ICCREM 2014: Smart Construction and Management in the Context of New Technology

The vigorous development of real estate stimulates economic development to a great extent. In the field of engineering construction, it is necessary for infrastructure, commercial building, and residential building projects to be objectively and quantitatively analyzed for their return on investment. This article is based on probability theory to study and put forward the optimization model of investment income in different domains to ensure maximum profit. It is combined with an actual case to verify that the model is scientific.

Development and construction of the Baiyun new district has great significance for Guangzhou. Based on the fundamental principles of SWOT, this paper systematically analyzes the development and construction management of the Guangzhou Baiyun new district. It then provides the basis for the formulation of an appropriate strategy, capturing external opportunities and avoiding threats, so that the development and construction of the new Guangzhou Baiyun district could be efficiently implemented.

IE is originated from the construction industry. It has been widely applied in the manufacturing industry, but not in the construction industry. From the angle of modern industrial engineering, there are many similar things in the management mode between manufacturing and construction. This paper proves that it is important to use IE in the construction industry. Through optimal allocation of resources, reengineering of the process, standardization of construction operation and management of the construction site, the problems facing construction would be eliminated. As a case, suggestions for increasing efficiency and improving quality and release cost will be put forward in the process of construction units.

Prefabrication, standardization, pre-assembly, and modularization - collectively termed "off-site production" - have become popular with recent developments in design and information technology. These construction methods provide numerous opportunities to improve productivity and enhance sustainability performance in the construction industry. The potential benefits and barriers in the use of off-site production are broadly discussed to justify the use of prefabrication. However, what remains lacking is a systematic identification of factors with consideration of associated stakeholders to gain an in-depth understanding of potential merits and shortcomings of prefabrication in a particular construction environment. This study presents a toolkit with the help of stakeholder analysis to determine the key drivers and constraints in off-site production. This study presents in detail the benefits and constraints in the use of prefabrication in the Hong Kong construction industry. Based on an extensive research review of the Hong Kong construction industry and a background of the increasing interest in prefabrication as a construction solution, this study reinforces the need for informed decisions, which have auditable processes, in deriving the key driving and constraint factors for off-site construction methods to ensure complete understanding of these drivers and constraints. The study is valuable because it explores a new and effective way to identify key drivers and constraints in the use of off-site construction by considering potential related stakeholders and interrelationships that underlie various driving and constraint factors.

This article researches the design of a multi-dimensional Project Based Learning (PBL) model. It includes course dimension, project dimension, software dimension, achievement dimension and ability dimension used in the teaching of Engineering or Construction Management specialty based on the analysis of the characteristics and specific function of PBL. Through its software support system constitution and the corresponding case study, the PBL model implementation process has been analyzed. This research can provide the model function to the educational reform in construction management specialty and gives a series of references in the use of the PBL model.

A significant amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste has been produced due to China's rapid pace of urbanization and urban renewal. Previous literature determined that regulation has an important role to play in cultivating an appropriate regulatory environment for managing C&D waste. However, it is also observed that the existing C&D waste management regulations in China are, by and large, perceived as poor in supporting the effective minimization of the waste. Thus, this study aims to carry out a systematic review of China's C&D waste management regulations. The C&D waste management-related regulations of the six regions located in Central China - including Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Shanxi, Henan, and Jiangxi - were analyzed. The content analysis approach was adopted to analyze the data collected from previous literature, governmental reports and data retrieved from relevant C&D waste management regulations. Comparisons of regulations between these six regions were conducted as well. It is anticipated that the outcomes could help in advancing the regulatory environment of C&D waste management in these regions and also could be potentially used by other regions in the country.

Based on an analysis of the economic, social and ecological benefits and the added value from the development and construction of the Guangzhou Baiyun new district, the functional orientation and development requirements of the Baiyun new district in the progress of new urbanization are defined to ensure that the development and construction of Baiyun new district adapts to the new strategic plan of Guangzhou.

First, this article analyzes the connotation of an "experienced contractor" according to the English statement in the FIDIC contract conditions in the 1999 version.Secondly, it analyzes the internal requirement of an experienced contractor in the FIDIC conditions and that under the related provisions in Chinese laws and regulations, including "Conditions of Contract for Construction", "Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build" and "Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects". Thirdly, it elaborates on the responsibilities and obligations of contractors and summarizes the experience an experienced contractor should have based on the analysis above.Finally, the thesis constructs a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation index system to evaluate the contractors.

This paper compares the construction efficiency development between China and the United States in the past 22 years based on the DEA method to find out the factors that affect the efficiency in both countries. Firstly, establish the indicator system. Then, select the data of gross output, profit, fixed capital, and the number of employees of China and United States from 1990 to 2011. Then, use the year as DMU to calculate the efficiency over the 22 years of both countries, respectively. The results show that the efficiency of China changed rapidly over the 22 years and depends mostly on the scale efficiency. Besides, overinvestment and lack of technology also exist in Chinese construction industry. The U.S. has developed completely and stabilized at an even and high level. This article presents the study on using year as DMU and making comparison between different countries. By comparing and studying the experience from U.S, this paper provides some suggestions on Chinese construction industry.

This paper discusses the standardization strategies of the main international organizations and developed countries and their influence on our country. It also analyzes the current situation of standardization of engineering construction in our country. It makes clear the status and role of engineering construction standardization in the development of our country's economy. Under the new situation, creative and specific measures are put forward for the standardization of engineering construction in our country. Change from the active adoption of international standards and advanced foreign standards to actively participate in international standard and international standardization activities.

The specialized construction contract bond market has fallen into stagnation and the development of surety companies has been limited since the construction contract bond system was implemented in China over a decade ago. Based on the cultivation status of the construction contract bond market, this paper presents the lack of regulation which is the main reason behind this stagnation. However, the current restraints hinder the performance of administrative regulation and industry self-regulation. Therefore, the establishment of a re-surety system, letting the re-surety company fulfill the regulatory responsibilities, would be a governance innovation in China's specialized construction contract bond market. Further discussion is included regarding the re-surety system's basic framework, its major functions, and public governance structure of the re-surety company as well as its initial access mechanism.

Things are changing.Designers are now torn between the geometric modeling environment (GME) and the parametric design environment (PDE). Neither of these is a replacement or a substitute for the other. Moreover, non-design disciplines are also responding to this change. Construction managers and estimators are now required to have the ability to interact with CAD drawings and design models. This has become necessary so that they can distill the robustness of digital design platforms as they ingrain the compatibility and accuracy of their deliverables (e.g. object-based estimating, virtual reality and process simulation). In essence, new theories on digital processes and methods are being primed for the management of data in digital platforms rather than the iteration of conventions as in manual processes. The aim of this study, therefore, is to add to the evolving knowledge on this subject by evocating an ontology for analyzing cognitive processes in geometric modeling and parametric project environments. The significance of this is critical. It adds value to the framework for multidisciplinary interaction within a BIM project team towards a synchronous cognition processes within design and non-design disciplines. It also adds depth to extant methodological debates in multidisciplinary research studies. Further areas of research are elicited in the conclusion of the study.

The conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) concept was regarded as a new model for engineering education. Its aims were to develop students' abilities of engineering application to solve their employment problems efficiently. It attempted to change the way of seeking knowledge so as to solve the long-term problem across a century about which was more important between knowledge-induction and ability-development in construction management education. The CDIO model was attempted in several countries over the years. For China, though, it still contains several obstacles to implementation (i.e., the different culture and education environment). This article probes into an adaptive strategies and approaches of personnel training for construction management education, which using the international CDIO model as the basement. Its application could enhance the practical ability of the student and finally diminish the gap of construction management education between China and the developed countries.

Creating the conditions for sustainable economic growth within a constantly changing environment is a key concern for government and, as such, developing sustainable buildings is one of the key strategies. This research seeks an understanding of how improved stakeholder alignment impacts the use of information technology (IT) systems deployed in support of building sustainability, from multi-disciplinary perspectives including policy, IT and building. Specifically, this research aims to:(1) investigate how a better understanding of socio-structural patterns influences alignment and, subsequently; (2) how this alignment impacts effective system use and performance outcomes in terms of building sustainability, which involves multiple stakeholders in the construction industry, from government policy makers, designers, constructors, suppliers and end users. The IT alignment literature is dominated by a focus on strategy formulation within relatively simple organisation forms. In contrast, little is known about how stakeholder alignment is enacted to improve the use of mandated IT systems. To address this gap, we: (1) identify the factors that influence the effective use of such IT systems; (2) investigate how strategic alignment among stakeholders within project-related networks impacts on effective use; and (3) propose and test a stakeholder alignment model to explain effective use of a mandated sustainability system within the Australian building industry. By using a government mandatory building sustainability policy, which was implemented through an internet-based IT system as a case example, a conceptual model and research approaches and methods have been developed. The conceptual model includes four dimensions:(1) system quality; (2) user requirements; (3) effective system use; and (4)system performance. The conceptual model also includes direct effect and feedback loops between the four dimensions. The system quality is measured by system usability and system features, while the effective system use is measured by adaptation and learning by multi-stakeholders in relation to their risk tolerance and capability. Both the system quality and effective system use are influenced by user requirements. The system performance (i.e., the building sustainability outcomes) are influenced by user requirements, system quality and system use. To achieve the research aims and test the conceptual model, a three-stage mixed methodology (which includes both qualitative and quantitative methods) is used. The conceptual model and research approaches presented in this paper provide a guide for further research.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology is relatively mature when used as a pre-construction design tool; but, it has not been widely used in the construction phase due to a range of technical and management issues. This research investigates the use of BIM in the area of project planning and scheduling in the Australian construction industry. A mixed research method, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, is adopted. The research outcome shows that the general knowledge of BIM in the industry is not as extensive as it was perceived; but, the technology is well accepted by the younger generation. It was discovered that the most common purposes of using BIM are for visualization and simulation. BIM is also widely used for planning progress tracking.It is relatively rare for BIM to be used for management, especially in the construction stage. To further improve the use of BIM in project planning and scheduling, proposals have been made to enhance software application interfaces, data exchange and an efficient change management system.

Although Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been adopted by many Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms in many other countries, India's firms seem to be behind in this current trend of appropriately adopting the BIM technology. In order to propose a strategy for India's AEC firms to successfully implement BIM in their current working processes, this paper studied the current state of BIM knowledge along with the online survey used for data collection regarding the problems faced by the Indian AEC firms. The data was analyzed to determine essential changes for individuals and for the discipline, solutions to overcome barriers, and effective ways to introduce BIM capacities.

This study focused on the application of thermal insulation mortar in energy-saving retrofitting of the external wall. It introduced the performance of the inorganic thermal insulation mortar and the insulation system structure of the external wall. The technology and requirements with inorganic thermal insulation mortar of the energy-saving retrofitting construction on external wall of existing structure was defined and carried out to pilot applications in the actual project. The results indicate that the inorganic thermal insulation mortar performed very well in both construction and operability in the energy-saving retrofitting construction on the external wall of the existing structure. After retrofitting, there was no inanition and no cracks on the external wall. The energy-saving effect was significant with the promoting rate of 14.1%.

The foundation pit of the Xiamen Jimei Wanda Plaza Project is ultra large and deep. The piles are already constructed, but the silt is highly liquid. In order to tackle the technical challenge of protecting the piles from being broken during earth excavation, and also to accelerate the construction progress, this paper introduces an innovative key technique of 3-in-1 reinforced concrete internal support platform construction (i.e., the integration of a foundation pit horizontal support, an earth excavation platform and a haulage road for foundation pit work.

Construction occupies nearly a third of the total social energy consumption currently, and it's even more than 40% on the existing residential heating system in North China. There is an outstanding tendency of a higher dependence degree of imported energy in China, which will have a negative impact on the construction industry with an emerging global energy shortage. This paper will combine system engineering and game theory to establish models containing stakeholders involved in building energy efficiency to indicate key elements and strategies from the whole life cycle. According to model results, a consumption pattern of energy can be revealed to regulate relevant markets dynamically, which will lay the foundation for policy-making to bring Pareto Optimum.

Based on major infrastructure projects, multi-stakeholders, technology innovation and its driving factors are discussed and analyzed. The collaboration between multi-stakeholders plays a significant role in the technology innovation activity. This paper builds a dynamic mechanism model describing the realization of technology innovation based on multi-stakeholders. Through the interaction of incentive and restraint mechanism, collaboration mechanism, and benefit distribution mechanism, the dynamic mechanism of technology innovation is running efficiently. The results of this study provide valuable information to stakeholders for improving technology innovation performance of mega infrastructure projects.

With the improvement of people's living standards, consumption of energy is increasing. Conventional sources of energy (such as oil, coal, and gas) are gradually becoming deficient. Therefore, it is of great significance to research on building with energy saving. Solar building is an important part of building with energy saving and is worthy of discussion. Solar energy products and components are integrated into building design so that full use of solar energy can be made to save conventional energy, protect the ecological environment, and beautify the architecture. The solar water heating system introduced in this article is a decentralized solar system. Its principle, as well as its characteristics, are introduced. It is then successfully applied to engineering examples. The problem of energy consumption is solved by this system. A new mode for the applicationof solar energy in high-rise buildings will be created. Solar technologieswill have an active effect on heating issues for residential buildings.

The application of wind power on buildings principally refers to the technology of breeze use. Studies show that the technology is more economical and practical than the use of large wind farms. This paper gives a brief introduction to the progress of the latest technology regarding the application of wind power on industrial and civil construction, and on the wind power products industry. China has chosen advanced wind power technology for use in several cases of large high-rise buildings; however, it is not yet universal. In this paper, preliminary designs are made for wind power utilization on high-rise buildings and public buildings in urban areas. Xiamen is used as an example of the estimated life cycle cost in a high-rise building using wind power. We concluded that wind power technology is economically feasible. With the rich wind resources in China, it is easier to do trials in rural areas. This article proposes the promotion of wind power construction should follow the route from the countryside to the city, rather than the reverse.

In order to objectively assess the environmental impact of two widely applied exterior wall external insulation materials with different fire rating (EPS board and rock wool board), this paper analyzes the environmental impact of two materials using the BEPAS system according to the life cycle approach. Data was collected through unit process analysis and the Willingness to Pay (WTP) value was obtained by means of collecting the life cycle emission inventory of two materials after classification, characterization and weighting of the data. The assessment results show that rock wool board possesses 1.5 times the environmental impact than that of EPS board under the same thermal insulation properties. In conclusion, the EPS board is strongly recommended to be used in terms of environmental impacts.

The similarities and differences between the information transfer of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the information flow transfer of building supply chain were analyzed. Then, a collaborative framework of BIM information from the perspective of supply chain management was proposed. The construction phase, which generated the maximum amount of information in the whole life cycle, was taken as an example to study the application of the framework. Two delivery standards of BIM information for the design-construction and construction-operation phases were established respectively, and the depths of the BIM delivery models were refined correspondingly. Finally, some useful advice on BIM implementation for construction enterprises was drawn. It was shown that BIM technology should focus on the integrity of process, the initiative and consistency of behavior of participants, which were in accordance with the main concepts of supply chain management. Construction enterprises should pay more attention to the needs of information integrity, not only for the geometric information, but also for the non-geometric information.

Currently, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has a certain range of application in civil engineering construction for calculating and controlling costs. A large range of related software has been developed. Because cost management of electric power engineering has many characteristics - such as high professionalism, large investment, complexity, and a mixed professional structure - BIM technology has not yet been used in electric power engineering. The traditional method of hand computation and the use of Excel software cannot meet the requirements of accuracy and efficiency of the electric power engineering cost. Applying BIM to manage the electric engineering cost has become an inevitable choice. This paper uses the substation as an example based on the BIM platform and analyzes the application implementation plan and the roadmap using the existing BIM cost management software. This research will benefit the promotion of BIM in the electric power construction industry.

Construction activities bring stress on ecosystems, consume natural resources and damage human health. Giving a comprehensive and quantitative impact assessment on construction products is the premise for effectively proposing improvement measures. This paper integrates the Building Environmental Performance Analysis System (BEPAS) and the Building Health Impact Analysis System (BHIAS) into a new model. Through inventory analysis, classification, characterization, and weighting of these basic steps, it assesses hybrid impacts on the environment and human health. We take a case to test the model's application. The results indicate that it can effectively quantify impacts and can potentially be used as a tool for contractors in decision-making.

It is necessary to admit that the mode of chain design creative ideas really brings significant benefits, while putting forward some new challenges for the chain creativity in building design teams. We analyzed the chain creativity in building design teams from the perspective of knowledge flow. Firstly, we defined the chain creativity as the development capacity of chain creative ideas and gave a chain creative idea sample of the National Centre for the Performing Arts in China. Then, we described the dynamic process of chain creative ideas and knowledge flow and analyzed the formation mechanism of the chain creativity in the building design teams. Finally, we introduced the CES production function to establish the dynamic model of the chain creativity in building design teams and, according to the change of the model parameters, we put forward some proposals.

IPD mode, as a new delivery model, has been applied in the US, the UK and other developed countries. China, however, has no practical application in this case due to existing problems of a vaguely defined, imperfect system of legal contracts. As a key technology affecting the development of the construction industry, the appearance of BIM technology also provides conditions for promoting the development and improvement of IPD. This paper analyses BIM technology's application role and prospects in construction projects based on IPD mode through the introduction of BIM technology and the IPD model. In order to better enable the efficient application of BIM technology better in IPD, this paper presents breakthroughs in several aspects related to BIM. This has a certain reference to improving the use of IPD in our country.

Web-based data mining is an emerging technology that is increasingly being applied in Decision Support Systems in many industries. The objectives of this study are to develop a Web-based text mining system specific to the building and construction industry for web content gathering, handling and analysis. An authoritative website in the housing industrialization field is chosen as a case on which to carry out this study by means of four steps, as follows. First, a web crawler module for gathering the original web articles has been constructed. Second, the web content processing module is used to parse the HTML tags and segment the text content of each page. Then, the relational database deployed in a cloud platform is used to store the processing result. Finally, the Vector Space Model and TF-IDF algorithm are used to represent articles and calculate the relationship among all the articles gained in the web crawler module. As the government issues the news and policies online continuously, it is possible for people to know the key points and trends embodied in these policies in time by way of the proposed text mining system.

The achievements of BIM technology attained in virtual design and construction are obvious. However, as a technology designed to apply to the whole life cycle of building, current technology application of BIM cannot support all the workflow of the life cycle. The construction information models are inherited from design models and, while in the application of model information on site, building information is repeatedly used in several styles. Though the extent of model files supporting IFC standard is quite comprehensive, current technology and management mode cannot handle the problems in a collaborative process, such as information transformation, coordination and storage. This article summarizes the barriers in the process of building an information collaborative application on site and discusses how to solve the barriers.

It is well known that the rapid development of building information modeling (BIM) has provided the construction industry with a more advanced tool for project information sharing. The standardized IFC format, centralized information storage and consistent information flow could potentially help all construction professionals, including quantity surveyors. Despite thefact that the benefit of BIM has been well recognized for a relatively long period, research on adopting it in quantity take-off is still segmented and limited. Moreover, the utilization of BIM for achieving a cost control target is still under exploratory investigation. The objectives of this paper are:(1) to analyze the effectiveness of various working methods by comparing traditional and BIM-assisted cost control methods through a case study in China, and (2) to explore how to utilize BIM to better facilitate the construction cost control process. Results indicate that BIM has not been fully implemented to accomplish cost control tasks, and efforts have to be made at respective stages for improvement. Proposals have been made for technical enhancement of BIM's cost control capabilities.

A collaborative innovation system in construction is composed of many individuals. Such interaction among construction bodies will influence collaborative innovation. This paper analyzes the self-organizing mechanism and process of collaborative innovation system in construction by using the principle of the complex adaption. Borrowing from the ecological logistic model to construct a synergetic evolution model of an innovation system, and describing the evolution path diagram, the paper analyzes the stability of innovators' synergetic evolution and reveals the inherent rule of cooperative convolution of an innovation system in construction.

A large number of facts show that there are unexpected group incidents in public buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the ability to respond to unexpected group incidents in public buildings. First, the subject, object and target of effective collaboration with science and technology involved in the major emergencies in public buildings are discussed. The subject of effective collaboration can be a permanent or a temporary decision-making and commanding agency. The object of effective collaboration can be either:(1) other participation subjects with science and technology involved in major emergencies and their activity events or (2) activity behavior in seven aspects at the stages of prevention or emergency preparedness, emergency response or rescue and post-emergency response rehabilitation and reconstruction. An effective collaboration model with science and technology involved in responding to major emergencies is constructed.

Nowadays, a Building Information Model (BIM) integrates the architecture, structure, equipment and environment into a database and simplifies the life cycle of the building. The study on how to evaluate the BIM application on a project is still in the germination stage. In this paper, the BIM application maturity model is based on the analysis of maturity theory and the practice of BIM in the construction project. It includes the evaluation index system based on AHP and the evaluation method — the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. It is effective in distinguishing the maturity level of the BIM application in given projects and in providing reference for the construction enterprises.

In order to improve the usage of construction documents and facilitate communication and cooperation among the participants to enhance project management, this paper presents a method of classifying the semi-structured and unstructured Chinese documents which are produced during the project lifecycle. It is combined with the commonly used IFC standard based on the analysis of the characteristics of construction project management. This paper conducts a similarity computing between the entities of the IFC standard and the Chinese documents by means of a space vector model and cosine similarity algorithm in order to realize the standardized classification of the Chinese documents. The case study proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Building a dynamic, timely updated and transferred new type of Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a very important and efficient health service for 300,000 Harbin Construction migrant workers. According to the investment and demand analysis, there is no currently available EHR for rural workers of Harbin construction. Thus, there is a great need for this. Combining the characteristics of Harbin construction workers, healthcare theories and information technology, the methodology and circuit for establishing EHR have been proposed. It can become the foundation of building EHR for Harbin Construction migrant workers.

With fast development of modern science and technology, the informatization level of all industries is continuously improving. The building industry, a traditional kind of industry, increasingly applies the informatization method to reinforce management and improve economic performance. The BIM technique, a new carrier of project information, runs through all stages of the construction process throughout the life cycle of a project, rendering all project participants to obtain proper information at due time as necessary. It assists project understanding, reduces common mistakes and supports project-related decisions. The BIM technique application features distinct characteristics and boasts the advantages of visualization, parameterization, simulation and collaboration. In this paper, the functions of the BIM technique applied to project management are introduced in conjunction with relevant experiences of BIM pilot projects, as summarized by China Construction Fourth Engineering Division Corp. Ltd. The value and prospect of BIM application to the construction field at the present stage is analyzed.

Construction projects are made up with numerous complex tasks and have many adverse characteristics, such as:(1) huge investment; (2) long construction period involving numerous high-risk personnel and organization; (3) opening operation; and (4) intensive high risk operations. As a result, the organization and coordination of construction project management is difficult and complicated. Managers may not get the expected profit or even suffer great losses. Therefore, it is particularly important to maintain high-level risk management in the lifecycle of a construction project. Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology is a virtual model which is integrated with the 3D digital technology and various related engineering information. Application of BIM is conducive to visual management, information sharing and decision support in the project management of the entire life cycle from design, to construction and operation. The aim of this paper is to establish a risk management framework based on the 3D model of A. D. Hall - one which takes advantage of the BIM technology at each stage of risk management while improving the quality and efficiency and reducing the cost of the risk management.

With the increase in complexity of engineering projects and design quality in the construction industry, the traditional two-dimensional "Information Island" approach to design is becoming less able to meet current design needs due to its lack of coordination and information sharing. Collaborative design using a Build Information Modeling (BIM) technology platform promises to provide an effective means of designing and communicating through networking and real-time data sharing. This paper first analyzes the shortcomings of the two-dimensional design process and the potential application of collaborative design. By combining the attributes of BIM, a preliminary BIM-based building design collaborative platform is developed to improve the design approach and support a more collaborative design process. A real-life case is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the platform and its use in practice. From this, it is shown that BIM has the potential to realize effective information sharing and reduce errors, thereby improving design quality. The BIM-based building design collaborative platform presented is expected to provide the support needed for the extensive application of BIM in collaborative design and promote a new attitude to project management.

The construction industry has become one of the most hazardous industries worldwide. How to prevent construction accidents on site is attracting increasing and extensive attention. Traditional accident prevention methods depend primarily on safety training and site management. These are demonstrably not enough to support safety management, as evidenced by the high rate of construction accidents. As worker behavior is a key factor influencing accidents, this paper proposes a warning system of unsafe behavior by integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) positioning technology. Through the investigation and classification of unsafe behaviors on site, the information demands of the warning system are analyzed and a prototype of the system is developed. Its functions are also tested in test bed trials, where it identified workers' locations on site in real time and responded to workers in unsafe situations, indicating that the system has a clear potential to improve safety management on site.

With the transformation of China's economic development mode and the social demands for sustainable development, there is bound to be a trend for the construction industry to develop towards "Green Building, Green Construction". In this paper, we focus on "Green Construction" and take into account actual projects of the China Construction Fourth Engineering Division Corp. Ltd. and give an account of those cases in which the division depends on technological innovation and promotion of green management and green construction technologies to realize green benefits.

With climate change and increased emissions of greenhouse gas, research on carbon emissions has gained worldwide attention. The goal is to achieve the maximization of commercial benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits for the sports venues of the higher education institutes in China. This article is based on the domestic and overseas carbon emissions research results, with the Heilongjiang University's sports venue as a case study. It analyzes the calculation method of the carbon emissions of sports venues' own operations and the transport carbon emissions of the related customer groups. Meanwhile, it puts forward the quantitative model of carbon emissions of sports venues of the higher education institutes in China. To some extent, it explores to complement the theory of carbon emissions of sports venues.

Guiyang International Ecological Conference Center is an intelligent, modern and international conference center. It embodies the design concept of low carbon environmental protection and the design strategies of landscape for a city build. This project made full use of a variety of green technology such as the stereoscopic greening, solar water heating and lighting system, temperature and humidity independent control, efficient air conditioning heat pump units, a rainwater utilization system, rainwater infiltration, the ventilated optimization of day lighting and other green technology. It brings the ecological culture into the design, construction and operation to pursue the perfect balance of construction and the ecology. It will provide a good reference for future green building construction and has a high degree of promotion value and significance for green building.

Considering the conflict of environmental protection and economic development during the construction of a town in China, this article integrates the green design concept and puts forward the connotation of green town construction. Stakeholder analysis is explored in green town construction by questionnaires. The conflicts of interest are summarized and are combined with the theory of conflict analysis. Three kinds of conflicts were discussed:(1) goals conflict; (2) different stakeholders conflict; and, (3) conflict between long-term goals and short-term goals. An F-H conflict analysis model is established to analyze the policy implementation conflict among local government and inhabitants. Results show that the central government should act as a coordinator and different stakeholders should collaborate completely.

With the rapid progress of China's urbanization, urban construction speed and the amount of construction waste have also generated high growth which is both wasteful and harmful. This paper describes the basis of the harm caused by urban construction waste and its causes.Dependent on the combination of strategic thinking and circular economy sustainable development, support for the proposed policy should be established as soon as possible. Regulations, organization and coordination of the responsible departments need a clear direction for:(1) economic support and establishment of a management system; (2) laying the foundation for construction waste resource utilization while improving construction waste technical level of treatment; and (3) vigorous promotion of environmental protection, pollution prevention awareness and the establishment of energy efficiency in building a beautiful Chinese in full effect.

With the increasing application of a sustainable development concept in the construction industry, green construction technology has been widely used in the construction stage of architectural projects which promoted the development of construction engineering in China. Green construction has been an irresistible trend of the constructional industry development all over the world. This paper studies the fundamental connotation of green building construction, illustrates the significance and meaning of green construction and analyzes the green construction principles. Then, the useful green construction technical measures will be put forward in order to provide reference for researchers and engineers. Finally, the actual project is introduced as an example to demonstrate the application and management measures to minimize pollution, reduce natural resource consumption, and create environmentally friendly, energy-saving green buildings. The main elements of green construction, work art and requirements of green construction application and management, occupational health and safety management measures are illustrated as well.

Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is a new kind of mechanism of energy saving based on the market. Its characteristics are to maximize profit through the adjustment of the market, and for the negotiation and coordination between the energy companies and Energy Service Company (ESCo). EPC has strategic measures to carry out national energy conservation and emission reduction. However, the funding shortage of EPC restricts the development of the industry, and how to choose the financing pattern can be the key to success for all of ESCo and the energy saving project. In this paper, an operation mode is established based on the analysis of EPC. With the use of AHP and ANP, it created a financing decision-making model of EPC to provide the theoretical support for ESCo.

To achieve a precise and convenient assessment for the environmental impacts of the construction process, a construction process environmental impact assessment model - which was based on a life-cycle assessment (LCA) - was built. The scope of assessment was defined and a convenient assessment approach was proposed which used the data on materials and equipment inputs available from construction plans. Societal willingness-to-pay (WTP) was employed as the valuation method. The environmental impact of the construction process on a residence community in Beijing was assessed. The results showed that:(1)the depletion of fossil energy and carbon dioxide emission mainly come from transportation and construction machinery, atmospheric suspended matter mainly comes from the construction dust, and solid waste mainly comes from the construction process and the embodied waste solid of revolving and auxiliary materials; (2) the proportion of water depletion, timber depletion and solid waste in construction process in embodied process are, respectively, 72%, 61% and 54%; and (3) the dominant environmental impacts of the construction process mainly include:solid waste, global warming, acidification, water depletion and atmospheric suspended matter.

With the rapid development of China's economy, energy has become an important factor restricting the development of the national economy's sustainability. In building energy consumption, the cloud data center is the key to public building operation energy consumption, which has not been effectively controlled. The article analyzes the composition and causes of the cloud data center energy consumption. Combined with the actual difficulty, we analyze and design an effective cloud data center management system which has functions of monitoring, analysis and control and make a retrofit scheme of energy efficiency. Finally, through a specific case, we analyze the effect of the transformation of energy efficiency. In this article, we hope to provide reference for the modification of the future data centers to reduce energy consumption.

In allusion to the present construction waste resolution problem in Beijing, the system dynamics method is adopted by selecting 68 parameters and constructing a system dynamics model consisting of ecology, environment, economy and construction waste management. It carries out research on the change of construction waste upon economic growth, waste emission pollution and occupation loss, as well as construction waste charges. It points out the complexity of waste in Beijing city buildings and forecasts future changes in construction waste. It not only provides a case for resolving Beijing's construction and urban sustainable development problem, but also shows certain reference for similar problem research of other cities.

With the rapid development of construction engineering, green construction has become the consensus of investors and construction management personnel. The development of emerging information technology promotes change in the field of building construction. In order to improve construction information management obsolescence and accelerate the improvement of green construction theory and practical application, this paper explains the mechanism of emerging information technology such as BIM, internet of things, ubiquitous computing and 4D visualization in green construction. By integrating the process of green construction information management system and the characteristics of the information technology above, the green construction information management platform is put forward. On this basis, the framework is designed. The application of emerging information and the research on this platform have great significance to green construction technology and management level, and lead construction in the direction of informatization, integration and sustainability.

Carbon emission in construction phase is a significant part of the construction industry. Therefore, aimed at the construction process, this paper establishes a theoretical analysis and calculation methods of carbon emission of four aspects:(1) materials and equipments transport to site; (2) site construction; (3) on-site management; and (4) waste treatment. With this theory and these methods, the situation of carbon emission can be reflected upon and measures to reduce carbon emission can be carried out specifically.

In order to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry, countries in the world have become devoted to the study of green building and green building evaluation standards. The ecological footprint is a method which compares the resources consumption/demand of people with that of the natural ecosystem. In this paper, based on the general model of an ecological footprint, an evaluation model was established to assess the embodied environmental impact of building projects. A two star-level building project in Hainan was designed based on the evaluation standards for green building in China. It was taken as an example and its embodied ecological footprint was calculated. The results show that the ecological footprint of materials is the biggest, accounting for over 95% of all.

Determining the CO₂ emission factor is the foundation of accounting for fossil fuel CO₂ emissions. Carbon content, carbon oxidation ratio and heat value are the three main elements of CO₂ emission factor by the emission factor calculation model. This paper - based on methods of literature review, comparative analysis, and theory with practice - compares and analyzes those three elements affecting CO₂ emission factor released by domestic and foreign authoritative institutions, selecting the numerical values suitable for Chinese construction process and applies calculation model to obtain CO₂ emission factors of the main fossil fuels released in the Chinese building construction phase, therefore providing references on CO₂ emissions calculation.

In China, construction and real estate industries produce about 40% (Yi 2013) of greenhouse gases (GHGs) every year and are major contributors to the hazy weather in China recently. For a project's construction phase, electricity consumption is a huge number and it brings large quantities of carbon emissions. Consequently, it is important to calculate the exact GHGs emissions first and take measures to reduce emissions. This article focuses on providing advisable GHGs emission factors (EFs) of electricity used in the construction stage in China by combining and adjusting current existing calculation methods and finally come out with a new method and data.

The construction workforce in Hong Kong is experiencing a severe aging problem and labour shortage. One initiative to enhance the supply of manpower is to assist ethnic minorities joining the industry. It is foreseeable that the percentage of ethnic minorities in the construction workforce will keep increasing. Statistics show that ethnic minorities are nearly 30% more likely to have work-related injuries than local workers in some developed countries. However, official statistics on the safety of ethnic minorities are not available in Hong Kong. A search in newspaper archive revealed that ethnic minorities in the construction industry of Hong Kong are subjected to a higher fatality rate than local workers, just as is the case in many developed countries. This reflects that the safety of ethnic minorities has not received the attention it rightly deserves. Safety communication has been one of the key factors leading to accidents. Safety communication barriers of ethnic minorities impede them from receiving safety training and acquiring safety information effectively. Research towards improving the safety communication of ethnic minorities in the construction industry of Hong Kong becomes more urgent. This paper provides an initial report on a research project which focuses on improving the safety communication of ethnic minorities in the construction industry of Hong Kong. Quantitative and qualitative research methods - including Social Network Analysis (SNA) - applied in conducting the research are first discussed. Preliminary statistics of construction accidents related to ethnic minorities in Hong Kong are then presented.

Variation is undesirable in a production system because it complicates production management. Variation caused by completing activities too early (positive variation) or too late (negative variation) is studied through a questionnaire survey where focus was on how to reduce or handle this variation. It was found that the top initiatives to handle variation were: mutual core values, collaboration, process transparency, control of interdependencies and schedule robustness. The top initiatives to reduce variation were:collaboration, output quality, buffering, standardization, and multi-skilled craftsmen. The results are compared and discussed according to the construction control principles Last Planner System (LPS). LPS is found to focus on removing negative variation to improve the efficiency of the planning system. Therefore, LPS has only minor focus on:(1) the actual process; (2) communication and collaboration on-site; (3) how the process is managed by the construction managers in relation to mutual core values, leadership and motivation; and (4) the quality of the production output.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) in highway projects in Iran has been a desired approach for the public sector to engage the efficiency and capital of the private sector in developing transportation infrastructure facilities. The high risk environment of construction projects in Iran has made potential investors reluctant to get involved in a partnership. Using a vast checklist survey and an FMEA-based risk analysis method, we managed to mark the highest priority risks in PPP highway projects in Iran. It was revealed that the construction period of PPP Highway projects in Iran is the most risk-prone phase, and it is recommended that the public sector should revise its risk sharing scheme in this phase in order to guarantee the success of the project.

The Iranian construction industry confronts a remarkable increase in concrete consumption. Practitioners believe that conventional on-site construction methods cannot be used widely - especially in large cities - because of the environmental, technical, and economic considerations. These days, central mix plants or batching plants are widely used in ready mixed concrete production plants. However, these plants are criticized for low productivity, poor safety records, and high amount of land space used. The overall concrete production process can be improved by means of a layout optimization effort. An effective layout plan can directly improve the efficiency of the whole process of concrete production. This paper describes the findings of a survey of Iranian ready mixed plants in order to minimize the land space used by the equipment of batching plants. The problem of batching plant optimization was formulated and a genetic evolutionary algorithm was developed in MATLAB 7.1 in order to facilitate the optimization process. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with reference to the time and land space used. Applying the model in a case study shows that the model is practicable, and it significantly reduces the land space used while improving other criteria.

Housing security is a democratically beneficial policy which aims at resolving housing problems of the middle and low income population. Related laws and regulations are the fundamental guarantees for implementing this policy effectively. This paper analyzes housing security legislation by using the legislative experience of Germany, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan for reference. It reveals the problems about housing security legislation. Legislative proposals for the Basic Housing Security Law are proposed based on three aspects:(1) building the housing security institution with executive force; (2) setting rigorous conditions for the access and exit and the corresponding punishment measures; and (3) strengthening the supervision and management of the work of housing security.

The construction industry is publicly regarded as an irresponsible sector due to its resource exploitation, environmental pollution, corruption, and poor community relations. Traditional approaches using fragmented CSR principles cannot receive satisfactory results since socially responsible issues in construction practices requires collaboration and cooperation of multiple stakeholders instead of isolated decision-making. Based on theoretical foundations of CSR, stakeholder management, and stakeholder power, combining organizational and project level stakeholder management, an integrated conceptual framework for CSR implementation in the construction industry is developed in this study. This innovative framework offers means for construction companies to make effective stakeholder strategies to implement their CSR intention, as well as support for collaboration and cooperation among multiple project stakeholders to maximize CSR outcomes.

There are many research studies focusing on enhancing energy efficiency of buildings since the building sector accounts for almost half of the total energy consumption in several developed counties. Within this sector, space conditioning consumes more than half of the energy used in buildings. Occupants' behavior has a significant impact on energy consumption. Examples of behaviors are activities such as opening windows and setting indoor temperature for air conditioning systems. In this paper, the authors discuss the integration of building information modeling (BIM)-based energy simulation, and video image processing as a technique to determine dynamic user patterns in order to accurately capture the impact of occupant behaviors in a space or room. The results from a case show the relationship of the number of people, with different user patterns in different time intervals in a classroom in Miami, FL, and the annual energy consumption of the classroom. The results also show that the technique applied to this research has great potential.

A climate of openness in the economic field allows local companies to seize opportunities to enter an overseas market. Intensive penetration of Indonesian contractors into the transnational market has recently begun. Several projects in the Middle East, Africa as well as southeast Asia have continued since the last decade. This study aims to trace Indonesian contractors' involvement outside of their domestic market and identify key factors causing them to pursue these projects. A review of the literature and internet searches indicate that only six Indonesian companies actively play in the overseas construction market. The three aforementioned regions are likewise identified as comfortable places for Indonesian contractors to expand services abroad. Having closeness - in terms of religion, beliefs, socio-culture, similarity in identity and government relationships - is the major contributor to success in overseas construction projects (OCPs).

This paper presents findings on the effectiveness of the South Africa government housing subsidy scheme in the delivery of houses to its citizens, thus providing homeownership especially to the low-income group and the disadvantaged poor. The paper also evaluates the usage of the houses by the occupants. The results from the post-occupancy survey of the provided houses revealed that the progressive realization of housing for the low-income and disadvantaged groups is being met as all beneficiaries were South African citizens. The survey also revealed that the beneficiaries living in the subsidized houses were originally allocated the houses by the Gauteng Department of Housing (GDOH), which oversees housing allocation in the province adopted as the site for the study. However, from those originally allocated, it was indicated that some of the beneficiaries were previously living in shacks, while some were homeless (absolute homelessness). Further findings from the survey showed that the original intended use of the houses by the government (private residential use) is what the subsidized houses are being used for as revealed by the respondents. This paper starts with an overview of the literature on this topic and the importance of homeownership, and then presents the results of the analysis and findings of the research. Finally, the paper draws some conclusions and makes recommendations. The originality of this paper is based on the fact that there have been issues surrounding the South Africa government's financial commitment of 5% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is grossly inadequate to overcome its huge housing backlog. Due to the limited study to substantiate if the little devoted GDP is making any impact on the disadvantaged group, the current research contributes to this body of knowledge.

Chinese top international contractors are playing an increasingly significant role in the global construction market. However, due to the complicated and multifaceted nature of internationalization, there is no consensus on how to evaluate the degree of internationalization for top construction firms (TCFs). This paper is therefore aimed at building an indicator system to evaluate the internationalization degree of TCFs. Nine measures under four dimensions (ownership advantages, internationalization advantages, diversification, and internationalization speed) are identified from literature review and documentary analysis. A questionnaire survey is then conducted to investigate the weights of the indicators. Lastly, a comparative study of TCFs in China and Europe is conducted based on which shortcomings of internationalization strategies of Chinese TCFs in different aspects are identified. Suggestions are made to accelerate their internationalization process. This paper attempts to provide an effective basis for benchmarking the internationalization of TCFs and make useful recommendations for TCFs in China.

To introduce students to the complexity of on-site management, a game-approach has been developed for teaching purposes to simulate the production control challenges site management is phasing. The simulation model has been both alpha and beta tested to ensure the validity of the model. The simulation model takes its outset in 9 on-site constraints which are used to identify key requirements of the simulation model. The game consists of three phases:(1) a scheduling phase; (2) a construction phase; and, (3) a follow-up phase. During the scheduling phase, it is decided what needs to be completed in the next construction "window" and the necessary resources are ordered. In the construction phase, the actual output is determined. Finally, in the follow-up phase, time usage and PPC are calculated and the schedule is updated. The feedback from the game session was positive where the game was found to be both amusing, engaging and an instructive experience at the same time.

The Chinese government is conducting a large-scale public housing construction program and is faced with enormous financial pressure. The widely used Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) model in the field of infrastructure development provides an alternative and viable way to deal with housing issues. This paper reviews the worldwide experiences of PPP in enabling shelter strategies and the current situation of affordable housing practice in China. Based on the review of pertinent literature, a PPP framework is designed for public rental housing in China. Under the proposed PPP framework:(1) staff quarters in industrial parks can be delivered through the Build-Own-Operate method; (2) public rental housing built on collective land of urban villages can be procured on a leasehold basis of Build-Own-Lease; and, (3) while public rental housing built in mixed-income communities by commercial developers can be transferred to the public sector under a Build-Transfer (BT) model with cross subsidy. "Pathfinder" projects under the framework and a track on them are needed to further identify a best practice in China.

Incentive agreements or bonus schemes are contractual supplements known from partnering. A contractual commitment is ensured by using on-site performance as a parameter for calculating the contractual payment. The research is conducted as a case study of a public water board. Data collection consists of interviews which are supplemented with archived data. The public water board uses turnkey contracts designed as 6-year contracts with a fixed price and an integrated yearly regulation of negative 2% of the contractual value and supplemented with incentive and bonus schemes. The incentive agreements and bonus schemes are related to economics, quality, energy and environment, and customer satisfaction all regulated with 2 % pr. year to ensure continuous improvement. The effects of the incentive and bonus schemes are followed, revealing a positive result:in 2012, 82.5% of the possible bonuses were released. Moreover, the long-lasting partnerships ensure a positive environment for professional discussion and learning. Thus, it is important to avoid staff changes.

At present, it is common for constructors to attach their certificates to construction enterprises to which they do not belong. The consequent legal matters and the construction quality problems are worthy of thinking about deeply. The paper summarizes the reasons for the constructor certificates attachment phenomenon, including:(1) the scarcity of building talents; (2) the imperfection of related construction laws and rules; (3) the lack of government supervision; and (4) personal interests of constructors. This paper applies the interpretative structural modeling (ISM) method to divide the influential factors of constructor certificate attachment into different levels. Accordingly, it puts forward a system of some specific and practical countermeasures to solve problems effectively.

Intelligent jack-raising form construction technology - as a new vertical structure construction technology in the super high-rise building world - not only overcame the shortcomings of climbing mould technology and significantly improved the efficiency of construction of super high-rise building, but also has significantly improved the quality and safety of the construction. How to assess the value of this technology is worthy of being investigated theoretically and practically. According to the characteristics of intelligent jack-raising form construction technology, this study presents an estimation model of intelligent jack-raising form construction technology. Then through the concrete data analysis of the Guangzhou east tower project, a more reasonable value analysis and evaluation model of intelligent jack-raising form construction technology are given. It will also provide realistic reference for research of technical value.

Construction enterprises improve their supply chain management by standardizing their work process and optimally controlling each link in the chain using effective tools. The building of a construction supply chain is the basis of the whole supply chain system operating, which needs rational allocation for the chain with more consideration about the characteristics of the construction industry. This paper:(1) puts forward the selection principle of construction supply chain partners; (2) builds a partner selection model from multi-suppliers based on mixed integer programming method; and, (3) solves problems like configurable quote, homogeneity constraints and attribute correlation.

This paper puts forward a corresponding value engineering analysis model using the theory of value engineering and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and the research of project management optimization technology based on the actual case of a high-rise building. Based on the model, we evaluate its function and cost and deduce the corresponding model parameters. A multi-objective optimization of management goals is used to achieve safety and quality during the period of construction and cost. In the end - through theory, analysis and practice - the high-rise buildings (based on value engineering optimization analysis model, and through multiple successful cases) verify its effectiveness.

For the real estate market, 2012 was a booming year. The flourishing market has attracted a large number of the continuous influx of investment, which also intensified the competition in this industry. In recent years, sustainable competitive advantage has been the issue of common concern in the business community and theoretical circles. The value chain is the effective tool for the analysis of the enterprises development trend. This paper enhanced the specific value link and restructured the value chain through examining the relationship between these activities and their value chain to determine the competitive advantage of enterprises. This article analyzed the impact of the real estate enterprise value to be more comprehensive and systematic from the perspective of the value chain. According to an empirical analysis on the sample of the listed Corporation, finally, it found maximum impact on value of the real estate enterprises in the value chain and the direction to improve sustainable competitiveness for the real estate enterprises.

With the informationization of the construction market and globalization, the traditional management mode cannot adapt to the development of the construction industry increasingly, and the management mode which takes respective interest as center has a negative impact on the construction of engineering projects easily. Therefore, partnering management mode is highly prized by the domestic and foreign construction enterprises, and the choice of partners is the key to the success of this new mode. Firstly, this paper makes a brief introduction of partnering management mode. Then, with the background of the partnering management mode, this paper analyzes the index system of suppliers' selection in the supply chain of construction industry, using the entropy method to determine evaluation index weights, and selecting suppliers in the supply chain of the construction industry comprehensively with TOPSIS. Finally, a specific case is studied on supplier selection based on the partnering management mode, and chooses the best supplier A for the building company, which verifies the feasibility and validity of the methods.

Since the Public-private Partnership (PPP) pattern has been applied in China, risk has become one of the key factors affecting the success of PPP projects. From the perspective of cooperation of each participant, this paper will illustrate the necessity of taking the cooperation strategy via setting the risk function and the characteristic function. In order to show the necessity of the cooperation strategy more directly, this paper will pay attention to the risk which is needed to be shared among the public sector, the private sector and the banks or financial institution, and distribution of the interest which comes from the risk reduction because of the cooperation of each participant by using the Shapley value. At the same time, in order to obtain a stable and win-win cooperation, this paper will also put forward the proposal for the establishment of the contract as an effective constraint mechanism.

Collaboration within multidisciplinary teams makes or mars project success. Empirical research findings have reinforced the need for project team partners to collaborate, particularly on BIM projects. Without collaboration, it is impossible to foster project deliverables. This study explores the descriptors of collaboration through five frameworks: governance, administration, autonomy, mutuality and, trust norms and reciprocity. The descriptors of these variables are discussed, with lesson drawn on how to reinforce collaboration in multidisciplinary project environments.

Today globalization is strengthening, and the competition between countries is becoming more and more fierce. The emergence of cultural property has become an important form of city spatial expansion. Firstly, from the development degree, coordination degree and support degree, this paper describes and analyzes the sustainability of the cultural industry park project. Secondly, through the literature and the frequency method, and based on the three dimensions of cultural industry park project sustainability, indicators for sustainability of culture industry park project are selected. Thirdly, the method of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are used to evaluate the sustainability of culture industry park projects. Finally, the effectiveness of the above method is verified by the case of Tianjin Yicoo Culture Creative Industry Park.

Establishing market mechanisms of ecological infrastructure (EI) projects investment and financing to attract the social private capital into the field of EI is very important for the achievement of national environmental protection goals. This paper analyzes:(1) the main behavior of investment and financing subjects on the EI projects from the perspectives of government and market; (2) incentive-oriented environmental pollution regulation and government and corporate objective function and constraints;and (3) sewage charges payment mechanisms such as the polluter-pays mechanisms and the environmental governance beneficiary payment mechanism. It is recommended that the government:(1) establish an incentive model of the EI project investment and financing and (2) build the investment and financing incentives in terms of return on investment, the government compensation, investment assistance to attract private capital EI project investment and financing.

Major accidents occur frequently on government investment projects, with one important construction project type during economic development. Problems were exposed in which owners shifted safety responsibilities and lacked safety management. This should be solved urgently. Based on the construction project owners' attributes and developed countries and areas experience, one entirely new opinion was supported - the owner has the first safety responsibility on government investment projects combined with the current safety management situation. Accordingly, the safety management process was established. The opinion supported in this paper changes the tradition that only contractors are responsible for the safety and attempts to promote the owners participating in safety management, and as a breakthrough to lead the overall developing on safety management in our construction industry.

Based on traditional game theory and the method of bidding quotation, a game model is proposed in this paper for construction projects bidding with a composite base price. Under some important assumptions, the game model is built up. By forecasting the constant values in the model by means of the mathematical statistic method, the optimum pricing for a construction enterprise's projects is evaluated by the technology of matrix game to win the bid and obtain the largest profit with less risk. Finally, a successful application to construction project bidding is given to test the model's validity.

In this paper, development of the general contracting management of an EPC project in China is briefly introduced. Realization of standardization, elaboration and informatization management in every stage of the EPC project (namely engineering, procurement and construction on the basis of project quality assured and cost saved) is probed in conjunction with practical management experiences in previous EPC projects (such as Zunyi Xinye Dongcheng, Huainan China Construction Building, Ningbo Logistics Distribution Center, and Foshan Sino German Industrial Services Zone) so as to achieve quality and efficient management of the EPC project.

Hydropower, a clean and renewable resource, is increasingly popular in China. The hydropower stations on the Jinsha River, which are supposed to provide a great amount of electricity, are controversial because of the potential negative impacts on the environment. Although Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are applied and environmental agencies take efforts to diminish the impacts, the regulation and enforcement of environmental laws are far from satisfactory. This paper introduces the existing problems on the hydropower issues on the Jinsha River, identifies the influential actors, analyzes the technical and organizational reasons, and provides possible solutions to ameliorate the chaos of hydropower development on the Jinsha River.

Drawing on transaction cost economics (TCE), social capital theory and social exchange theory, this study develops a framework on how formal contracts, social capital, and social exchange, as governance mechanisms, impact on projects and relationship performance of large construction projects in developing countries with unstable environments. The framework is tested using survey data from 84 Iranian large construction projects. Partial Least Square (PLS) analyses indicate the joint contribution of social capital and social exchange to relationship performance. Despite this positive effect of social capital and social exchange, formal contracts deteriorate relationship performance echoing the substitute role of relational mechanisms to contractual mechanisms. Further, the study suggests that, while contractual arrangements do not have any significant effects on project performance in such unstable environments with ineffective legal systems, social capital may be the sole contributor to achieving project objectives. The study paves the road for more research on governance issues in various contexts with special attention to cultural, political and economic differences.

With the accelerated growth of scale, complexity and diversity of construction projects, accurate demand analysis has become a crucial issue impacting effect and efficiency in collaborative design. However, comprehending deviations between clients and designers is ubiquitous because of the information asymmetry. Choosing a best practice as reference is considered to be a promising method to help solve this kind of problems, so the key problem is the best practices selection. This paper proposes a novel data mining approach based on Bayesian probability for best practice recommendation (BPR), integrating the satisfactions of former projects and similarity between former projects and the recent one. This approach is applicable because it reasons top ranking practices to help clarify requirement, so that design collaboration and clients' satisfaction should be improved with more probability. A green building retrofit example is presented to demonstrate the application of this approach.

The construction industry has suffered from low productivity for many years. Some scholars asserted that the failure understood contract is one of the major causes. Cognition of the contract makes the different contract type classification and contract strategy. The traditional contract paradigm belongs to cognition of the contract from a legal perspective. The traditional contract strategy transfers risks to to the weakest member. This is not the best, as it creates an adversarial relationship and leads to poor performance. Relational contracting is the suitable strategy for the project, but it may not be enough relationship for a one-off project. How to foster a cooperative relationship needs to be further investigated. Relational contract theory is developed from the western individual society. In the eastern collectivism, there may be different contract governance routines. So, how to match contract governance strategy with culture is another research point.

During the last few decades, construction projects have shown a trend towards becoming large complicated operations, involving multi-disciplinary and many types of technology. Due to large-scale socialization production and specialization collaboration, there are many participant organizations in the project. Project organizations differ from enterprise organizations. They are one-time, temporary organizations for specific tasks. In a complex and changeful environment, various project participants work together with different responsibilities, objectives and management methods. The project should be precisely organized to ensure an orderly implementation of the project according to the plan. In this paper, collaboration and interactive relationships between various participant organizations of the construction project would be comprehensively and systematically analyzed with the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) method. According to the results of the modeling analysis, appropriate coordination and cooperation mechanism of the contract would be established to ensure a smooth implementation of the project.

Increasingly faced with the enhanced resource and environmental constraints, the relationship between public projects and the ecological environment should be focused to achieve sustainable development of public projects. Firstly, the concept of a public projects ecosystem is explained from the perspective of ecology. Then, the composition, structure and characteristics of the public projects ecosystem are analyzed. Furthermore, the co-evolution of a public projects ecosystem is defined and analyzed, and the co-evolution mechanism between the public projects and ecological environment is clarified. Finally, the co-evolution model of the public project ecosystem is determined on the basis of the strength degree of the interaction between public projects and the ecological environment.

The factors of large-scale, openness, the application of new technologies and others make the mega project more complex. How to create a mega project team to adapt to the complex and changing environment is important. From the concepts and mechanisms of biological immunity, combined with the organic constitution analysis of the mega project team, this article discusses the similarities between the mega project and the immune system. Based on the multilevel, diversity, uniqueness, coordination, and dynamic nature of biological immunity, the mega projects team immune mechanisms were proposed. Related concepts are explained which have the functions of the immune system with feedback, self-regulation and self-monitoring. In the end, this paper discusses how to activate and enhance its immune mechanism when a mega projects team faces a complex environment.

Along with the intensification of market competition, using a system based on team work to improve team performance got the most enterprises' attention. A transactive memory system explains a mechanism of team knowledge processing - a kind of division of cooperation system formed between team members depending on each other to encode, store and extract different domain knowledge. The research helps to find information needed by an efficient working team to solve problems and explain how the team members play to their expertise to solve the problem facing the team. This paper begins with the formation and maintenance of a transactive memory system, measurement, influence factors and how to improve the team performance. It is combined with the characteristics of the engineering project and the engineering project team and built effectiveness model of the engineering project team based on a transactive memory system to explore the meaning of transactive memory system as applied in the engineering project team.

Since the establishment of China, the country has gradually translated from a planned economy to the market economic system. In a traditional Chinese planned economy, the investment management system had a single investment entity which promoted the development of a national economy. With the establishment of the market economy system, the traditional government investment management model starts to expose many drawbacks. As a reform of the government-invested project construction method, the agent construction system emerges and continues to develop. The agent construction system in China is still a new theory and there are many imperfections. Through a comparative analysis of the agent system management model, this paper discusses the measures to improve the agent construction system.

The adversarial relationship among construction project teams leads to inefficiencies of construction project execution in China. Therefore, trust has become a hot topic, both in practical and academic circles. Aiming at the trust between owners and contractors - based on literature review and field interviews - twenty-four factors are captured and classified into four aspects:(1) organizational; (2) relational; (3) performance; and (4) institutional. A questionnaire is conducted to collect data on these factors from owners. From data analysis, eight factors that are important to the trust between owners and contractors are drawn:(1)interaction history; (2) contract and institution; (3) information sharing and communication; (4) relation-specific investment; (5) competence; (6) reputation; (7) promise keeping; and (8) opportunism. The results will be helpful to further research in evolution and evaluation of trust in construction projects in China.

Modern construction projects are usually characterized by being large in scale, multi-objective, and complex. A variety of complex conflicts are urgently awaiting settlement. From a new perspective - through analysis of the innovative application of TRIZ theory on the conflict resolution in construction projects - the process of construction projects conflict resolution is put forward and the ideal final result (IFR) of construction projects is defined based on TRIZ theory. Some key conflicts limiting the IFR are discussed in detail. The specific application of TRIZ Substance-Field (Su-Field) analysis and the conflict analysis method in conflict resolution of construction projects are illustrated with a case. Some specific solutions for the physical conflicts and technical conflicts of the construction projects are given through the usage of the 76 standards, separation principles, contradiction matrix and inventive principles separately.

Nowadays, the share and the influence of Chinese enterprise in the international project contracting market are increasing year by year, while the mounting risk of international projects cannot be overlooked. Recently, the Chinese overseas enterprises have suffered the risk from:(1) the overall economy; (2) overseas business fields; (3) geographical distribution; (4) new contract amounts; and (5) accomplished business revenue. At the same time, the overseas projects of Chinese enterprise are coping with a series of international engineering problems, such as tender discrimination, harsh terms of the contract and the kidnapped workers. Therefore, this paper aims to seek ways for China's foreign-related enterprises to avoid risk and losses. Moreover, preventive measures and suggestions of risk management can be taken from this essay.

This paper mainly develops an AHP method of safety risk assessment on critical infrastructure to help prioritize the measures of anti-terrorism, given limited resources. Firstly, key factors putting the critical infrastructure at risk are identified. Secondly, a safety risk index system is established which includes 3 criteria and 17 sub-criteria. Finally, the AHP method is applied to calculate the weights given by experts and take Changzhi City as an example to validate the method. On the basis of the proposed model, analysis results on Changzhi suggest that the safety risk priority of municipal government is the highest and the Bayi Square is the lowest, which implies that protection of municipal government should come first. This paper mainly provides a positive analysis of risk assessment on critical infrastructure which helps allocate limited resources properly. The results can be used as a reference for the prioritization of implementing protection measures.

A decision tree was set up about regulative and speculative behaviors in engineering safety management. The conditions and factors by which managers' behaviors will be affected were analyzed based on the decision tree criteria. Some proposals were provided for safety inspection to eliminate or prevent accidents in project construction.

This paper provides an overview and information useful for effective risk sharing in construction contract management. The new concept of the effectiveness of risk sharing was investigated quite intensively in recent years. There is a considerable amount of literature on the effectiveness of risk sharing in construction contract management. A major goal of this paper is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the effectiveness of risk sharing in construction contract management. S,o we establish an effective system of risk sharing to be able to shape the city's personality for construction contract management.

There is no consistency in VaR measure that may lead to the failure of risk management, but this shortcoming can be overcome with expected shortfall (ES) measure. Since the presence of heteroscedasticity in the capital gains sequence results in variable distribution changes over time, so it is necessary to build GARCH-ES for the measure of short-term international capital flows (SCF) risk in China. The empirical results show that measure under EGARCH-ES models appeared as failure cases occuring in the short-term international capital flows under extreme circumstances. In general or extreme cases, the accuracy of GARCH (1, 1)-ES and GARCH-M-ES model is better than the former measure. The accuracy of the test results showed that, in the negative range, ES measure appeared to have failed more.

Project construction is threatened by growing crises. Through the establishment of a regional crisis management command center, linkage integration of a generalized dynamic network crisis management organization and permeable boundary and improve the degree of organization alliance narrow dynamic network crisis management organization. Not only may it be able to improve the ability of project organization in dealing with crisis and reduce loss, but also it is more important to improve the effectiveness of the organization itself through various mechanisms to enhance the anti-deviation ability and to guarantee the country and people's safety.

According to the large scale and complicated characteristics of modern construction projects, which cause mass factors and highly uncertain problems for its risk analysis, a new ameliorated evaluation method with analytic network process (ANP) and vague sets theory is brought forward. Firstly, a developing trend of present projects has been told, and the risk factors have been identified in accord with the characteristics. Secondly, the corresponding weights to each factor are given with ANP. Thus, the new risk evaluation model based on ANP and vague sets theory has been set up. With the risk evaluation ranks, all factors have been given the vague-set membership degree. According to the maximum membership principle, the result of risk evaluation can be acquired. Finally, with an actual example, this model can be better adapted to the requirements of risk evaluation in current projects.

It is very difficult to assess and control risks of a water plant operation due to the long operating period that is more than 20 years. In this paper, a new risk control model is given that reasonably absorbs the changes of cost and inflation during the whole operating period. The study was broken down into the following steps:(1) to calculate changes in fixed costs; (2) to calculate changes in variable costs; (3) to predict water supply changes; (4) to assess and control the risk of inflation; (5) to calculate net income; (6) on this basis, to establish risk control model of above parameters; and (7) to find the optimal solution.

As the competition in domestic and international construction markets becomes increasingly fierce, large-scale construction engineering enterprises will use technology as their support, capital as their link, and depth development in the industry as their direction. Because financial management provides support for the entire construction engineering enterprise, it has a significant influence on business decisions and operations. Funds management, in particular, has become an especially important issue for large-scale construction engineering enterprises. Based on the unique business characteristics, management structures and products of large-scale construction engineering enterprises, this paper introduces a centralized funds management method - the main mean of funds management model - and argues that centralized funds management is a necessity for construction engineering enterprises. This article also describes how to implement a centralized funds management strategy and explains the steps that must be taken at various enterprise levels during the implementation. Finally, the risks of centralized funds management are presented and risk management measures are proposed. Centralized funds management is an important aspect of the financial management of large-scale construction engineering enterprises. The implementation of centralized funds management can improve the focus of financial management, strengthen risk management, mitigate a company's weaknesses and disadvantages, and ensure stable and sustainable development.

The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries. To improve the construction safety level, full-stakeholders' involvement plays a more and more important role in preventing accidents at the construction site. This paper identifies the behaviors group for each, including:owners, designers, contractors, supervisors and government departments. A system dynamics model of stakeholders' behaviors related to construction safety was built to:(1) analyze the cause-effect loop and quantize the relationships between the behavior indicators of each party; (2) simulate and screen the key behavior indicators which have effects on the construction safety level; and (3) gave the theoretical base for rectifying the duties of each party in construction safety management.

The principal-agent relationship between enterprise (as the permanent organization) and project (as the temporary organization) is the fundamental obstacle of knowledge management in construction enterprises. To deal with it, proper information and communication systems should be constructed and an agreement on knowledge management activities must be reached. The project management office (PMO) is set up to release the contradiction between the enterprise organization and the project organization. Gradual revolution on the organization structure of construction enterprise should be made to reach the demand of knowledge management. Firstly, the structure should keep knowledge communication and sharing open. Secondly, knowledge management activities can be carried out conveniently under the structure. Lastly, knowledge characteristics should be integrated into structure reform.

The aim is to map the knowledge domains of international knowledge integration using a vector dynamic model, co-word analysis method and social network analysis method in order to identify the research paradigms on international knowledge integration. Firstly, the vector dynamic model is used to reveal the progress of the international knowledge integration from 2007 to 2012. Secondly, the co-word analysis method is employed to build the co-occurrence matrix of the keywords in the international knowledge integration field. The co-word matrix is visualized via social network analysis method and the UCINET software. From the visualization result and the factions' analysis result, it is found that there are two research paradigms of the organization (behaviors orientation and technology orientation) in the knowledge integration field. Meanwhile, some hot topics are presented and analyzed in the international knowledge integration research field.

Knowledge has become a key resource of organizations in a rapidly changing society - especially in the construction industry, where the "project amnesia" phenomenon exists. Timely knowledge transfer is necessary. The participants constitute the construction project network. The process of knowledge sharing promotes the transfer of knowledge. This article firstly defined the knowledge and divided the project knowledge into explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Secondly, knowledge transfer methods in construction project network are analyzed. To illustrated the different methods of knowledge transfer. Thirdly, the article explains the network that composed of the client, the designer, the contractor and the supervisor. Finally, the types of the knowledge and the manners of transfer in the different stage of construction are illustrated in this paper. This study provides a theoretical basis for construction enterprise to improve its efficiency of construction and maintain its competitive abilities.

A university-industry knowledge innovation alliance is an advanced form of a university-industry cooperation alliance. This paper takes the construction industry as the background, and with analysis of the current situation of the construction university-industry alliance, puts forward the concept of a university-industry knowledge innovation alliance. According to the alliance's connotation and characteristics, it discusses the cooperative motivation mechanism, the partner selection mechanism, the interest distribution mechanism, the supervision and incentive mechanism and the intellectual property protection mechanism. It then puts forward the operation mode of the university-industry knowledge innovation alliance. Finally, some policy suggestions are given for the current construction university-industry knowledge innovation alliance cooperation mechanism and operation mode. This study can provide specific ideas and an implementation path to make effective policies for a university-industry knowledge innovation alliance.

As the Building Information Modeling (BIM) gets more and more attention and use in European and American countries, the value of BIM application for the construction in our country is widely recognized by the government. This paper sketches the research front of BIM and the review of the BIM research based on the Chinese papers on the China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI) database in the last ten years in order to make reference to the development of BIM in our country.

Prior literature reviews on construction innovation always adopt the conventional qualitative method to investigate knowledge structure, critical points of current knowledge and substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions. The Mapping Knowledge Domain is the latest development of a generic quantitative and objective approach to detect and visualize emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. The paper adopts co-keyword analysis, co-citation document analysis and co-citation journal analysis of the Mapping Knowledge Domain to identify the frontiers and evolutionary trend of construction innovation. Relevant data are fetched from 16 primary journals on construction engineering management during 2000 to 2013 and are processed by CiteSpaceIII software. The paper reveals the topics during each period and knowledge structure of construction innovation domain and visualizes the relationships between different topics by co-word analysis. Key journals that greatly contribute to the evolution of discipline are identified by the co-citation journal analysis. Finally, the emerging trends and transient patterns of construction innovation are pointed out.

In order to reduce the high accident rate in the construction industry, it is necessary to raise the safety knowledge level of management staff and workers. This paper attempts to use the network analysis method to build a Safety Knowledge Sharing Network among different persons from the owner, designer, contractor, and supervision firm. The relationships among different persons, the safety knowledge structure, and knowledge transferring routines will be identified. The network can be used to:(1) evaluate the safety knowledge sharing status of real projects; (2) find defects; and (3) search for improvement measurements. The exploration and related results can be adopted to improve safety education and training so as to promote safety management in the whole construction industry.

Along with the acceleration of the economic integration process, value creation has become the ultimate goal of real estate enterprises. Comprehensive budget management of real estate enterprises based on EVA is a modern management method that regards the value creation as the strategic orientation and economic value as a key index of comprehensive budget management. Starting with the analysis of the comprehensive budget management of real estate enterprise problems, the authors propose thattheEVA index should be considered as a key index which is used in the process of real estate enterprise comprehensive budget management. This index includes opportunity cost after shareholders invest capitals. This article is based on theoretical and computational methods of the EVA-depth study on the use of standardized research methods, combining with induction (for example France) and other specific methods. It builds the basic framework of comprehensive budget management in real estate enterprise and renews the concept of comprehensive budget management in new real estate enterprises. It prevents the short-term behavior in real estate enterprises in order to increase the value of enterprise and reallocate resource, thereby enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation and real estate business management capabilities.

Promoting "energy-efficiency and cost-reduction" has been the research focus of construction companies. As the model of China's economy development changes, and given the needs of a sustainable society, its importance becomes vital. This article introduces our company's successful experience with "energy-efficiency and cost-reduction" acquired during our scientific management, and with the application of scientific technology and innovation.

The issuing of five new national regulations offers valuable advantages in developing a healthy real estate market in China. This paper - based on the analysis of real estate brand construction status - first dissects the problems of the construction of a real estate brand. Then, it proposes some measures to build the brand of real estate in the new situation in order to provide reference for the healthy development and brand construction of real estate in China.

Most of China's energy service companies (ESCOs) are small- and medium-sized self-financing companies. It is difficult for them to obtain bank loans due to (1) lack of an essential guarantee and credit history and (2) the high risks resulting from their uncertain return and long project cycles. To deal with this problem, the long-term relationship between small- and medium-sized ESCOs and banks is examined in this paper. By integrating the characteristic of ESCOs into the game model of relational contracts, the behaviors and benefits of bank-enterprise cooperation are explored. The incentives and penalty mechanism are designed to maximize the joint revenue for the alliance of banks and ESCOs. Thus, the feasibility of establishing a long-term relationship between banks and ESCOs is demonstrated. The optimal loan amount to achieve a win-win situation is further derived. The proposed method and analysis of results will provide a new tool to solve the financing difficulties of small- and medium-sized ESCOs in China.

Recently, banks have been paying more attention to the risk assessment and loan policies of the real estate enterprises. Hence, it is necessary for real estate enterprises to ensure the stability of enterprises' working capital by considering their financing structure. Based on the data of listed real estate companies in China in 2006-2012, this research chose to focus on the dependency of commercial credit, short-term borrowing, and the supply chain as measures on the working capital financing structure. Also, this research studies the impact of the financing structure on working capital in Chinese real estate enterprises on firm performance. The results show that:(1) as dependency of commercial credit increases, the performance of enterprises increases; (2) as dependency of short-term borrowings increases, the performance of enterprises reduces; and (3) there is no influence of dependency of the supply chain on the performance of enterprises. This study provides some advice on working capital financing for real estate enterprises, which can improve enterprises' performance and promote the development of enterprises.

With the rapid development of the social economy, women play an increasingly important role in the workplace. Male and female senior executives have different risk preferences and behavior in regards to organizational behavior, which has an impact on the decision-making team. The real estate industry has many characteristics, such as a large amount of funds, high return, high risk, and high value-added industries. Therefore, the choice of real estate enterprises, as an example of female participation, has some practical significance and innovation. First, the empirical part of this article continued the business performance factor analysis, drawing the conclusions that for more women in the top management team, to a certain extent:(1) the TMT scale is larger; (2) the enterprise scale is larger; and (3) business performance is better. Through the regression analysis and conclusion, it was found that:(1) the higher the level of education, the better the enterprise performance of female chief executives; and (2) senior womens' age is negatively correlated with firm performance. Therefore, as the proportion of women in top management teams increases, we should also pay attention to the influence of senior women's age level and education level on the performance of enterprises.

This paper's study aims at the interaction situation between capital structure and profitability of China's real estate listed companies after the financial crisis. The financial data of 2009-2012 by 10 H shares real estate listed companies is used as research samples. Representative indicators of capital structure and profitability were selected. The factor analysis method was used for empirical analysis. Finally, we found that:(1) there is a significant negative correlation between the asset-liability ratio and profitability; (2) a significant positive correlation exists between the equity ratio and profitability; and, (3) there is a significant negative correlation between total asset turnover and profitability.

On January 26, 2014, China officially enacted Enterprise Accounting Standard No. 39 - Fair Value Measurement - after more than 18 months of wide consultation and modification. It affected nearly all companies' measurement and disclosure of financial information by use of the fair value measurement. As one of the fields frequently using the fair value measurement model, real estate enterprises should be the significant subjects for pro-cyclical effect. This paper adopts an empirical research method, selecting the A-share listed real estate companies' 2009-2012 panel data, to verify the existence of a pro-cyclical effect induced by the fair value measurement. In the end, political advice is given based on the empirical results and current economic situation.

This paper takes listed real estate companies penalized for financial fraud during 2007-2013 as research samples. Empirical research was used to investigate the impact of financial fraud with respect to four characteristics of the board of directors:(1) the board's size; (2) the proportion of independent directors; (3) the independent directors' remuneration; and (4) the number of board meetings on the impact of financial fraud. In the meantime, we selected a corresponding control sample for each of the fraudulent companies. The results showed that the board size and the proportion of independent directors are both negatively correlated with financial fraud, though not significantly so. While independent, the directors' remuneration and the number of board meetings have a significantly negative correlation relationship with financial fraud. Finally, we put forward policy recommendations accordingly.

Although a capability-based view deepens our understanding of the competitive advantage of enterprise, there are defects within its system. This article suggests that a strategic capability view can rectify them to some extent. Based on previous research work, the definition of strategic capability is defined and the forming mechanism, structure and the relation between strategic capability and competitive advantage are also analyzed. It is pointed out that:(1) capability maturity could be used to measure strategic capability and (2) two-dimensional maturity of strategic capability is constructed from the viewpoint of internal and external efficiency of enterprise. Finally, suggestions which can help them develop in the future are given to the large-scale contractors from the view of strategic capability maturity.

Over the years, research on the relationship between stock returns and trading volume has been the focus of concern in the financial sector. As a theoretical basis for stock technical analysis, it can provide the necessary theoretical support for the stock market speculators and investors in practice, but also forecast for the economics clues for market researchers. This paper selects the Shanghai Composite Index daily closing price and trading volume from January 5, 2009 to April 26, 2013 as the study sample. We construct a VAR model for an empirical analysis of the relationship between the returns and volume. Through granger causality testing, impulse response and variance decomposition analysis, the results show that the relationship between returns and volume of the Shanghai Composite Index is asymmetrical. Stock price volatility can be used to predict changes in volume.

In this paper, the human capital of the management team in the construction industry is divided into educational human capital, specialized human capital and an incentive-oriented model of human capital. The empirical research uses public information of 53 listed companies in the construction industry in 2012. Using multiple linear regression models, we research the relationship between the construction of a management team human capital and enterprise performance. The results show that the incentive model of human capital of listed companies has the most significant effect. The performance of educational human capital, specialized human capital and enterprise scale oriented the impact on the performance is not significant. In the end, based on the results of the empirical research - from perfecting the salary system, establishing a long-term incentive system, and improving the level of compensation point of view - put forward suggestions and measures to speed up the construction of rapid development in our country.

The real estate industry is highly associated with ability and typically capital-intensive. It is the pioneer of Chinese economic development in recent years. In the long run, bank loans are the main source of funds for real estate enterprises. They have assisted the development of the real estate industry. However, with the deepening of the reform of market economy in our country and the implementation of tighter rules on credit, bank loans - as the important financing channel for real estate enterprises - will increase the cost of capital and the risk of capital chain rupture. Based on the background, this article carries on the analysis and exploration on how to extend the financing channel of the real estate enterprise on the basis of analysis of the current financing situation and problems of Chinese real estate enterprises.

Implementation of equity incentive appeared with an explosive growth in 2011 and 2012, but its ability to improve the corporate performance is still an urgent problem on which investors and executives are focused. To enrich equity incentive research on a specific industry, this paper selected listed real estate corporations' annual report data as samples - in markets of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share from 2011 to 2012 - and used a multivariate regression analysis method to make the empirical research on the relationship between executive equity incentive and corporate performance. The results showed that both the proportion of managerial shares and the rate of change in shareholding had positive correlations with corporate performance, while there was a range effect on the performance from the proportion of managerial shares. Finally, some relevant advice was proposed on the implementation of the executive equity incentive mechanism.

Whether capital structure is reasonable or not is critical to the company's performance. This paper studies the capital structure's impact on performance of listed real estate companies from Return of Equity (ROE) and Tobin's Q, and chooses the data in the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock markets of class A for research from 2010-2012. Finally, we came to a conclusion that the asset-liability ratio of real estate enterprises from 2010 to 2012 was positively related with ROE. Current liabilities' rate and long-term asset-liability ratio are negatively correlated with Tobin's Q. The growth of ownership concentration has a significantly positive influence on both ROE and Tobin's Q.

The construction industry plays an important role in promoting China's economic development, but it also brings a series of social problems. The social responsibility of construction enterprise has aroused widespread concern and is worthy of further study. Domestic scholars' research on corporate social responsibility usually stays in the broadest sense, and has not been specific to a particular industry. Through literature survey, conceptual analysis and comparative research methods, this paper defines the concept of the social responsibility of construction enterprise. Embarking from the stakeholder theory and combining with the characteristics of construction industry, we propose a five-dimensional model of the construction enterprise social responsibility, including employees, communities, the environment, property owners and subcontractors. Then, based on the literature study and practical understanding of construction corporation, this paper recognizes factors which affect social responsibility behaviors of constructing corporations, namely corporate strength and external pressures. Finally, considering the impact of the corporate life cycle, it shall be treated differently when we evaluate and manage the social responsibility of construction enterprise.

Valuation methods used by the listed company vary with the type of industry and the profit model. Real estate business is capital intensive, which is characterized by the occupation of large funds and a long period of turnover. The significance of this study is to select the appropriate evaluation method to reflect the value of the real estate company. Considering the characteristics of the listed real estate company, this paper selects appropriate valuation methods to reflect the value of real estate companies. Based on analysis of the factors having an impact on the real estate company profitability and financial risk, this paper explores the relationship between the price, trading volume, financing capacity, management efficiency, land acquisition ability index and the valuation levels. Then, the evaluation model is established and can be applied to all parts of the country real estate valuation.

This paper uses empirical study to find whether there are any relationships between the Board of Directors and the financial restatement in the listed real estate companies. There are four characteristics which represent the Board of Directors:(1) the board size; (2) the frequency of board meetings; (3) the rate of independent directors; and, (4) the share proportions of the Board of Directors. This paper uses the listed real estate companies of stock markets of Shanghai and Shenzhen in 2011-2013 as research samples. Then, the logistic model is established in accordance with the relevant data to do the regression analysis. The results show that the financial restatement is not only affected by the characteristics of the Board of Directors, but also has serious economic consequences.

In recent years, the retention or abolition of commercial housing presales on the Chinese mainland has caused attention from a wide sector of society. The study found that this system derived from the objective reality of a desperate shortage of urban housing in the early years of the reform and opening. The present situation of the short supply of housing indicates that the presale system still has the necessity of existence. It not only helps developers promote the investment-production competence, but also helps buyers avoid the risk of rising prices. Meanwhile, it helps investors achieve efficient allocation of resources and reduces decision-making errors. In the commercial housing presale system, some risks of trade and finance do exist in the mainland; but, this is not, in itself, an inevitable product. To continue to improve the regulatory system of presale - especially the regulatory system of prefunding - is the future direction of the presale system reform.

The real estate price index can guide national macro-economic regulations and plays an important role in the direction of the development of the real estate market, attracting much attention. The development of real estate in Yanjiao,a small town surrounding the larger towns, is representative. This paper determines the sources of the samples and makes the coverage as extensive as possible by analyzing the real estate market of Yanjiao. In order to keep them effective and continuous, an investigation should be done once a week. As the common and lower-cost approach in our country, the weighted mean is used to compile the real estate price index of Yanjiao. For more research and guiding significance, an index publishing table is drawn up as the basis of summing up the development trend of real estate and leading the real estate market to develop healthily and orderly.

Based on 596 high-rise residential buildings traded from January 2009 to March 2010 and 3717 effective samples, this paper discusses the spatial differentiation of floor level, orientation and view in a high-rise residential price by the Hedonic Pricing Model. The conclusion is that the floor level, orientation and view contribute 1.47%, 2.3% and 4.35% respectively (total of 8.12%) to the price of a standard dwelling unit (13th floor, southwest and building view) in Guangzhou city. When the floor level changes from 1 to 48, the proportion of hidden floor price is 0.35%-18.67%. The indexes of orientation and view change from 80 to 130 in the same floor level, but have a different orientation and view.

The current special residence maintenance fund system in China has resolved some problems about the maintenance, updating and rebuilding of the shared parts of residential and the utility services of the residence after their warranty expires. However, in the design of the special residence maintenance fund system, there are also some vague rules about the deposit, use and supervision of the fees. On the basis of analyzing the special residence maintenance fund system, this paper points out the relevant countermeasures. Main measures include:(1) clear the foundation on which the special residence maintenance fund is deposited; (2)a third party mechanism that is independent of government would be adopted and dedicated to manage the special residence maintenance fund by trust; and, (3) the government would establish a strict system of supervision, strengthen the supervision to the administrative department deposited and use, manage and supervise the fund to ensure the security of special residence maintenance fund deposited management.

As a typical capital-intensive industry, real estate enterprises must keep plenty of cash flow. In recent years, the real estate market has constantly stimulated Chinese listed real estate companies to finance massively. As an important way of financing real estate enterprises, equity financing determined the overall financing situation of the real estate companies to a large degree. This paper employed a dynamic data envelopment analysis method (DEA) to evaluate the equity financing efficiency of the listed real estate companies from 2008 to 2009. The empirical results showed that:(1)the overall efficiency of equity financing of Chinese real estate listed companies was relatively low; (2) the phenomenon of excess input was ubiquitous; and (3) the companies with a high proportion of tradable shares were more likely to be DEA effective. Finally, this paper provided measures to increase efficiency of equity financing of Chinese real estate listed companies.

It is important for macro policy makers to make clear what monetary policy instruments are significant to control housing prices. According to China's 35 big-to-medium-sized cities' average house price index spans from 2000Q1 to 2012Q3, this paper applies log-linear regression and dummy variable analysis to study the impact on the money supply, mortgage interest rates, credit and GDP on housing prices. Empirical analysis shows that credit is the most important factor affecting housing prices. GDP has a positive effect, while mortgage interest rates do not have significant effect on house prices. Though the money supply does not have a positive effect in the long run, it can positively affect house prices in the short run. Hence, the best way to control China's house pricing is to control the scale of credit.

Since the 1998 national implementation of housing monetization reform, real estate - as a symbol of wealth - has been widely accepted. Existing research shows that real estate's influence on consumption should not be ignored. As a result of the real estate investment properties, in the decision-making of inter-temporal consumption, the real estate wealth effect affects the inter-temporal marginal rate of substitution of consumers, and consumers influence housing prices by making inter-temporal consumption decisions. This article introduces the CCAPM theory and, using the GMM estimation method and monthly data from November 2006 to December 2013, studied the influences of consumption to house price. The results showed that the relative risk aversion coefficient of consumers in the real estate market in China is far beyond the reasonable scope. House prices in China have a high risk premium.

Using Shenzhen as an example, this article has analyzed the root reason for the appeals which were generated from the real estate evaluation for transaction tax purposes. Solutions and sustainable assumptions have been put forward to solve the hidden problems and existing risks concerning the real estate evaluation.

For the last two decades, China has achieved high economic growth accompanied by rapid development and a series of problems in real estate market. In order to promote a healthy real estate market, some cities in China began their studies and practice in mass appraisal (MA) of real properties for transaction tax purposes. Mass appraisal has been used worldwide for more than fifty years by most assessment jurisdictions to provide estimates of market values. However, different from the real estate markets in developed countries, traditional mass appraisal techniques are hard to implement due to the varied characteristics in the real estate market of China. This paper investigates the characteristics of the real estate market of China and comes up with the innovative Unity Valuation Approach based on the traditional mass appraisal techniques. Then, with an empirical analysis based on the practical experiences in Shenzhen City of China, the results demonstrate that the Unity Valuation Approach is acceptable and reliable. Our findings suggest that this approach is also applicable and helpful to countries or areas where transaction volumes are sufficient.

Dynamic monitoring and early warning for China's regional real estate market is complex, difficult and uncertain. This article is based on several analytical theories of the real estate market. It puts forward a scheme of dynamic monitoring and early warning technology for the real estate market which is applicable to the dynamic monitoring system in the real estate market in Jiangsu Province. Through data simulation, resulting in improvements in the comparison of the timing sequence and lateral correlation of regions, it has a good application value.

As house prices continue to go up so fast, the macroeconomic regulation and control policies of real estate are focused on the speculation demand, but have little success. This paper analyzes the influence mechanism on house prices from the perspective of supply from the:(1) new housing supply; (2) currency supply; (3) foreign exchange reserve; (4) real estate investment; and (5) loan rate. It establishes the multiple regression analysis models to study the effect of supply factors and provides the basis to the housing market regulation policy.

In recent years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policy regulations for healthy development of the real estate market. In order to measure their effect, the impact of tax assessment policy on housing price dynamics is discussed in the second-hand property market of Shenzhen. Based on the literature and the critical factors in house pricing, an interactive model is built by selecting housing attributes and market expectation of housing price as control variables, while tax policy is a dummy variable. The results of data analysis show that tax policy does not affect the transaction prices significantly. However, there is a significant - but decreasing - impact of market expectation on transaction average price, indicating that the policy effect is gradually digested and absorbed by the market. Moreover, the conclusions of research put forward suggestions for the government in issuing related real estate policies to effectively conduct the real estate market in the future.

As the real estate consumer markets promote the development of microfinance, the commercial banks' microfinance needs to be evaluated properly. Considering the characteristics of commercial banks microfinance in China and the real estate industry, we combine the Balanced Score Card (BSC) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the microfinance performance in the real estate industry of commercial banks. Based on BSC, we establish the performance evaluation system, which is composed of five dimensions. We then analyze and set the weight of the index system with AHP. Combining BSC and AHP for evaluating the performance of commercial banks' microfinance can get a better evaluation result.

Big data brought important development opportunities to the real estate appraisal industry, but also huge challenges. Research Purpose:How to innovate development of the real estate appraisal Industry under a new thinking mode in the big data age. Research Contents:The "4V" features and the impact of big data on:(1) the the real estate appraisal; (2) the real estate appraisal change of thinking; (3) business transformation; and (4) management mode reform. Conclusions:The innovation of real estate appraisal services and products, the development of the service concept, industry development mode and innovation of appraisal talents cultivation view. Through the research, we could provide a reference for innovation and development of the the real estate appraisal industry.

A real estate development project is a complex process with requirements such as a strong demand for funds, high risk, and a long payback period. Due to the nature of a real estate development project, a lot of careful study needs to be done in the initial stages. This paper analyzes the present status and characteristics of real estate development projects in China, deeply analyzing the influencing factors of real estate development project. It describes the expert grades method and makes a comparison of different evaluation methods. Finally, this paper gives a useful case of the expert grading method. The purpose is to give enterprises more accurate analyses and evaluations before beginning the real estate development project, in order to make the right decision. Real estate development enterprises are the main participants of the real estate market in China. With the deepening reform of China's urban housing provision system, personal property purchases are replacing group property purchases to become the mainstream in property transactions. Urbanization developed quickly, bringing many unknown opportunities and challenges for real estate development enterprises in China in the future. At the macro-economic level, in 2012, China's gross domestic product reached ¥51892.4 billion, with the added value of the tertiary industry making up 44.6% of the GDP. At the same time, the added value of the secondary industry made up 45.3% of the GDP, only 0.7 percentage points more than the added value of the tertiary industry (National Bureau of Statistics of the People' Republic of China 2013) (see Figure 1). The real estate value account for tertiary industry is also rising. It plays an increasingly important role in the economic development of the tertiary industry and even the entirety of China. At the micro-economic level, strong demand for funds, high risk, longer payback period, and strong connection, involves many subprojects. Because of all this special factors, "speculation" behavior is impossible to achieve expected economic benefits; it brought irretrievable losses to investors. Especially with the fierce competition in current real estate market, it is necessary for enterprises to have a detailed and reliable market forecast, analysis and calculation about costs and profits. Therefore, to survive in fiercely competitive real estate market, enterprise must have a correct understanding and judgment of project in its initial stage, in order to complete the project successfully and gain maximum profits.

Housing security is a major social problem which related to the national economy during the implementation of affordable housing projects. Because of the obvious game relationships between stakeholders - which includes the central government, local government, developer and the low-income group - in their game relationships, each will demonstrate its "economic man" characteristics. This topic provides a theoretical analysis of the objective phenomenon by use of the theory of stakeholders and game theory, which aim at the problems and disadvantages during the implementation of affordable housing. Using game theory - (1) the game relationships between stakeholders of affordable housing are analyzed; (2) the original reasons for the inefficiency of the affordable housing policy are explored; and (3) the problems between the stakeholders in the game are proclaimed. Meanwhile, the optimization ways and advice upon stakeholders and the affordable housing policy are given based on the game theory analysis.

This paper establishes a hedonic price model and uses statistical methods, such as multiple regression, to analyze educational resources' spillover effects on housing prices. It analyzes different market segments using the 3,597 samples of school district housing in the Xuhui District. The results show that the overflow prices of schools quality and the distance to schools reach 219 yuan and 2,844 yuan, respectively. The influence of school characteristics on housing prices is also different in different market segments. Finally, combined with the demand of school district housing unit and area, it makes some appropriate recommendations to the education department, urban planning department, developers and consumers.

As a capital-intensive industry, real estate has a huge financing demand. In recent years, with the impact of national regulatory policies, the real estate industry enterprises generally meet the financing problems. However, as an innovative financing tool, the real estate private equity funds (REPE) can provide new financing channels for real estate companies and also help to supply investors with better investment channels, which makes rational use of private capital. First, this paper analyzes the characteristics and status quo of China's real estate industry financing. It then points out that REPE has become an important channel for real estate corporate financing. Secondly, this paper uses data analysis and comparative analysis to analyze the development and competition of China's REPE. Finally, some strategic advice is given for the development of China's REPE, which provides a reference and brings new vitality to the development of the real estate industry.

In order to improve irregular marketing channels and poor information sharing levels and to solve the difficult data acquisition issue in the secondary market of real estate, this paper builds the instant information sharing system based on the technique of GIS and the successful experiences in implementing the system of the Multiple Listing Service in some foreign countries. By analyzing the real estate transaction and considering the home buyers' requirements, the functional structure of an instant information sharing system is put forward. It can integrate the real-time sales information from property developers and, with the computer, show it to buyers in a whole new way, which is just like a real estate supermarket. This research provides the tools and means for integrating resources as well as the innovation model of marketing. It has a very important theoretical and practical significance to real estate industry informationization in China.

With the development of economics, knowledge is an important driving force to social progress. In order to remain competitive in the increasingly fierce competition, a study of the relationship of a senior management team and enterprise performance is necessary. Based on the review of previous research, we use the financial data of listed companies in the real estate development industry in December 2012 to do the empirical research on the relationship between real estate management team human capital and corporate performance. Analysis showed that, in the real estate development industry, human capital has no significant effect on business performance. In the industry of real estate development companies, compensation has a positive impact on corporate performance while, for the average tenure of executives, an education background has no significant impact on business performance.

The appreciation of RMB and the housing inflation have become two hotly debated topics. The exchange rate of RMB has great influence on housing prices. A study on the impact of the exchange rate on housing prices has both theoretical and practical significance. It can offer solutions for the real estate bubble from a particular angle. This paper conducts a VAR model to study the effect of the exchange rate of RMB and factors relative to housing price with the quarterly data from 2000 to 2012. We make the emperical test by cointegration analysis, granger causality test, impulse response and variance analysis to analye the impact of relative variables. On the basis of the study, this paper puts forward some advice on the perspective of the exchange rate system, changing market expectation and financial regulation to control the real estate bubble.

This paper studies the dynamics between housing prices and selected macroeconomic factors in the Pearl River Delta region, which was the rapid urbanization area in China. The empirical analysis used the pooled regression model of panel data from the years 2005-2010. The results suggested that housing prices in the cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen had significant relationships with the variables of previous housing prices, GDP per capita and per capita disposable income. However, the variability of housing stock had little statistical relationship with its t-value. The conclusion could be of major importance for efficient policymaking and land use forecasting in the Pearl River Delta region.

The relationship between national policy events and enterprise value has not been determined, but there are very few studies in the real estate industry. This paper took listed real estate companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2012 as samples. It used the method of the volatile spot identification and regression analysis to discuss the relationship between the number of policy events, the influence of policy events and enterprise value. The results show that the number of real estate policy events and enterprise value reveal an inverted "U"-shaped relationship; the influence of policy events and enterprise value represents a positive correlation. Finally, this paper provides a few suggestions for increasing the value of listed real estate companies.

At present, China faces an enormous public rental housing construction funding problem. The disadvantage of the traditional build-operate-transfer (BOT) mode's financing problems has emerged, which forces us to propose a new financing model "build-transfer-operate + asset securitization" (BTO-MBS) financing model. This article comparatively analyzes the BTO-MBS project's financing model, specific operational procedures, feasibility and public rental housing under the BOT and BTO-MBS project financing models, and reaches the conclusion that the BTO-MBS financing model is the most suitable financing model for public rental housing projects.

This paper compares the average house prices of three regions in China:eastern, middle and western. It shows that the regional features are outstanding. To analyze this phenomenon, a dynamic, long-term, panel equilibrium model and short-term change model of house price fluctuations are established from an urban economy openness point of view based on the panel data of 35 metropolises in China from 1998 to 2012. A mute variable is introduced to analyze the relationship among the real estate prices of different regions and the key determinants affecting the house price fluctuations. The conclusions are as follows:(1) the ripple effect exists in house price fluctuations in diverse areas in China, which shows that western region's house prices will rise if it happened in the eastern region; and (2) the key determinants affecting different region's house price fluctuations are different; even the same factor affects different regions to a different degree.

In recent years, the real estate industry has developed rapidly. To curb the real estate bubble, the Chinese government issued a series of related policies. This improved the cost of the real estate business greatly. How to control the costs of the real estate projects? It is currently an urgent problem to be resolved. This paper analyzes the status quo and problems of cost management of the Qi Linshe real estate project. On this basis, this paper re-designs and optimizes the cost management system of this real estate project. This paper proposes specific measures on how to implement this optimization program of the cost management system. The study is a reference for real estate companies to optimize their cost management system and improve resource utilization efficiency.

Under the post crisis era, the whole world comes to focus on financial risk prevention in the real estate industry. The real estate industry is the pillar of China's economy. It has significance in researching the precaution and control of ethical risk in credit and loan in the real estate industry. This paper uses the behavioral finance and game theory, analyzes the risk factor, discusses the effect of incentive compatibility and other mechanisms, and supports an effective way to control the ethical risk.

With the escalation of the housing market control policy of China, more and more investors begin to pay attention to the commercial real estate investment. However, the commercial real estate investment is very high risk due to the complexity of the commercial real estate investment environment, the technicality of development and construction, and the continuity of operation and management. This paper tries to analyze the factors influencing the choice of commercial real estate investment risk from many aspects, and use the analytic hierarchy process to construct the commercial real estate investment risk index system. Though the measurement of each risk factor is for the index weight, the impact on the project investment can be determined. We will evaluate the risk factors of commercial real estate and then put forward countermeasures and suggestions to effectively avoid the commercial real estate investment risk.

Since January 28, 2011, when Chongqing and Shanghai conducted property tax reform, the property tax scheme of the two cities has seen many improvements in three years. Recently, the Shanghai and Chongqing property tax pilot again made some adjustments, including once again raising the estate tax threshold, the pilot scope. An objective assessment is made through the introduction of both the Shanghai and Chongqing property tax pilot program comparison and inductive analysis of the pilot. This paper focuses on revealing the defects and shortcomings of Shanghai's and Chongqing's property tax pilot content. Relevant proposals were put forward to improve the property tax reform, laying the foundation for real estate tax legislation.

The financial crisis in 2007 has not only increased the uncertainty factors of the Chinese real estate market, but also caused changes of the global economic landscape. With increasingly fierce competition of the residential development, the trend of profit showed lower margins. In order to get more lucrative returns, more and more real estate developers are turning the business to commercial real estate from residential field. This paper selected 42 variables of 35 large- and medium-sized cities in China, and established a scientific evaluation index system after a study on the commercial real estate development environment by the time-series global principal component analysis.

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between financial instruments and housing prices. An econometric model was constructed from the perspective of a supply and demand equilibrium. It used Shenzhen data spans 2001Q1 through 2008Q1 and applied a linear regression model to find that credit scale is the most important factor influencing housing prices. When using annual data during 2000-2010, this paper also found that the credit scale is Granger Causality of housing prices while housing prices is not the Granger causality of credit scale. The findings of this paper indicate that bank lending is the key factor to affect house prices, which will be useful for the government in choosing financial instruments to control housing prices.

This paper investigates the transmission mechanism and the effect of monetary policy in the real estate market. A structural VAR (SVAR) model is estimated using a data set comprised of a monthly series over the period of 2007 to 2012. Statistical analysis, ADF unit root test, co-integration test and impulse response analysis are successively conducted. The results of this investigation show that monetary policy transmits to real estate market through the interest rate channel, credit channel and asset-liability channel. It exploits the wealth effect, pulling effect and crowding-out effect of the real estate market to regulate macro economy.

In recent years, house prices have been a hot issue in China. In 2009, the Chinese government implemented a $4 trillion bailout plan, a large proportion of which was invested in the real estate industry. Up to this year, the bailout funds have largely expired, which triggered the real estate credit crisis and pushed the real estate industry into the limelight once again. In order to support and control the real estate industry, the state may invest more funds for the bailout. From Chinese implementation of the "five new countries" to stabilize prices last year, the provinces carried out their policies accordingly. In this context, considering the particularity of the real estate industry, research is crucial. Based on previous studies, combined with the characteristics of listed real estate companies, used the method of empirical analysis, selected the 2009 to 2013 panel data, analyzed the relationship between the ownership structure and corporate performance of real estate company listed in China, tried to analyze the results, and combined with the status quo, to make policy suggestions to improve corporate performance of real estate company list.

With the rapid development of a market economy, investment in real estate has been a common investment means in listed companies. To reflect the real value of the investment real estate, the new standards put forward two metering models:fair value (FV) pattern and cost value pattern. Both of the metering models have advantages and disadvantages; however, the FV pattern had less application. This paper randomly selected 30 listed companies which measured the investment real estate through cost pattern and 22 listed companies which measured the investment real estate through FV pattern from A-sharing main board companies. Based on their panel data in 2008-2011, the impact of FV model on the company's share price and the correlation between the corresponding FV increment and company value were analyzed. The empirical test results show that using the FV model to measure the investment real estate makes enterprise value impaired and reduces the annual return rate. According to the implementing situation of accounting standards in listed companies in recent years, the corresponding policy recommendations are further given.

Real estate financing is a distribution and consumption process which works through the circulation of money and credit channels. It includes funding, financing and related services. China's current real estate financing has many problems - especially in financing channels - which should be adopted by the characteristics of related real estate. In order to make more reasonable decisions in real estate financing, this article combines real estate financing with the risk -return model and the multi-objective decision. Real estate projects can estimate future risks and benefits more accurately using the risk-return model. Firstly, we should compare the risks with the benefits of these few items and then compare the ratio of the benefits and risks. By comparing the relative preference of investors, we can get the optimal solution. However, it is not easy to estimate real estate projects using the AHP. We build the judgment matrix to calculate the weight of each index and get the conclusion. Finally, we can get the project evaluation scores. With the scores, we can know whether the financing decision for a real estate project is good or not. We can make a more reasonable decision in real estate financing with these two methods.

Twenty real estate companies that were listed on the stock exchange of Shanghai and Shenzhen were chosen as empirical research samples. It adopted the real financial data two years before the companies' financial crisis. A financial recognition model was built based on principal component analysis and factor analysis. Financial risk control and coping strategies were proposed, such as the decrease of asset-liability ratio, reasonable arrangements for a payment plan, and the acceleration of cash flow for real estate transaction, which has a good reference value for real estate companies to carry out the financial risk management. In the meantime, a few suggestions were proposed to solve the problems existing in sample companies, for instance:(1) adjustment on the structure of assets and liabilities and (2) the strengthening the management of external guarantees. and so on.

Housing is a necessity of life. Since China's housing market reform, the real estate market development has sped up. This caused the housing prices to continue to rise, which many buyers could not afford. In this context, China's government put in many policies to protect the real estate market (including financial, credit, land, and taxes) which can be called a "differentiation policy". How does this affect the real estate market? Through analysis, the paper finds that the mechanism of diversified housing policy consists of three parts:(1) trading; (2) supply; and (3) stock.

With the arrival of China's Age of Big Finance, the traditional mode of operation of the securities industry changed dramatically at the same time. It also brings a promising future to real estate financing. The government is determined to control the credit risk of real estate in the 2014 NPC and CPPCC Sessions. The CBRC officials also said that real estate credit should be tightened. In March of this year, the CSRC gave permission to some real estate companies' refinancing applications, which in turn injects fresh blood into real estate financing. Under the circumstance that the dominant direction of government policy-driven housing market regulation has stabilized, financing ability directly determines the strength of the real estate business exploration and the speed of development. Based on this, this paper:(1) uses empirical data of China's A share real estate listed companies in 2012; (2) studies enterprise's financing ability through the factor analysis method; and (3) analyzes and evaluates sample firms' financing ability. It then proposes appropriate financing strategies and suggestions for improving the current strategies.

Based on the cooperative game method, this paper investigates the single, double and triple coalition among government, bank, and real estate developers under the support for control and control strategy in real estate development loans. According to the minimum and maximum principle, calculating the payoff matrix and optimal strategy of each participant under the different forms of coalition, it was found that the government can reduce control costs and control the return on real estate developers to strengthen coalition control. Meanwhile, comparative the payment of different coalition, and give the choosing coalition order and the optimal strategy of the government in different situation.

Specialized engineering guarantee companies have played an important role in the implementation of the engineering guarantee system in China. The multiplier level is one of the main characteristics that reflects the healthy status and risk control abilities of engineering guarantee companies. The current multiplier levels of engineering guarantee companies are generally inadequate compared with their actual guarantee abilities, thus causing the waste of guarantee resources and survival dilemma of engineering guarantee companies. This article identifies and analyzes the elements hindering the rise of the guarantee multiplier level and then put forward targeted suggestions in order to raise the guarantee multiplier level to a level that is reasonable and to promote the healthy development of China's engineering guarantee market.

In order to identify the financial risk for real estate listed companies of China, this paper uses Elliptical Space Probabilistic Neural Networks (ESPNN), which is the improvement of the probabilistic neural network. It has three network parameters:(1) variable weights representing the importance of input variables; (2) the reciprocal of kernel radius representing the effective range of data; and (3) and data weights representing the data reliability. The paper adopts ESPNN with annual financial statement data of real estate listed companies from the A-share market of China based on 18 financial and non-financial indicators. The results showed that the average accuracy of the financial distress early warning model reaches up to 95% above. Then, we compared ESPNN with a support vector machine (SVM) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN), showing that ESPNN is slightly more accurate than PNN and much more accurate than SVM. In the context of deepening adjustments in the Chinese real estate industry, this model not only provides reference indicators for business managers and market investors, but also helps policy makers evaluate the potential risks in the real estate industry in a timely fashion.

Real estate investment is a complex process. It relates to multiple factors, such as the macroeconomic situation, government regulation, and the national policy. Thus, it requires developers to have a lot of investment experience. Regarding the current low efficiency of decision-making in commercial real estate investment, the authors recommend the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) technology in this paper. The authors propose a hierarchical framework of case representation method and use the hierarchical case retrieval method. One of the important contributions is that the authors raise the dynamic allocation of weights using the AHP method. In this paper, the authors creatively redesign the case represent method and the case matching method. The paper draws lessons from similar cases occurring in the past, analyze the differences, and modify the parameters according to the actual need to meet the requirements. Accordingly, it is possible to provide decision support for decision-makers to help them reduce the risk of investment and improve investment returns.

The research establishes a rating indicator for the pension real estate investment environment in China from four aspects:(1) population; (2) economic development; (3) medical and pension institutions; and (4) the medical and pension insurance situation. It adopts the method of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to find the objective area for pension real estate investment and provides ideas for government in setting policies for the pension real estate. The conclusion shows that it can be seen that the scores of cities and areas ranked before 16th are above 0 from conducting comparison and ranking according to the comprehensive scores through principal component analysis. This indicates that the investment environment of pension real estate in these cities and areas is superior to others. As well, this paper divides 31 cities and provinces into 5 categories:(1) the superior areas for investing pension real estate; (2) the suitable areas for developing pension real estate; (3) the area with potential for developing pension real estate; (4) the areas to be developed for pension real estate; and (5) theareas that are unsuitable for developing pension real estate.

The rapid development of the real estate industry contributes great energy to our country and sustains the national economy. The booming real estate industry needs substantial, constant financial support to operate and work. Most of them choose debt financing, leading to a high liability-asset ratio of capital structure. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) plays a significant role in the operation and development of the listed real estate companies, especially in financial management and strategy-making. This thesis studies the relationship of CFO characteristics which directly or indirectly influence their performance and the capital structure of real estate listed companies by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 to process the data from 2007-2012. The results help companies work out effective strategies for the employment of CFOs and consider their career development.

Some urban rail transit projects have been developed under the build-transfer (BT) procurement strategy. However, it is difficult for governments to make a choice between BT and traditional procurement strategies without a Public Sector Comparator (PSC). In order to develop a PSC, this paper first analyzed cost components of urban rail transit projects and built a project costing model. Then, key risk factors of urban rail transit projects were identified, evaluated and introduced into the project costing model to build a PSC. Finally, comparison between the PSC and a BT contract price can derive the value for money (VFM) of a BT strategy. VFM can be used to decide whether the BT strategy is better than traditional procurement strategies. A case study showed that the PSC was valid and useful. It is hoped that the PSC would be helpful to the government in choosing procurement strategies for urban rail transit projects.

The investment in and financing of an agricultural infrastructure is essential to agricultural development. However, an agricultural infrastructure is a weak link which hinders the process of New Socialist Countryside. This paper firstly defines the concept of agricultural infrastructure, and then uses the agricultural infrastructure investment and financing management of Fujian Province as an example. It uses a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, makes argumentation from the sides of both government departments and private sector, and analyzes the current situation of agricultural infrastructure investment and financing management of Fujian Province. Then, it points out its existing problems from different aspects, such as the amount of capital investment in agricultural infrastructure, the efficient use of funds and the management of funds. After this, this paper puts forward some corresponding suggestions on how to get rid of the plight it faces.

Building construction is accused of causing environmental problems. Energy use in buildings accounts for about half of the total primary energy use in Hong Kong. There is an increasing demand for the building sector to reduce energy consumption in the lifetime of buildings. Carbon dioxide is released during the processes of construction, operation and demolition of buildings. Buildings have to be well maintained after completion for efficient operation and optimal use. Most of the maintenance problems in buildings are latent defects related to faulty design. Quantifying the quality of building design based on the need and frequency for future maintenance can reduce the environmental impacts of building construction. The Construction Industry Council in the United Kingdom developed an assessment system, Design Quality Indicator, to quantify the "Functionality", "Build Quality" and "Impact" of building design, and to give feedback to designers. This paper outlines a research framework necessary for the development of an assessment tool based on the concept of Design Quality Indicator to quantify sustainable building design aimed at reducing maintenance work for local application.

The experiences of European cities see the development of poly-nuclear urban regions (urban networks and network cities), a trend which holds much promise for a better synergy between urban development and the development of infrastructure networks. For Chinese cities, the synergy between these two can be a solution to solve some issues in urban development. Taking the Shanghai Hongqiao transportation hub as an example, the necessity and benefits from this synergy are analyzed. After three years' operation, the Shanghai Hongqiao hub has a rapidly increasing flow of passengers. The development of the Hongqiao hub coincides with Shanghai spatial development. The adjacent areas of the hub are the newly economic boom zones, residential and recreation areas with better quality, and a close neighbor with Jiangsu and Zhejiang province. As an important node in the urban transport network, the hub and its vicinity attract modern commercial and service functions. With other urban nodes, the Hongqiao hub perfects the urban network for Shanghai. Also, the hub promotes Shanghai and other cities to become network cities. Meanwhile, the Hongqiao hub should improve its accessibility and the intelligent service system. The urban spatial management policy should be changed so as to cope with the demand of urban development.

The conservation of limited land resources - especially the conservation of those urban land resources which can bring great economic benefits - and the efficiency maximization of urban public cultural resources must be considered during siting decision-making for urban public cultural facilities. However, these two goals are often contradictory in practice. The main purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of siting decision-making for urban public cultural facilities to help achieve the above two goals simultaneously based on symbiosis. A symbiosis evaluation method of siting decision-making for urban public cultural facilities is put forward with the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The optimal siting decision can be made by the symbiosis effectiveness and efficiency sorting of all the siting selections. A city library project is taken as an empirical study case in this research, and the results of the case study using the symbiosis evaluation method are further validated by questionnaire.

The urban infrastructure is an important composition of the urban construction and closely related to the urban development. The proportion of investment to urban infrastructure should be appropriate to its GDP and the fixed asset investment. Meanwhile, the internal items of infrastructure investment should also keep their reasonable proportion. Through the comparison with the data of urban infrastructure of western countries, this paper analyzes the existing trouble of the coordination of construction to economy, society and environment in the process of the construction of urban infrastructure. Then, this paper seeks a proper proportion relationship between the above factors through analysis of the empirical data in China. Furthermore, it brings forward some propulsive suggestions in accommodation to society and reconciliation to the environment.

Facility management (FM), from a service-oriented approach, addresses the functions and requirements of different services such as energy management, space planning and security service. Different service requires different information to meet the needs arising from the service. Object-based Building Information Modeling (BIM) is limited to support FM services, though this technology is able to generate 3D models that semantically represent a facility's information dynamically over the lifecycle of the building. This paper presents a semiotics-inspired framework to extend BIM from a service-oriented perspective. The extended BIM, which specifies FM services and required information, will be able to express building service information in the right format for the right purposes. The service-oriented approach concerns pragmatic aspects of the building's information beyond the semantic level. The pragmatics define and provide context for utilization of a building's information. Semiotics theory, adopted in this paper, addresses pragmatic issues of the utilization of BIM for FM services.

Highway greening is an important part of highway construction, but the traditional pattern of greening can no longer meet the needs of social development. This paper presents the concept and benefit evaluation system of highway greening and explores quality management and efficiency assessment of highway eco-green under systemic consideration of evaluation indices and methodology, which is applied to the Beijing highway system as a case study.

Urbanization is one of the hottest issues during the two sessions in 2014. At the same time, it's increasing emphasis on the construction of villages and towns. The implementation of the villages and towns construction standard for villages and towns standardization construction has a crucial role. As a result, it also needs to establish an indicator system of evaluation to examine the standard implementation results of villages and towns. The paper focuses on the implementation performance evaluation indicators system of the construction of villages and towns. The establishment of a performance evaluation indicators system is from three aspectsd:(1) standard implementation situation; (2) standard implementation effect; and, (3) standards applicability. Through the three aspects, indicators are quantified. With the expert scoring method, redundant indicators are eliminated and indicators are optimized. With the SPSS17.0, the co-linearity is checked, indicators are optimized, and a complete evaluation of the indicators system is finally set up.

The aim of this paper is to:(1) price an American option in a fuzzy binomial tree model of the investment evaluation of land expropriation and (2) offer theoretical support for a reasonable determination on land expropriation. American option valuation is usually performed under the risk-neutral valuation paradigm by using numerical procedures such as the binomial option pricing model of Cox, et al. (1979). A key input of the fuzzy binomial model is the volatility of the underlying asset, which is an unobservable parameter. Thus, in this paper we use a possibility distribution in order to model the uncertainty of the volatility. The structure of this paper is as follows:(1) the paper builds the one-period binary tree model and analyzes the mean and variance of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers; (2) the paper builds a single-stage fuzzy binomial model and a multi-stage fuzzy binomial model; and, (3) a numerical example is studied.

Urbanization has put forward a higher request for the cultivated land protection in China. Interprovincial virtual cultivated land circulation embodied in interregional trade plays an important role in achieving interregional cultivated land demand-supply equilibrium. As an important trade province, Guangdong is selected as a case to systematically reveal the impacts of interregional trade on cultivated land distributions based on a multiregional input-output model. This paper measures the embodied cultivated land flows hidden in regional consumption and interregional trade in Guangdong province and locates the cultivated land transfer from resource-intensive places to consumption-intensive places. The results show that Agriculture Sector and Food Processing Sector are the two main drivers of cultivated land embodied in consumption to meet the increasing food demand in Guangdong. With respect to regional responsibility transfer, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hebei, Hubei and Hunan contribute most to Guangdong's rapid urbanization at the expense of their own cultivated land resources. Meanwhile, Guangdong should take more responsibility as a net importer of cultivated land resources and consider the ecological impact in its own regional trade policy.

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy and acceleration of urbanization, a farmland conversion trend is inevitable. From 2004 to 2011, the area of land expropriation increased from 196,000 hectares to 569,000 hectares, an average annual growth of about 15%. Farmland conversion improves the living level of millions of farmers, promotes the rapid development of industry, and makes a large contribution to economic development. Firstly, this paper analyzes the current situation of farmland increment income distribution. Secondly, on the basis of investigation and data analysis, this paper summarizes the problems of land increment income distribution in the process of farmland conversion, such as:(1) reducing the efficiency of land use; (2) lacking farmers' rights protection; and, (3) weakening the control efforts of land pricing. Lastly, in order to protect the rights and interests of landless peasants, this paper provides solutions, including:(1) more reform of the land property rights system; (2) a more perfect market mechanism to distribute land increment income; and (3) stronger rural social security programs.

With the constant development of science and economy, the quality of life is gradually improving. However, some city problems - such as traffic congestion, fog and haze - are appearing. It has become a hot topic of concern that improvement of the urban living environment should be growing with the development of the economy. Following scientific principles, this research first reconstructs the evaluation index system of an urban living environment. Then, using the method of principal component analysis, this paper takes 35 of China's typical large- and medium-sized cities as examples. Their urban living environment conditions from 2000 to 2011 are studied and their real urban living conditions are analyzed. We find that some cities - like Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai - have a comprehensive index of urban living environment that is higher than the average level. This indicates that their urban living construction has achieved good development, while the others did not. Finally, some suggestions are put forward.

With the development of urbanization in China, the old-village renewal has become increasingly important. Based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the paper discusses the methods of applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to build a sequential evaluation system of an old village renewal as a case study of the Kengzi area (suburban Shenzhen). First, based on a detailed field survey, the five factors (criterion-layer) - including feasibility, necessity, economy, the needs of town planning, and particularity factor - were put forward. Secondly, the comprehensive evaluation system was set up from the 5 criterion-layers and based on the 17 factors from the AHP method. Thirdly, sequential renewal suggestions of old villages in the Kengzi area were proposed. Owing to the particularity of the old village renewal, the filed survey should be paid more attention and the sequential evaluation system of the old village renewal should be applied according to local conditions. This case study provides a reference and empirical analysis for the old village renewal.

The applicability evaluation method of the village and town construction standard system is explored in order to ensure that the standard system can actually guide the construction activities. Based on the analysis of the village and town construction standard system, the author established the evaluation index system and then analyzed and explained the applicability of the evaluation system.

In this paper, an empirical study was carried out which focused on groups impacted by the affordable housing termination policy in Guangzhou. First, groups which were directly impacted by the policy were taken as research objects. Through a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews, relevant information was collected. SPSS software was used to explore the data in order to analyze the life and living situation of the impacted groups, including their attitude toward the policy and their housing security demands. Secondly, based on the analysis, some related suggestions on steady implementation of the policy are put forward, including:(1) the government should properly handle the demands of the families that got prior permission to purchase; (2) optimizing the housing security application process; (3) strengthening the housing allocation; and (4) follow-up on proper management. Finally, the innovation of the housing security policy - in terms of property for sale - is explored in this paper and aims to meet the multi-demands of multi-groups in the future.

This paper mainly describes income distribution and implementation mechanism problems regarding rural collective land transference. The article contains three parts. First, it discusses the research about rural collective construction land transference in home and abroad. Second, the paper discusses two main sources of land income and problems about income distribution, implementation and evaluation. Third, the paper discusses the subjects of income distribution, allocation proportion and implementation of a mechanism for income distribution. As a project supported by a national science and technology program of China, it is hoped that the results of the study will provide insights for policy-makers involved in rural collective construction land transference.

A growing body of research has focused on a land use mechanism, which is the basis for making decisions and policies. Previous studies on an urban land use mechanism focused mainly on urbanization and urban sprawl, while urban renewal is often a neglected area. This research aims at analyzing land use mechanisms in urban renewal areas. The Kowloon District in Hong Kong was selected as the study area for urban renewal. Regression analysis has been applied to explore the relationships between different land use types and spatial land use factors. The relative operating characteristic (ROC) values indicate the effectiveness of regression analysis. The regression results give insight into a land use mechanism in an urban renewal area, which can be helpful input for land use management.

Each industry has its own production and management features, as reflected in the tax targets. Huge differences exist between industries on financial indicators. Real estate has its own special characteristics and production operations tax policy - specifically, the Land Appreciation Tax (LAT). This tax is more complex than that of other industries. So for real estate design or select specific indicators to objectively evaluate their tax situation. Production and management features, combined with the real estate industry and the LAT, have the characteristic aspects of a detailed analysis of the tax basis of the logical relationships with financial indicators. Income and land value-added tax may be deducted in the logical relationships between items, so as to establish different levels of land appreciation tax assessment analysis index system.

As one of the most important consumption goods, housing has a close relationship with humans. The quality of the residential environment affects everyone's living condition directly. However, there are many environmental problems during the whole life of urban residential construction. For example, there can be a lot of pollution and consumption of air, water and energy in the process of urban residential planning, designing and destroying. Therefore, the government, public, experts and scholars are paying more and more attention to residential environmental problems, which have already become the focus of society. Under the background of the whole life cycle, this article, based on the value engineering theory, puts forward the concept of environmental value and the theoretical methods and models of urban residential environmental value evaluation. The method provides a useful tool for evaluating sustainable development of residential construction and has great significance in promoting the construction and development of ecological residential construction in China.

In this paper, with reference to the relevant land data of Shandong Province in 1996-2013, a comprehensive index of land-use degree and methods of land-use dynamic degree were adopted to analyze the characteristic of the change of land-use in Shandong Province. Simultaneously, the grey forecast model was used to make a forecast using the situation of various land types in the next 10 years of Shandong Province. Results showed that:(1) The land use structure of Shandong Province changed in 2000-2012. The proportion of farming land increased from 66% to 68% and construction land increased from 23% to 27%, while the percentage of unused land decreased from 11% to 5%; (2) From 2000 to 2012, the comprehensive index of land use increased from 351.7 to 376.1; and (3) The land use structure of Shandong Province was predicted to trend toward good and stable development from 2013 to 2022.

Land resources are very limited in many high-density cities such as Hong Kong, and land supply is the major concern of local governments in these regions. Urban renewal provides an effective channel for adjusting land-use allocation and improving land-use efficiency (in a sense, increasing land supply). Under these circumstances, this paper develops a GIS-based framework consisting of a planning support model and a land information database to support the decision-making process of sustainable land use in urban renewal. Specifically, general criteria for land-use decision-making in urban renewal (including sustainability criteria) and the sources of the associated data are identified. An integrated approach to quantitatively assessing land-use suitability for sites to be redeveloped is developed. At last, application of this proposed framework is reported by showing analysis results of land-use suitability. It is proved that the framework is a useful tool for both practitioners and researchers involved in sustainable land use for urban renewal.

Land resource is the foundation for the subsistence and development of human beings. With the constantly developing economy and the continuous increase of population, the contradiction between land supply and demand becomes more and more acute in Linyi. Building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society (a "two-oriented" society, for short) is put forward as a result of continuous exploration and practice. According to the requirement of a two-oriented society, the evaluation index system of the urban land use efficiency is established, which includes social, economic and environmental benefits. The method of principal component analysis is used to evaluate the urban land use efficiency of Linyi during 2007-2012. The results show that the land intensive utilization level increased year by year, but the overall level is relatively low, leaving us still quite a distance away from the requirements of a two-oriented society. In order to improve the land use efficiency, the following suggestions are put forward:(1)playing the role of market resources allocation fully; (2) strengthening land planning regulations; and, (3) establishing an intensive land utilization evaluation system.

From 2003 to date, the urbanization of China has rapidly progressed. China's urbanization rate in 2003 was 40.53%. By 2013, the urbanization rate reached 53.7% of the total urban population of over 700 million, an average increase of 1.28 percentage points per year to maintain a rapid growth trend. New urbanization, in relation to the future development of the country road, is very important. On the surface, urbanization in China has reached the world average, but many contradictions and problems lurk behind, becoming increasingly prominent. In this paper, a related method is used to predict the future of China's urbanization rate with the city set to observe the first degree of its urbanization development potential. The new study found that within the process of urbanization exists three main problems:(1) "urban dual structure"; (2) land reform;and (3) rural community issues moving into the city. These three issues, if not solved, will affect the healthy development of urbanization in China. Recommendations and countermeasures are made at the end nof the article.

By establishing rural land banks, we can broaden the financing channels of agriculture and promote rural construction. The rural land bank can help develop scale operation of agricultural land and increase farmers' income. This paper illustrates the necessity for the construction of rural land banks. We can learn a lot from foreign experience. Combined with actual Chinese conditions, this article clarifies the main business scope of Chinese rural land banks. The article conceives the operating modes of Chinese rural land banks and discusses the organizational structure of the land bank in Germany, the United States cooperatives, and land banks. Finally, the article enumerates and analyzes the potential risks that the rural land bank may face in the process of development.

In recent years, land problems have begun to seriously affect people's lives, production and the sustainable development of society. Based on GIS, three phases of TM remote sensing images - from August 2000, August 2006 and July 2010 - are explained and classified to get a diagram of land use type and related information. The relevant land data of Tianjin from 2000 to 2010 (from the two sides of quantity and quality) combined with the analysis of the changing process of land use/coverage using the dynamic of land use, land use degree and transfer matrix. In order to provide the reference for a land use plan of this city, the research shows that all kinds of land use areas have changed in differing degrees from 2000 to 2010. Salt pan, forest land, construction land and unused land have increased the area of cultivated land and waters have reduced. The main trend is the expansion of construction land (756.99 hm²) and the reduction of cultivated land, the construction land. Various types of land use are in the constant transfer from each other. The main direction is the transfer from cultivated land, grass land, salt pan, water and unused land to construction land.

The concept and composing parts of the regional logistics-economic complex system have been established. It is composed of a regional economic entities subsystem, a regional logistics carrier subsystem, a regional logistics centities subsystem and a regional logistics environment subsystem. A system dynamics model for the coupling interactive development of the regional logistics-economic complex system has been constructed. A cCoupling development mechanism for it has been founded.

With the city accelerating the process, it has brought a series of problems, of which the land use change is an important factor due to its direct influence on the urban ecological system structure and function. In this paper, years of Dalian city land use changing data and ecological data based on, using principal component analysis method, K means clustering comprehensive evaluation of land use change in the region ecological risk. The result show that, initially, ecological risks of land use had been more optimistic and the ecological environment of land use had been greatly improved in 2002-2011. Among them, the grade levels were above sensitive grade in 2002-2006, and the grade levels were below sensitive grade in 2007-2011. Ecological risk and the development of urban economic, land use changing unreasonable structure are closely related.

Adopting the DEA cross evaluation model, entropy weight method and coupling degree model, this paper analyzed land utilization efficiency, economic development level, and the dynamic coupling relationship between them in Langfang City during 2000-2012. Results showed that: (1) land utilization efficiency generally showed an increased trend in future land utilization efficiency, though Langfang still has much room for improvement; (2) the economic development level showed an increased development trend that was consistent with the corresponding GDP trend; and (3) the land utilization efficiency and economic development level presented a dynamic coupling relationship, generally showing a "drop-rise-smooth-drop" inverted "U" type of development trend. Land utilization efficiency and the economic development level had a high degree of coupling during 2002-2007 in Langfang City. This showed that land utilization efficiency and the economic development level had positive roles with each other. From 2000-2001 and 2008-2012, in an uncoordinated development state, this showed that economic development had rid itself of dependence on land utilization efficiency.

The assessment of psychological rescue emergency capability is an important content of urban disaster management on the basis of determining the assessment index. This paper uses:(1) the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weight of each index and their child index, and (2) the the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to evaluate the urban psychological rescue emergency capability. The evaluation results in improving government emergency response capability, which is of great significance. This paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods to evaluate the psychological rescue emergency ability. The analysis results can provide some suggestions in the whole process of the disaster psychological rescue. It can also provide some information on the construction of aid agencies, as we cannot make all of the indicators reach the optimal conditions at the same time. The main way the government can improve rescue capabilities is by building the key construction factors first.

On the basis of three TM remote sensing imageries in 2000, 2006 and 2010, this paper studied the temporary and spatial changes of Tianjin construction lands during the 10 years by using image processing and interpretation analysis tools. According to the related statistics in Tianjin City from 2000 to 2010 and the use of the composite index, it can calculate the urbanization development level. Based on this, using the methods of the co-integration test and Granger causality test analyses, the relationship between urbanization and urban construction lands is analyzed. The results showed that the Tianjin City construction lands area has shown a trend of rapid increase in 2000-2010. Urbanization also increased year by year, entering the middle stage of rapid development. However, there is a unidirectional causality between urbanization and urban construction lands. The urbanization is the Granger reason for the changes of construction land, while the urban construction land is not.

Nowadays, the construction of small towns is one of the main tasks of new-type urbanization in China. This paper uses Wulijie (a small town in Wuhan) as a case studyto explore the ways of integrating the construction of eco-communities at both urban and rural levels. After conducting a questionnaire survey, interview, and spot investigation, it was found thata a low average income, different housing intentions, disperse construction land, and shortage of public facilities are the major residential and developing problems in Wulijie. Then, according to an evaluation of village conditions and population distribution, it makes a detailed plan of both urban and rural eco-communities on location and scale, settlement and architecture form, energy utilization, and sewage treatment. Finally, it proposes four development strategies from the aspects of employment, facilities, transportation and public participation to achieve the balance between fast urbanization and sustainable development in Wulijie.

A number of domestic and foreign cities have begun building smart cities in order to make the smart-city construction more efficient and practically significant, summing up the main content of the innovation-driven smart city and analyzing its importance. First, this paper describes the connotation, the status of domestic and foreign construction of the smart cities, and analyzes and summarizes five different typical paths of the smart city construction. The five paths are:(1) innovation-driven; (2) industry-driven; (3) sustainable development; (4) multi-target development; and (5) management services-driven. Then, the paper analyzes the main content and importance of the innovation-driven smart city construction. It argues that the innovation-driven path is a very promising model. Finally, the paper uses empirical research methods and takes Ningbo City as a case of depth exploration on an innovation-driven smart city. Results of this study can provide a theoretical basis and practical experience for smart city construction.

The construction, distribution and management of public housing are important social problems which are related to social fairness and the basic right of citizens. So, it is meaningful to set a series of indicators which can objectively indicate the performance level of public housing during the duration of construction and distribution. However, former studies focus on the performance of time, cost, quality and site, which only partially demonstrate the core problem. Based on literature review and expert interview, this paper set a series of indicators which can systematically indicate the performance level of public housing from the aspects of decision-making, planning, procuring, constructing, distributing and maintaining. Indicators selected in this paper can be easily quantified, even though some strongly subjective indicators can be studied with an appropriate method. The Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation model is used to build a model to evaluate the performance level of public housing. Finally, this paper applied the evaluation model to several real projects in Harbin to research problems that exist in Chinese public housing. Results implied that the government should pay more attention to the period of planning and distribution. This paper provides some policy advice to help low-income families live better lives.

With the development of an economy and society, people demand more and more of cities, which makes the cities' livability become the focus of attention. Based on five aspects of national life - including economic level, living conditions, living environment, infrastructure and public security - this paper studies Harbin livability using 26 typical indicators. The principal component analysis and comparative analysis are used. In the end we come up with the Harbin livability evaluation. The results show that livability is poor in Harbin. Many measures could be adopted to improve the habitability of Harbin.