Traffic and Transportation Studies (2002)

This paper describes a study where the modal choices of potential users of two new light rail systems, Luas in Dublin and Tramlink in Croydon, were examined. The decision-making processes behind these people's modal choices were explored using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In the course of the analysis of these processes, factors that play a role in determining people's modal choices were identified. The paper concludes by making some recommendations about how to influence modal choice and to improve the success of new urban public transport systems in the future.

We outline the changes in environmental education and traffic education in Japan; identify the level of awareness among schoolchildren of the traffic environment, a level that has changed over time; and suggest a proper direction for environment-oriented traffic education. In addition, the Program for Considering Wise Use of Cars was developed for school education toward reducing unnecessary operation of family cars, reducing CO₂ emissions from cars and mitigating traffic congestion. The program was implemented in elementary school classes and its effectiveness is verified.

The vehicle age distribution is one of the important travel indicators that may significantly influence the MOBILE outputs. MOBILE uses national average annual registration distributions by age as default values. This assumption could be in error and would tend to produce incorrect emission factors (HC, CO and NOx). This research developed models and corresponding software for forecasting the age distribution for the specific localities. Two types of models were developed for the vehicle age distribution. Model Type I (MT I) models the number of vehicles for the particular vehicle type in particular age, and then transfers the results to project the future age distribution. Model Type II (MT II) models the future age distribution directly. Both model types contain a family of linear models, nonlinear models and time series models. The "best" model can be chosen from the two families. Examples for the eight counties in Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC) area were presented. Differences between the emission factors generated by MOBILE based on the default age distribution values and the forecasted values were compared. Results show that the differences are significant, which implies the proposed model should be used to generate locality-specific MOBILE inputs.

Air quality impacts of urban transportation policies and strategies are often assessed using modelling techniques based on traffic flow simulation and travel demand analysis tools. Such analytical methods have traditionally been aimed at estimating the overall mass of individual pollutants with an emphasis on gaseous emissions. Significantly less attention is usually given to the quantification of particle emissions. Extensive data relating to fine and ultra-fine airborne particle concentration levels and the corresponding contributing vehicles have been collected at two significantly different Brisbane sites. Analysis of the relationships between the data so far point to a strong correlation between traffic flow and meteorological variables and particle concentrations.

In recent years systems of indicators and performance reporting have been introduced to support policy management in many areas. Several indicator systems also exist for transport policy. But how can indicators be used to measure the sustainability of transport systems, and are they really used to guide transport policies in a more sustainable direction? This paper reviews a number of current indicator systems in terms of their support to more sustainable transport policies. The main aim of the research is to provide input to planning for sustainable transport in Denmark, the European Union and elsewhere. The research has received support from the Danish Transport Council, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the German Marshall Fund of the United States.

This paper makes focus on the rationalization of transportation structure in China. The concept of transportation structure as well as its feature has been analyzed. The criteria of increase part of transportation output and decrease one of input have been chosen to evaluate the efficiency of transportation structure. In accordance with the existing situation of transportation in China, it points out the main problems lying in the sector of transportation structure. At last a valuable reference for the strategy of transportation structure adjustment in China has been provided.

Urban transport is a complex system which consists of multi-transport modes and the services level of transport system is determined by the transferring organization among different transport modes. In this paper, the method of urban inter-modal transport hubs (UITH) planning in metropolitan area of Guangzhou is introduced, particularly to its process of transport demands forecasting in which the START and TRIPS models are employed. Finally, some forecasting results as well as transport infrastructure analysis are also given by this paper.

We aim to combine horizontal road network with digital elevated model (DEM) by GIS to get a 3-dimension road network and analyze traffic environmental load on the network. One work here is on how to create 3-dimention road network for traffic demand model based on existing digital data with GIS. Another part is on how to integrate gradients along links into emission factor model. And finally difference between traffic environmental loads calculated based on 2-demension and 3-demension road network is compared.

Through the on-road survey to the Chongqing urban areas, the pollution situation of vehicle emission is gotten. Factors of vehicle emission on roads of the city are calculated with the M0BILE5 program recommended by EPA. The research shows that the contributive rates of the CO and NO_x emited by motor vehicles in the urban area reached 81.3% and 34.21% respectively. The more and more serious pollution from motor vehicle emission, become the first important task of the controlling air pollutions in the city.

This paper presents a model CAL4Q for computation of CO and NO_X concentrations near signalized intersection in Chinese cities. The model use free flow link and queue link to describe the traffic flow emissions. Formulas for emission source strength and queue length of traffic link are presented. The adjustment factors of bicycles and pedestrians are considered and average delay formulas of the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual are used. The dispersion component of CAL4Q is CALINE4. The algorithm of computer program for the model is also given. CAL4Q is verified by a field experiment at intersection. The calculated and measured concentrations of CO and NO_X are compared. The results of linear least-square regression analysis is good.

We examine some consequences of dumping used oil in the environment and review some policies to foster used oil recycling. We then contrast policies adopted in the Canadian Prairie Provinces for managing used oil, used oil filters, and containers, with those put in place in the rest of Canada. Our analysis proposes that public-private partnerships relying on economic instruments and public education can be more effective for recycling used oil than public agencies relying mostly on regulations.

The process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been employed by many government administrations in developed countries and areas to prevent environmental destruction owing to transport infrastructure development. The Hong Kong EIA Ordinance was enacted in 1997. Ideally, the EIA process should be able to harmonize the conflicts between development and the environment. As in the case of transport infrastructure development projects in Hong Kong, the project proponents are either Highways Department or the railways corporations largely owned by Government. When the Environmental Protection Department, the EIA authority, disapproves the EIA reports of these government or quasi-government proponents, it leads to time consuming and very expensive appeal process. Both parties spend public money in the appeal case but the environment may not be effectively protected. The public starts to question whether EIA process is an effective tool to harmonize environmental and development conflicts. This paper argues, with two recent controversial examples, that mediation process in handling the environmental and development conflicts should be incorporated in the EIA process.

Transportation Policy in Developed Countries has started embracing environmental and sustainability issues, above the level of lip service, only in recent years. In developing countries even lip service has hardly started. At the heart of these issues is urban traffic management and control. Traditional studies and consultants have concentrated on forecasting and facilitating the movement of "traffic" (meaning vehicles), by traffic engineering and traffic management, rather than facilitating the movement of people and goods. Only recently have such consultants moved from infrastructure supply management to demand management where public transport (on rail and road) needs heavy priority and private transport (except on environment-friendly pedal cycles) needs deterrence by physical or fiscal measures. This is especially so in countries with low incidence of car ownership where it should be easier to inhibit car use and to some extent car ownership. For the purpose of this presentation, "Mass Transit Systems" embrace underground rail, elevated rail & surface rail (whether "heavy" or "light"), bus, busway & tramway and assorted exotica. The heavier the concentrated demand, the heavier the mode with two provisos, firstly frequency of service on any route should not exceed 10 minute headways, secondly, heavy modes, especially elevated and underground, reduce accessibility and hence patronage. The latter sacrifice urban space either to pedestrians (perhaps good) or motorized traffic (bad). Planning and operation of public transport must aim at regularity, reliability, frequency, proximity, accessibility (low-floor bus and tram) and comfort with near-seamless under-cover intra or intermodal interchange. Economic analysis of public transport must give credit for its (per passenger-km) frugality in pollutive and noise emissions and urban space usage, and a compensatory credit for negative environmental harms and high spatial profligacy (hence traffic congestion) not paid for private motorized vehicles. Finally, developing countries must learn at the very start of urban growth the lessons to be learned from the consequences of disregard of all the above aspects by developed (and perhaps more so by some developing cities so far). The presentation will include examples from cities world-wide based on personal professional observation over many decades. This paper will show that there has been an inherent implied CARS FIRST transport policy over the years.

External effects of road traffic become important as transport systems develop and it is increasing realized that the valuation of the effects should be incorporated in the process of the transport project evaluation. However, in Korea, the number of studies on the valuation of the external effects related to road traffic is so small and the valuation of the external effects is ignored in the transport project evaluation. In this paper, willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental benefits for reductions in the air pollution and traffic noise of Seoul is investigated using Stated Preference (SP) method. The SP methods have been widely used in travel behavior research to identify the behavioral responses to choice situations, which are not clearly revealed in the market (see Hensher (1994)). Thus they appear to be a promissory tool in assessing monetary values for improvement to the environment. In particular, for the valuation of air pollution only related to urban traffic, the contribution of car emissions in the air pollution is considered. This paper is organized as follows. Following this introductory section, section 2 describes the SP deign including choice context and presentation of environmental attributes. In section 3 an analyzing model is introduced. Section 4 presents the database for this paper including the outline of survey. In section 5, the estimation results and WTP for reduction in the air pollution and noise are suggested. Finally, section 6 summarizes the empirical findings and draws overall conclusions and further studies for this paper.

This paper uses questionnaires from 800 drivers regarding attitudes on speed limits in general, factors affecting choice of speed and their preference on specific speed management methods that were described to them. Policies examined include posted speed limits, differential speed limits by vehicle type, variable speed limits, special road markings, lane narrowing, automated speed enforcement techniques, police enforcement, strict prosecution of offenders, information campaigns, speed management methods concerning vehicles, speed counters, speed control systems, emergency warning systems, and "smart cards." The questionnaires are analyzed using rigorous quantitative statistical methodologies with an emphasis on uncovering the dependence between attitude and preferred speed management strategies.

As the rapid development of economics and urban population, the urban roads and traffic flow increase rapidly, and the pollution of the urban road traffic noise become severity. The traffic noise has become one of the greatest social effects of pollution of urban environment, and severity threatened the people's normal live and health. Traffic noise has the characters of higher intensity, greater incidence and longer time effect, analyzing and forecasting the urban traffic noise can provide decision-making basis for controlling urban traffic noise. This paper has set up the quantitative relation among the real traffic noise and the road composition, traffic flow and traffic composition. This theoretic model is proved validity by the data measured in some roads of Suzhou city. According to the measured data, this paper has also set up the statistics models about the power difference and hundred percent sound level L₁₀, L₅₀ and L₉₀ with traffic flow.

This paper proposes a new Geographic Information Systems (GIS) theory, the Object-Oriented Geographic Information Systems (OOGIS). OOGIS differs from conventional GIS, it applies a concept of object to represent information of natural geographic existences instead of using the layered data structure as in conventional ones. This paper conceptually describes the thoughts of an assumption that all the real world objects can be reproduced virtually in computer systems as well as some advantages and disadvantages OOGIS has. As an introductory document, discussions are focused on the conceptual comparisons between OOGIS and GIS rather than on those detailed techniques that OOGIS applies.

The container terminal demand is divided into mutually independent discrete sub-markets according to the feature and develop trend of the terminal market and the ports service class. The Cournot model is adopted in every sub-market to analysis the game among the terminals whose service class reaches the requirement of the sub-market, and obtained the solution that is the equilibrium of every terminal scale and their profit in the sub-market. Summing the equilibrium scale of every sub-market up, we can obtain the terminal equilibrium scale in the market. Supported by the game theory in the paper, the Chinese container terminal market is studied and the planning throughput distribution sketch of every terminal is made out.

For planning of regional economy development, it's very important to analyze intensity of transport linkage between regions in China. Based on using O-D matrix data of railway freight transportation and building up the model of "intensity of railway freight transport linkage between regions in China", author of this paper calculated the intensity of railway freight transport linkage, analyzed the characteristics of railway freight transport linkage and expatiated the close degree and variety trend of economy relations between the regions. The findings showed (1) intensity of freight transportation linkage between regions had increased entirely and largely over the past 10 years in China; (2) the relation intensity in west region was at a comparative low level as a whole, but was increasing comparatively; (3) the intensity of transport linkage between the west and the east was far stronger than the middle and the west; (4) during conducting process of west development strategy, intensity of railway transport linkage between regions would keep a rapid increasing trend.

This paper explores progress being made in the integration of land-use planning and transport policy in Belfast, Northern Ireland, one of the United Kingdom's most car dependent cities. A major study was intended to inform an understanding of the likely behavioral response to sustainable development policy initiatives, particularly increased densification of housing, using a multi-disciplinary framework. There were signs of some willingness to accept moderately higher densities on the basis that residents would be compensated by a lower than otherwise purchase price. The paper also offers insights into the appropriateness of existing analytical tools drawn from across disciplinary boundaries.

In this paper, I will present a new method of effective popular participation to be used during the process of Traffic and Transportation policy development. In simple words, it is a system of auto-defined icons that can literally be placed on a map, in order to obtain practical results from public participation sessions. The method has been developed by the City of Rotterdam, and was consequently used in the Municipal efforts to conceive a new policy framework that reflected popular opinions and suggestions in an optimal way. The following aspects will be treated in this paper. First, I will explain the problem the City of Rotterdam faced which initiated the project. After that, I will explain the solution that was conceived by City of Rotterdam, which consisted of the new method. Next, I will explain what kind of `minimal requirements' are needed in order for the tool to function correctly. Finally, I will explain the added value of the system, which led to the decision to make the method known to a larger public. Throughout the paper, examples will be drawn from the application of the method in Rotterdam, The Netherlands in the spring of 2001.

Transportation sector in Taiwan accounts for 6% of the energy consumption and 23% of CO₂ emission in 1997. According to national reduction targets, allocation of the reduction targets to Transportation sector were 3,200 thousand KL and 5,450 thousand KL of equivalent oil consumption, 7,400 thousand tons and 12,600 thousand tons of CO₂ emission by 2010 and 2020 respectively. There were 30 practical transportation measures screened for the basic scenario in this study. The results indicated that more than 90% of contribution for energy saving and CO₂ reduction was due to the enhancement of transport efificiency and the improvement of fuel economy measures. But it still depends on what the goals set for related measures. In comparison with different scenarios, for energy saving, the expected value was about 59∼130% of 3,160 thousand KL of equivalent oil, and for CO₂ reduction, the expected value was about 56∼125% of 7,630 thousand tons of CO₂ emission based on basic scenario in 2010.

Within the past 10 years, railway concessioning of formerly government-operated railways has emerged as a strong global trend in order to improve operating efficiency as well as a means to generate private capital for their construction. This trend is strongly supported by the World Bank and other international lending institutions. The concept of privatization and commercialization of railway management and construction has a long history in China. Though coupled with significant political consequences, foreign capital enabled construction of many thousands of kilometers of new railway line when it was desperately needed. During later years of railway development, private capital continued to finance the construction of local railways, supporting the primary MOR rail network. In the future, this concept of efficient railway management and cost-based pricing concepts will form a basis for restructuring of the entire MOR system, resulting in the increased efficiency of the country's strategically important railway network.

In this study, mobility gap by car availability of the elderly households and the non-elderly households is scrutinized, and then authors tried to calculate the prospect of the future mobility gap between these households in Tokyo Metropolitan Area. As a result of case study, it is shown that trip production of the elderly could be sustained by improving private car availability or by forming compact cities around stations.

Cities grow in population and employment and the relative location of homes and workplaces changes gradually over time along with journey-to-work trip lengths. The descriptive model of zonal journey-to-work travel behavior draws on the preference function as derived from Stouffer's intervening opportunity model. The cluster analysis technique is introduced to compare the sensitivities of the shape and slope of the zonal preference functions.

Higher requirements of science and politics forced an additional temporal and better local allocation of air traffic and their emissions. Within the last years a program (FATE: Four-dimensional calculation of Aircraft Trajectories and Emissions) has been developed in the DLR Institute of Transport Research, which is able to produce air traffic movements and emissions inventories with a four-dimensional resolution. The values for the flown distance, the fuel used up and the time needed, as well as the emitted gasses and particulate matters (e.g. NO_X, CO, UHC, SO₂, SOOT, etc.) are indicated for each time coded air cell. The three-dimensional position calculation is the standard mode of this program. The possibility of time coding and emission allocation can be used—each separately or in conjunction—as an additional feature. This new calculation method replaces the simple great circle calculation (a great circle is the shortest way from point A to B on a spherical surface) of the first generation of air traffic inventories by flight trajectory calculation on waypoint basis using equations of spherical trigonometry. The development of the DLR-program started in 1995 and first results were published in 1996.

In case study Mashhad religious metropolitan is considered. The transport model adopted for the study, was an application of EMME/2 software with master transportation studies for Mashhad. The study area includes the whole of the Mashhad urban area (with 144 zones and 9 main entry routes). This research is done in Mashhad Research Transportation Center (MRTC) in traffic organization of municipality. The aim of research was to study of land-use change effects on traffic and transportation. In this study the city was divided by three main zones: central (or CBD), internal loop around CBD (or Middle zone) and external loop around CBD (or External zone). For each of these zones was considered a centroid point which was different from base sentries in master studies. Then changing of land-use in three scenarios was done and impacts of these changes on transportation with environmental scopes with using EMME/2 software was evaluated. To determine the land-use changing usual land-uses, for instant residential and public open spaces was considered and changed to commercial land-use, especially in CBD of city. It could have been thought that land-use changing to high traffic kind and the volume of traffic would be increased and cause reduction in movement and speed in city network and production of environmental pollution's for citizens. But results of this research shows that effects of changes, sometimes is not negative and depends on zones and their locations. These effects on central zones were negative, on median zones were about positive, and on external zones were positive. Although with time spending, these effects will be less apparent. In this study duty of mass transportation systems and urban railway systems especially LRT and its relationship with land-use changing and development was considered. The result of this research shows that with using these systems, metropolitan routes network response to those effects. The traffic effects of land-use have always been highly considered by urban planner and transportation engineers. In the center of metropolitan areas with large economic activities, such as Mashhad designing and building huge commercial complexes is unavoidable fact. These complexes are usually located in business quarter of the city and have special features such as high land prices, which negotiate a high-density building in order to make investment, economically viable. Other features such as traffic problems exist even before, these building constructions and obviously future-building constructions further add to the traffic problems. On the other hand the increase of traffic volume in the cities and streets have cost indirect costs to those using the network which includes time wasting, vehicle's depreciation and damages such as environmental pollution. Thus when considering such building complexes, besides taking into account the direct profits, these hidden factors should also be considered. Fortunately in recent years the officials have realized the importance of traffic problems, and traffic studies have found its place in urban planning and it's hopped that it will be more appreciated in the near future.

This paper applies the theme of sustainable development to the case of urban transport. A series of indicators which simultaneously take account of environmental matters and the daily economic and social mobility of the inhabitants of a town is offered. The objective is to furnish a tool which will help in decision making allowing the comparison of different urban transport alternatives within an urban area. We present here a first research carried out to verify the possibility and the usefulness of elaborating these sustainable mobility indicators. It is applied to the French connurbation of the Greater Lyon.

Several Traffic Systems Management (TSM) studies for Palestinian cities were conducted since 1995. Their objectives were better traffic circulation, less traffic congestion, management of the CBD parking, management of public transportation, traffic engineering improvement, and enhancement of administration and training capabilities. Each study identified an action plan for the respective city. The Municipality was identified as the primary agency that should carry on the TSM plans with local and international assistance. Several years after the completion of the TSM studies, the interaction of municipalities with the recommended action plans varied among these cities. The impact of the TSM studies in each city after several years have passed was evaluated. Interviews with city officials were conducted to assess the status of following through study recommendations. Some action plan items were conducted because of their high priority, availability of funds, and public demand. Other improvements were not implemented because of their low priority, lack of funds, high cost, public objection, and political conditions.

The study of China high-speed railway project between Beijing and Shanghai started at the beginning of 1990s, and its project is investigated from various points of views by Chinese government. The construction of its project was stated in the tenth five years plan and the time of the construction start is limited. It is said that the final decision which is better, a steel-wheel or linear system, shall be done at the beginning of 2003 by the examination test run effect of the 35 km model line of German Trans-rapid to be a super high-speed normal conducting magnetic linear between the city center in Shanghai and Pudong new international airport. As I am concerned in this project for years, I have studied about the possibility of a super high-speed linear between Beijing and Shanghai, and a high-speed transportation system and network suitable for China.

This study focuses on how land use policies affect the urban structure and how urban structure affect the travel behavior. The study introduces two indices, "transport energy consumption" to measure the whole society and "transport cost" to measure individuals, and examines the effect of urban land use policies on these two indices, based on the Person Trip Surveys conducted at Sendai Metropolitan Areas in 1992. It is found that the expansion of the inappropriate urban areas not only resulted in the expansion of low-density urban areas but also resulted in the increase of "transport energy consumption" and "transport cost" for the whole metropolitan areas.

During the last three decades, a period roughly matching French transportation engineering history, important realisations have been implemented in four areas, namely safety, average speed, traffic density, and costs. Public guided rail transportation must remain competitive in this 21 century to face increasing quality, safety and cost requirements. These requirements were mainly supported by the development of advanced technology, notably with the introduction of automated train control. Our unit (ESTAS-Evaluation of Automatic Transport Systems and their Safety) is well placed to analyse automated train control devices, as we are not only involved in research but, have also been entrusted by the French Ministry of Transport, with assessing about 20 recent such systems. The progressive introduction of automatic train computerised control offers a hierarchy of driving modes ranging from manual operation to full automation. Three general levels were analysed: 1) Manual train control using safety devices for monitoring the driver's operation of the train speed and the passing of signals set at danger, 2) Automated Speed Control with driver and Cab signal display (based on line side devices, on board devices and track to train transmission system), and 3) Fully automated control, i.e. Automated driverless and Automated man less Control. This paper describes the basic concept like automation versus operator functions. Some recent French types of automated train control systems will be fact that Automated Train Control is not an end in itself, but must be justified in terms of the various benefits, beginning with safety.

This paper is reporting the results of an improvement plan for urban freight transportation system of pickup vehicles (called Vanets) in the city of Qazvin, Iran. The objectives were to depict the current situation of the system and to provide appropriate suggestions to improve its performance through the reduction of unnecessary movements of vanets with the minimum socio-economic and environmental impacts. Based on an extensive data collection and analysis, it proposed to construct several terminals and stations both in and around a restricted zone. This would concentrate urban and suburban freight transportation activities as well as preventing cruises of vanets. The evaluation of the plan suggested a significant reduction of non-profitable cruises of the vanets and decreased fuel consumption by 30% as well as a promising urban environmental improvement.

There is no reason to be optimistic about the place given to the pedestrian in towns. It is as if the pressure of motorised transportation and the huge increase in the resulting urban area has left the "pedestrian city" to try to defend itself where housing density and urban quality make such a safety reaction possible. Apparent urban development thus seems to be the result of an "Island Strategy" in which certain zones are better able than others to defend themselves against the invasion of the automobile. Experience has shown, however, that in practice, design that is more favourable to pedestrians is increasingly used in European towns. In a reaction against a laissez-faire movement that tends to give an ever-larger place to the automobile, the European town tends to protect, itself by turning inward. These island strategies protecting parts of the towns laid out by and for pedestrians, are more or less effective and take on varying qualitative forms depending on the country. These reactions stress sector-based policies concerning the promotion of public transportation, bicycles, road safety, environmental protection, etc., as well as territorial approaches, while individual urban projects generally tend to protect the town from the automobile and to encourage a better quality of life.

An understanding is provided on how the existing freight transport modes share the Australian freight task, which provided further insight into the corridor mode selection process. It is important to compare modes across all relevant determinants and performance indicators considering the viewpoint of all parties, in order to better understand the mode selection process. The Brisbane - Cairns corridor in Queensland, Australia is used as a case-study to gain an understanding of how each freight mode is currently being used in the line haul freight task along the corridor. This provides a basis for investigating the nature and values of specific freight mode choice determinants and performance indicators for this corridor.

In line with EU regulations, the Italian Government started the reform of public transport, aiming to liberalise and to privatise the public transport market and to transfer competence from central Government to Regions for railway networks and from Regions to Local Administrations for bus services. Beginning from 2001 each Local Administration will be called upon every three years to define or to update the strategies about its own bus network. In the Triennial Services Programme each Administration will have to redesign the bus services in order to answer the citizens needs in the best way and to split each network in different areas to set up tenders. This paper introduces the activities and tools that Poliedra developed to support the Lombardy Region in governing and in co-ordinating Local Administrations with Triennial Services Programmes tasks. The main activities are the definition of a common framework where Local Administrations can operate and the development of some software tools to support the analysis of the bus network and its critical situations. All the activities and software tools are supported by a quantitative methodology, based on the definition of some meaningful indicators which can be used to measure and to compare the different local situations and to quantify the targets Local Administrations have to achieve. Software tools, integrated within the Regional Information System for Local Public Transport Services (MISTRAL), support the redesign of the bus network in strong co-ordination with railways and also identifying potential low demand areas which could be better dealt with an innovative transport system.

Based on analysis of transportation characteristics of export containers from a region of south China, a frame of forecasting models and a working program have been proposed where following three key issues need to be faced, (a) Analysis of container resources (OD analysis); (b) Choice of forecasting model which include OD traffic volume forecasting model, network distribution model and share model among related ports; (c) Correction of forecasting results by using multi models, which can determine upper and bottom limits.

The thesis firstly briefly introduces the fundamental situation of China railway speed-up, and on the basis of train working diagram and technological documents of track facilities of the Third Speed-up, it analyses the running conditions of passenger express trains on Three Main Lines ( Beijing-Guangzhou line, Beijing-Shanghai line, Beijing-Harbing line) by comparing the scheduled running speed of passenger express trains with the track allowable speed of the same section. Then it analyses the potential of continuing speed-up on Three Main Lines without any technical reconstruction on the present track facilities. Sequentially, it studies several prominent problems that restrain train speed-raising on Three Main Lines and puts forward some proposals just as raising the track allowable speed and actual running speed of passenger trains at the adjoining sections of big passenger stations and terminals on each main-line, reducing the variation frequency of section track allowable speed, prolonging the length of continuous sectors that preserving higher track allowable speed and cutting down the stop number of passenger trains with consideration of the market effects. At last it stresses that the better effects of railway speed-up come from the focal reconstruction of restrict factors that greatly influence the speed-up with the proper technical transform measures and the concrete analysis according to the actual situation.

This paper focuses on the methods for establishing an OD table with the data obtained from a roadside interview OD survey. We present two methods, one of which is called volume arithmetic average method (VAAM) and the other is called weighted volume arithmetic average method (WVAAM). The precision of these expansion methods is discussed with the simulation. The result indicates that the latter two methods possess more precise results.

The solid waste unloading station choice is the important problem of train waste management. As a complex system, the quantity and the distribution of train solid waste are affected by a large number of factors at the same time, such as speed of train, waste-discharging coefficient, so it is hard to analyze and prognosticate the trend with conventional method. In the paper, the genetic arithmetic was introduced to the research for designing a optimum algorithm to solve the unloading station choice problem on the railway network.

This article formulates an optimization model of train dispatching problem for double-direction classification yards, whose goal is to provide a method for choosing an appropriate receiving or departing system for each train on real time horizon. The model constrained by available resources is based on systematic analysis of the operating procedure and process in the yard. The formulation developed here is a mixed 0–1 programming problem and Genetic Algorithm is used to obtain a near optimal solution. The implementation of the algorithm applied to a real case in China is also introduced.

This study dealt with automobile driver's orthographical sight disturbance of DMS by height of truck in which many truck trips happened. From analysis results, as orthographical angle of DMS board increases, as both LLD and minimum distance between automobile and truck diminishes. When orthographical angle of DMS board increase, as increase vehicle travel speed, as diminish message reading time. In other words, as decrease vehicle travel speed, as increase message reading time gradually. Where, there are many truck trips, for the automobile drivers who follow the heavy vehicles or trucks, orthographical angle of DMS board applied differently, in addition, message lines should be designed by transportation ergonomics.

Under the sponsorship of Texas Department of Transportation, the University of Texas at Arlington conducted a survey of the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway and the Dallas North Tollway users in early 2001. The survey was designed to explore issues related to highway users' attitudes toward managed lanes and price elasticity for managed lanes. This paper analyzes data collected from the survey with a focus on travelers' attitudes towards managed lanes. Analysis of the data reveals that more than half of the survey respondents would use managed lanes. Among respondents who are inclined to use managed lanes, most indicated that they would be likely or somewhat likely to drive alone and pay a toll, but few expressed interest in carpooling in order to use managed lanes for free or at a reduced price. It is also found that there are some differences in attitude towards the use of managed lanes among various user groups. The implications of the findings for pricing policy and planning are discussed.

The aim of this research was to present a mathematical optimization model to determine freight routing and train scheduling (timetable) simultaneously. The objective is to minimize total fixed cost of a train, yard costs, car-time cost, and demand-specific costs to penalize delivery before and/or after a specified due date, subject to limits on train size, number of cars and trains formed by yards, and number of trains run on track sections. This compound model produces a transportation plan that completely describes the routing of freight, the set of trains to be operated, and their respective frequency and departure time. The model, which is an integer program with deterministic dynamic service network design structure, has been applied to a specific actual example and the results are presented.

Walking is the healthiest, most sustainable, most accessible and cheapest form of transport available. However, to encourage more people to choose walking as a mode of transport walking environments need to be made more attractive to walk in. To achieve this, street conditions need to be accurately assessed and the areas most in need of remedial action identified. A methodology is proposed which assesses the Quality of Service (QOS) provided for pedestrians by identifying which features of the walking environment are causing the greatest dissatisfaction. In turn, this identification provides guidelines for the prioritising of improvements to be made.

Warehousing plays a central role in the transportation system, especially in freight transport. Previous literature on warehousing and transportation connections has concentrated on logistics problems, inventory management, and location choice. However, warehousing also plays a role in the larger transportation system and may be an indicator of the level of efficiency in the system. In a hypothetically perfect world, with perfect transportation (free and instantaneous), there should be little, if any, need for or use of warehousing services. In the real world, the more warehousing is used relative to transportation services, it is logical to say that the less "functionally efficient" is the transportation system, particularly for freight transportation. Warehousing services cost money and they are used mainly due to the imperfect functioning of the transportation system. The further away the real world system is from this hypothetical "perfection", the greater should be the "intensivity" of warehousing, i.e., its use relative to transportation services. Accordingly, different regions, industries and sections of the transportation system may be evaluated and compared by examining warehousing intensivity. Using a set of measurements, we document that warehousing intensivity varies considerably across different parts of the United States and Europe.

A statistical analysis for capacity of basic expressway sections was discussed based on a mass of filed data. Firstly, some basic issues of statistical analysis of capacity were discussed, which included vehicle classification, arithmetic of PCE and minimized statistical interval, because the various vehicle-types were traveling with so different performances in expressways and PCE should consider the affection of volume absolutely. Then, a two regime statistical model was provided on the basis of theoretic analysis and was established by regression analysis. Using the two regime statistical model, the serials of relationships between density-flow were obtained. Finally, some characteristics of traffic flow, such as analysis vehicle-types, recommended PCE values, minimized statistical interval, the values of recommended capacity and critical parameters, were summarized for the basic expressway sections in China.

On the basis of references of train working diagram (TWD), this paper discusses hierarchy and structure design to illustrate the relation of general objectives and model, and develops multi-objective model for high-speed and middle-speed trains based on Jinghu high-speed railway line (JHHSRL) and the existing railway network. The designed model has been applied on train working diagram system for Jinghu high-speed railway line worked out with computer.

In this paper, overseas new-style passenger train products and the developing situation of domestic passenger train products are introduced. Then the paper discusses the model of confirming number of train pair, and summarizes some running rules, such as appropriate length of train running section, train departure time and service interval and so on. At last the example of intercity express train between chengdu and mianyang is particularly analyzed.

Computing railway network capacity is an important basis for estimating and development of capacity in China. This paper puts forward concept and computing methods of railway network capacity.

The Network Design Problem focuses on formulations and algorithms for addition or improvement of links on an existing road network. In this paper, the mathematical programming model of the discrete problem without budget constraint is proposed, an hidden enumerative algorithm is posed. Ignoring the Braess paradox, the algorithm is improved to save computer time.

This paper is concerned with evaluating the discrete choice model from combined revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) data. When the models are estimated from RP and SP data, in our methodology, it is assumed that there is not only a serial correlation between RP and SP data but also the state dependence that represents personal habit. Such estimation from the combined data will be able to produce to complement disadvantages and enhance advantages of them practically and statistically.

In this research work a simulation model is developed to study the effects of change in frequencies or capacity of suburban trains on waiting time for the given demands at various suburban railway stations. As a case study Madras Beach — Tambaram meter gauge suburban railway line in Chennai, India was taken. The simulation model is used to find optimum frequency for existing and enhanced capacity of trains for desired loading level.

Essential elements of a research work aiming at improving speed-flow relationships used for road planning in the Paris Region are presented. The purpose is to develop a calibration approach based data sets given by traffic control systems. The process is applied to various categories of roads: motorways, highways and signalised urban arterials. A set of new relationships is developed from recent data and adapted to the needs of decision-makers.

We propose in this article an application of a new set of models referred to as Stable Dynamics. Stable Dynamics, introduced by the authors, provide a flexible yet rigorous way to model congestion in large urban areas. It provides some practical tool for the transportation planners. The data requirements of Stable Dynamics are extremely low, since the supply and the demand data could be provided by data easily available via GIS systems. This approach is based on the requirements that (1) the maximum entering flow for each link is given and that (2) Wardrop principle holds. In this paper, we add to the basis model parking choice. We focus on the case where the commuters first use a private transportation and then use a public transportation. Since the evening the commuter has to retrieve his car, we propose a modeling of both the morning and the evening commute. We show that such a model can be provided with a standard mathematical formulation. Several applications of the extensions of Stable Dynamics are discussed in the perspective of transportation planning.

This paper proposes a mode choice model for long distance travel on business by integrating a model of departure time decisions for each traffic mode. The model can be applied to predict effects of alterations in time schedule of transit systems such as time extension or frequency improvement. The departure time decision model is based on an assumption that a traveler decides a departure time to minimize total disutilities involved in his life pattern. In the mode choice model, two variables, a fare and fatigue on long travel is introduced newly. By applying this model in reappearing the passengers' behaviors using airplanes and high-speed railways in 11 interurban OD pairs, it is proved that this model can reappear the reactions of passengers very well.

Chinese Railway is trying to improve its container transport service. Yet, there are some problems remaining to be solved. The paper analyzes the problems, finds out the reasons and puts forward the measures.

This paper considers the problem of scheduling a fleet of identical vehicles to execute a set of freight orders in truckload quantities. Each freight order is given in terms of an origin and a destination and the number of truckloads to be transported between them. The goal is to minimize the total cost of travel while completing all freight orders. Our work is the first to allow vehicles to be dispatched from a depot and discharged into another after service. We propose an algorithm that starts from an optimal solution to a network flow model which considers all data in the problem in parallel including unloaded travel costs, freight orders, depots, availability of vehicles and the vehicle receiving capacity at each depot. The network solution is then iteratively modified through heuristic operations and the routing of vehicles is determined, one at a time, based on the modified solution. A novel feature of the algorithm is the option of resolving the network model for scheduling the remaining vehicles.

The full length of Jing-Hu high-speed railway is 1307 km from Beijing to Shanghai. There are 30 stations along the whole line. The existing Jing-Hu line will be joined with the hubs at Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan, Xuzhou, Bengfu and Shanghai. It will introduce the existing passenger stations at the above hubs and the new passenger stations to be built. In the light of specific conditions of China, the completed Jing-Hu high-speed railway will adopt the mode of alternating transportation between high-speed and mid-speed. The mid-speed trains on the existing lines will go up or down the high-speed lines at the above hubs. Thus, when the mid-speed trains running on the existing lines go up or down the high-speed lines in state of chaos, the trains running on the high-speed lines will be greatly affected, thus it will need the dispatching system on the high-speed lines and the existing lines to conduct coordinating and linking. According to the designing plan of Jing-Hu high-speed railway (TSRI, 2000), high-speed and mid-speed, mid-speed and ordinary-speed yards will be set up accordingly within the stations at Beijing, Tianjing west, and Jinan. The high-speed and mid-speed yards and mid-speed and ordinary-speed yards will share the throat. High-speed and mid-speed yards and mid-speed and ordinary-speed yards are also set up in Nanjing station, but they do not share the throat. There are no dispersing yards in the stations of Xuzhou and Shanghai. Trains have mixed use of tracks. The new Bengfu is a newly built high-speed station. Besides, on the section from Beiyuan station to Jinan station within Jinan hub, on both ends of Xuzhou station, on the section from Shanghai west to Shanghai station within Shanghai hub, the Jing-Hu high-speed railway and the existing Jing-Hu railway share the same line. Within these hubs, there are some interacting related operations between the two control systems. Thus the problem arises for the traffic control system to link up and connect between the high-speed lines and the existing lines.

In this paper, an integral linear programming model with multiple objectives is set up. For a container liner company, it provides a scientific basis how to add new ships, how to optimize routes, how to allot ships for routes, and make total cost lowest. Then, a solution to the model and a numeral example are given here.

This paper expands the typical Vehicle Routing Problem, and synthetically considers the situation of customs with soft time windows and a depot with several distributing vehicle types. After constructing a mathematical model for the problem, the paper emphasizes the procedure of TS algorithm for solving this problem. Finally, combined with Adaptive Memory procedure, the paper presents the pseudo-code description of TS algorithm. Some computational results are reported too.

In this study, modal choice model for practical use using person trip survey data is constructed. In particular, this study focused on determination of the choice set in each zone pair and introduction of user's consciousness in modal choice model. Modal choice model considering these issues is constructed Characteristics of the proposed model are understood, and precision of the model is discussed.

The reliability of different graphs with vertex-specific failure probabilities is analysed, leading to conclusions about the robustness of public transport services arranged in different topologies. Three cases, which relate to different levels of user knowledge about the vertex failures are compared. The first two cases are analysed using absorbing Markov chains and consider users who have no knowledge or knowledge of the vertex failure probabilities. The final case uses a simulation approach to estimate the connectivity of the network, corresponding to users who have full knowledge about the current vertex failures. The paper highlights the importance of user information for networks with route choice and unreliable vertices.

Since 1970's, freight transportation activities have seen fundamental changes in technology, operation, management and organization. In particular the increasing use of Intermodal transportation operation. A transportation carrier deliver products to its clients using containers in various transportation modes such as railcars, trucks, etc. After delivery and unloading by the customers, the empty containers are shipped back to a depot or warehouse designated by the carrier for subsequent shipment to other customers. After loading the new customer's products, the containers are transported directly to their destinations or through some intermediate depots. Under this type of logistic networks, containers spend a significant amount of time in empty movements. For example in the US rail system it is estimated that a railcar is empty during 40% of its average car cycle. A fundamental question is, given an inland logistic network, how should the carrier dispatch empty container to meet shipper's demand to relocate empty containers among depots and warehouses and to lease on/off vehicles in preparation for future demand. The purpose of this paper is to answer the above question by developing a decision support tool to assist transportation carriers in determining their inland network, the location and capacity of each depot and warehouse.

The procurement of train cars for the West Rail project illustrates the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation's (KCRC) approach to managing a technically complex major contract. This paper presents the processes involved, the major challenges faced, the difficulties encountered and the methodologies adopted for managing the Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) contract including the planning, tendering, design, manufacture, testing and commissioning aspects. The contract for 250 EMU cars (with 154 cars for West Rail and 96 cars for East Rail of KCRC) was awarded to the Itochu-Kinki Sharyo-Kawasaki Consortium in March 1999. The size of the contract at HK $3.1 billion (US $0.4 billion) and 250 cars made it the largest ever train contract awarded in Hong Kong. As a fast track project, the contractor was required to complete the design, production, testing and delivery of the train cars within a very tight timeframe. The technical challenges included the integration of complex system components, such as signalling and telecommunications systems, the need to enable the new train cars to run on both the existing East Rail and West Rail and the strict noise and vibration requirements. In spite of these challenges, the first train rolled out of the factory in just two years — a remarkable achievement to note for both the West Rail project and the rolling stock industry.

This paper presents a Genetic Algorithms (GA) approach to search the optimized path for a class of transportation problems. The formulation of the problems for suitable application of GA will be discussed. Exchanging genetic information in the sense of neighborhoods will be introduced for generation reproduction. The performance of the GA will be evaluated by computer simulation. The proposed algorithm use simple coding with population size 1 converged in reasonable optimality within several minutes.

After the "Separation", inevitable changes will occur on the passenger train path design. In order to fit in with the new rules of market economy circumstance, the Railtrack and the Passenger Company should regulate the passenger train diagram to distribute and coordinate the transport capacity rationally. This article firstly advances the definition of the train path design after the "Separation". Its object is to solve such problems as: how the Railtrack should design and adjust the train path, what kinds of train path may be requested or selected by the Passenger Company, and etc. The paper then expounds and proves these problems from two aspects and levels. Finally, several indices, which should be noticed under the "Separation" condition, are given in conclusion.

The recent market survey and operation practice in China railways show that passengers with different journey time have different favorite departure and arrival time windows. But no scientific way has been adopted to consider this feature in train scheduling practice. The determination of passenger train departure and arrival times presently still depends on the experience of train schedulers. In this paper, the problem is analyzed. Models and algorithms to optimize passenger train departure and arrival time windows in scheduling are proposed. The main objectives to be optimized include minimizing the total passenger inconvenience and the number of passenger cars needed to operate trains. Both subproblems are formulated as assignment problem to solve. The algorithms have been programmed and tested with the data from China railways.

Physical Programming is a new effective and computationally efficient approach for multidisciplinary design optimization. Based on Achille Messac's work, this paper considers the fuzziness of the multiobjective system, and develops Fuzzy Physical Programming. Genetic Algorithms is used in solving the mathematical model, it can obtain the global optimum even if there exists local optimums, and enlarge the application range of Fuzzy Physical Programming. Finally, Fuzzy Physical Programming is used in optimization of through passenger train plan.

Recently, planning and constructing intercity rapid railway network in China has become an urgent requirement to develop the system of cities and towns. This paper firstly screens out the needed indices that can reflect the levels of network. Then the weights of indices are analyzed by the method of analytic hierarchy process. Then the values of indices of various schemes are calculated. At last the scores of schemes are calculated by fuzzy decision making method and used to select the optimal scheme.

Many forecasting methods can be selected to forecast the quantities of export container of ports. But the most pivotal problem is how to integrate the characteristic of forecasting method with that of forecasting object. This paper mainly discussed the origin of the export containers by Shenzhen region, the transported means of the containers from origin to Shenzhen, the forecasting framework and some other key problems of the forecasting on the quantity of export containers.

This research focuses on the design of container transship network and the optimization of routes structure and mode choice for both of the shippers and carriers. Such decisions will subsequently influence port group layout, such as the location of hub ports and transit terminals. Therefore a port choice model is proposed according to the optimization of container transship network, which is designed specially for genetic algorithms. This approach can give an approximate solution to the network and can be accepted by the port planners. The result can be used to design the carriers' route choice in the international container transport market.

Punctuality is a critical performance measure for passenger train services. A statistical analysis has been performed of train traffic at The Hague HS station, the Netherlands. In general, the arrival punctuality level is rather well, but the train delays increase for most lines at this station. Late arrival delays and excess dwell times generally fit well to an exponential and a normal distribution respectively. A stochastic delay propagation model is presented, which predicts reasonably well the departure punctuality level of late arrival trains at the station.

In this paper, an integer linear programming model with the solution algorithm is proposed based on the sensitivity analysis for the multi-modal equilibrium assignment model in order to maximize the transit demand for a mixed traffic system while the maximum allowable expenditures for the transit system is given. A simple numerical example is given to illustrate the applications of the new model.

This article examines factors that affect the capacity of marshalling yards after train speed increase in China, and finds out that the major factor is the imbalanced characteristic of freight train flows. According to the arrival and departure regularities of the freight train flows, a method of breaking a day into the busy, the free and the ordinary parts is presented. In addition, by using other research results for reference, a new system based on the changed operations and the devices factor is proposed to describe the capacity of marshalling yard. The computation result of Jinanxi marshalling yard shows that this method provides a more accurate and feasible way to analyze the capacity of marshalling yard.

The paper addresses the problem of proposing a new simulation model based on train makeup plan and train schedule to evaluating yards operations on heavy mixed traffic railway line. The model accurately reflects the coordination conditions of cars flow connection, train makeup plan and train schedule at related yards and sections of a rail network. A new optimal-based method has been proposed to analyze the side effects on freight transport while changing distribution of passenger trains on heavy mixed traffic railway line. A case study has been done on real data of year 1997, 2000 and forecasting data of 2002 on China's Beijing-Guangzhou railway to evaluate the increasing transit time of freight goods at yards. The results show that the simulation method provides more accurate and feasible ways to analyze the influence such as staying time of cars in successive rail yards with the new changed operations.

In this paper, the influences on carrying capacities will be discussed. The influences on traveling speed will be analyzed. Some useful conclusions will be gotten which can be used to guide the raising running speed of passenger trains in single railway lines.

At present, the commonly used method to calculate the district carrying capacity in our country is the removal coefficient method. With the increasing of speed and number of passenger trains, this method is no longer appropriate to the case. In this paper a new method of calculating district carrying capacity is proposed for the new situation. And it will be meaningful for China railway to calculate district carrying capacity and find the proper time to build new lines only running passenger trains.

The forecast of passenger flux is an important part in the planning of the network of urban rail transit. With sufficient research on the scales and forms of cities and on the distributing rules of traffic outgo, and with mature models of traffic, our forecasts of the passenger flux about the schemes of the network of urban rail transit, and our comparison and analysis of the validity and rationality of the schemes of the network combinedly provide a basis of quantitative analysis for optimizing layouts of the network and choosing schemes of the network. In this paper, we use the "four-phase-method"-based "TRIPS" model, take for example the planning of the network of urban rail transit in the city of Tianjin, and put forward and prove the method in the forecast of passenger flux of the network.

In order to ensure each station has enough capacity for train reception and departure with limited number of tracks, the operation of station track needs to be optimized. According to the characteristics of station operation, the system of train reception and departure can be regarded as a queuing system. Through analyzing the work process of queuing system, the approach to work out track use plan is designed. Traffic disorder is an important factor affecting station track operation, how to adjust track use plan when disorders occur is further studied to check the dynamic capacity of station track. At last, at the background of the proposed Jing-Hu high-speed railway (hereinafter referred to HSR), this paper makes a lot of simulation analysis to the number of station track based on the optimal station operation, and proposes some valuable suggestions to the design of station track.

Traffic diversions strategy is effective means for resolving traffic congestion of a region (or a city), and whether traffic diversions strategies are applied or not depends largely on data, which can tell us information about how much traffic passes through the region between pairs of origin-destination. This article aims to study the method as how to estimate the data. The problem of estimating origin-destination matrix passing through a region is extension for intersection origin-destination matrix. Many researchers, such as M.G.H. Bell, B. Li, N. Nihan and H.D. Sherali among others, pay more attention to the latter and get lots of solutions. According to their study, we give a multi-linear recursive model with probability-constraints for the first problem and design an algorithm following the viewpoint of the multi-linear recursive model for estimating the origin-destination matrix. The algorithm with its estimated reasonable results is suitable for practical use.

In Fall 2000, more than 430 ramp meters in the Twin Cities metropolitan area were shut down in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the metering system. This shutdown disturbed normal traffic patterns and thus traffic equilibrium. This paper examines how long it takes to establish a new equilibrium after a shock to the system, and thus establishes the basis for how long traffic studies should be carried out, as transportation analysts are generally concerned with comparing two equilibrium conditions. While traffic seems to be tending toward an equilibrium by the end of the 8 week shut-down, it has not yet converged to one. More research is needed to examine the question of whether and how equilibria form, and we need to examine longer time periods for analysis.

Developing countries are recently suffering from severe transport problems due to intense vehicle ownership and usage. Therefore, investigation of travel behavior is found as an important issue. In this study, a Nested Logit (NL) model is developed considering vehicle ownership, mode choice and trip chaining aspects for household traveling. Developed NL model has two levels where the upper level consists of vehicle ownership choices and the lower level represents the mode choice combinations for two-traveler households. Model is analyzed using. Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP) data since combined RP/SP is an effective method to express complex travel behavior and to forecast travel demand for new transport services. Proposed model is verified using the data from Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR).

Speed-flow-density relationships usually depict the interdependence of observable real flow rates, (mean) speeds and densities. It is shown that "demanded" or "desired" speed-flow-density relationships must be considered as well for many purposes in traffic planning and management. As a consequence of this wider perspective capacities of roads sometimes may turn out to be sufficient for the demand whereas ignoring the "demanded" speed-flow-density relationships may lead to an erroneous opposite result.

The public transport sector in mainland China is increasingly opening up to private and foreign investment, with many new projects being based on joint ventures between Chinese government agencies and foreign private investors. To encourage this growth there is an increasing need to provide reliable "bankable" demand and revenue forecasts that are acceptable to the international investment community. This paper addresses some of the issues involved in producing such forecasts and uses a recent project by Booz Allen in Shenyang to highlight some of the new forecasting methods and some of the drawbacks to be avoided. Booz Allen Hamilton reviewed the Line 1 forecasts for Shenyang and identified a number of issues that could worry the investment community. As a result of this review, Booz Allen Hamilton provided a two-stage approach to the "bankable" demand forecast assignment: 1) Stage 1 - Develop a new. demand model using Stated Preference techniques for mode diversion and 2) Stage 2 - Complete the calibration of a multi-modal network model for Shenyang and produce final forecasts using the EMME/2 transport model. The project was undertaken in cooperation with Shenyang Research Institute staff and an additional aim of the project was to effect a `knowledge transfer' to the Research Institute staff.

This research analyzes the demand for intercity high-speed rail (HSR) system planned in Japan with the integrated demand forecasting model. The model integrates choice of routes and modes is estimated from a combined stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) data. The SP/RP combined estimation method exploits the advantages of both data sets while mitigating the weaknesses of each. The SP survey is conducted to elicit preference for the non-existing high-speed rail together with the RP survey on the actual intercity mode choice for the specific corridor. Considering the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) attribute, a nested structure is applied to these alternatives and the advantages of the nested logit model with the combined SP/RP data are discussed in this paper.

This paper aim to present a new route guidance models with tree-type path constraints from the viewpoint of capacity, travel cost and optimization. The primary objective is to determine optimal car routing and capacity consuming of links in a traffic network for route guidance systems. This model does not provide real time information to support travel decisions instead it will specify routes for all cars. In a tree-type route network, it is necessary that all cars, trucks (Since bus routes are fixed, there is no route choice problem.) ended the same destination travel same path when they join at some node. In this way, we can provide realistic link travel time estimates for a real traffic network and develop a linear link travel time function which would be applicable to tree-type route guidance model. We develop the model by discussing variables, the objective function, and constraints in great detail. These decisions are developed a combinatorial optimization model.

A substantial reduction in the delay can be achieved by early detection of the incidents and prompt response to divert the traffic in the upstream flow. Since the late 1960s, Automatic Incident Detection Systems (AIDS) have been developed and implemented to help traffic management authorities. However, high false alarm rates and low poor performance have caused some authorities to abandon AIDS. To enhance the reliability, transferability and economization of AIDS, in this paper we design a framework for freeway AIDS with three-level alarm policy, and a AID algorithm based on the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) technology that only need single detector. It was proved by simulated data that the model built on one segment can be used to other segments, and all three measurements (DR, FAR and MTTD) are superior to the objective algorithm. Furthermore, the total cost of freeway incident management system can be reduced due to only single detector is needed for one detector station.

In this paper, we study dynamic traffic assignment in real-time route guidance system. Many published literatures have examined this problem theoretically. Most of them can not used in route guidance for large-scale networks. Here we proposed a new dynamic traffic assignment method for large-scale networks. We call it quasi-dynamic traffic assignment. The process of dynamic assignment is basically simulated by means of virtue dynamic OD matrix.

There are many random processes in production activity of transportation, their event-flows can be described by the simplest flow in general, but this method has some limitations. For example, because that the simplest flow has not aftereffect and has constant parameters, the accuracy of resolving results is not acceptable. This limitation can be tided by flow-palm. Based on approximation of flow-palm this paper sets up a way of approximating system process to Makcov process. Using this method, we can more reliably quantitate operating indexes of queue service systems.

It is of great importance for public transit enterprise to correctly predict short-term bus line patronage. A new model for short-term bus line patronage predicting based on the theory of adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been raised in this paper. An initial TS fuzzy forecasting model has been produced by means of adaptive learning from historical data, and a hybrid method combining BP algorithm and least square algorithm has been used to train and adjust parameters of model. Test results from this fuzzy neural model have showed better adaptability and fitness than results from AR, ARMA and ARIMA, which best satisfies practical operation needs from public transit enterprise.

This paper reports the results of a research project conducted to predict retail demand and evaluate its impact on the transportation system. Similar studies found in the "Guidelines for Traffic Impact Assessment" (edited by IHT), the Planning Policy Guidelines (PPG 6 and PPG 13) published in Great Britain, and the TRIP GENERATION manual edited by ITE in the United States of America evaluate the number of consumers attracted based on retail size. Our approach differs in that we evaluate consumer behaviour at shop destination by means of questionnaires then apply statistical methods such as multiple correspondence and cluster analysis to define trip generation and retail choice behavioural characteristics and rank consumers accordingly; we then apply variables to the different rankings and build algorithms based only on shop characteristics (size, location, accessibility, ect.) which are then calibrated by multiple regression to define the relationship between the estimated number of consumers and real consumer flow. Questionnaires were collected at six large shopping malls in the metropolitan areas of Cagliari and Sassari. Further studies are also being conducted along the same line in another 14 urban areas in Italy, where we are investigating different size shops (hypermarkets, supermarkets, corner shops).

Strategies for traffic flow control by using variable speed limits are introduced. An extended study of traffic flow theory as well as the exploration on driver behavior is carried out to analyze the reasons behind congestion. Based on these analyses, real-time control strategies of variable speed limits are developed for specific control objectives, i.e., reducing congestion and improving safety.

The present paper proposes a novel interpretation of the widely scattered states (called synchronized traffic) stimulated by Kerner's hypotheses about the existence of a multitude of metastable states in the fundamental diagram. Following previous work the vehicle flow is specified by the car density, mean velocity, and additional order parameters h and a that are due to the many-particle effects of the vehicle interaction. The parameter h describes the multilane correlations in the vehicle motion and together with the car density controls directly the mean velocity. The parameter a, in contrast, controls the evolution of h only and gives rise to a quasistationary family h₀(a) of the order parameter h. Fluctuations of a are responsible for the widely scattered states. Since exactly the overtaking manoeuvres cause both the order parameters to vary, the evolution of the car arrangement becomes frozen for a certain time when the system comes close to one of the quasistationary states h₀(a). The latter leads to the appearance of long-time correlations in the synchronized mode.

Ramp meters in the Twin Cities were turned off for 8 weeks in the Fall of 2000. Previous research has assumed demand to be fixed when analyzing ITS technologies, however analysis of this ramp metering shut down experiment, using traffic count data from freeway loop detectors, suggests otherwise: for discretionary trips (non-work trips), the presence of ramp meters encourages people to defer short non-work trips, which then take place during unmetered times. Similarly, the absence of ramp meters discourages long peak-period non-work trips, which are deferred to off-peak times. The effects of ramp metering on non-discretionary demand (work trips) are also reflected by the spreading of the peaks. The method of using freeway traffic count data to estimate demand shifts developed in this paper can also be applied to other freeway demand analyses.

The travel time reliability analysis introduces a new network performance measure for supplying information and evaluating the alternative scheme for network design and improvement. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating network travel time reliability, based on the sensitivity system of the User Equilibrium with link capacity constraints. A path-based algorithm is developed for solving the capacitated UE model. The sensitivity equations of the capacitated UE is built on the optimality conditions and used for the evaluation of travel time reliability.

This Research Solve the key implement technologies of Urban Traffic Flow Guidance System (abbr. UTFGS). First of all, the research analysis the frame of UTFGS, with the considering of the components and functions of the software and hardware. And then, it divides the technologies mainly into the following six components, such as Information Gathering and Fusion, Database, Route Optimization, Vehicle Position, Communication and Guidance Information Distribution, and talks about them.

This paper analyses the shortcoming in calculating the length of car queue at intersection using traditional queue theory, and analyzes the principle of traffic congestion. A function of link travel time is developed according to theory of traffic flow wave. The function includes two parts, one is the car running time on non-congestion section of a link, and the other one is the delay time at downriver intersection. The method of computing car running time and the delay time is discussed.

This study optimizes the distribution of shopping centers (SC) in terms of realizing the shortest car-based shopping trips in an urban area. First, modal split between road and railway networks is calculated, and then the interaction between land-use and transportation in the context of choice of shopping destinations is modeled to build the optimal function. Second, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to solve the optimal problem and several problems in application of GA are discussed. Finally a case study, which examines the effectiveness our method, is carried out.

Cellular automata (CA) models have been used in simulation of traffic flow on freeway, but the application on street network are not studied sufficiently. The studies and analyses reported here focus on the description of two-dimension (2D) CA model of an intersection and the cellular automata network (CAN) model on street network integrated 1D and 2D CA. The model can be used as a heuristic tool for analyzing and observing the vehicle evolution on street network.

With the development of economy, the improvement of urbanization and the increase of vehicles, present road system can't meet the demand of person travel. Traffic congestion has been very common phenomena. In order to solve these problems, many experts and scholars bring forth their suggestions and ideas. After a long time of research and practice, a new method is brought forth, through adopting advanced method and models, to find a convenience shortcut path, diminish traffic congestion and improve the operation efficiency of traffic systems.

The present paper is concerned with examining the relationship between traffic flows and traffic stream characteristics (heavy vehicle traffic and opposing lane traffic) for rural two-lane roads in Greece. By gaining a better understanding of the relationship(s) between these factors more effective and efficient policing strategies can be planned. In this research Box-Cox regression is used to examine these relationships. The results clearly indicate that the relationships between vehicle speed, traffic flow and traffic stream characteristics are highly nonlinear; further, the results indicate that, in two-lane roads, opposing (oncoming) traffic flows are extremely important in determining vehicle speeds, as are the percentage of heavy vehicles in traffic and the time of day.

General-purpose surveys were extremely valuable as key elements of transportation system descriptions, travelers' behavioral analyses, and transportation policymakings. However, they were also expensive, were often large and time-consuming, added two much burdens to respondents, and usually were not suitable for some specific projects: This paper is concerned with a number of design issues in Stated Preference survey for a Light Rail Transit (LRT) project in Japan. In particular, the effects of sample size, number of questions and survey instruments on the modal split models are investigated. The paper implicates that it is necessary and possible to reduce the number of questions for either Interview or Household surveys and it is also required to balance the number of respondents against the number of questions for each respondent (more respondents less questions vs. less respondents more questions). It is possible to estimate well-behaved models from 100–300 samples if appropriate survey instruments are designed.

One aspect of activity engagement that has received only limited attention is that related to the modeling of interactions among household members. Within a household, members allocate tasks among each other, make trade-offs with respect to activity time allocation, and pursue activities jointly. These household interactions are extremely critical in a person's activity-travel decision-making process. This paper develops a structural equations model system of activity task and time allocation among household members in multi-person households. The structural equation model system considers the relationships among the frequencies and durations of different activity types across household members. The model system is capable of capturing the task allocation, activity trade-off, and activity complementarity that exists in households.

A stochastic combined trip distribution, modal split, and assignment model is developed and applied to the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The characteristic of this model is firstly explicit distinction of travelers' trip purposes in trip distribution and model split phase. Secondly we use a destination choice model incorporating probabilistic formulation of choice set in trip distribution phase. We estimated the parameters in this model in each trip purposes, and we got appropriate results.

This paper provides a succint statement of the deterministic dynamic disequilibrium network design problem. The formulation developed here is currently the subject of of an effort to provide numerical tools for optimal dynamic infrastructure capital budgeting. We also present a numerical solution of a small example model using a discrete multigrid optimization approach.

This paper addresses the impacts of Adaptive (Intelligent) Cruise Control (ACC) laws on the traffic flow. Semi-automated vehicles, such as ACC Vehicles, with the capability to automatically follow each other in the same lane, will coexist with manually driven vehicles on the existing roadway system before they become universal. This mixed fleet scenario creates new capacity and safety issues. In this paper, simulation results of various mixed fleet scenarios under different ACC laws are presented. Explicit comparison of two ACC laws, Constant Time Headway (CTH) and Variable Time Headway (VTH), are based on these results. It is found that the latter one has better performance in terms of capacity and stability of traffic. Throughput increases with the proportion of CTH vehicles when flow is below capacity conditions. But above capacity, speed variability increases and speed drops with the CTH traffic compared with manual traffic, while the VTH traffic always performs better.

The aim of this paper is to seek efficient and effective numerical methods for computing link outflow rates under continuous dynamic loads. Three methods are proposed and their respective properties are investigated, theoretically and numerically. Furthermore, some implications are presented for dynamic traffic assignment problem solving.

This paper aims at examining the extent of attrition biases specifically included in Stated Preference data and also demonstrates the effectiveness of a correcting method which exclude them in model building. It was made by developing a mode choice model and an attrition model based on the panel data in Hiroshima.

This paper describes an application of the MetroOD program, which combines multiple modules and procedures into a friendly interface software. The core of the program is to create subway origin-destination (OD) matrices, which are based on the New York City actual daily Metro-Card information. The program also provides convenient ways for daily statistics and long-term analyses. The average weekday swipes of New York City transit system are over 6 millions. The program provides a tool to establish a dynamic Metro-Card database. This database could be used to provide online information and dynamic statistical information, which makes analyses, forecasts and planning relying on the realistic data information.

A multi-regime microscopic traffic simulation approach has been formulated featuring realistic and comprehensive car-following and lane changing logic. The simulation logic and program was extensively tested and validated by real-world microscopic data sets using different validation procedures. The Multi-Regime Simulation (MRS) results clearly demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed models for a broad range of traffic scenarios. The test and validation results indicate that the model has the fidelity and details required for modeling and evaluating ITS technologies.

We analyze the characteristic features of traffic breakdown. To describe this phenomenon we apply to the probabilistic model regarding the jam emergence as the formation of a large car cluster on highway. In these terms the breakdown occurs through the formation of a certain critical nucleus in the metastable vehicle flow, which enables us to confine ourselves to a one-cluster-model. We assume that, first, the growth of the car cluster is governed by attachment of cars to the cluster whose rate is mainly determined by the mean headway distance between the car in the vehicle flow and, may be, also by the headway distance in the cluster. Second, the cluster dissolution is determined by the car escape from the cluster whose rate depends on the cluster size directly. We write the appropriate master equation converted then into the Fokker-Planck equation for the cluster distribution function and analyze the formation of the critical car cluster due to the climb over a certain potential barrier. Numerical estimates of the obtained characteristics and the experimental data of the traffic breakdown are compared. In particular, we draw the conclusion that the characteristic intrinsic time scale of the breakdown phenomenon should be about one minute and explain the cause why the traffic volume interval inside which traffic breakdown is observed is sufficiently wide.

Although the experimental situation on freeways is rather complex, we believe that some general features of traffic flow exist which can be described by relatively simple models. Dynamical models for car cluster formation based on stochastic methods (master equation, Langevin equation, Fokker-Planck-equation) have not been extensively exploited so far in traffic theory. It is the aim of the present contribution to present a stochastic description of jam formation in synchronized traffic using master equation approach. The main and central point is to construct the transition probabilities for the jump processes to condensate one free car to a car cluster or to evaporate the first congested car into free flow. This method allows us to interpret the phase transitions between different states of traffic flow in analogy to aggregation phenomena in metastable and unstable systems like supersaturated van der Waals gases.

Understanding of pavement profiling and roughness is critical for a pavement engineer to evaluate pavement serviceability and performance. This paper presents the principles of pavement profiling, roughness, and measurement. The report also discusses International Roughness Index (IRI), widely used by pavement engineer to assess the pavement condition. In the process of learning pavement profiling, a program code in C language was written to perform the calculation of the roughness index for a given profile. The C code in this report is largely based on the available FORTRAN code. In the process of writing the coding and validating the computer program, much better understanding was gained of how pavement profiles and dynamic mechanics are used for the calculation of International Roughness Index. The report concludes with the validation of the C code and a discussion on the application of interval in calculating IRI values.

This paper describes the characteristics of an ongoing reserch project on environmental capacity of urban road influence zones. It also presents the latest results of the work that has been performed so far.

In this paper, we discuss different procedures for solving the global signal settings and traffic assignment combined problem. We present a stochastic method based on a simulated annealing approach and a Projected Gradient Algorithm (PGA), which uses the Armijo rule for the step size estimation routine, and we compare them to other two usual solution procedures. Numerical experiments conducted on a test network show that the Armijo rule can improve the efficiency of PGA significantly.

Managing interactions with others plays an important role in safe driving in most road situations. The aim of this paper is to present the results of two complementary research studies aimed at analysing drivers' activity when managing their interactions with other drivers and, on this basis to discuss the potential impact of new driving support systems on drivers' interaction management.

In some Japanese urban motorway system, there exist two kinds of S letter shape curve (S curve) sections at where traffic accidents often occurred and a few traffic accidents occurred. Both kinds of S curve sections, however, are almost the same geometric features. Therefore, authors thought that the factors affected the causes of traffic accidents, which occurred such S curve sections, might be not only geometric features but also some other factors such as drivers' mental and/or physiological factors, landscape factors along S curve sections, and so on. Running car tests were conducted in some S curve sections of the actual urban motorway. The purpose of this running car test was to measure speed of a vehicle, steering wheel operation, eye movement and heartbeat of a driver, and so on in an S curve section passage. A comparative analysis was done to explain difference in the driving behavior in two kinds of S curve section passage, where traffic accidents often occurred and not.

In this paper sensitivity analysis of the stochastic user equilibrium model on traffic networks with elastic travel demand is studied. An efficient link-based method is proposed for computing the derivatives of link flows, link costs and travel demand in parameters of link performance functions.

Based on the analysis to the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW), this paper builds up a mathematical model of VRPTW and proposes a genetic algorithm. By constructing chromosomes reasonably and using a feasible procedure and other genetic operators to make the search for the optimal solution proceed within the feasible space, this genetic algorithm has a good performance proved by the provided experience.

With the development of urbanization and the increase of automobile ownership, the traffic becomes more and more congested. As a result, the traffic accidents arise and the environment aggravates. Traffic engineers over the world are trying their best to find solution to these questions. One effective measure is to build advanced urban traffic control system. Now there are three typical traffic signal control systems in the world. They are SCOOT, SCATS and TRANSYT. All of them use computers to coordinate the timing plan of intersections. In this paper, we first talk about operation mechanism of adaptive traffic control system. Then we discuss traffic prediction and signal-timing optimization in detail.

Purely quantitative methods are in a dilemma situation to handle the real world problem, such as transportation and traffic problems, these quantitative methods are thus necessary to combine with the qualitative methods which are responsible to cope with our incomplete knowledge, because these incompletely qualitative knowledge are the important components of our knowledge structure. In this paper, S-ANN method is employed as a forecasting tool to forecast the ridership of Beijing public transportation from year 2001 to 2005 based on the last 20-years historically statistical data. For S-ANN, the artificial neural network (ANN) of AI is used to handle the quantitative knowledge and the SCENARIO method of Systems Engineering is used to handle the qualitative knowledge respectively. The forecasting results show that S-ANN is practical and easy to operate.

Intelligent real-time dispatching system is that apply the advanced techniques to urban public transport, and to solve disorder and low-efficiency of the public transit vehicle. This paper discusses that to design public transport network, to establish the mathematical models and its solution for multi-objective programming. When the public transport network is operating, the objective function is established for the minimum of the trip times, and the simulated annealing algorithm is adopted for the network optimization. In the end, the paper studies the key technology of intelligent real-time dispatching. It is proved that the real-time network optimization is rational, the real-time dispatching system is advanced, and the information service is timely and accurate.

In this paper, based on variation law shown in field data, a new method is provided for quantitatively recognizing car-following status. It yields that vehicles whose time-headways are less than 5s should be recognized as following cars. The data of vehicles judged as follower are used to probe the characteristics of drivers' preferred time headway. From the analysis of field data it's found that preferred time headway, differs from previous knowledge, varies with travel speed. Furthermore, a lognormal model is applied to fit the distribution of preferred time headway within categories of speed. The results of Chi-square tests show that the model fits the field data very well.

Local Area Traffic Management (LATM) has been used for dealing with safety problem on residential streets for many years. With the question raised by some researchers for how many benefits could be brought from these LATM schemes, this paper depicts the impacts of the LATM schemes on the safety based on accident rates resulting from two case studies in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. A comparison of the evaluations of safety benefits between the two schemes is conducted. The analysis results showed that the effect of the schemes is limited in the road networks regarding to safety, especially in the external network, however they did bring benefits of reducing speed. The scheme, which is area-wide is more likely to bring safety benefits to the area, and influencing the internal network traffic operation.

In order to test the capability of different simulation techniques, two computer simulation programs, NETCELL and VISSIM, are applied in a case study of congested traffic flow on freeway. It is shown that NETCELL is preferable to VISSIM for the purpose of short-time prediction and congestion warning.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between traffic information and travel time reliability of road network. The indices to evaluate travel time reliability are estimated by the simple macroscopic simulations with different quality of traffic information. The traffic flow simulation used in this study explicitly considers drivers' route choice behaviors under provision of dynamic traffic information. This study shows a possibility that dynamic information may influences the travel time reliability of road network. Some basic findings obtained through the preliminary analyses are as follows. 1) The descriptive information on travel time might lead to deterioration of travel time reliability, especially in the case where the network traffic condition tends to be unstable. 2) Providing the additional information like short-term trend of travel time might improve travel time reliability.

This research investigated behaviors and characteristics of traffic flow by analyzing speed-flow rate relationships, lane change, deceleration, and speed deviation at freeway merging sections. Results indicated that the traffic characteristics of merging section are relatively different from those of basic section in terms of the shape of speed-flow rate curve. In addition, it is shown that remarkable lane changes and deceleration at adjacent merging sections caused to turbulence phenomena and that the severity of turbulence could be recognized by analyzing the standard deviation of speed traps of 50m lane by lane within the influence zone by entrance ramp.

This study evaluates a trial operation of park-and-cycle system in the city center of Yokohama City in 2000. Road network as well as parking spaces in the city center is congested very hard especially on holidays. Traffic congestion causes a variety of problems including environmental pollution, traffic safety problem, decline of urban activities, and so on. This system was proposed in order to alleviate the traffic congestion. On this system car drivers coming into the city center may use a parking space on the fringe of the center and come to destination by bicycle rented at the parking space. Users of the system can keep away from the traffic congestion on the road network in the center. Because citizens in the city and peripheral region were not familiar with the system, the trial operation of the system was designed and executed for two weeks in October 2000. Although several cities have introduced rental-bicycle systems in order to encourage modal shift recently in Japan, this system is quite unique in that the rental port is installed inside the parking facility and that only the users of the parking can borrow bicycles. The trial is, needless to say, the first one in Japan. Through the trial, the system was found to be effective in increasing the number of trips in the center. Many participants on the trial appreciate the system. However, some of the users were dissatisfied with the cycle network in the center.

This paper puts forward bicycle and ride (B+R) mode is more suitable urban trip method in the China. It is necessary to research bus stop spacing by the opsearch theory and computer technique. This paper provides a bus stop spacing optimizing model with the non-linear programming method. By comprehensive considering economic interest about passengers and bus company based on the time value and total system cost, the relational model is established between bus stop spacing and passengers total traveling time cost and bus company cost. At last the models are checked out with simulation programs in Hie Chengdu of the China.

Based on a new modernity theory of sociology, the followed intrinsic characteristics of transportation are discussed from the viewpoint of time-space distanciation: the limitation of space to the development of transportation, the unsymmetry between the supply and demand of transportation, the peculiarity of transportation's sustainable development among the infrastructures, the similarity in the course of transportation development, the complexity of modern transportation. Finally, the tendency of transportation development is prospected.

Determining the wagon flow path is important in the management of the railway makeup. The decisions of wagon flow path affect the efficiency and benefit of transportation of railway network. In view of the limitation of the present research work in the satisficing domain, some concepts of the generalized satisfactory degree are defined and characterized, and the multi-objective optimization based on the generalized satisfactory degree theory are developed. From the viewpoint of systematology, the shortage of the single optimization in the wagon flow path is discussed, and an improved linear optimization model for the multi-objective optimization considering both bothway and empty-loaded train certain transportation requirement is established. An example is given by use of the multi-objective optimization based on generalized satisfactory degree theory. The result of the example shows that the theory and method developed in this paper is effective.

In this paper, the traveler behaviors are analyzed. A route choice model with travel information based on fuzzy logic is developed to model travelers' recognition of traffic condition, route attractiveness, driver reaction to travel information and travelers' characteristic influence on route choice. Traffic conditions on two routes in Nanjing city are assumed as an example for study. The fuzzy logic control rules are induced from the survey conducted on the two routes by interviewing taxi drivers. The results obtained from the model show good agreement with the survey results.

This paper addresses the location problem of public transit rescuing centers with maximum distance constraints. The GA method is combined with the hill-climber heuristic method for the solution of the problem. Experimental tests show that the hybrid GA performs better than general GA both in quality and efficiency. Thus, an improving aided tool for better decision of public transit system has been provided.

Fog doubles the risk of accidents and modifies driving behavior in a way that leads to greater risk-taking. In a series of experiments performed in a fog chamber and on a driving simulator, we looked at the perceptive difficulties that drivers may encounter under such conditions. We notably tested the hypotheses of an underestimation of speed and an overestimation of headway in fog. While we did not observe any influence of fog on speed perception, our results show a major phenomenon of overestimation of headway. Our studies also show that headway perception can be improved by an appropriate rear fog-light design.

This study developed a dynamic traffic control system designated as Dynamic Intersection Signal Control Optimization (DISCO). DISCO considers the entire Fundamental Diagram of traffic flow, which is essential for controlling congested and transient traffic. As a dynamic model, DISCO works with time-variant traffic patterns and derives dynamic adaptive timing plans. In this study, we applied DISCO to a congested network in Hong Kong and compared the performance of various control strategies enabled by DISCO. The results showed that DISCO outperformed the existing plans by more than 50% in terms of overall delay reduction. Moreover, DISCO performed best under the most flexible control scheme of "variable green — no cycle" strategy. DISCO shows promise as a new approach for demand-responsive traffic control.

Traffic simulation, interfaced with traffic controller algorithms, can be used to evaluate traffic operations and traffic control benefits in a laboratory environment. This virtual "hardware-in-the-loop" environment, when residing in different computers, is referred to as distributed traffic simulation. To facilitate this type of simulation, a new Application Programming Interface (API) was developed to interface CORSIM (CORridor SIMulation). The API was implemented through the Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), a client/server environment developed by Microsoft Corporation. An emergency preemption vehicle (an ambulance or a fire truck) experiment was designed to test the API. A sample cases were run successfully in real time on a TCP/IP network without any program execution delays. The test case shows that the new API could be interfaced with different traffic control applications with minor source code changes. This DCOM API will be useful to traffic simulation researchers, software developers, and traffic engineers. The results from this experiment will also be useful to CORSIM developers as a reference for future enhancement.

Simulation modeling is an increasingly popular and effective tool for analyzing a wide variety of dynamical problems. Road traffic is an example of such problems. Road traffic constitutes a dynamic problem associated with complex processes. These processes are characterized by the interaction of the elements of the system: road users, infrastructures and operators. Traffic can be considered as a supply and demand problem whose difficulty relies on two opposite postulates. The offer responds to a collective use: the road network is dimensioned to allow a certain flow. The demand is individual: each driver wishes to travel under its conditions. Therefore the characteristics of the traffic imply strong constraints for the modeling. Different types of traffic simulation models exist. According to its granularity, a simulation model can be macroscopic or microscopic. A macroscopic model describes the traffic stream, which is represented in some aggregate manner by scalar values of flow rate, density and speed. A microscopic model considers all the vehicles as individuals and the fundamental interactions take the form of mathematical formulas. All these traffic simulation models describe traffic in statistical formats. In addition to these models, the INRETS (French National Institute for Research in Transportation and Safety) has done some research on road traffic simulation based on the real driver behavior for more than ten years and has developed a behavioral simulation model. INRETS' ARCHISIM— like mathematical model—can be used for various traffic studies. However, it has not been widely used. Behavioral simulation need more computing than mathematical simulation: the system is fully distributed (there is no supervisor), the simulation frequency can be very high (from 5hz to 100 Hz) and the environment is precisely modeled (the space unit is millimeter). Therefore the experiments and studies have been mostly done for low-density road networks. The model shows a high potential for the realization of wide range of traffic studies and only the relatively low number of simulated vehicles seems to be a limitation. But today, as computers are getting powerful enough to allow a high number of vehicles, a partnership between INRETS and SRILOG (a company specialized in Intelligent Transport Systems) has been settled and the two partners have jointly decided to validate the model for complex high-density highway networks. In this paper, we first present behavioral road traffic simulation and the simulation model ARCHISIM. Then, we expose a high-density network study — involving a highway section in the Paris outskirts during the morning rush hours—that SRILOG and INRETS have realized with this model. Finally, the encouraging results of the study are presented and discussed.

We deal with the problem of deriving the microscopic equations governing the individual car motion based on the assumptions about the strategy of driver behavior. We suppose the driver behavior to be a result of a certain compromise between the will to move at a speed that is comfortable for him under the surrounding external conditions, comprising the physical state of the road, the weather conditions, etc., and the necessity to keep a safe headway distance between the cars in front of him. Such a strategy implies that a driver can compare the possible ways of his further motion and so choose the best one. To describe the driver preferences we introduce the priority functional whose extremals specify the driver choice. For simplicity we consider a single-lane road. In this case solving the corresponding equations for the extremals we find the relationship between the current acceleration, velocity and position of the car. As a special case we get a certain generalization of the optimal velocity model similar to the "intelligent driver model" proposed by Treiber and Helbing.

Many Chinese cities have imported Urban Traffic Control Systems (UTCS) from Western countries. However, these systems, neither the fixed-time control system nor the real-time adaptive control system worked well under the unique traffic situation in Chinese cities. Their software and hardware was not intended to develop compatible with China's traffic flow Characteristics. A very common parameter, the platoon dispersion factor, which mainly affects the quality of the traffic control system, is determined by law of geometric distribution or normal distribution, and mostly is defined as a constant. Whether the motion law of traffic flow between two junctions in China is the same with the law abroad, is still a question. In this article, we attempt to explore the urban traffic platoon's dispersion parameters and the relevant factors related through on-site survey in Beijing. And by traffic simulations, we make a comparative analysis between the laws of traffic flow abroad and in Beijing. The traffic dispersion factor compatible to Beijing's situation was presented and some suggestions on China's urban traffic control system development were also addressed.

Depending on the randomicity analysis of traffic demanding and road capacity, and referring to the reliability theory, the definition and algorithm of unblocked reliability for component (road link and intersection) and system in Urban transportation network are suggested in the paper. Through the component importance analysis, the optimum improvement plan to alleviate the traffic congestion is suggested. In the end of the paper, an example is given to illuminate the application of the index of unblocked reliability in the traffic condition assessment and improvement plan of urban transportation system.

In this paper, the second-best cordon-based congestion-pricing scheme is investigated, including optimal selection of both toll levels and toll locations. Transportation network is viewed as a directed graph, and the concept of cutset in graph theory is introduced to describe the mathematical properties of a toll cordon by examining the incidence matrix of the network. Social welfare maximization with or without inclusion of implementation cost of toll charge is sought subject to elastic travel demand in general networks. Optimization models with mixed (integer and continuous) variables are formulated for determining toll levels and toll locations simultaneously. The uniform toll level on a given toll cordon is sought by one-dimension algorithm, moreover, binary genetic algorithm is applied to search optimal toll locations dynamically.

This research performed a study of newly signalized intersections in Florida to evaluate the impacts of signalization on crashes. Crash data from the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) crash database were used. Statistical crash prediction models were developed to estimate average number of crashes in terms of all crashes and types of crashes at intersections before and after signalization. Seven predictor variables were finally considered for the models, which included Average Daily Traffic (ADT), surrounding land use, location type, number of lanes, posted speed, median, and shoulder type. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression were used during modeling. The goodness-of-fit of developed models were evaluated based on Pearson's R-square and likelihood ratio index. Furthermore, average number of crashes at an intersection before and after signalization could be estimated with the developed models given the intersection characteristics to determine the impacts of signalization through the changes of crash frequencies.

This paper describes a safety evaluation of two left-turn alternatives: direct left turns (DLT) and right turns followed by U-turns (RTUT), from driveways using traffic conflicts analysis. Seven sites were selected for field data collection where each site experienced one or both of the left turn alternatives. Video cameras were set up on scaffoldings to achieve enough viewing heights and all traffic movements at the selected sites were recorded. These videotapes were later reviewed and conflict data related to DLT or RTUT movements were gathered, together with corresponding traffic volumes and conflict severities. Nine different conflict types related to the left turn movements were considered. The average number of conflicts and conflicts per thousand involved vehicles were estimated using the collected data. The average number of hourly conflicts for DLT was 6.34, whereas the corresponding value for RTUT was 4.18. Differences in hourly conflict rates were more significant during the peak periods where the rates were 7.01 and 3.98 respectively for DLT and RTUT. When average number of conflicts per thousand involved vehicles was considered, the rates for DLT and RTUT were 26.43 and 16.08 respectively. RTUT conflict rate was 39% lower as compared to DLT conflict rate. Severity of conflicts for DLT and RTUT was also analyzed by using two approaches based on Risk of Collision and Time to Collision scores. In both cases, DLT conflict severities were significantly larger than that of RTUT. The results from all means using traffic conflicts indicated that the safety situation of RTUT as much better than that of DLT.

Much more measures should be taken for the transport of the injured persons by airplane accident at airport. Road planning is essential to diminish the traffic jams around airport, which cause the delay of transport. Koike et al. proposed a simulation model for transport of the injured on the road network around airport and derived the proper activities in the assumed condition. The access road to airport should be connected to highway passing over the existing roads as to enable higher-speed drive and emergency close for accidents. Even if the connecting highway is in heavy traffic jams, ambulances should use the existing road network. In turn, if the existing road is out of use, they can run the highway. It means that rescue system should be invested with redundant road network. If the urgent route chooses both the highway and the existing road, we shall call it hierarchical road network. The reliability of such network maybe evaluated due to the composition of two types of road that have the individual reliability and are connected on some interchanges. This study aims to develop a reliability analysis model for transport of the injured at airplane accident considering the hierarchical road network. It can be evaluated with the various suppositions of transport activity. The equipment of some suppositions is very important for road planning considering an incident. Moreover, the model includes the risk evaluation model developed to evaluate not only transport activity but also medical activity for the injured. Through applying it to a hypothetical example of Chubu International Airport, which is now under construction, it proves that the proposal model implements the road planning for transport of the injured of airport accident.

In order to guarantee a high level of safety for a stretch of road, all five factors in play (man, vehicle, road, traffic and environment) must have a higher efficiency level than the minimum threshold. This threshold, however, is not a constant but depends on the reciprocal interactions between the various factors, because the user has a different road service quality expectation according to the different circumstances. Indeed, the five factors are all important, but the users have the final say because they evaluate and make decisions on all the aspects. Thus the following conditions (to be controlled for each factor): 1) Level of efficiency ≥ Minimum level of efficiency, 2) Could lead to the others: 3) Difference of Quality = Expected Quality – Real Quality ≤ ΔQ maximum. In order to exemplify the concept, we can refer to user illness (ΔQ₁ excessive), inefficient brakes (ΔQ₂), poor adherence of the road surface (ΔQ₃) or sudden traffic jam conditions (ΔQ₄) or side winds (ΔQ₅). The following form can be recognised with these premises to the safety function: f = 1/ΣΔQi with i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 according to variations in the man, vehicle, road traffic and environmental conditions. The function grows with the safety level and of course decreases as the risk level increases. The study of the function is particularly interesting and may allow significant indexes of the abnormal situations to be determined. In particular, the techniques of off-line Quality Engineering can be used to define acceptable resolution algorithms. In any case, the study reveals that in order to reduce accidents, it is important to provide for the management and control of driving behaviour.

One of the major problems facing the newly established Palestinian National Authority (PNA) is traffic accidents. Several thousands of casualties are injured or killed in road accidents each year. In addition, the accidents form a considerable burden on the developing Palestinian economy. Since the establishment of the PNA in 1994 on parts of the Palestinian territories after years of Israeli occupation, changes in the political, demographic, and economic conditions are observed. Such changes resulted in increased motorization levels, and higher travel activities and traffic accidents. This paper addresses the developments in road safety in the Palestinian territories during the period 1970–1998. During this period, the number of reported accidents increased from 908 to 5945. The fatality rate per 10,000 vehicles reached to 14.2 in 1998. Such rate in the Palestinian territories in 1996 is about 4 times that of Israel, but forms about 75% of the respective rate of Jordan. The paper analyzes the development of road safety indicators before and after the establishment of the PNA. It investigates differences in road safety between the two physically-separated parts of the Palestinian territories, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which exhibit different socio-economic characteristics as well. The paper also presents the major causes of accidents. Finally, a number of strategies, policies and actions are suggested to improve road safety in the Palestinian territories.

The identification and improvement of hazardous road locations, as an important task of traffic safety management, are very effective measures to reduce the traffic accident frequency and the losses of traffic accident. With the existing problem in traffic safety management practice considered, on the basis of summarizing the working experience of traffic safety management in China as well as abroad, and according to the duty of traffic police department, this paper introduces a new traffic safety management pattern — hazardous road location countermeasure management, and explores in deep the issues in respect of the objectives, the organization and the functions thereof, the working procedure and the tasks of hazardous road location countermeasure management.

The accuracy of accident reconstruction depends on the integrity and details of measurement of the accident scene. The photographs of accident scene including vehicles have details of accident scene. Two-eyes vision in computer can be used to obtain the information from these photographs. This paper introduces the principle of two-eyes vision in computer, which can be used in measuring accident scene from photographs. Because of maneuverability of investigating accident scenes, a special reference object was used to calibrate the camera parameters. The errors of image matching affect the precision of reconstruction greatly, so image matching was taken based on correlation of two projective points in two photographs of the same space point in the accident scene. The full-scale models of traffic accident scenes had been calibrated and measured using this method, and it proved that the traffic accident scenes can been measured using this method.

With the high developing speed of Chinese economy, lots of new freeways have been constructed in recent years. Hence incident management becomes an important issue in freeway management system. Incident Detection (ID) that forms the heart of incident management is a kind of pattern recognition problem. In this paper we employed the Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) to do incident detection. Applying traffic simulation software FRESIM, a wide range of incidents that include different patterns under a variety of flow conditions and traffic periods were generated to train and evaluate the performance and the transferability of the proposed MLPNN-based algorithm. It was proved that the models of our proposed algorithm built on one segment can be used to other segments, and all the three performance measures indicated the potential of practical use of them.

This paper first analyzes potential unsafe factors affecting the safety of Railway Package Transportation MIS (RPTMIS), then presents hierarchical safety architecture for RPTMIS, and then establishes a simulation system based the implementation of the safety architecture.

Through analyzing the characteristics of road traffic accidents in China based on large amounts of practical data, this paper unveils that lacking of traffic safety consciousness is the main contributor to the large numbers of traffic accidents. The issues on traffic safety consciousness of different kinds of traffic participants are well discussed. Further, the actuality and main problems existing in traffic safety propaganda are analyzed. Aiming at improving traffic safety consciousness of different kinds of traffic participants, this paper puts forward establishing a socialized network for traffic safety propaganda and education in view of the characteristics of city and country respectively, which can touch upon different kinds of traffic participants easily. Finally, the problems that should be paid more attention in traffic safety propaganda and education are discussed.

In this paper, two types of incidents, vehicle breakdown and traffic crash, are studied. First, the characteristics of the incidents are analysed. Secondly, the potential factors that may affect incident duration such as vehicle type, incident time, incident location, number of vehicles involved, and incident severity, are discussed. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the incidents, an incident duration model is developed. This model is based on fuzzy logic theory, which is a promising mathematical approach to model the process characterised by subjectivity, ambiguity, uncertainty, and imprecision, which can be seen in the incident duration. Analysis shows that the incident duration has a Weibull distribution. Although, there is no significant difference in duration between the vehicle breakdown and traffic crash, the factors that affect duration are different. The result shows that fuzzy logic models have good performance to predict the incident duration. It provides a different approachs to analyse the incident duration other than the statistical methods.

South Korea, Japan and the United States are closely connected with politics and economics. Basically, those countries are similar economic structure in the manufacturing industry, but each country has a unique culture. Especially, Japan and the United States have similar industry structure and economical ability. And there are many studies different culture. In this study, we examine the actual risk factors that face with citizens in each country in the field of traffic safety. It is the research method that we compared with traffic-accidents risk and with traffic accident statistics from several points of view such as drivers, passengers, motorcyclists, bicyclists, and pedestrians. As the result, traffic culture does not mature enough to consider the other people in Korea. Namely, there is some relationship between traffic accident and culture. It needs matured traffic culture to decrease traffic accident.

This study defines the roadway geometry, as a part of the review process for inducing alignment design reflecting the desires of drivers traveling on the roadway. From the standpoint of roadway design technician or road user, the most important thing is to review design consistency to know how well roadway alignment under specific design speed can meet service in terms of roadway function or if safe driving at a roadway point is possible. Current design review approach assumes that traffic safety is secured only by specifying minimum criteria of road design. However, this approach oversimplifies the desires of drivers so that it would be considered as a passive method due to meeting only minimum design criteria. From the results of this study, it is possible to confirm that design inconsistency would be found related to the relationship between horizontal alignment in a roadway segment and speed distributions with remarkably high speed variance.

Traffic simulation models make assumptions about the safety-related behaviour of drivers. These assumptions may not replicate the real behaviour of those drivers who adopt seemingly unsafe behaviour. This paper explores the questions associated with the choice of values for safety-related parameters in simulation models. Tests with micro-simulation model DRACULA demonstrate the sensitivity of model predictions — and perhaps policy decisions — to the value of some of the key parameters. It is concluded that, depending on how the model predictions are being used, use of realistic-but-unsafe parameter values could result in the adoption of unsafe designs. The possibility of using traffic simulation models to produce estimates of accident potential is discussed and the difficulties involved in doing so are discussed.

Motorized two-wheel riders represent an important issue in the field of road safety, but little is known about the particular nature of the difficulties they have and the errors they commit on the road, nor of the special characteristics of the accident scenarios they are involved in. In-depth research has been undertaken to contribute to our understanding of this situation, using an analysis of detailed data gathered by multi-disciplinary teams at accident scenes. 80 accidents involving two-wheelers have been analyzed so as to define the typical errors that two-wheel riders are confronted with and the contexts in which these errors occur. These data are compared with those of a previous study based on the analysis of a sample of 392 situations involving car accidents. The differences are analyzed regarding the types of errors produced and the explicative elements for these errors.

Speeding has been widely recognized around the world as a major cause of road accidents and fatalities. However, speeding is also one of the most socially acceptable deviant driving behaviors. Using data collected via a survey, this paper examines the effects of the respondents' personality, perception of enforcement and crash risks, attitudes to speeding and the perceived attitudes of the respondents' significant others on the respondents' self-reported speeding behaviors.

This paper attempts to calculate the social cost of fatal road traffic accidents (RTA) in Singapore where, both private and external costs taken into account. The human capital approach is employed in the calculation of income loss. The social cost of fatal RTAs is about $42,551,046 for the year 1997 or $172,271 per fatal RTA. Loss of future income forms the largest share (50%) followed by congestion cost (33%). The remainder is made up of cost related to damage to properties (both private motor vehicles and public streetlights), cost of ambulances sent to accident scene, hospital and funeral costs, pain and suffering and loss of social services provided. Some of the possible ways of reducing the fatal RTAs are through education, raising the speed limits and having more and clearer road signs. Better education of young and elderly drivers in driving skills is important as they make up about 66% of all drivers involved in fatal accidents.

We KOREA have used W-beam guardrails as main roadside safety barriers over 40 years. The key structures of W-beam guardrail are simple W-beam and rounded pole. The distance between poles was 4m and W-beam was bolted to the head of pole. But W-beam guardrails are weak to protect heavy vehicles like trailer or so. National criteria need them to resist and guide an errant vehicle weighted 14tons safely. In this paper, the results are contained about the full-scale vehicle crash tests on the present W-beam guardrails and modified guardrail. Through this study, we aimed at the improvement of stability and safety of the present W-beam guardrails.

Young drivers experience higher fatality involvement rates and also single vehicle crashes compared to others. When looking at the methods of improving the alarming death rate of young drivers, it is important to identify the determinants of higher crash and injury severity. This study developed a set of sequential binary logistic regression models to predict the crash severity outcome of single vehicle fixed object crashes involving young drivers. Models were organized from the lowest severity level to the highest and vice versa to examine the reliability of the selection process, but it was found that there was no considerable impact based on that. The developed models were validated and the accuracy was tested before identifying the factors influential in making a crash severity difference to young drivers. Factors such as influence of alcohol or drugs, ejection in the crash, point of impact, rural crash locations, existence of curve or grade at the crash location, and speed of the vehicle were significantly important towards increasing the probability of having a more severe crash. Restraint device usage and being a male clearly reduced the tendency of high severity and some other variables such as weather condition, residence location, and physical condition were not important at all.

This paper aims to analyze a payment mode choice of travelers in urban railway service and to discuss the impact of the card system on the users' behavior. Three types of payment modes are taken into account, namely normal ticket; coupon ticket; and pre-paid card, and a choice model is formulated as a Nested Logit (NL) model. Simulation analyses are further conducted to two cases that the frequency of usage of railway service changes, and a common card is introduced.

Criminal activity has become a major factor hampering the efficient and effective operation of mass transit systems in the metropolitan areas of South Africa. A number of such incidents have recently afflicted public transport systems in South Africa. Potential socio-economic and theoretical reasons are presented that could give rise to such activity against mass transit systems. Potential strategies encouraging community ownership of public assets are then discussed. Two key recommendations of the paper are that; there must be continuous empowerment of commuters and improvement in the level of service being offered to commuters. The paper concludes by stating that; only when commuters feel that they are indeed being respected as an asset to the transport provider can public transport ownership by the community be leveraged to society's benefit.

This paper uses the method of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis to research the development status of public transportation of 31 cities in China. The cities are divided into 8 kinds of groups. It will be useful for the transverse compare among the enterprises of transit.

Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) is one of the most important subsystems of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It is always evaluated quantitatively before implementation. Based on the brief description of APTS, this paper sets up a comparative evaluation index system. Besides this, with the microscopic traffic simulation software VIS SIM developed by PTV, a company in Germany, this paper presents a comparative study of the Traditional Public Transportation Dispatching System (TPTDS) with Public Transportation Intelligent Dispatching System (PTIDS) by using the method of quantitative analysis. The whole simulation process is based on Line 306 and Line 9 in Changchun City. The results obtained in this paper prove that IPTDS has more distinctive advantages than TPTDS. At the same time, this paper brings forward the visualized microscopic simulation results of the exclusive bus lane and bus priority signal, which have great significance to improve the public transportation efficiency.

The Italian public transport reform act draws a new scenario for local railways. In early 2001 a decentralisation process — called "regionalisation" — took place and the local railway services now are to be regulated by the Regional Administration. This paper tries to outline the key factors of the local railway concept, as regards the services, the infrastructures and the regulation policies, chosen by the Regional Administration for Lombardy, one of the major region of Italy.

This paper demonstrates the application of the reliability-centred maintenance (RCM) process to analyse and develop preventive maintenance tasks for electric multiple units (EMU) in the East Rail of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC). Two systems, the 25 kV electrical power supply and the air-conditioning system of the EMU, have been chosen for the study. RCM approach on the two systems is delineated step by step in the paper. This study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of RCM applications on the maintenance of electric trains.

This paper presents an application of the dynamic car traffic simulator METROPOLIS, which discribes depatrure time choices as well as route choices. It proposes a procedure for its calibration. This calibration procedure is based on survey and static data. Goodness of fit with repect to empirical data is measured with sereral criteria. The paper presents results for the case study of the Paris region.

Trucking is a vital segment of the transportation system that supports Indian Manufacturing. Trucking companies are attempting at providing such non-traditional trucking services as warehousing, distribution, inventory management, picking and packing — assembly operations and return goods management as part of their value added services thus making manufacturing (brick and mortar) activity competitive in the information (click) age. The major stakeholders in this exercise are (i) manufacturing industries (particularly Small and Medium scale enterprises — SMEs), (ii) logistics service providers (transportation, warehousing, clearing and forwarding agencies), and (iii) government and financial agencies (Central Excise and Customs, Regional Transport Organizations, Surface Transport Agencies and Banks etc). The present scenario warrants an integrated quick response mechanism to extend complete logistics solutions in a seamlessly integrated manner to reduce costs rather than extending the services in a disjointed way. In this context, this paper attempts at 1) Study of the present IT architecture, business processes of different agencies, involved in providing and using logistics industry's services in India, like Transportation sector, Customs & Central Excise of India internal processes and their external interactions with EDI partners, Manufacturing Companies' IT infrastructures and 2) Developing a framework for "Integrated virtual logistics network for Quick Responses" which would factor in the existing processes, systems and organizations' roles and the government's, proposed investments in the e-commerce and e-governance infrastructure.

The nature and sheer amount of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) data requires careful and judicious processing to appropriate aggregation levels and sampling frames to make the real-time traffic data more meaningful to transportation planners. Traditional aggregation techniques cannot eliminate the unnecessary noises and are unable to tell out what information was attracted and what remains. In this research, the real time ITS data were decomposed by the wavelet transformation. The measuring noises as well as the various useful signal components were then identified. The proper aggregation level, which is able to capture the required component and eliminate other unnecessary ones, was conducted from the well-designed sampling frequency. As a result of this research, computer software compiled in MATLAB was developed which can provide the aggregation levels and aggregated data series for different planning purposes.

With rapid growth in motorway (freeway) traffic, various intelligent transport systems, which may benefit road capacity by increasing throughput and decreasing emissions, are rapidly evolving around the globe. However, the design and assessment of many of these measures (e.g. cooperative convoying) to address these issues must be developed off-line because of the cost and risks of potential field trials. Simulation is a crucial tool in this process, although such techniques depend for their validity on the quality of the underlying models of driver behavior. In this paper, a microscopic simulation model, FLOWSIM, featured with fuzzy inference systems, is introduced. Using FLOWSIM, the dynamic stability of a convoy driving system under different communication conditions was investigated. Results shown in this paper may be interesting to transportation researches and car manufactories.

Computer-assisted systems are fast becoming more of a necessity than just an expensive option. The price of acquiring such systems, although quite high, may often be offset by increases in productivity and reduction in work time, thus gaining significant net savings in the long run. This study presents and evaluates a technique in highway location and route selection that uses interactive and graphic systems. A system was developed that would provide a means for efficient drawing conversion and data manipulation. Hand-drawn alignment sketches on maps were easily converted into vector drawings and all alignment coordinate and element data were stored in a data bank. Also included in the system was the evaluation module for the generated vector representation of alignments. The concept of cost models was used for the evaluation procedures, where three-dimensional cost representations of the surrounding environs of the alignment were depicted. From these models, the total alignment costs may be calculated, which may then be used as a basis for selecting the best route. The system was found to be effective in evaluating and comparing results given different alignment schemes, based on the two test cases presented.

Information sharing among information systems of China railway is a big problem that needs to be solved. The paper analyses the characteristics of sharing information and design the architecture of information sharing among information systems. It explains the technologies and standards in the purpose of minimize the development cost.

Simulation modeling is an increasingly popular and effective tool for analyzing a wide variety of dynamical problems that are not amenable to study by other means. It has been widely applied for traffic engineering. This paper mainly analyzes the basic concept and application scope of simulation. In addition, how to build traffic simulation models and simulation program is also involved in.

In this paper, the principle of the bicycle flow Classifier based on pattern recognition is introduced, dynamic difference frequency method with pattern recognition technique by using inductive loop (IL) is presented. The classification methods and its experiment results are discussed.

The assistant decision system for train regulation is a key link of Railway Auto-Control System. Through the analyzing of the process and the components of the system, the setting up of a mixed 0–1 linear program model for train operation adjustment and the employing of finite state mechanism which controls the course of regulation, this paper provides for the system a feasible scheme.

Urban Rail transit (URT) has become an indispensable component of urban transportation system. Its far-reaching social and economical influence requires detailed planning before construction, of which passenger volume forecast is one key part. Considering the relation between data necessary for URT passenger volume forecast and geological information, we bring forward a method to proceed GIS based passenger volume forecast according with the procedure of data organization, processing, analysis and representation. Our analyzing focus is the creation of standard geological information database for passenger volume forecast and the integrated assignment between URT and common public transportation in a super network.

This research aims to develop an activity-based travel demand model and its microsimulation model for commuters' work-tour mode and their discretionary activities & travel by using neural networks. The model system is designed as a series of hierarchical submodels. At the highest level is a given condition of primary travel pattern of employees between home and workplace, which constrains their behavior whether and how to make discretionary tours. At lower levels of the system are the choice of discretionary travel generation and subsequently the choice of their destination, travel mode and activity duration time. The study employed the person-trip survey data for the metropolitan area of Nagaoka, Niigata conducted by the national government in November 1999. The empirical estimation by neural networks revealed that an activity & tour were not independent but closely interrelated among a daily activity pattern. Next it simulated an individual discretionary travel pattern under a number of conditions assuming the introduction TDM measures such as flexible work times or staggered work hours. The microsimulation showed its practical capability to predict the impacts of TDM measures on daily travel patterns.

The research in this paper is to survey the U.S States and local jurisdictions on ITS technologies that are being used to better warn motorists of an on-coming train, and to survey applicable companies on other ITS technologies which may be appropriate for application to the highway-rail grade crossing safety. Based on the survey, this study identifies the current "best practices" for improving highway-rail grade crossings, and provides recommendations for additional experimentation. The survey instrument was designed for use to survey the State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and other state officials; the railroad officials; the federal and other state agencies; as well as other appropriate experts in the field. The survey instrument includes a series of questions regarding what ITS technologies are being used in the field to warn motorists of an on-coming train. A total of 291 agencies and 55 companies were surveyed by mail, phone and e-mail. 57 agencies and 18 companies responded. A statistical analysis on the surveyed data was performed. All identified ITS technologies in the survey were ranked by the extent of applications and level of success for each technology. The "best practices," with respect to the application of ITS technologies to improving highway-rail grade crossing safety, were identified.

This paper presents an analysis of day-to-day variations of travel time on road network using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Data collection system was developed using GPS connected with notebook PC, which can capture vehicle movement of multiple days. One-week vehicle travel surveys using the system were conducted for commuting drivers in local cities. Methods for handling GPS data on GIS platform were summarized, and day-to-day variations of travel time and speed were analyzed in the study area. Although positional data are very promising, usefulness in travel time studies depends on the process of data handling and the quality of GIS database.

In this article, we present an original simulation model: ARCHISIM. This work is done under the patronage of INRETS. In opposition, to the most of the road traffic models that are usually designed to resolve a well defined problem, ARCHISIM attempt to model and to reproduce the driver behavior. In this way, we aim to have a generic simulation model which is applicable to any road situation and not to a particular one. Another feature of ARCHISIM is its ability to host a driving simulator and thus to immerse a real driver in a simulated traffic. By this feature we enable in-depth studies of the driver behavior. In this paper we will show that our approach allows not only to produce a realistic traffic but also to simulate vehicles which, behave individually in a credible way. We give an experimental validation done in the particular case of file driving. In addition, having realistic driver behaviour we demonstrate that ARCHISIM is a tool for in-depth study of behaviours.

This paper demonstrates that GPS is an efficient tool in recording vehicle position and speed values. The dynamic feature of the GPS collected data enables the traffic engineers to obtain the precise profile of vehicle speed as well as the geometric layout of roadway sections, intersections, and work zones. With the GPS data, the average travel speed on a given roadway section with or without intersections or work zone can be calculated. It is also presented that the vehicle deceleration and acceleration rates caused by intersections and work zones can be readily calculated with high accuracy using the GPS data. Moreover, traffic delays and exact queue lengths can also be obtained through the GPS collected traffic data. The measurements of vehicle speed profiles and traffic delays can be applied to a series of intersections as well as to an isolated intersection.

Through the analysis of the structure of train diagram, the influence on carrying capacity of lines and trains' traveling speed caused by speed-up trains' quantity and running speed is studied thoroughly. A calculating model is developed to solve the question of speed-up trains' coefficient of deduction. Furthermore, by numeric analyzing and simulating, an important conclusion is drawn out that the passenger trains' coefficient of deduction on single-track lines is reduced with the increasing of running speed. A reasonable quantity of speed-up trains' to run on single-track lines is worked out. A matching project of the trains' speed and quantity is put forward. At last, a general conclusion is made out that the non-speed up passenger and goods trains' traveling speed is decreased with the increasing of quantity and speed of speed-up trains' on single-track lines.

In this paper, current researches and implementation of GIS in transportation around the world are firstly studied. Then future developments of GIS-T are discussed in detail. Some key issues in GIS-T applications as data quality, data model and spatial analysis are further proposed, including data quality of fundamental data, linear referencing system data model, dynamic segmentation for multi-representation of transportational spatial and attribute data, and integration of traffic models and GIS spatial analysis, leading to the conclusions in the end.

This paper analyses the network plan's critical work procedure, the factors of time, the parallel flow and every kind of time parameters etc., according to different car type of Examination and Repair for Railway Passenger Cars(ERRPC). It sets up the computer models for network plan to increase the working efficiency and management level of ERRPC.

With the concept of digital railway as guide and taking Ha'erbin Railway Bureau as the pilot experimental object, this paper puts forward the theories and methods for constructing a digital railway that suits the national conditions of China.

With the development of information technology and application demand, the integration of simulation system has become an important orientation in the study of railway simulation. To solve problems occurred in current software developing of railway simulation system on large scale, such as less adaptability, lower integration level and less flexibility in maintenance and expansion. This paper studies the constructing approach to complicated distributed simulation system; presents the open architecture based on more flexible integration structure, with this architecture, integrated simulation systems oriented various demand can be constructed, which are featured by high flexibility, adaptability, great generality and reusability.

Emergency response time is increasingly important, especially after the terrorism attack on the Word Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. Response time is a key factor in reducing the loss of lives and properties. In this paper, 911 emergency response operations conducted by the Atlanta Police Department (APD) in Georgia are reviewed. Three needs are identified to reduce emergency response time. The first need is to provide reliable location information for moving vehicles. The second need is to integrate information among different agencies, including police, fire, EMS, and hospital. Information about the locations, availability, capability, and capacity of different facilities should be integrated so dispatchers can make prompt, effective decisions. The third need is to provide spatial search criteria to effectively determine the most suitable dispatching facilities in a real-time environment, especially for moving police patrol vehicles. This paper presents a prototype IT-based system using Global Positioning System (GPS)/Geographic Information System (GIS) and database management technologies to support real-time emergency response and dispatching operations to address these needs in current operation. Two spatial criteria, point-to-point distance search and shortest network distance search, for determining suitable dispatching police patrol vehicles are studied. Based on the study, it is recommended that the shortest network path algorithm, incorporating a beat-based area search, be used to ensure the computation accuracy while achieving the acceptable computation speed.

This article sets out an approach to the problem of strategic spatial development through transport network re-organisation. The paper describes an expert system for strategic transport planning and introduces the concept of the Minimal Transport Standard (MTS) that is used in the system. The authors have observed the experience of developed and developing countries and formulated a set of indices on the basis of ecological, economic, social and geopolitical parameters of spatial development. These indices are used to derive MTS that describes the development level of a region. The primary task of the expert system however is to increase the quality of life. Thus, the effectiveness of transport functioning is of second priority and serves to ensure increase and maintenance of the general conditions of living and business activity. The expert system is universal, but it has been mainly used for developing countries and the regions of the Russian Federation.

Accurate travel time estimation is considered as a key ingredient in the advanced traveler information systems (ATIS). Loop detector is conventionally the predominant on road data collector and now the probe vehicle system is also getting highlighted. Probe data can be either combined with loop data or used exclusively to estimate travel time. In both of the two cases, the estimation precision depends on the percentage of probe vehicles, and also the traffic condition. Through an urban expressway simulation study, the relationships between estimation accuracies and probe percentages in various traffic situations are discussed here. Different data fusion techniques are used to combine probe data with loop data to estimate travel time. It is found that combining even very limited probe data with loop data can also tremendously improve the overall travel time estimation accuracy; and the simplest data fusion technique happens to be also the most accurate one.

Railway Simulation System (RSS) is a general railway simulation platform developed at Northern Jiaotong University (NJTU). This paper presents an analysis of designing objectives, principles and structural components of RSS. Based on this analysis, the research in the paper attempts to establish the RSS architecture according to the designing requirement and develops a railway network data management model.

For various ITS applications such as advanced public transport system, floating car data collection, emergency support system, etc., accurate, continuous, real-time and reliable vehicle positioning is required increasingly. Usually one sensor source is not reliable. Instead multi-sensors are adopted to realize reliable and continuous positioning in real-time for the critical applications. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, GPS/DGPS (for absolute positioning) and inertial sensors (for relative positioning) were selected as the different test sensors. GPS has good low-frequency behavior, but poor high-frequency behavior. Inertial sensors (and dead-reckoning) have the opposite characteristics. By using their complementary characteristics advantageously, we can implement accurate and reliable vehicle positioning. In order to integrate the multi-sensors effectively, a successful error compensation model for the selected cheap inertial sensors is developed and EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) is applied to get the optimal vehicle position estimation. Preliminary field tests performed at the west campus of the Ohio State University gave the prospective results.

This paper proposes a model for predicting the choice behavior of recreational traveler in the temporal domain considering accommodation cost and travel cost. These costs, unlike income and so on, can be controlled by planners. The model assumes utilities related to the earliness of home or hotel departure time, the lateness of home or hotel arrival time, and staying at the destination. In addition, the model assumes utilities related to choice of trip dates and travel mode. The proposed model is applied to one-day or overnight travelers visiting the destination by private car or train, with introducing some parameters obtained from the presented one-day recreational travel model.

Congestion pricing scheme has been in operation since 1996 at Namsan tunnel in Seoul Korea. Although many people against with this project in the first implementation year, this project had proven to be effective in reducing the congestion problem in this area. However, it's price never been changed for 4 years and no one knows current toll is optimal or appropriated. So the Metropolis of Seoul government wants to increase in its fares, furthermore they considered the Electronic Toll Collect system (ETC). This paper will not only offer theoretical method in its application but also calculated an actual congestion toll that corresponds to travel speed. There are two kinds of congestion toll estimation method. First, the estimation of congestion toll by speed-flow relationships, which based on engineering method. Second, the exact knowledge on economic and behavioral factors, such as, the demand functions and the generalized travel costs. In this paper we suggest an actual congestion toll by speed-flow relationships, the generalized Drake model, which representative well this region. And we were applying speed-elasticity function of the flow by Michael Z.F.Li. To the conclusion, current congestion toll is too low, which equivalent to 50km/h speed. Up to now the speeds were, on average 28.9km/h in this region, therefore travelers paid more that the travel speed exceed over 50km/h and paid less during the peak hour.

This paper addresses the performance of public transit systems. It uses the methodology of Obeng and Sakano to decompose total factor productivity (TFP) among its sources. The results show decline in TFP without an accounting for operating and capital subsidies and TFP growth when these subsidies are considered. The contributions of this paper are both methodological and in the empirical evidence it provides.

Using Sydney, Australia, as a case study, this paper reports on calculations of the costs of automobiles, heavy rail and buses, taking into account the costs of land, infrastructure, rolling stock, operations and maintenance. Land is found to be the principal contributor to the total direct economic cost to society of transportation by automobile. This total cost of automobile transport, measured in dollars per passenger per kilometer traveled, is about 1.5 times the cost of train travel and is about double the cost of bus travel. All three urban transport modes receive public subsidies. The annual subsidy to automobiles is largest in terms of billions of dollars and second largest (after heavy rail) in terms of dollars per passenger per km traveled. These results suggest that, in Sydney and many other cities where land costs and car use are high, the economic optimal mix of transport modes would contain a smaller contribution from automobiles and a larger contribution from trains and buses.

In this paper, we examine the effects of hub dominance and airport barriers to entry not on yields but on carrier entry. Facilitating entry, especially by low cost carriers, has been found to be crucial in promoting low fares at airports. Dresner, Windle, and Yao found that reducing airport congestion can facilitate new entry onto routes. This paper builds on the work of Dresner, Windle, and Yao in four important ways. First, it separates out the effects on entry of airport congestion and hub dominance on new entry. It may be that hub dominance, rather than airport congestion, is the more crucial variable in deterring entry. Second, this paper uses specific measures for gate leasing policies to examine the effect of this potentially important variable on entry. The U.S. GAO, for example, has cited the existence of exclusive use gates at airports as being a potential deterrent to entry. Third, this paper uses airports, rather than routes, as tha data points in the analysis, with the aim to determine which airport-centered policies and practices (e.g., exclusive use gates, airport dominance by a hubbing carrier) are most important in deterring entry. Finally, this paper examines the effects of the airport barrier and hub dominance variables on entries by various types of carriers. Since low-cost carriers have been found to have the greatest impact on lowering yields, it is important to determine how the potential barriers affect this particular group of carriers.

Various traveler information systems are currently being developed in order to alleviate traffic congestion and enhance the performance of road networks through guiding travel behavior. This paper investigates the effectiveness of releasing traffic incident information in a simple network with parallel routes and linear travel cost functions. It is found that for some routes, the total network cost saving is available through incident information release only when the traffic condition is wrecked to a certain degree caused by the incident. There also exists such case that the incident information release for some routes can always benefit the transportation system regardless of the incident detail. These findings can improve our understanding to the impacts of traveler information systems on travel behavior and system performance.

Transport, a crux link in the cargo circulation, has a straight crystal system. The intense competition forces firms demand higher and higher to the entire cargo circulating business, particularly the link of transport. How do they evaluate and select transporting companies are the questions that every company is most concerned with. The paper concerns itself mainly with the measure towards the company's synthetic competitive capability from point of view of the owner of cargo, and the approach adopted is multiple-factor vague evaluating. In transport market, different customers far differ from each other in many aspects. It is difficult for a transport corporation to satisfy all the customers, but it is much more practical to be a strong competitor or become a leader in one or two segment markets. In short, the purpose and significance of this paper is to help the transport companies fix target segment market and find ways to enhance its competitive capacity.

Many transportation infrastructures have been put into construction in cities recently. But the current planning for transportation infrastructures constructions does not adequately consider the investment timing of the projects. This paper analyzed the affection of investment timing to the project profits with different market demand functions, and presented a mathematical model to choose the optimal investment timing of projects. In the model, many factors have been concerned, such as: project age, investment timing, capital cost, market demand, discount rate etc. It is helpful for the decision makers and project units to realize the potential benefits of considering the optimal investment timing and to make a suitable decision. With the analysis of those influential factors, this paper presents the optimal strategies to choose the investment timing according to different market demands.

Value of travel time (VOTT) is a key factor in cost benefit analysis for transport projects, since benefit of time saving overshadows other benefit. Although it is clear that value of travel time varies according to travelers and travel environments, this value has often been often assumed as a constant in its applications for the sake of analytical convenience. In this paper discrete route choice model, which is easy to catch the variation of value of travel time, is used to conclude the relationship between value of travel time and travel time. A nationwide stated preference survey provides the data source for this analysis. This paper also makes an attempt to apply the evaluated variable value of travel time to benefit analysis of transport projects. A comparison between benefits calculated from the variable value of travel time and fixed values confirms that fixed value of time may produce a substantial bias.

Provision of infrastructure projects in general and transport infrastructure projects in particular has been regarded as a prerequisite to social and economic development of any nation. A high priority is accorded to transport projects as they act as a conduit for development by creating growth corridors. The new era of liberalization and globalization has ushered in increasing demands for efficient and high quality transport networks and their related infrastructure at both national and international levels. However, economies around the globe have been struggling to meet these demands owing to limited investment funds and uncertain revenue projections, unsolicited political interference, and technical paucity. Traditionally, the finance, development, operation and maintenance of transport projects have been the responsibility of the central governments. However, in most economies the resources are limited and the claims to these resources unlimited and often social objectives precede the economic ones. Transport projects, being classified as having an economic and developmental objective, often pose serious financial burdens. The irony is that inadequate transport infrastructure retards the economic progress which, in turn, creates a vicious circle of developmental problems. In order to break through this vicious circle and meet the infrastructural needs of the country without recoursing to tax revenues, governments in different nations have experimented with alternative options for financing transport projects. Fiscal austerity, equity and efficiency considerations have led to the evolution of the privatization concept. It has become a buzzword in the transport industry, but it is political dynamite and needs cultivation of an appropriate environment before being launched. Privatization uses the intelligence of market mechanisms and draws upon the technical, financial and managerial capacity of the private sector to develop projects to meet the public infrastructural demands. Hong Kong has been one of the few economies where private sector financing of transport infrastructure projects has been successfully implemented and for most developing countries it stands as an excellent case study. This paper highlights how innovative financing has changed the face of transport infrastructure in Hong Kong and outlines the preconditions necessary for successful implementation of public-private partnerships that can, with prudent application, make them an elixir to the starved transport systems of developing nations.

In this paper a probabilistic study is reported on the estimation of maintenance cost of a mixed railway fleet. The interest for this field has been suddenly risen up in Italy with the up coming of the privatisation process, as it has already happened in other European countries. In fact in order to participate to tenders, transport companies need to know Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of new vehicles, which includes not only the investment and operation costs (deterministic) but even the maintenance ones (probabilistic) which depends on RAM (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability) parameters. Results show how to take into consideration most of these parameters to develop a cost estimation model of maintenance into the general expressions of vehicles life cycle cost.

The purpose of this study is researching the direct and indirect effects by road investments using panel data. In this study, the direct effect means the economic impact within the same jurisdiction that contains highways or streets, and the indirect effect means the economic impact outside of the jurisdiction that contains highways or streets. For the analysis, vector autoregressive model of the time series analysis is used. From the results, the manufacturing industry has the biggest direct effect by road investments. And the construction industry has the biggest indirect effect by road investments. Finance, insurance and service industry has the least both direct and indirect effects. In addition, the direct effect has ranges between 0.107∼0.548, the indirect effect has ranges between – 0.447∼ – 0.134.

This paper explores optimal pricing strategies for competitive transport modes, using logit-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) models. To consider a simplified network that contains a transit link and a parallel highway, various pricing strategies are devised to improve the net social benefit. It is demonstrated that how social optimum can be achieved by optimal pricing strategies in a competitive transport system with elastic travel demand. The proposed models are illustrated and discussed with numerical examples.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has closely followed and reported on the transportation issues related to agricultural trade between the United States and China because efficient transportation is essential to improved trade between the two countries. As Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China in mid-1997, this report reflects the port's status as one of China's own. But with Hong Kong receiving about 74 percent of U.S. containerized agricultural exports for the whole of China, the report in many cases separates out the Hong Kong traffic to better reveal the growing importance of more northern Chinese ports like Shanghai, Qingdao, Dalian, and Xingang. And because China's exports to the United States impact U.S. to China container rates and container availability, inbound trade volumes and rates are included in this report. From the perspective of the Chinese importer and the U.S. agricultural exporter, the ocean liner industry, composed of shipping lines like COSCO, Maersk-SeaLand, and Hanjin, is a vital link between U.S. farms and the Chinese consumer. Understanding which shipping firms are doing the majority of the business, how products move through Asia to China, at what level shipping firms price their services, and what can be done to lower shipping costs is essential to establishing long-term, profitable marketing operations. This report details how containers, the main mode of transporting high-valued and refrigerated agricultural products, move from the United States to China and how those services are priced.

Objectives of this paper are to: 1) Identify the criteria and requirements of a `logistics' firm in Mainland China and Hong Kong; and recommend how to migrate from the traditional transportation industry to modern logistics management; 2) Formulate a `Quality Logistics Management Model', which serves as a management tool to ensure the logistics system running effectively and efficiently; and 3) Observe why the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation has changed from Logistics Centre to Distribution Centre; and explore the business opportunities possibly generated from KCRC Distribution Centre Project.

This paper analyzes the present logistics market in China and the effective logistics resources of railway. According to the demand of developing "third party logistics", object and method used to integrate various logistics resources are brought forward. Then the paper provides the management mode of railway freight based on 3PL. The paper puts forward the time problem existing in railway freight that is urgent to be solved to developing modern logistics. At last the paper provides relevant measures to improve goods transit period.

The Government Strategy of Development in the Western China is under preparation for its implementation. It is a critical moment to develop a modern continental logistics in China West as an important stepping-stone for the success of the Strategy. This paper puts forward a new direction and a master plan for Government, academics and the logistics industry to consider after they have concentrated their effort too much on economic areas with ports and airports. The opportunities to develop various inland logistics hubs in. the China West region are emerging. This triggers off a process of logistics continentalization.

In this dissertation, the model of bi-level optimization of dynamic traffic assignment has been presented. This model makes dynamic system optimum under the precondition of ensuring dynamic user optimum. In other words, it makes the travel fee in the system as cheap as possible, while reducing every user cost. As we set up the theoretic model of dynamic traffic assignment, we consider the optimization of the traveler's route as the basic element. We consider not only the travel impedance of the vehicle but also the delay in the traffic queue caused by signal control in the intersection. After setting up the model of the bi-level dynamic traffic assignment, the authors give the algorithm.

Logistics is developing fast in China, while the reform of the Chinese railway freight industry is in the important period. This paper analyzed the logistics market in China, and discussed some relevant problem of developing modern logistics in Chinese railway such as environmental characteristics, development strategy and development conditions.

After analyzing the current situation and problems of logistics development in China, this paper discusses the necessities and importance of rational planning of the integrated logistics area (ILA) in big cities; and expounds the principles of the functions planning, composition of the functions and types of the enterprise for ILA. Finally, taking the Shanghai Western ILA as an example, this paper highlights the functional distribution and composition of the planned ILA, and analyses the business process flow of the main functional divisions.

The jointed logistics is one of powerful methods to decline truck trips without freight for decrease the logistics cost. There are many factors that have an important role in the jointed logistics. Logit Discrimination model was used to analyze the factors in this study. From analysis results using this model, it showed that the jointed logistics depends on information technologies particularly. Using these factors, this paper offers some alternatives to increase effectiveness in jointed logistics service for the government and companies.

A 20-node isoparametric element is implemented for the stress analysis of prestressed concrete pavement (PCP). The model of friction force at the slab bottom is presented and the friction force is found to correspond much more to the working condition of PCP than that other models have suggested. The longitudinal prestress equivalent model is established and a stress calculation method of higher accuracy is introduced. Numerical examples and experimental data both verify the effectiveness of the analytical model and program. Load stress of the unbonded PCP is researched in detail using the data from the first domestic experiment road. The test results and comparison analysis can provide important reference for prospective design and construction of PCP.

This paper reports studies on roles of structural responses of highway pavements in transportation management system. Based on finite element method (FEM) study, structural responses of pavements with different structural scenarios are analyzed, with an emphasis on transitional subgrades. Two major issues are evaluated based on research findings: (1) integrated geometric-structural design principles of highway location and alignment, and (2) economic-structural integrated analyzing concepts in pavement management systems.

In this paper, the current situation and criterion concerning the overload transportation in our country are presented; the basic thought, system composing, technical request and functional character on how to design the WIM device are introduced; the mathematics processing method is also discussed. It is confirmed that the weighbridge-sensor-base system of the portable WIM device owns the second-order character by the experiments. After being acted on by the cutting tail unit Step Function and mathematics simulation, it is indicated that the system may reduce the extra-impulse of the system responding by adjusting the damp of the system. The axle weight signal in high or low speed is measured with portable WIM device, and the computer distinguishing chart for the axle weight is presented.

This paper reports the advent and the development of public transportation services using motorcycles, operated like taxis, in Brazil. It is named mototaxi and the first organised system was implemented in 1996. Although the use of motorcycles (with 2 or 3 wheels) is common in some Asian cities, in Brazil it is a recent phenomenon and it is gathering a good part of the users preference. One of the main differences of the Brazilian mototaxis and the similar ones used in Asia is that normal motorcycles (with no special adaptations) are used. From the beginning in the Northeast of Brazil, this service is now used all over the country, mainly due the lower cost, when compared to a normal taxi, and the higher average speed and route flexibility when compared to a bus system. Surveys carried out in the cities of Fortaleza and Campina Grande considered mototaxi as a modal choice although, at that time, the service was not regulated yet. An interesting aspect of this service is that the demand is increasing in small cities and also in medium and big ones. It is present in the poorest areas of the country and in the richest as well. In some places it is the only transport service available to the majority of the population. The research reported in this paper was carried out considering not only the technical reports and legislation, but also the news and reports published in magazines, newspapers and the Internet, revealing the society point of view about the service.

Adapting from the idea of Chang, we propose an approach for rostering the train driver. It can offer the flexibility for irregular operation and the consideration for every personal factor. However, the RCO featured shift will fail the GA crossover operation. Therefore, we propose a repairing method to fix this trouble successfully. The result also shows that in planning stage our method can save the required manpower to at least 3 train drivers for a local train driver-dispatching unit.

A case is made for concerted efforts towards the formulation of appropriate transportation study and planning approaches that cater specifically for developing countries settings. The clear differences between developed and developing countries that warrant different transportation study and planning approaches for the two settings are highlighted. A qualitative evaluation of conventional and other approaches developed on developed countries settings against the desired objectives of transportation planning reveals gross misdirection in the achievement of these objectives in the context of developing countries settings. Two sets of modifications are proposed that could overcome the misdirection and aid in achieving desired results. One set focuses on particularizing existing approaches, while the other presents seemingly completely new grounds. Both are presented conceptually, the idea being to ginger up works and give starting directions in this needy area of research.