and through Karhunen-Loeve transform, the signature of the signal is obtained, and the Eigen-vehicle is built. The sample to be recognized is projected onto the Eigen-vehicle subspace, and the distance between the sample signature and the Eigen-vehicle is calculated. This distance is then used as a basis for signature recognition. The experimental results revealed that the method presented in this paper for vehicle acoustic signal signature recognition is valid, and the recognition accuracy is 92.1 percent on average.

The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel-Bridge is a fully enclosed expressway, which is composed of Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge and Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel. The occurrence of emergency incidents is unpredictable. When an emergency occurs, if no timely or proper emergency action is taken, this may lead to more serious traffic jams or incidents. The issue of how to establish emergency rescue systems to reduce the influence of emergencies through effective and quick handling of emergencies is the main task of road traffic management. Empirical work will be applied in the paper to analyze the emergency rescue system. The main contents of the study include the following: firstly, according to the type, grade, cause and mechanism of the possible events, this paper illustrates how to use emergency rescue systems for quick and correct detection of emergencies; secondly, based on the impact of emergencies, this paper formulates emergency plans for some possible events to coordinate and command internal and external source of the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel-Bridge for quick and correct responses to incidents which have already occurred, and finally, this paper analyzes the modules and the business process of emergency response software.

First, according to a traveler's behavior model, a route diversion model and a queuing model are proposed. Second, a traveler's behavior is contrasted between equipped and unequipped Traveler Information Systems under incident conditions during the peak period. We consider the evolution of queue length on a network with two links network considering an incident bottleneck(Please revise the sentence). Traveler Information Systems impacts(impacts of traveler Information system) are demonstrated which can make the network operate closer to system optimal equilibrium during the incident period. Last, the model is analyzed and validated by a numerical example.

Based on the analysis of Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) probe message process and data characteristics, a link travel time estimation algorithm was proposed. A link is divided into a downstream section and an upstream section in the algorithm. For the downstream section travel time estimation, the associated snapshots generated over the section need to be identified first, then the arrival times at the start and end points of the section can be deduced based on the nearby generated snapshots, the travel time can thus be calculated and averaged over each statistic interval. The upstream section travel time can be estimated by averaging the space speed reflected by all the snapshots generated over the section. Finally, taking a city arterial as a case study network, the algorithm was tested by means of traffic simulation. The results show that, the overall average error percentage is 27.6% when the probe vehicle penetration rate is 1% but drastically decreased to 12.5% when the penetration rate reaches 5%. The average error percentage can be further decreased in a certain level to 8.2% when the penetration rate increased to 10%.

China is a developing country, has a large population and its vulnerable transportation groups are a large proportion of the population. Paying attention to solving such transportation issues is advantageous in creating a harmonious society. This study is based on the analysis of the characteristics of vulnerable groups, analyzed and compared with the traditional solutions and using ITS technology solution using AHP. Finally, we offer China's urban development model for the harmonious development of urban transportation for vulnerable groups.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performs poorly in high bit error rate wireless channel because of the assumption that packets loss is always a sign of congestion. An improved scheme for optimizing TCP wireless transmission rate of the vehicle terminals based on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is proposed, including fast determination of the root cause in data packet loss, network congestion or wireless code errors and the corresponding retransmission plan in the case of high code error rate in the link layer. By conducting experiments with Network Simulator (NS2) and numerical simulation, we conclude that with the application of this optimized scheme, the data transmission rate between the Control Center and the vehicle terminals can be effectively increased.

To monitor operating state of vehicles in real-time during transportation of hazardous material, remote monitoring platform software for transportation vehicle of hazardous material was developed by using the development tools of Visual Basic and SQL Database. With the technologies of GPRS, GPS and GIS, operating state information of vehicles collected with vehicle-mounted monitoring terminal was sent to the monitoring platform running on server. By comparing the two data transmission protocols in GPRS network, TCP/IP was finally selected as the vehicle communication protocol. Therefore the bi-directional communication between remote monitoring platform and vehicle-mounted monitoring terminal was implemented. Field tests verified that the remote monitoring platform software can monitor vehicle location and real-time transport status. Furthermore, the results showed that this new platform is a practical application in engineering.

Aiming to the fatigue life prediction of Body-In-White(abbreviated as BIW), taking the road surface measured acceleration power spectral density as an input excitation, the correlations between the load spectrum were analyzed, the frequency response characteristics of BIW was obtained by modal method. According to the frequency response analysis, fatigue life of BIW was computed using fatigue accumulation damage theory, measure improvements of weak area were proposed. On this basis, the sensitivity level on load to the fatigue life, the effects of surface smoothness of material and treatment methods on fatigue life were studied, the results of which had a certain referential value to the optimal design in structure of BIW.

This paper presents the possibility that the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellite receives the shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS) signal operating on the Very High Frequency (VHF) spectrum. The factors influencing the AIS signal transmission are investigated, including the atmospheric refraction, the free space loss, the ionospheric polarization mismatch, and the atmospheric attenuation. The result demonstrates that, under the given assumptions, around 48% of the AIS transmitting lobe is able to overcome both refractions of the tropospheric and the ionospheric, and propagate into the outer space. The signal power received increases with the angle of ship's elevation but decreases as the orbit altitude rises. The satellite below 800km has the possibility of receiving approximate 80% of the shipborne AIS signal with the system link margin more than 10 dBm.

In order to carry out the national public transportation priority strategy, the urban public transport information platform (UPTIP) is constructed to meet the needs of urban public transport operating companies, industry administrations and urban residents. The status of urban transportation information system and the demand of associated platform are analyzed firstly. The systematic target, main function and structure, as well as the processing system of data acquisition, treatment and expansion are then proposed. Further, to analyze the base public application systems in the platform, detailed analysis is provided through the related systems, which contain public enterprise operating management system, data acquisition and traffic analysis system, transit travel information service system, transit integrated emergency response system and public transport video surveillance system. Ideas and methods are provided for restructuring the urban public transformation information and improving the level of services of urban public transport system information.

In order to further solve the problem of traffic jams in cities, this paper regards the single-point urban road intersection as the research object. Combining traffic characteristics and operation characteristics of left-turning traffic flow in China's urban road signal intersections, we established a road blocking function model of left-turning vehicles which is suitable to the condition of China 's urban road signal intersections. This model would turn the delay time of turning left through the intersection into the delay time to wait and the delay time of passage, and the delay time of the passage was divided into the delay time of green and yellow light passage. In the course of the study, we changed the time-division method of dynamic random traffic for the static random traffic. Then, we used the Erlanger distribution separately to calculate the average headway of the left-turning vehicles, and would standardize the headway allowed and headway refused. Next, we integrated and devised the delay time, and discussed a variety of situations of the left-turning during the delay time. Finally, we used different road resistance calculation algorithms about vehicles in different situations, and achieved good results.