Traffic and Transportation Studies (2000)

Speed limits are necessary to ensure mobility of highway users while preserving highway safety. Setting a speed limit is an important public policy decision that must take into account a variety of factors including safety, economic productivity, energy, and environment. The paper presents a review of pertinent issues related to possible changes in speed limits with particular reference to the United States.

Transport network users frequently have to make route choices in the presence of uncertainty about route costs. Uncertainty about costs differs fundamentally from variation in cost perception, since uncertainty requires network users to have a strategy toward risk. The conventional approach to risk assignment is to associate a disutility with the standard deviation of cost by adding the standard deviation multiplied by an appropriate factor to the cost function for the link or route. However, this requires the specification of the cost distribution, which is more information than most network users possess. An alternative approach will be presented whereby the network user "plays through" all the possible eventualities before selecting his best route, on the assumption that "what might go wrong will go wrong". This is formulated as a n+m person, zero sum, non-cooperative game, where n players are network users who seek their best routes and m players are OD-specific demons who set out to penalise the network users as much as possible. The mixed strategy Nash equilibrium of this problem is shown to describe a risk averse traffic assignment. A simple solution procedure will be presented, along with an illustrative example.

In this paper, a simulating experimental system of technological process at marshalling station is developed using the distributed interactive architecture. The virtual environment of technological process at marshalling station can be constructed. The virtual reality technology is applied to make the simulating environment more vivid. This simulation system can be used for the training of marshalling station technicians and. for the experimental teaching of transportation.

The People's Republic of China, where the total land area is about 9,600 thousands square kilometers and the population exceeds 1.2 billion, has tremendous potential for development. In spite of the financial crisis greatly affecting East Asian countries, the annual GDP growth rate of China has shown remarkable figures However, to sustain her long and steady development, it is inevitable to enhance the social infrastructure and to invest a huge amount of money on it. Especially, the transportation is one of the most fundamental infrastructures, without which well-balanced nationwide development could not be achieved. In view of the vast land area and the huge population of China, the amount of the necessary investment could be very large although the resource for the investment is, as a matter of course, not limitless. In this context, to execute an elaborate socioeconomic assessment on each infrastructure project is crucially important, although it is not easy to do so especially on a large-scale project such as the ‘Development of the Western Area'. The main purpose of this paper is to stress the necessity of the socioeconomic assessment and of the intensive studies on the problems of the assessment, but not to elaborate the methodology of the assessment.

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with about 6200 people per square kilometre. Over the next decade, the population will further increase by 1.2 million to more than 8 million. Newly developed areas in the New Territories will see the fastest population growth. This rapid population build-up will require a quantum jump in the provision of public transport to meet the demand of Hong Kong's highly mobile population, who make a total of 13 million passenger trips a day. It was against this background that the plan for a mass transit railway linking Urban Kowloon and North West New Territories was conceived in 1994. After strategy development, feasibility studies, drawing up proposals, technical studies, and detailed design, the Executive Council of the HKSAR gave the final authorisation in September 1998 for the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCR) to proceed with the construction of West Rail.

We consider the value of a statistical life (VSL) at risk in interurban road accidents for car users. We use a stated preference (SP) experiment involving three variables: travel time, toll charge and accident in a medium distance route choice context. Apart from the SP exercise, respondents answered an accident risk perception questionnaire loosely based on the work of Jones-Lee and colleagues. The data was subject to a thorough set of consistency tests, including departures from the linear compensatory hypothesis (i.e. lexicographic and non-linear compensatory individuals). The paper discusses the results of several classes of SP route choice models involving risk. These allow to infer subjective values of time (SVT) and willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates for reductions in accident risk, which allow to derive VSL for the highway under consideration. The SVT values are compared with values obtained previously in the country in order to check respondents understanding of the SP experiment. Our results indicate that use of transferred values from the USA is not recommended as these are significantly different from our estimates.

Speeding has been widely recognized around the world as a major cause of road accidents and fatalities. As a result, speed limits are imposed in many countries to control the speed of vehicles. One of the widely used speed enforcement methods is the speed camera that may be fixed permanently or temporarily at locations assigned as speed camera areas. Despite their widespread use, the effect of speed cameras on road safety has received relatively little attention in the literature. Using data from 24 speed camera zones in Christchurch, New Zealand, this paper compares the accident rates of these sites before and after the establishment of these speed camera zones with the corresponding rates of non-camera sites in the same city.

The realization of sustainable development is a new challenge faced by traffic system. This paper analyzes the present situation and problems existed of Chinese transport system. From the viewpoint of sustainable development, the authors put forward a new kind of framework for the development of transportation, esp. its requirement and reflection in urban traffic system. As a concrete mode and application of traffic sustainable development. As a concrete mode and application of traffic sustainable development, the paper introduces the developing history and status-quo of Chinese clean automotive, states its roles of improving traffic environmental pollution and balancing traffic energy consumption structure. As the conclusion of the paper, the authors present the suggestions of policy and counter-measures that government departments should take to promote the development of Chinese clean automotive.

Based on data from German sources the usage of generalized linear models for analyzing kilometrage and accident data is motivated, demonstrated and discussed in this paper.

To analyze the road safety with on-street establishing objects on streets, the pedestrian behaviors to avoid the danger are described through survey of road situation. A relevant model is constructed, by using the concept that pedestrian's behaviors are responses to the level of danger by external situations compared with a safe threshold by internal property when person and automobile pass each other.

This paper discusses the situation in transportation safety of China and difficulties that the railway faced. A series of measures, such as strengthen safety foundation, better interface management between operational and facilities departments, adoption of safety equipment, taken by the Ministry of Railway in the past a few years and safety problems appeared in the environment are well analyzed in this paper. At last, a general framework for China railway transportation safety security system towards 21^st century is advanced and some practical suggestions related to railway safety management are put forward.

Driver behaviour and high speed are constantly advised as the greatest causes of road accidents, as annually referred from ACI-ISTAT statistics (Automobile Club of Italy and National Institute of Statistics). Therefore it is necessary to deepen our knowledge on these two accident factors in order to formulate objectively quantitative evaluations on road safety. It'll be possible to realize rigid measures to obtain a reduction in the accident rate without penalizing more transport acts. These quantitative evaluations will affect road design in the future. Accidents caused from skidding between wheels and pavement are very frequent with low traffic flow: possible consequences are bumps against other vehicles or obstacles to the margins of the road (e. g. crash barrier, retaining or gallery walls) and run off road. Accidents due to hazardous maneuvers (overtaking), and accidents on crossing start when traffic flow increases (medium flow). In high flow conditions accidents caused by sudden vehicles deceleration (stop and go) or by poor visibility conditions. Therefore it's reasonable to give some responsibility to road environment (e.g. road layout, road width, visibility distances, pavement state, road sign). Accident survey has been developed collecting ACI-ISTAT statistics integrated with ANAS (Italian Roads Organization) traffic data. It must be pointed out that certain roads sections have a higher accident rate. It is possible to define true speed for a single vehicle reasonably for an undivided and two-way country road with low traffic conditions and control of geometric road characteristics. By the knowledge of speed and a direct study on accident reports compiled by Traffic Police, it has been possible to explain high accident rate due to road geometry.

In a newly developed system, a video camera is adopted as a road traffic accident scene data capturing and recording tool. The computer vision and photogrammetric principle and technologies are used. According to the analyses on relationship of a point in the world coordinate and its image in the lens coordinate, a fundamental photogrammetric model is deduced. The photogrammetric model is optimized and an efficient calculation algorithm is programmed to achieve high measurement accuracy. This technique presents an efficient non-destructive method for a wide range measurement. The main method to survey the road traffic accident scene is still with ruler and camera in the world nowadays. However, this method can't meet the need of modern survey condition, especially used in the highway accident measurement. In order to solve this problem, a new system is developed by the authors with the video camera as data capture tool. The photogrammetry and computer vision techniques are integrated in this system. The system can meet the requirement of the practical measurement, increase the data collection efficiency and decrease the accident processing time.

Concept learning and statistical pattern recognition applied in the domain of traffic accident liability judgement, this paper introduces the Intellectualized Liability Judgement Model (ILJM) into analyzing the relationships between the accident parties' fault action and the liability grade. On such basis, the theoretical framework of the intelligent support system of traffic accident liability judgement is proposed.

The safety planning problem would be considered in terms of cost-effectiveness with budget constraints. The basic concept is to choose the proper intersection improved as a profitable traffic safety management. The accurate estimation for traffic accident as well as the efficient technique of solving the problem should be proposed. Firstly, the neural network (NN) is applied to describe the non-linear relationship between traffic accidents and the physical factors. Secondly, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is recommended to obtain the solutions more efficiently. As the problem includes the nonlinear objective function with NN estimation process, the GA technique has the advantages to solve the problems. The numerical example is given to show the performance of the approach.

The safety analysis of railway traffic system is presented in this paper. Fuzzy fault tree technique has been adopted in safety analysis. The main traffic accidents—top events of fault trees—have been analyzed down to the level of human errors and hardware failures. In the fuzzy fault-tree model, the possibility of failure, i.e. a fuzzy set defined in probability space, is proposed to replace the probability of failures. The maximum possibility of railway traffic system failure is determined from the possibility of failure of each unit within the system according to the extension principle. An example is given to illustrate the method.

In this research, 358 subjects were selected to study the correlation between the dynamic vision and the safety of train drivers. The result shows that the dynamic vision is significantly different, while the static one is similar. Being an essential index to train driver, the safe limit value of dynamic vision should be no less than 0.5. Furthermore, the evaluation and measurement on vision is put forward in the paper. Additionally, another emphasis is how to determine the detection method and the evaluation system of the dynamic visual ability, when it corresponds to railway transportation safety management regulation.

This paper explores the technical and institutional barriers that exist on the rail link between Xinjiang and the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union. This rail line, opened in 1992, links China with Kazakhstan via Urumqi through the Alashankou Pass. This was to be the completion of the final link in the new "Chinese land bridge from Lianyungang on the eastern coast of China to western Europe markets. This "modern silk road" was to reduce transit times by half and costs by 20% compared with existing sea routes. However, many of the policies of the participating railways have been directed more towards national self-interests rather than promoting increased operational efficiency and regional cooperation..The goal of an efficient and competitive rail route across China, from the perspective of users, has not yet been achieved. However, there are actions that can be taken which would improve the route's competitiveness as well as create more favorable conditions for economic development along the line of the railway. This paper evaluates the existing condition and institutional constraints for this Chinese "land bridge" route and describes needed actions that could transform this railway route into a strongly competitive land bridge railway line across China. Work undertaken during the course of research for this paper has been funded by the Asian Development Bank; part of their Technical Assistance for Regional Economic Cooperation in Central Asia.

On the basis of the analysis of the influencing factors of overall arrangement about container freight station(CFS), the paper chooses the Fuzzy objective function C-compartmentalized clustering method to study the clustering problem of overall arrangement of CFS, establish the mathematics model and discuss its algorithm and give an example of clustering analysis about CFS.

The classes of railway out-of-gauge limits are an important basis for out-of-gauge goods transport organizing. In accordance with the railway existing problems in classifying out-of-gauge limits, this paper analyses the factors affecting on classification of out-of-gauge limits in a systematic way, and puts forward the classifying principle and classifying purpose of the out-of-gauge limits. Based on the structure gauge and the minimal distance between lines for railway standard gauge, as well as the conditions of train through the single tracks structure gauge and trains safely meet in double tracks section, a mathematical model for classifying the classes of out-of-gauge limits is originally presented. It plays an important theoretical and actual role to make good use of the existed railway resources of the gauge and quicken the organization of out-of-gauge goods, especially for the increased speed train.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the railway industry of the United States has achieved great economic success through the process of deregulation of the transportation industry. The paper will first discuss the condition of the US railway industry prior to deregulation, the factors that led first to strong regulation and the crisis, which necessitated deregulation. The paper will then discuss the US railway industry since deregulation. The paper will then make a logical case for deregulation in China and discuss a concept for gradual change.

After the advanced train control systems (e.g. ATP, ATC) have been introduced in Chinese railway, how to determine the maximum operating speeds matched between passenger and freight trains and relative coefficients, theoretically and practically instead of by rough estimate, becomes very important for the mixed operations in China. This paper expounds the quantitative relation among the major coefficients of speed deceleration process, such as the maximum operating speed, the stage numbers divided, and the corresponding speed. And based on it, this paper models the calculation of the optimal matching speed of passenger and freight trains with various stage-control methods in mixed operations, presents a algorithm for the solution and justifies it with a practical example.

Despite its 70 years of experience, Iranian Islamic Republic Railway (IIRR) plays a minute role in Iran transportation market by 13% in tonnage and 25% in ton-kilometer. The important question IIRR is facing with is that whether this low participation share is due to lack of investment in this industry or inappropriate utilization and inefficient practicing of existing facilities. This paper tries to come up with an answer for said question by using a liner programming model to optimize the utilization of the existing facilities and analyze the importance of the decisions now IIRR is facing with and give some comments on due course.

This paper reviews a variety of traffic assignment models, including static, dynamic, system optimization, and user equilibrium models. Model characteristics are introduced, and the strengths and shortcomings of the models are discussed. The potential for application within ITS is also considered.

With the trade's globalization, the international multi-modal transport has developed very fast. Under the open-door policy, Chinese economy has been growing very rapidly and the demand for the multi-modal transport has been increasing. This requires Chinese railway to take some measures in multi-modal transportation. Although making great progress in multi-modal transport, there're still many problems for railway. On the basis of collected data, the paper deeply analyzes the causes of these problems and puts forward the solutions to them.

Railway executives face the challenge of risk mitigation in rail transport projects on a daily basis. As private participation in railway projects increases, owners and prospective franchisees and concessionaires need to find new ways to mitigate risks In this paper we will highlight some of the changes in the nature of risk management in transportation projects. Then we will focus on the tools Mercer applies to the topic of demand forecasting using an example of a new commuter rail service. Finally we will provide more details that describe ridership and revenue guarantees and how they can be used to encourage participation by private operators.

The market demand forecasting of railway transportation product plays an important role in railway marketing, which is important to enlarge railway transportation market share, and strengthen market competition ability. This paper discusses the forecasting models of transportation demand, volume distribution and product market share of railway transportation.

In this paper, according to passenger O-D flows and taking convenience of passenger travel for the objective, we use mathematics model of maximum matching of weighted bigraph to describe passenger train plan, and acquire an optimum solution of the problem by computer. Then caly adjust some train routes, to make loading of every train line to be equilibrium and reduce the waste of carrying capacity, we would get a satisfying passenger train plan.

The background and origin of optimization problem for operation organizing in railway hub are analyzed, optimization objective and modeling parameters are discussed. The operation process of through traffics, classifying traffics and local traffics in the hub, and different handling ways for these traffics in building model are considered comprehensively in this paper. And a nonlinear 0–1 programming model that based on capacity resource constraints is constructed. According to the characteristics of NP-hard problem, Genetic Algorithms is used to solve the model, and a numerical example is tested on a real railway hub in China.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight selected multimodal/intermodal transport practices that are reflected in supranational, national, and state transport policies, plans, and programs in Western Europe, Latin America, and the United States. There is great diversity in the ways in which various levels of government in different regions of the world have responded to the dynamics of trade liberalization and increasingly competitive markets in the provision of multimodal/intermodal transportation infrastructure and services. And there is much to be learned from understanding what others are doing, how they are doing it, and why.

In recent years, the statistics show that the turnaround time of wagons becomes longer and longer in China railway transportation. The turnaround time of 1998 is 45.4% higher than that of 1987, and the forward speed of freight transport is very slow. According to our investigations and analyses, we concluded that the time that influenced the speed of freight transport is mainly consumed at the freight stations and transfer stations. This part of time makes up the major percentage, about 60% of the whole cargo ship time, and the travel time only makes up less than 40%. This paper analyzes factors influencing the turnaround time and the speed in detail, and finds out some main factors, and some suggestions and strategies are proposes.

Large-scale housing development has dominated new urban development in Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) and created sprawl development following a fast growing business and economic activities within this area. Whilst supply of transport infrastructure as well as public transport services takes a slow path to response due to the scarce public funds and poor private involvement. Imbalance between supply and demand in turn then creates a widening gap of services with an implication to lowering urban mobility due to more congested road network, particularly radial roads, and lack of penetration by public transport services to new developments. The absence of obligations for new development to share in providing mobility's needs likely contributes to the escalation of the problems. This paper presents some facts and findings of a preliminary investigation of a research with an objective to investigate possible planning obligations of new development in providing share of mobility. The expected outcome of the research is to propose an evaluation framework of new development to deal with mobility problems in JMA.

This paper discusses the importance and feasibility on railway's merging into modern logistics and accelerating its development. It is based on the analysis of the development trend of modern logistics and the urgency in developing modern logistics in China, and then puts forward some suggestions on how to develop modern logistics in Chinese railway.

The engineering motivations, goals, implementation techniques and schemes for constructing the integrated network management system for Railway Transportation Network are proposed in this paper. We suggest that two technical routes are implemented together, that is, network management system will be built both based on the information model and the data interface.

This paper proposes a method by which the Emme/2 (INRO Consultants, Canada,) transportation modelling package and a goal programming model can be used to produce a set of fully described transit lines on a general transport network. The process seeks the solution set which offers the best compromise in satisfying the needs and wants of transit users, operators, and local authorities.

This paper analyzes the changes of transportation requirement character in the network age. We put forward the cyber-marketing as the conformity between the character of computer network and the course of transportation marketing. After that, we discuss the cyber-marketing management model of the railway, suggest building the outside information service system facing the society. We also discuss the structure and the function of this service system as well as the suggestion in point.

This paper presents a modeling tool to evaluate the impact of different operating strategies for internal transport in a container terminal. This type of movements may be divided into three stages: load/unload, containers' movement, and containers' storage; different types of vehicles are used to handle a container from the wharf to the storage yard. An analytical model based on queuing theory was developed, which incorporates technical attributes, such as number of yard tractors, queue configuration, speed, cranes' configuration and speed, and terminal layout. The model allows the estimation of the terminal efficiency as a function of the container transference capacity of each element of the system and variations in any of the above mentioned technical attributes.

Efficient railway management requires up-to-date and locally relevant decision support tools. In this paper, a primary integration method using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is proposed. The results show that GIS can be used effectively to approach complex problems for the management of railway infrastructure. The potential benefits obtained will be significant.

This paper presents simulation models of train and shunting operation in railway station, which can construct a virtual station control environment toghter with the layout data of station and the interlocking module. Including trains, engines and vehicles, it provides a simulator of railway station basic operation for not only staff training but also related research works.

This paper aims to propose a method which can evaluate the capacity of a sightseeing area. At first, we defined the capacity as the maximum level of visitors which can be guaranteed a suitable sightseeing activity. Secondly, an evaluation method to estimate the capacity of a sightseeing site is proposed. This method is based on the stochastic user equilibrium assignment simulation technique with elastic destination choice because a traveler may change his destination and route according to the congestion level en route and at his original destination site. Finally, this method is applied to the Aso area and its applicability is examined.

Taking the construction of Kaifeng-Luoyang Expressway as an example, this article expounds principles of land scarcity, management and restriction of constructive land, gross plowland homeostasis, and sustainable land use and management. In the course of survey and design, the design of the route, cross bridge and tunnel should be compared with the amount of plough of being used. The selection of source of earth and field are important processions in the saving and improving of land. Using coal-ash as road base and reducing thickness of clay coat can decrease ploughland occupation and pollution. We put forward three modes of earth taking which were applied in the dune hillock, alluvial plain and loess hill. The keys were discussed in the article that gathering earth combined land triming, exploiting and replowland with amending middle-low yield farmland. After research and practice, 683 ha of plow land about 52 percent of the whole land, was saved amended and exploited, This project showed very significant economical, social and ecological benefits.

A pavement performance prediction model is established and the corresponding maintenance analysis method, economic assessment and optimal analysis are researched in this paper. Nanjing Airport Freeway has only two years history data. The Markov prediction model that needs small amount of test data is adopted, and the concept transfer matrix of Markov model is determined by subjective experience. The improved excellent-inferior coefficient method is presented which simplifies the mathematical deduce of excellent-inferior coefficient method and utilizes fully the expert's knowledge, the error is reduced and the maintenance decision obtained is more reasonable. The computer aided maintenance decision system of Nanjing Airport Freeway Pavement Management has been developed. The system can perform intelligently to treat and analyze the maintenance and rehabilitation of pavement. The system establishes the databases of the freeway information, evaluates the pavement performance automatically and recommends the maintenance scheme using expert knowledge. The system has strong applicability and has been highly praised by peers.

The use and misuse of the entropy maximization principle in the traffic sciences is demonstrated.

Moving automatic block is a new train operation technology for high density of traffic with modern communication and computer technology. The paper introduces the basic principle of Moving Automatic Block System (MAS). The minimum headway and the carrying capacity are discussed in the section where MAS is adopted. Some conclusions are drawn as the results of computer-simulated experiments.

On the basis of the inspection of 10 modernized marshalling yards that were performed modernization reconstruction during recent years, this article analyzes the safe coupling rates of cars and the errors of retarder's speed control systems. The article also summarizes the operation effectiveness of modernization reconstruction, problems unresolved. Finally, suggestions for further improvements are given.

In this paper we discuss the method of searching for the cuts for sensitivity analysis to quantitatively analyze the effects that various transportation demand management (TDM) have on the road network capacity. The method based on the Incremental Assignment Simulation technique is applied to large road network in Sapporo City. The sensitivity analysis for various TDM alternatives are made on the basis of the proposed inter-area sensitivity cut matrix.

The paper analyses the architecture of information engineering for China railway. It explains interrelationship of systems in the architecture and designs the components of each system.

Based on the macroeconomics non-Walrasian equilibrium principle, the regulation mechanism for travel market is studied, and the existence of disequilibrium is shown in this paper. According to the market behavior regulation principle, a price-quantity regulation principle is incorporated into the traditional traffic assignment problem by introducing the quantity signal into user trip behavior decision. Based on the price-quantity principle, a new model, non-Walrasian equilibrium price-quantity regulation traffic assignment model, is established.

It is important in travel behaviour analysis to construct precise activity based models. A knowledge based-approach using fuzzy logic has been applied to create an advanced model combined with a stochastic approach. The advantage of the hybrid model will be discussed. The application of the model to modal choice problems is described in this paper.

The problem of a fixed routes location with restricted conditions is very important in service of transport plan. This paper presents an improved quasi-physical model of location. The following object function is established mas F (x,y)=σⁿ_i=lgi(x,y) ☆ Vi =σⁿ_i=l Vi over 1 + σ^m_j=l (Di over d^ij)^k This model is more reasonable and more variable than former model. It can solve the situation when there exist more than one existing location. It supplies scientific foundation for the location decision.

The traffic estimates from short counts may contain a great deal of uncertainty due to the inherent traffic temporal variations. Short traffic count conducted in different seasons may result in different error values. There is no adjustment mechanism for truck type and axle weight variations in existing traffic monitoring systems. If pavements are designed based on traffic estimates from short counts, premature failures or over-design may result. This paper analyzes the impact of short traffic counts from different months on traffic loading estimates for pavement design. 48-hour vehicle classification counts from Saskatchewan highways are analyzed and ADT (average daily traffic), TP (truck percentage), and CM (content of the largest multi-trailer truck) are identified as significant parameters correlated to traffic loading ESAL (equivalent single axle load) per day. Short count samples of the three parameters are generated from continuous AVC (automated vehicle classifiers) counts to analyze the errors of short counts. For each parameter, the errors of two 48-hour counts from different months are found to be significantly lower than one count. The combined parameter error ranking for each month combination shows which month combination will provide short counts with smaller errors for the traffic parameters. Engineers should select proper time to conduct short counts. Certain flexibility can be exercised in design standard application and performance prediction.

This paper analyzes the situation of railway freight express transportation (FED), and discusses the mechanism of railway FET marketing, and the identification and creation of FET market with many examples of railway transport marketing. At last the strategies and measures of FET marketing operation have been brought forward to enhance and enlarge the quotient of FET market for railway.

A capacity model is established in this paper based on analyzing the variational law of following time and the impact of random properties on spacing. Through a comparison of the flow-speed curve of the improved capacity model and the classic models, the previous model is proved to coincide with the reality better than the classic ones. After analyzing the influences of maximum following time and the standard deviation of speed on capacity via the improved capacity model, some real issues are explained. This proves that the improved capacity model is reasonable and applied in some degree.

Optimization of land use development plan is important particularly in condition of heavy concentration of urban population such as in Hong Kong. With the growth of population in Hong Kong, there is a need to develop some new residential areas continuously and to decentralize population in the outlying areas such as the satellite towns and/or new towns. The land use planning consists of identifying and selecting potential development areas to meet the expected land requirements. The optimal land use development problem relates to the allocation of population with optimal objective function value. In this case the land production cost includes formation of new areas, construction of public works infrastructure, and provision of other utility services. The optimal land use development plan is chosen from a large number of potential development areas and potential population allocation. This problem can be formulated as a 0–1 programming problem mathematically. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to solve the 0–1 programming problem in which some new land use plans are identified in Hong Kong so as to minimise the total development and transportation cost. It is the first work to apply genetic algorithm for land use problem in practice. The developed model will advance this subject and help the authorities decide which new residential areas should be considered for detailed investigation. The Hong Kong 2006 planning data is used for case study.

After analyzing the present conditions of urban transit in China and the existing problems, with a consideration of the successful experience of the development of urban transport in western countries, the author presents the development strategy of urban rail transit in China.

This paper explores the problem of determining the optimal bus frequency and associated timetable on a single bus route. Bus riders are assumed to differ as to the time at which they want to travel. Each rider selects the bus for which his/her schedule delay cost (the cost of traveling earlier or later than desired) is smallest. The transit planner minimizes the sum of travellers' costs and the cost of the bus fleet. An analytical solution to the optimal number of buses and timetable is derived for the case of a uniform distribution of desired travel times. A numerical solution is then obtained for a nonuniform distribution and compared with the analytical solution.

Guangzhou is one of the most important cities in southern China and has made rapid progress in transport and traffic development over the past years. Many traffic problems, however, are also existing with large-scale urban transport construction and have been exerting great effects on people's normal lives. Liuhua, one of the districts in Guangzhou with lots of transport infrastructures spreading there without restraint, is the worst as far as traffic conditions are concerned in Guangzhou and municipal leaders have made up their minds to deal with those serious problems these two years. We were delegated by transport bureau of Guangzhou and responsible for the improvement scheme design early 1999. This paper firstly introduces the fundamental conditions in Liuhua and then proposes the key factors which have been obstructing the improvement of traffic conditions. The improvement scheme involving cross-intersection design, capacity analysis of signalized intersection and roundabout, traffic management infrastructures and public transit modification is then proposed based on traffic engineering analysis and principle. The design of improvement scheme takes advantage of system analysis methods and the results show their potential application in urban traffic engineering. Guangzhou has adopted the improvement scheme on May 1999.

First the concept of Compact City is discussed, and an index for representing urban compact level is defined in terms of commuting distance. Then a land-use and transportation model, which can analyze the effect of job location on urban compact level, is developed based on GIS. Finally, job location pattern, which can realize a desirable compact city, is found with the model.

To cut down car trips in rush hours, a social P&BR (Park and Bus Ride) experiment has been adopted in Kofu, Japan. During the experiment days, a set of Stated Preference (SP) data and Experiment Day (ED) data are obtained. SP data is frequently used to estimate a model of traffic demand. However, it is considered that there are some biases in SP data, and it works on the results estimated. In this paper, we propose a combined model with ED data and SP data for decreasing the effect of biases. The result of a case study and a sensitivity analysis indicates that the combined model has higher precision than a SP model, and is stable against the change of explanatory variables.

In this paper, three development scenarios of Macau are given and the external transport demand under the three scenarios is estimated firstly. Then, external transport planning of Macau is proposed according to the prediction results. Finally, evaluation is given for different scenarios from the viewpoint of external transport.

This paper examines the impacts of staggered work shifts program on peak-period travel in Seien metropolitan area in Japan. The paper begins with an introduction to TDM measures and their practices in Japan, and then describes the results of surveys conducted in 1995. This is followed by an incremental traffic assignment for the morning perk-period under the staggered work shifts program. The paper concludes that the peak-period traffic volume in this area can be reduced marginally by the proposed staggered work shifts program.

In this paper, a combined bilevel model of urban land-use and transportation network design is formulated. In the bilevel model, the upper model is an optimal combined problem of land-use and network design, which is used to describe the decision activity of supply side; the lower model is a user-equilibrium model, which is used to represent user activity. An algorithm for the model based on sensitivity analysis is also presented, and an example is given to illustrate the model and algorithm proposed.

As one kind of public transit, the role of bus is very important in solving the urban traffic problems such as traffic congestion, urban air pollution and low traffic efficiency. The purpose of setting up bus lane is to keep bus from various external disruptions and bring its effect into play thoroughly. However, bus lane will become less effective if a large numbers of automobiles running in adjacent lane intervene into it. This paper attempts to study the mechanism of automobile behavior intervening into bus lane and discuss its impacts on bus running. It may provide a significant base for the reasonable bus lane planning and the flexible traffic regulations adoption of using bus lane.

Based on Hiroshima NTS (New Transit System) SP data, this paper build a model to estimate and forecast shares of travel modes when part of the alternatives set is not available. The IIA property of MNL model is testified not holding, continuous utilization of that model will generate bias. So, a PCL (Paired Combinatorial Logit) model in consideration of similarity between choice alternatives is applied to relax the IIA property. The difference between MNL and PCL model is compared and analyzed, showing the significance of introducing similarity parameter between alternatives. This paper also presents a method to calculate shares of travel modes with similarity parameter of PCL model when lacking some of alternatives, which result is satisfying.

Based on the new hypothesis, this paper puts forwards the optimization model of urban transit operations. The new objective function of the model is to minimize the sum of user and operator cost. It is a function of many decision variables such as arrival time, departure time and headway etc. This paper proposes a new method to optimize those parameters using generic algorithms. Finally, the methods mentioned above are applied to the actual urban transit operations of two public transportation routes in Changchun City.

Traffic congestion in many cities around the world has reached gridlock resulting in the loss of millions of dollars in lost production and time. It is a consequence of limited road capacity and the peak travel phenomena. Traditional responses have focused on adding more capacity and traffic management. However in recent years, authorities have recognized the need to look at the issue from a holistic perspective such as systematic land use planning, investments in efficient public transport and introduction of road user charges (or road pricing). This study addresses the impact of road pricing on travel behavior and in particular its impacts on trip departure time, route and mode choice. The study concludes that substitution will occur as long as there are non-priced roads. Traffic congestion will spillover into the other parts of the road network thus spreading externalities which were at first limited to congested highways. There were relatively few drivers who switched departure times. Even fewer switched to public transport. The study concludes by focusing on the introduction of flexible work schedules, decentralizing employment centers and the use of technology to reduce the need for travel.

Relying on real-time network traffic detection and traffic simulation technology, an advanced and comprehensive laboratory for ITS applications is in plan in Shenzhen. It will be integrated with a true testing area in the city, where it will be engaged to improve the quality of not only real traffic movement but also the whole traffic system from planning to administration. This paper introduces the background and aims of the project. Its ultimate plan is discussed accordingly. Now the project is at its first stage, which has defined explicate contents and is presented in detail. The project will provide a sound condition for both R&D and practical use of ITS technology in Shenzhen and for China.

The start point of the paper is requirement of sustainable development. Under the premise of satisfying demand from society, population and economy development according to the State Council's requirement that is to control the total volume of emission in whole country in B.C.2000 as the same level of that in 1995's, the urban passenger transit structure in Beijing must be adjusted and new conclusion that satisfies the requirement are drawn in this paper.

Hossain developed a traffic simulation model ‘MIXNETSIM' (Mixed traffic network simulation) which can simulate the traffic operations on urban networks of developing cities. Also, the model has been calibrated and validated for Dhaka City traffic situation. However, the model as it is, is not capable of simulating the particular bus operations (e.g. bus stop/start, bus lane and bus priority, etc.). It is, therefore, decided to extend the model in order to be able to simulate the bus operation in details. Such extended model can be used as a tool for studying the bus operations under mixed traffic conditions of developing cities such as Dhaka. The results of the model application will be presented in this paper which will illustrate the way in which the following factors may influence the operation of bus and other road vehicles under mixed traffic conditions: Bus frequencies, variations of traffic demands, locations of the bus stoppage and use of exclusive bus lanes.

Most of the existing OD estimators are not suited for crowded highway network. This paper puts forward the capacity limited method, which takes the interaction between volume and capacity into account in the estimating of OD matrix. An example shows estimate OD matrix with capacity limited method can get more accurate result than without it.

This paper describes the application of the two-moments method and Monte Carlo simulation for analyzing investment risk in port infrastructure development. Advantages and limitations of applying these methods analysis when project costs and revenues are function of random variables. Using the Port of Colombo development project in Sri Lanka as an example, the use of two methods for making decisions about investment option and exploratory.

This paper analyses the existing traffic problems in Guangzhou city and the main reasons of traffic congestion, the challenges to be faced by the city in terms of the urban transport in the 21^st century, and presents the measures of traffic demand management (TDM) in Guangzhou in the 21^st century with the consideration of the limitation of the road resources and based on the characteristics of the urban traffic demand.

In Lombardy in the last ten years, public subsidies to bus companies have increased, while the market share and quality of public transport have declined. Lombardy Region initiated a reform of public local transport to improve the effectiveness of the public transport through competition and economic incentives. The reform calls for tenders for a network divided into areas. In this paper a methodology developed to support the grantor both in the choice of the areas and the management of the tenders is described.

Whether the public are informed accurately and timely about the transit information and served punctually and comfortably is an important factor to attract more passengers and therefore alleviate the serious traffic problems nowadays. Based on an intensive study of information collection, database structure, data process and information dissemination, this paper develops multimedia real-time interactive traveler information systems. Specifically, the system architecture is defined and the key implementation methods such as data framework and path planning algorithm are designed.

The purpose of this study is to develop a household location and transportation behavior integrated model based on stochastic user equilibrium and describe its theoretical framework. The model can estimate commuter's private trip on workday, non-worker's shopping trip, household location demand by house types, and land price endogenously.

This article is a brief research report based on network planning of urban high rail transit in Guangzhou. It is the first professional and systematic research in our country. After one year's research and practice, a series of new opinions, new theories, new methods and new ideas have been found out about character, guideline, content, research method, control scale, structure level, function analysis, traffic prediction, evaluation system and implementation planning of network planning and so on. The network planning in conformity with urban comprehensive planning has established important basis for urban advancement and continuous development of high rail transit. Urban high rail transit with the characteristic of popular, large capacity and special railway is the main public transport in big cities. At the same time, it's also the large basic project of urban construction. So, urban high rail transit is very important in urban comprehensive planning and will lead the development trend of urban construction and planning. As a special planning in urban comprehensive planning, network planning of urban high rail transit (simply called "network" below) is a "professional, systematic, scientific and creative" network planning. Before now, no network planning like this has been made in any cities. It's our pleasure to edit and finish "network planning" on schedule and obtain great praise from professors. We found out a series of new opinions, new theories, new methods and new ideas through one year's research and practice. Being a new exploitation in the field of urban high rail transit in our country, we hope to ask for advice to improve network planning.

First of all, we discuss the present state of information technology and the necessity and specialty of assessment for information system. Moreover we describe the constitutional principle of MDHGF, which is the Meta-synthesis of improved Delphi, analytic Hierarchy process, Grey interconnect degree and Fuzzy comprehensive evaluating. And then, we propose the arithmetic step of MDHGF. At the end of the paper, we give a practical example for Appraising sub-project of TMIS.

In this paper, using some mathematical properties of the maximal bandwidth problem, an analytical formalization in close form expressing travel time and average delay as functions of maximal bandwidth variables has been found out. A calculation procedure has also been carried out and numerical examples are presented. The results exhibit a more than satisfactory efficiency of the procedure which, interestingly, can be extended to more general problems, like global network optimization.

The forecast of dynamic traffic flow is the precondition and essence of the assignment of the dynamic traffic flow and is also a key issue of the intelligent transportation. Based on the analysis and study of the forecasting models adopted currently by some experts, we offer the model of fuzzy neutral network to forecast the dynamic traffic volume. This model will get over many deficiencies of the other forecasting models.

The assignment problem of the multiple origin-destination stochastic system optimal dynamical traffic network flow is considered. The optimal model of problem is set up. The model is simplified by the way of mathematics analysis. Under the condition of the optimal flow, the special properties of the simplified model of the link of the dynamical traffic network flow of stochastic system are analyzed by using the Lagrangian condition and the batch scheduling theory presented by Xianwei Zhou. Finally, the batch parallel routing algorithm with polynomial time is designed by using the batch scheduling and the model's special properties.

This study is concerned with establishing procedures to estimate hourly proportions of daily volumes that can be used to estimate hourly volumes for each hour of the day for freeway links of interest. The variations in the hourly proportions by hour, day of week and month are investigated. The results of the procedures are sets of estimated hourly proportions for each Automatic Traffic Recorder (ATR) station on freeways in the State of Connecticut. The hourly volumes estimated using these hourly proportions are expected to be more accurate, since the hourly proportions are specific to day of week and month, as well as location.

ITS (intelligent transport systems) is considered very important for solving present urban traffic problem such as traffic congestion, traffic environment, traffic accident, etc. Traffic information service also is an important part to ITS and traveller's route choice. The method which use state space model and AR (auto-regressive) model will be applied to forecast traffic flow and route travel time service at future time in this paper. Traffic flow and route travel time will be dynamically forecasted on real time by these models on the basis of observed traffic flow in time series. Firstly, state space model and AR model will be established with observed traffic flow on urban expressway network. Secondly, models will be also used to forecast traffic flow and route travel time on urban expressway network. Finally, forecast results will be given and analyzed in this paper.

Pedestrian timing has always been one of the major issues while developing signal timing plans for coordinated signal systems. There are two alternative treatments on pedestrian timings: timing based on pedestrian minimums where the required pedestrian crossing times are accommodated in the signal phase splits, and timing based on vehicle minimums where the phase splits are determined only based on vehicle demand. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the various effects of the two pedestrian treatment alternatives through a case study. Various timing strategies were identified to minimize the negative effect while timing based on pedestrian minimums. These timing strategies include the appropriate setting of offsets, the effective use of side street phasing, and the use of maximum recall. It was found that although timing based on vehicle minimums can generally result in a shorter system cycle length, timing based on pedestrian minimums can normally achieve the same operational efficiency. The most significant advantage of timing based on pedestrian minimums is that the signal system will always remain in coordination. The only drawback of timing based on pedestrian minimums is the likely use of longer cycle length. It is recommended that timing based on pedestrian minimum technique should be applied when longer cycle length is required for the system, and medium to high level pedestrian crossing activities exist.

Kinematics is applied to studying the traffic flow in the car-following theory. But the theory can't describe the overtaking phenomenon. To solve this problem, a new approach based on dynamics and kinematics is presented in this paper. The approach adopts a spring to describe the characteristics of the acceleration and deceleration of the following vehicle under the known condition of front vehicle moving. When the distance between the front vehicle and following vehicle is greater than the balance distance of the spring, the acceleration behavior is considered as the spring extension. Contrarily, when the distance is less than the balance distance, the deceleration behavior is considered as the spring compression. Upon the analogy, a dynamics-kinematics model for mixed vehicle flow is developed. Finally, the only model parameter, spring coefficient, is calibrated by some surveyed data.

In this paper, several exiting methods of travel time estimation are analyzed. An isoparametric ratio travel time prediction model is formulated by using Kalman Filtering theory. The model can predict the travel time by using detected traffic volume on the basic link in the urban transportation networks. Since the traffic patterns are rather similar in the same weekdays of two consecutive weeks, the state vectors in the model are assumed stationary with respect to weekday. The travel time is predicted with the estimation of the ratio of travel times in two weekdays of two consecutive weeks. The model is validated with detected data collected in Changchun City. The results show that the new model is promising for practical application.

Traffic flow forecasting is an important element of Traffic Guidance System and other components of ITS. This paper proposes a method for urban traffic flow prediction, which takes advantage of High-order Generalized Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms. The test results show them to.be efficient when used in a test case of China.

A detailed analyses of transit speed profiles, acceleration and deceleration profiles, stopping and congestion delays for local and express service during peak and off-peak periods is performed based on conducted field surveys in Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA). Transit travel times were found as a function of number and locations of stops, stopping time and frequencies, traffic congestion, drivers unusual behavior on en route and bus stops, period of operation, and the interactions between slow moving motorized and non-motorized vehicles. Drivers' extreme irregular stopping behavior in peak and off-peak periods increases vehicle travel time, in-vehicle riding time and passenger waiting time, and traffic congestion around bus stops. So, transit performance could be remarkably enhanced by introducing specific route and time schedule and stopping schedule as per demand in peak and off-peak periods for varieties of transit services.

Based on the relative relationships between the traffic volumes of intersections, we do main-component analysis to the intersections with detectors and create main-factors. Then we utilize these main-factors to predict the traffic volume of non-detector intersections and the results are examined by the traffic volume data of the road network of Changchun City. The problem of the traffic volume prediction of non-detector intersections is studied in this paper, the obtain result can be widely used in urban traffic flow guidance in intersections where has no enough detectors equipped. Some theoretical basis for macroscopic management is also provided by this method.

Several methods are proposed for investigating the complex traffic flow. However, the dynamics of vehicle and the driver's characteristic, which are important factor for the traffic flow analysis, are not considered enough so far. This paper describes a new concept for simulating complex traffic flow by multiple agents. The agents are considered as a kind of artificial life (A-Life) and they behave based on their own knowledge independently. Drivers, vehicles, roads and traffic environment, which are essential elements in our simulation, are defined as the agents. The vehicle agent combined with a driver agent works based on driver's region of sight and their own characteristics. The road agent communicates with the vehicle agent responding velocity, position of the vehicle. The effectiveness of our new method for modeling the traffic flow is shown by simulation study.

Traffic signals have been used in many countries and found to be one of the most effective ways to resolve conflicting traffic movements. Conventional methods for the calculation of signal settings use stage-based specification of timings and assume the traffic demand is time-stationary. With the advent of microprocessor controller technology, a higher degree of flexibility for the specification of signal settings becomes possible by using a group-based representation of signal timings. In this paper, the original TRANSYT traffic model is modified to deal with the problem of time-varying demand. This time-dependent TRANSYT traffic model employs a newly calibrated set of sheared formulae for queues and delays, based on group-based signal specification. This opens the ways of extending the traffic model for solving the time-dependent signal setting problem in road networks for area traffic control. The performance index evaluated from the time-dependent TRANSYT traffic model is compared with the results obtained from a microscopic simulation model NETSIM.

The traffic flow on freeways is described traditionally with help of three parameters: space-mean speed v, time-mean traffic flow rate q, and space-mean traffic density k. The functional relationship between these three parameters is called Fundamental Diagram. The three parameters can in general be determined by measurements. These three parameters are associated by the fundamental relationship q = v · k with each other. Accordingly, the Fundamental Diagram is then defined clearly, if a function is defined between two of the three parameters. The Fundamental Diagram is featured by the following parameters: desire speed V₀, maximum jam density k_max, maximum traffic flow rate q_max (=capacity C), and optimal density k_opt that is corresponding to q_max. The relationship between traffic density k, traffic flow rate q, and speed v — represented in the q-v Diagram — forms the elementary Knowledge for dimensioning of freeways and rural highways. The traffic flow rate q(k) attainable at a given traffic density k serves as a measure of quality of the traffic. However, one in general employs during the analysis of the traffic quality the k-v relationship since this functional relationship is monotonously falling here. The speed v decreases continuously with the increase in traffic density k. As an example, a measured k-v relationship (on German freeway A43) is represented at the left side in Figure 1.

The synchronized flow of Kerner and Rehborn tends to cover a two-dimensional region in the flow/density plane, and is therefore incompatible with the classical kinematic-wave model. It is shown that nonetheless the three states of synchronized flow described by Kerner and Rehborn are compatible with a diffusively corrected kinematic-wave model.

Based on the train and station state driving, a new AI algorithm for train regulation is proposed. In this paper the train regulation is described as the sorting optimization for delayed trains. The process body, moving body and instruction body are used to drive the train and station state so that the demand of train regulation for timeliness and optimization is satisfied. With the solution provided and the intelligent system for train regulation is developed, an optimization model for train regulation is set up.

In this paper, based on the principle of decomposition-coordination for large scale systems, a new method called bilevel fuzzy control for urban traffic is proposed. Computer simulations show that the results obtained using this method are better than those of the actuated control method.

This paper deals with the combined problem of assignment and control and presents comparative tests between conventional and non conventional signal control policies to allow an evaluation of traffic management methods. Under some assumptions on the control phase, analytical expressions of green splits are determined. By means of the implementation of two well known problem formulations, network performances results are illustrated. In the corresponding algorithms signal approach capacity constraint is implicitly applied for avoiding both analytical troubles in the computation of green splits and not supply feasible solutions.

The short-term forecast of traffic flow is the foundation of a successful control and route guidance in intelligent transport systems (ITS). Many attempts on the forecast methods have been done in recent years. The effort of this paper focus on the short-term predictability of traffic flow what determines whether the same or similar methods applied in middle or long term forecast is also effective to short term. After the relation among the predictability, self-similarity and fractal is explained in the paper, an approach to verify the existence of self-similarity in traffic system based on the state space reconstruction is proposed and a practical example on this method is given.

Community severance is identified as an environmental factor in road planning and development. It has two components: the static severance of the road infrastructure as a barrier to the community; and dynamic severance to pedestrians induced by the flow of vehicles along the road, which is rarely quantified and frequently ignored in road planning and traffic engineering practice. In this paper, the concept of community severance is being explored and enhanced. The nature of these impacts, along with assessment methods, is addressed for both components. Methods of assessment of dynamic severance have been intensively reviewed. Particular attention is drawn on the dynamic severance that impedes pedestrian movements. The studies and analyses reported here focus on the fundamental traffic flow as a dynamic barrier on major urban arterial roads. Using pedestrian delay as an indicator has quantified the effect of dynamic severance.

The uncertainty of traffic flow is the essential, unavoidable and difficult problem not only for traffic flow theory but also for traffic control and traffic route guidance. In this paper, the viewpoint for uncertainty will be provided firstly, and the uncertainty is classified into two types: subjective uncertainty and objective uncertainty. The objective uncertainty is distinguished from substantive uncertainty and non-substantive uncertainty. The micro-simulation systems involve in reflecting the substantive uncertainty of traffic flow process. The mathematical framework of the treatment for traffic flow process with consideration of uncertainty is presented. The structure of a developed micro-simulation system called "Reliable Assistant of Study on ITS, RASITS" in which the substantive uncertainty of traffic flow process is considered is given.

The paper investigates routing control issues for a simple freeway network. With the aid of the simulation tool METANET, feedback routing controllers of bang-bang, P, PI, and LQI types are designed and tested. The influence of various factors such as compliance rate, demands, OD, control interval length, and incidents is carefully investigated. Simulation results indicate that feedback routing controllers based on the real-time measurement of instantaneous travel times can efficiently equalize experienced travel times along the alternative routes within the network. Furthermore, the feedback routing controllers work robustly in many perturbed situations.

This paper tries to investigate the relationships between traffic flow, travel speed and density in the scenario of Automated Highway System. The mathematical models proposed demonstrate that traffic flow will increase monotonically as travel speed increases. In this sense, we do not necessarily trade off between capacity and level of service during the operation of freeway. Therefore the investment efficiency of freeway would be significant.

In this paper we present an analysis of the determinants of Spanish maritime imports and exports, in the context of Spain's integration into the European Union and taking into account the modifications that this has meant for its international trade. We have applied the Johansen and Juselius multivariate techniques of cointegration in order to examine the relationship, in the long-run, between maritime exports and imports and diverse macroeconomic variables. We also highlight the significant explanatory power of the prices of maritime transport services, whose elasticity increases in time after the period of Spain's accession to the E.U. Following this we applied the new techniques of cointegration of Shin, obtaining similar results to the previous ones. Finally, we have specified, taking into account the simultaneity of the exports and imports in the short-run, a dynamic model for both functions.

In this paper, the fuzzy integration method of synthetic evaluation for traffic and transportation systems is introduced, and consequently, the usable area of the integration method in synthetic evaluation is extended.

This paper addresses the problem of proposing a new simulation model based on train flows to describe the operations in railyards. The model accurately reflects the coordination conditions of cars flow variation, yards devices (hump, tracks and engines) and management methods in railyards. On the basis of the model and developed simulation software, the influence of increasing speed of passenger trains on a real yards freight operations has been evaluated based on history data of 1993, 1997 and forecasting data of 2002. The simulation results show that our simulation method provides more accurate and feasible ways to analyze the new changed operations and capacity of railyards.

In this paper a tolls and transit frequencies optimization problem has been reduced to a specific equivalent equilibrium assignment problem and its local solution conditions have been stated. A specific fixed-point approach algorithm has also been devised, introducing a hyper-network consisting of a multi-modal transportation network combined with a specific investment network. Based on a test network, a numerical example concerning different scenarios is presented, exhibiting encouraging results.

The paper addresses a laboratory tool for urban traffic management studies, which combines the merits of macro and micro traffic model. Based on the development and application of the model system, the article analyzes some key technologies in practice needing to be resolved in concordance with the natures of urban traffic in Beijing. Some preliminary results of application in Beijing show that the model system can play a important role in assisting traffic engineer making good decisions of traffic management.

Aimed at the drawbacks in the existing definitions of efficient links and efficient paths, two modified definitions are presented in this paper by introducing a quantitative and flexible index, the critical relative deviation. An improved multi-path assignment model based on the two new definitions is investigated and numerical results show that more realistic assignment can be obtained.

A definitive mathematical model of traffic flow has remained elusive. The difficulty with modeling any traffic system lies in the most variable and least predictable system component: the human automobile driver. TARA (Traffic and Road Analysis) is an innovative method of estimating the performance of a two lane rural highway traffic system. TARA is a software package that uses both Psychology and Fuzzy Logic to accurately model the behaviour of human drivers on a road network in order to estimate the Passing Hazard Index. This paper describes a project that analyzed the effect of increasing the truck length from 25m to 31m on passing opportunities on a typical Canadian rural highway. Traffic and site specific data was measured in the field through traffic counts and physical measurements of the road characteristics. Driving procedures and vehicle characteristics data were collected from literature. The traffic flow model used was TARA, Traffic and Road Analysis. The baseline Passing Hazard Index for 25 m trucks running at 105 km/hr was estimated. The scenario was then changed: truck length was increased to 31 m and the number of trucks was reduced by 18%; truck speed was kept constant at 105 km/h. The Passing Hazard Index was estimated for the new scenario. The results were compared to baseline results. The procedure was repeated for a range of truck speeds. The paper reports in detail the following: 1) Effect of increasing the truck length from 25m to 31 m on the average pass time 2) The effect on passing time of truck speeds 3) The cumulative time spent passing the various trucks modeled 4) The impact of driver behaviour on the results.

This paper points out the problems in existing voyage estimate on a tramp operation. By lots of statistics and investigation works, it analyzes the probability of winds within a certain sailing area as well as its influence over a vessel's voyage. The probability distribution of a vessel encountering winds k times in a voyage are testified and the expected per day net revenue value of a voyage is calculated. Then, the paper further puts forward the decision-making problems in a vessel's voyage and analyzes its main influencing factors. Thus, the hierarchy structure and its judgement matrix are established and lead to the adoption of the AHP method on a vessel's voyage. The results of real examples prove to be reliable and realistic.

This paper introduces research aimed at finding new variables to develop modelling en route travel behaviour of car drivers' with access to information services. The importance of data covering complete itineraries of travel is stressed and measures of time pressure are proposed and discussed as a mean for further studies of how drivers interact with information systems. The development of a new travel simulator for collection of suitable data is presented.

A complex dynamic simulation model constitutes a huge number of processes (functions), variables, functional mathematical forms, and parameters with varying impact on the overall model effectiveness and its state estimation accuracy. The major obstacle in calibrating complex simulation models is the interdependency among the functions, which complicates identifying the sources of error between the state estimation and reality. This paper discusses in brief the validity and selection of the dynamic simulation models for ATIS/ATMS real-time applications. This paper presents a framework for calibrating the complex simulation models.

Among the urban level crossings, the crossroad is the most typical one. To grasp the property of the vehicle flow correctly is very important for improving the urban traffic management level, as well as the whole traffic condition of the city. On the base of studying the arrival law of the vehicle flow and the principle of the vehicles' moving, a computer simulation model about the traffic of the intersection was found in this paper. The simulation test on the traffic of Weigongcun intersection in Beijing proved that the model is close to the facts. A lot of useful conclusions were also gained in the test.

Intermodal transport is the transportation of goods by at least two different modes of transport, that is, from a place in one country where the goods are dispatched to another place in a different country where the goods are delivered. Intermodal transport is playing a key role in the transportation of goods in the present day transportation world. Noting that intermodal transport involves atleast two different mode of transport it is apparent that to be effective and to serve the needs of shippers there have to be proper co-ordination between the different mode of transport involved particularly in areas of communication and transfer of goods at freight terminals. To enhance the smooth operation of intermodal transport infrastructures such as cargo terminals, warehouses, good railroads networks connected to the seaports should be in place. Handling facilities and proper management are also required. All these with good logistics no doubt brings about an effective intermodal transport system that in turn pleases shippers. For what the shippers want is on-time delivery of goods, efficiency and safety which inevitably reduces the burden on them incurring extra-charges. There is no doubt, if any at all little that, China since the economic reforms initiated by elder statesman Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s has witnessed and is still witnessing increase volume in her export and import trades. Though the increase trade volumes is sometimes punctuated by decreases it does not call for any panicky situation for China is today one of the important trading spots in the world. Most of her trading partners cuts across the globe and that includes major economic countries like the USA, Canada, Japan and the European Union countries. With increased economic activities and the subsequent trade pacts with many countries that has brought about buoyant trade volumes, is China's transportation industry and particularly here the rail-sea intermodal transport ready to face the challenges ahead? Prior to the economic reforms in the late 70s, China's transportation industry was not well developed. Intermodal transport as is existing today was not to be found. A planned and co-ordinated intermodal transport as found today in China is relatively new as compared to the US, Canada, France and England. Though relatively new, intermodal transport in China is gaining grounds for all hands are on desk to make it properly posited. For intermodal transport (rail-sea) in China to be able to properly fullfill shippers' needs many obstacles have to be removed. These include amongst others good communication networks between the rail and seaports and shipping lines, efficiency, good management, infrastructures and handling facilities. This paper will only look into the rail-sea aspect of intermodal transport in China. To be assessed is the present state of the rail-sea intermodal transport system, problems and suggesting improvements where necessary to face the challenges ahead.

Traditionally only available in large-scale and super computers, parallel algorithms finally can be implemented in generic microcomputers with a single microprocessor. Both Intel Corporation and AMD introduced parallel circuits in their new x86 type microprocessors with the potential to achieve four times performance in both integer and float point operations. This paper reviews the basic cpncepts of Streaming SIMD Extension of Intel and provides one benchmark to use SSE techniques in image processing, with the goal to implement proper algorithms to achieve real-time processing to find and classify pavement surface distress.

This thesis firstly elaborates the developmental characteristics and experiences of foreign railway-based express freight transport system, and then proclaims the essential trends of fierce competition in Chinese express transport market. Sequentially it analyses the market competing abilities of two express transport products("five-set regular trains" and "luggage-parcel express") which have been developed by China transport enterprises in recent years, and points out the struggling way of further developing and perfecting railway-based express freight transport on the basis of Chinese fundamental national conditions. At last, the thesis looks into the Chinese railway-based Express Freight Transport System in the future with the features, construction objective, technique equipment and transport organization and management of the system.

This paper presents the current performance of Beijing-Shanghai line, A reasonable method of establishing the most suitable line capacity is advised. The most suitable line capacity of Changzhou-Shanghai, that is, a district of Beijing-Shanghai line, as a example, is calculated. These results suggest that passenger trains and freight trains should separately run on the main busy lines.

The influence of pre-trip information at home on commuters' choice behaviour is examined in this paper. Choice data for departure time and travel mode are obtained from commuters in Hiroshima by stated preference experiments. The nested paired combinatorial logit (PCL) model is developed to describe individual choice behaviour of continuous departure time under providing pre-trip information.

The steering type of a mechanical guidance system has been used for Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) system in Japan. Recently, the single-axle bogie system has developed for AGT vehicle and applied to "Yurikamome" 7200 series. This paper describes dynamic characteristics of AGT vehicle with single-axle bogies. Introducing a nonlinear 15 degree-of-freedom dynamic model, a computer simulation study on the lateral motion of the AGT vehicle with single-axle bogies are carried out. In order to show the dynamic characteristics of the single-axle bogie clearly, it is compared to that of the AGT vehicle with conventional steering system. The simulation results with actual vehicle parameters show that single-axle bogie has suitable characteristics for AGT system.

In this paper, a space model for analyzing track structure is established by means of finite element method, in which rails, ties, rail clips and pads, ballast and roadbed are considered as a whole system. The action of locomotive and rolling stocks on track can be obtained from wheel set model. In the wheel set model, only sprung mass are concerned and the masses of locomotive or rolling stocks are uniformly distributed to each wheel set. The track structure is treated as a double elastic beam. In the process of performing space analysis of track structure of high speed railway, firstly the load spectrum changing with the time and acting on the ties are derived by using the wheel set model. Then the load spectrum is entered to the model of space analysis of track structure as input data. Finally analyses of dynamic response of track structure for TGV at different speeds are performed.

A new model to forecast roughness as a function of age, traffic, strength and maintenance, under given environmental conditions, has been developed from the World Bank's HDM3 incremental roughness model. This model replaces rutting, cracking, patching and potholing with variables constructed from maintenance records. The surface defects have been dropped because good maintenance practice in the study area prevents ruts, cracks, and potholes from developing so far as to critically affect roughness. In the new model, the modified structure number in the traffic-related term is replaced by falling weight deflection. For this non-linear model, a maximum likelihood procedure has been used to calibrate the parameters. Statistical tests indicate that the estimates have a high level of reliability. The model estimates imply that the age-environment variable explains about 52.5 percent of the roughness changes that would have occurred without maintenance, while traffic explains about 47.5 percent. This result indicates a much greater contribution of traffic to deterioration than has been found in a number of previous studies, partly because the relatively thin pavements in the study area are easily damaged by heavy trucks and also because maintenance effects are specified separately.

It is important to adopt a simple and convenient method to evaluate the ballast's qualities, which has significant economic and practical values for developing high-speed railway, improving train's speed, laying the continuously welded rail track at the new line, and the train's safely and steadily running in China. Through the general study of the existing indexes to evaluate ballast quality and ballast rheologic mechanics characteristic, we find that the ballast rheologic mechanics characteristic can reflect not only the mechanical characteristics of ballast particles, but also the ballast operational functions. The related parameters can be easily achieved by a simple, conventional and practical equipment. In view of this, a testing method and some indexes are given to evaluate the quality of ballast by the ballast rheologic mechanics characteristic.

This paper gives an overview of Indonesian toll road development and past practices in the involvement of private sector. Private involvement in toll development is possible through limited option in case of Indonesia, where private concession has been implemented in some toll road projects. In the post economic crisis, the government of Indonesia will continue to invite private sector in the development of infrastructure. A historical background and some issues in past practices are discussed. A possible usage of criteria is proposed to assist the public sector in identifying the possible involvement of private sector.

The article analyses the circumstance of our railway transportation and points out that the low freight train running speed and the unknowable transit period are the two main problems of our railway transportation. Then the article provides the way to solve the problems. It is to establish the express goods service system in China. Thus it can improve the freight train running speed and change the unknowable transit period to the knowable one.

The basis of a planning process is the evaluation of capacity, both in case of exnovo infrastructures and extensions of existing ones. Therefore, the evaluation of capacity is particularly important for an airport so that a correct infrastructure dimension can be obtained.

This paper introduces new configuration for electrified railway supply system. A PWM converter with low switching frequency and high power compensates negative sequence and reactive currents of the system. Another PWM converter with low power and high switching frequency may compensate harmonics of the load and first converter. Because first converter compensates the negative sequence current, the load is balanced and the phase rotation is not needed. All the dead lines can be omitted or minimized in this system and train can travel with higher speed in this kind of the lines.

As we know, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can improve safety, reduce congestion, enhance mobility, minimize environmental impact, save energy and promote economic productivity in our transportation system. However, China does not have a perfect strategic planning and architecture for ITS. It is important for China to develop ITS architecture. In terms of the characteristics of Chinese transportation, this paper creates ITS architecture, which defines the interface and interaction between three layers. Actually, this paper is mainly concerned about ITS architecture in urban and expressway transportation systems. Finally, this paper talks about the issues for future consideration of ITS in China.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the enhanced and integrated systems that employed advanced information and communication technologies to the operations of existing transportation systems. To achieve the goals of ITS, an ITS framework that guides the development directions and deployment strategies is a crucial component. Herein, a structural process that formulates a conceptual framework has been proposed. This conceptual framework basically identifies the crucial areas needed for the successful deployment of ITS. Based on the framework, a bunch of short-term action plans has been formulated and conducted. Also, future deployment prospects for ITS and the corresponding deployment time schedule are provided. It is aimed to not only provide the minimum required intelligent transportation infrastructure for various transportation modes, but also preserve an endurable and livable environment for next generations.

This paper addresses the public transit vehicle routing problem with time windows. Based on the new operation characters of vehicles equipped with GPS devices, the GA method for the problem has been designed. Preliminary computational test shows good performance of the algorithm.

Variable Message Signs (VMS) providing traffic information to drivers are being increasingly used to increase network efficiency and reduce congestion. A major area of application is to mitigate the effects of traffic incidents through the provision of timely traffic information. However, to realise the expected benefits it is necessary to understand the effects of VMS in a range of traffic and incidents conditions. This paper describes the research results obtained from modelling the effects of a variety of incidents/VMS scenarios. The results have been derived from using the ‘single-day' version of the RGCONTRAM model based on the Southampton network. The results indicate that the benefits of on-line VMS messages vary significantly with VMS duration, especially in situations of varying incident severity and duration, proportions of diversion.

Public transportation dispatching platform based on expert system is the core of intelligent dispatching system. The dispatching platform realizes the integration of several technologies, including operation surveillance, dispatching management and statistics analysis. Based on expert system programming, dispatching management software establishes knowledge database, rule database and reasoning mechanism, as to create a set of dispatching plan in the light of different lines, times, locations or directions.

Generally travel behavior data are collected by self-reported questionnaire surveys. Problems with these methods include lack of reporting for short trips, poor data quality on travel start and end times, travel times, and destination locations. The burden on the respondent is also very large. The detailed and accurate travel data should be needed to evaluate the effects of TDM strategies and ITS technologies on travel behavior, but it would be difficult using traditional questionnaire surveys. This paper aims to develop travel behavior data collecting systems using global positioning system (GPS), personal handyphone system (PHS) and geographic information system (GIS), and to examine the effectiveness of the data collected by these systems and the applicability for travel behavior surveys. We conducted the surveys of collecting travel behavior data by GPS and PHS, with travel and activity diary over a week. We collected GPS data of vehicle trips in two local cities from 15 and 28 commuters respectively, and PHS data of person trips of 30 people in a local city. Examples of day-to-day variability analyses of travel distances, times, speeds and routes of trips, are shown using data collected by GPS. We examined the characteristics of PHS data and the differences of travel start and end times, comparing PHS data with diary data, for elderly and non-elderly people. Also comparison between datasets of the two age groups was done. Improvements of these new systems for practical use to travel surveys are summarized.

This paper brings forth the idea of Intelligent Passenger Station in the future and sets the objectives that an Intelligent Management System of Passenger Station (IMSOPS) has to fulfill. Based on this, the basic components and main structure of IMSOPS are discussed and content and function of each component analyzed. As for the conclusion, the paper points out that 5A are the trend of passenger station development in the future.

Intelligent Railway System(IRS) belong to the research area of track traffic in Intelligent Transportation System(ITS). Many Chinese experts and scholars are studying ITS including IRS and many achievements have been gained. In this paper, the developments of ITS and the researches about Chinese Intelligent Railway System(CIRS) will be presented. The basic formation and the general structure frame of CIRS will also be discussed. At last, the key techniques of CIRS will be discussed.

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) using new detection, communications and information technologies are now offering substantial potential for improving bus operations in urban areas. This paper describes some new examples of ITS for bus services, based on selected applications in Europe, and includes results illustrating typical effectiveness. Practical issues concerning implementation and operation are also addressed, together with the development of design guidelines for such systems. Buses have long been recognised as an essential component of efficient urban transport, providing a flexible and sustainable mode of transport. Despite substantial developments in other forms of public transport, the bus still has a dominant role in all but some of the largest cities and maintains strong political support.

As a famous vocation attraction site in Florida, the area of Longboat Key, Siesta Key, Anna- Maria, Holmes Beach, and Bradenton Beach is facing severe traffic congestion. Traditional solutions may not be cost-effective and may have negative impacts on environments. As an alternative, intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies can provide this area with tools to improve traffic conditions. An advanced traveler information system (ATIS) was proposed and designed to help travelers in the area to better use the facility so that travelers can optimize their travel by selecting departure time, travel destinations, transportation modes, and routes. The project focused on architecture design and system design with the considerations of special social/economic activities in the local area.

In this paper, we put forward the necessity of developing railway ITS, point out that its main goal is to improve railway safety, efficiency and mobility (flexibility and accessibility), and give a functional architecture of railway ITS.

In this paper, a new data model for a linear referencing system is developed. First, we analyze the conceptual data model of a linear referencing system, and then we discuss two of its problems. The first problem focuses on the development of a road geometric feature-oriented linear referencing datum. The second problem focuses on a road curve feature-oriented dynamic segmentation model. The implementation of the model in a prototype GIS-T system is illustrated to support highway accident management and analysis.

When Japan's Tokaido Shinkansen was placed into service in 1964, transportation that surpassed existing common knowledge was born. Along with greatly shifting the mutual shares of passengers carried by existing means of transportation, the Shinkansen also dramatically altered the lifestyle patterns of ordinary citizens. Using the experience it has accumulated, Japan collaborated with Chinese researchers who are familiar with actual conditions in the People's Republic of China to produce demand forecast for China's Beijing — Shanghai high-speed railway. Researchers created the forecast using the MD Model that used for railways currently under construction in Japan, such as the Seibi Shinkansen. A summary of these forecast is reported below.

This paper describes the New Zealand accident investigation monitoring system, for estimating the effectiveness of accident reduction treatments. Methodological issues associated with estimating treatment effectiveness are discussed.

The Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway is expected to carry the world's heaviest volume of transportation traffic in the future. This means it will be necessary to build a system that will ensure sufficient transportation capacity. Planning must not be lulled into complacency by capacity demands in the initial period but must take into consideration adequate capacity to expand in the future. Train seating capacity and the number of trains in operation will determine transportation capacity. Limits on the number of trains in operation, however, will arise from factors such as maximum speed and acceleration and deceleration performance. In addition, the number and location of diamond crossings for intermediate-speed trains will place large restrictions on the number of high-speed trains in operation. Measures to establish passenger capacity at the maximum limit will therefore be the deciding factor for ensuring sufficient transportation capacity. Maximizing train passenger capacity is equivalent to ensuring the maximum available space for passenger use. Alternatives that may be considered as measures to increase the space available for passenger use are expansion of train length, expansion of car body width, expansion of car body height upward or downward, and provision for compact, efficient placement of railcar equipment. Steps to implement these options include increasing train coupling length, increasing the number of seats to five individuals abreast across the width of the car body, and building railcars with upper and lower double decks. To make passenger compartment facilities compact and efficient the passenger compartment can be extended to the front of the cars by dispersing the drive controls and drive system, making it smaller and placing it below the passenger compartment floor. Finally, by using trains with a fixed number of carriages the seating area for passenger use can be increased by compact, balanced placement of toilets, washrooms, special purpose facilities and other accoutrements for each train as a whole.

At the background of the proposed Jing-Hu high-speed railway, this paper makes a lot of simulations on traffic organization under various possible operation conditions by using a computer system developed in previous studies. Through analyzing simulation results, the synthetic performance of transportation system is evaluated from both static and dynamic aspects. Some research conclusions and suggestions are proposed, which are very useful to make decisions on a few important technological and economic problems about China's high-speed railway.

The high-speed railway development project now being planned in China is an outstanding project with excellent conditions not found anywhere else in the world. The route runs along the corridor between Beijing and Shanghai which encompasses a population of 300 million, or around one quarter of the total population of China. The region is pivotal for all the major functions of the nation including political, economic and social activities, and accounts for one-third of China's GDP. The railway development project envisages railway transportation between these two major cities with the maximum cruising speed of 300 km/h, thus reducing the travel time by eight hours from 14 to 6 hours. The project is therefore expected to have a very large economic impact on the whole of China as well as the areas along the line, and the railway business to have an excellent earning potential. With this background, this paper presents a quantitative analysis of the economic effect and profit/loss aspect based on the results of a survey of demand forecast for the services of the planned railway that was conducted in parallel with this study.

The separation of rail track infrastructure from train operations will improve profitability according to experience of occidental countries. This paper proposes a hybrid separation mode, which may be available for a high-speed railway on Beijing-Shanghai corridor in China, after comparing with vertically integrated mode and vertically separation mode. Under such a mode, a joint-venture company with equity from the main layers would be the owner of track. This would allow some of the benefits of vertical integration to be retained, whilst providing fair access to new operators. The conflicts of interest between the owners of track and their client operators are also discussed in detail.

This paper discusses Decision Support Systems for Environmental Impact Assessment of road transport infrastructures. Points to follow in practical applications are described, and key features of the impact analysis phase and decision phase are illustrated making reference to two case studies, the Pedemontana highway in Lombardy and Mantua ring-road. These case studies were carried out by means of SILVIA, a specific Decision Support System to manage the different phases of an Environmental Impact Assessment.

This paper discusses characteristics of operating schemes and train working diagram of high and middle speed train on JingHu high speed railway line, as well as principles to design . builds train working diagram system worked out with computer on basis of JingHu high speed railway line and existing netted line, and accomplishes simulation system requirement analysis, structure design, function design, and realizes modernization of working out , adjusting operating scheme and train working diagram. All of these reflect current status and developmental tendency of train working diagram worked out with computer at present day.

Less motorised countries in Asia exhibit a variety of road safety problems. The behaviour of road users contributes significantly to these problems, together with road environment and vehicle factors. As well as addressing road environment issues, engineering measures provide a convenient way of modifying road user behaviour, and have been widely implemented in Asia for this purpose. However, implicit assumptions about road user behaviour which have their origin in motorised countries can lead to the implementation of engineering measures having impacts which run counter to expectation. This paper reviews some of these cases, and demonstrates that a fuller understanding of the factors determining road user behaviour in the countries concerned would probably have led to better outcomes. An approach for improving the road safety outcomes of engineering interventions is proposed, involving explicit identification of assumptions, research using qualitative and anthropological techniques, and development of local research expertise.

High-speed railway tracks require high quality track and accurate maintenance, but rail irregularities in main lines are inevitable. These irregularities are important sources for dynamic excitation. For the safety of trains at higher speed, the size of irregularities must be limited. In this paper, according to the Chinese Railway Standard, the wheel load reduction ratio is introduced. Based on this ratio, the limitation for rail irregularity size is presented. Dynamic responses of track due to "V" shaped irregularity and rail corrugation are treated.

In this paper, we present a method that improves the standard genetic algorithms with bipolar compressed functional fitness scaling and reproduce operator based on crowding model. The improved genetic algorithm becomes a simple global search algorithm with fast convergence speed. We use it to optimize the structure and parameters of back-propagation (BP) network, which overcome the disadvantage that is easy to relapse into local minimum points and convergence speed is slow and the number of neurons in the hidden layer is determined empirically. By using the trained genetic BP network, we put forward a model that assesses the environmental impact of urban traffic. The experiment results show that the model is feasible.

This paper examines the convergence by selecting different variables in introducing "feedback" in the four-step travel forecasting procedure. The comparisons and the statistics analysis are performed in New York Metropolitan area, which encompasses 31 counties in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut metro regions. It covers 32,000 square kilometers (12,800 square miles) and 20 millions population. As a conclusion, using link-flow is superior than using travel time/speed to control the convergent procedure. The trip table is another required feedback variable.