A New Dynamic Cone Penetration Test–Based Procedure for Liquefaction Triggering Assessment of Gravelly Soils
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 12
Abstract
Developing a reliable, cost-effective liquefaction triggering procedure for characterizing the liquefaction potential of gravelly soils based on in situ penetration testing has always been a great challenge for geotechnical engineers and researchers. Typical correlations based on the standard penetration test (SPT) and the cone penetration test (CPT) are affected by large-size gravel particles, which can lead to erroneous results. The Becker Penetration Test, well known for gravelly soil characterization, is cost-prohibitive for routine projects and is not available in most of the world. With a cone diameter of 74 mm the Chinese dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) is superior to smaller penetrometers and can be economically performed with conventional drilling equipment. DPT has previously been directly correlated to field performance data, and probabilistic liquefaction resistance curves were developed based on one earthquake and geologic environment in China; however, the use of these data in other tectonic and geologic environments was not validated. In this study, 137 data points from 10 different earthquakes and different depositional environments in seven countries have been used to develop probabilistic liquefaction resistance curves. The data set was expanded by performing DPT soundings at sites around the world where gravelly soil did or did not liquefy in past earthquakes. Based on the expanded DPT database, a new set of magnitude-dependent probabilistic triggering curves has been developed using logistic regression analysis. The new triggering curves are better constrained by data and the spread between the 85% and 15% probability curves is reduced. Liquefaction resistance is shifted upward at lower DPT values. A new magnitude scaling factor (MSF) curve has also been developed specifically for gravel liquefaction which was found to be consistent with previous curves for sand.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. These data include electronic versions of the gravel liquefaction database listed in Table S1 .
Acknowledgments
Funding for this study was provided by Grant No. G16AP00108 from the US Geological Survey Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program, Grant Nos. CMMI-1663288 and CMMI-1663546 from the National Science Foundation, and National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No. 51968015. This funding is gratefully acknowledged. However, the opinions, conclusions, and recommendations in this paper do not necessarily represent those of the sponsors. We are grateful to Gerhart-Cole, Inc. for donating the PDA equipment used in this study. We also express sincere appreciation to Tiffany Krall, Professor Misko Cubrinovski, and Rick Wentz for arranging access for DPT testing at Centreport in Wellington, New Zealand; to David Hemstreet and Tim Weiss at the Alaska DOT for providing drilling equipment and access to sites for DPT testing in Alaska; Professor Kevin Franke and Donald Anderson for arranging a DPT test in Japan; Luca Minerelli for help in arranging access for DPT testing at sites in Italy; and to Professor George Athanasopoulos for arranging access for DPT testing at sites in Cephalonia, Greece.
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Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 12 • December 2021
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Received: Jan 8, 2021
Accepted: Jul 28, 2021
Published online: Sep 20, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 20, 2022
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