ICCREM 2017: Prefabricated Buildings, Industrialized Construction, and Public-Private Partnerships

Prefabricated construction is of great significance to deal with demographic dividend reduction and construction transformation. Based on synergy theory, the problems in the design and construction of the existing assembly building are summarized, besides, the development model of collaborative management about integration of design and construction is proposed. Collaborative management mode can effectively expand the design depth and fully use the advantages of various departments, which can form an integrated development effort and make it be more integrated and synergistic.

Prefabricated buildings bring a new problem called assembly sequence planning to the construction industry. This problem is becoming more prominent, and is haunting related enterprises. This paper uses literature method and expert consultation method to study the problem related to assembly sequence planning of prefabricated buildings, and then combines building information modeling (BIM) with process engineer experience to propose a BIM-based assembly sequence planning method. The method can assist process engineers to make some reasonable assembly sequence schemes of a prefabricated building from the perspective of visualization. A precast concrete building model is used to illustrate the working process of this method, and the result shows that the method is good for the assembly sequence planning of prefabricated buildings.

The building industry consumes a large amount of nature resources and generates significant environment impacts around the world. To mitigate the resource consumption and associated environmental impacts, prefabricated building and construction has been proven to be one of the solutions. Several studies have been published in the past decade to explore the potential environmental benefits of prefabrication. However, a systematic and holistic review in the context of environmental impacts of prefabrication is still lacking. The research aims to reveal state-of-the-art and identify the research trends regarding environmental performance of prefabricated building and construction. To do so, a 4-stage literature retrieval and integrated analysis framework is designed to efficiently capture and examine the subject of interest. The results revealed that the most focused research subjects in this field are environmental and energy performances assessment, and carbon and energy are most used metrics to evaluate these performances. Almost all reviewed research demonstrated that prefabrication was better than conventional building on environmental performance. Nevertheless, the most frequently used assessment method is process based life cycle assessment developed from previous conventional building analysis, which may not be the proper method for prefabrication building. Operation, maintenance, and demolition obtain less study attention and it may worsen the final decision. Present data source that usually based on other research may invalid the final results. The revealed trends and gaps can serve as in-depth information and motivation for researchers to make further progress in prefabricated building study.

From the perspective of institutional economics, the PPP contract is expressed as incomplete contract, thus determining the existence of residual control power. Based on incomplete contract theory, through the establishment of DEA model, discuss the factors that affect the distribution of residual control rights. And point out the degree of the evaluation of the two sides as well as both sides of the expected benefits of the project evaluation of satisfaction is the impact of the allocation of residual control of the important factors. So as to further clarify the effect of optimal allocation range of residual control rights.

With the marketization of rural economy, the construction of new socialist countryside and the acceleration of new urbanization, the contradictions between rural economic development and village cultural landscape conservation have become increasingly prominent. Traditional village conservation PPP project has enormous risks because of its large scale, long payback periods, wide protection content, and complex contractual relationship. This paper studies the project risks systematically by using the checklist method, analyzes the relative weight, and ranks the risk factors through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, which is based on the method of the improved entropy weight. In the case study of the Zhangguying Village, this paper simulates the model based on Matlab and evaluates the risk of traditional village conservation PPP project in favor of the scientific decision made by relevant departments. Finally, according to the risk sequence, some circumvention measures are suggested to guarantee the successful implementation of the project and the achievement of the goals.

Pricing is one of key factors that affect the success of the public–private-partnership (PPP) projects. Currently, a large number of literatures on pricing mechanisms are in the areas of infrastructure projects. Educational projects are less noticed due to its non-for-profit feature, small scales, and financial aid from government. This paper adopts game theory to establish a two-stage game model to develop a reasonable price for educational PPP projects. In the first stage, the government and private sector game over the quantity of subsidy and student numbers, while in the second stage, the student and the private sector about the decision on attending school. The results show that there is an optimal price which may meet the interests of key PPP project stakeholders and maximize the social benefits.

There are a lot of data generated in the prefabricated construction project management which have not been used effectively; therefore, this paper analyzes the application of Big Data in prefabricated construction project management. The application of Big Data technology in construction design management, component processing production management, and on-site construction management was investigated in terms of each link of the prefabricated construction industry chain. Through analyzing, we define that Big Data technology cannot only greatly improve the management level of the prefabricated construction and construction quality, but also plays a positive role in promoting China’s project management of the prefabricate construction.

The Chinese government has enacted a series of policies and regulations to promote the development of prefabricated houses in recent years, including applying prefabricated construction to public housing as pilot projects. Prefabricated construction has been regarded as an effective means of enhancing construction quality and efficiency, but the implementation effect has not reached the expected objectives with regard to the prefabricated public housing in China. This paper aims to investigate major factors inhibiting the effective adoption of prefabricated construction to different kinds of public housing in China, including low-cost commercial residential house, public rental house, shantytowns transform house, and others. Ten critical factors were selected through literature review and classified into four groups, namely “governmental incentives,” “industrial chain,” “technology,” and “cost.” A questionnaire including obstacle factors and design, construction and management questions was sent out to developers of public housing in Beijing, China. There are 65 public housing pilot projects in total to investigate, and 45 project developers gave valid responses. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to identify the major barriers, concluding that “scale diseconomies due to inadequate level of standardization,” “high cost compared to conventional construction,” and “incomplete industry chain” are the top three obstacles. The paper also indicates that the most dominant barrier is cost with reference to prefabricated public housing in China from developers’ perspective. While for public rental house, the primary barrier is industrial chain. These findings can help developers of different kinds of public housing to understand major barriers, and government to take on measures to reduce cost.

Working environment of traditional cast-in-situ projects is poor and stressful. Industrialized construction, strongly promoted by Chinese government these years, transfers many onsite activities to prefabrication factories, changing the operation mode, and working environment of construction workers. This paper examines and compares the job stress and job satisfaction experienced by construction workers working in traditional cast-in-situ projects and industrialized projects. Workers with experience of both construction techniques were asked to evaluate their stress levels and job satisfaction levels in the two types of construction projects, respectively, by filling the questionnaires of job stressor and job satisfaction. Then paired-sample t-test was conducted by using SPSS 20.0. The results show that stressors of occupational development, work environment, and work-family interface were most significant relieved and job satisfaction is significantly improved in industrialized projects.

Precast concrete (PC) building has ability to promote construction productivity, which attracts the concerns of China government. Most of the previous studies separately analyzed the environment performance or the cost of the PC buildings, failing to combine these two indicators together. This leads to real benefit achieved through the prefabrication unclear for the decision makers in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, which would hurt the adoption of precast concrete in China. This research employs a process-based life-cycle analysis (LCA) method to examine both the energy consumption and cost of the PC components during the whole building life-cycle, including manufacture, transportation, assembly, and recycling. To further describe the process of the method, a case study is conducted. A connection between energy and cost of buildings is found through literature review, based on which the method of evaluating both the environmental and economic performance is proposed. The model proposed in this research builds a calculation and analysis basis for both the environmental and economic performance of the PC components, providing guidance for future studies analyzing multiple indicators of PC construction.

The development of economy would be promoted by the application of PPP model in urban utility tunnel and other infrastructure, which is an effective way to take market resources. Based on analyzing the present situation and problems of China’s current PPP model applied to urban utility tunnel, the result shows that the important problems are lack of cost-sharing mechanism, high-level law, distribution principle, and integrity and contractual spirit. Based on these problems, this paper put forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as optimizing the financing policy environment, strengthen integrity mechanism between government and social capital, strengthen risk management and optimize risk allocation mechanism, which promote the implementation of utility tunnel based on PPP mode.

As a new project and carrier, the beautiful village construction has many characteristics such as large investment, long life cycle, and variable factors and so on. Not only does the beautiful village construction promote the ecological civilization construction, but also it can deepen the construction of new socialist countryside. Compared with the general project construction, it faces more risks. Therefore, this paper intends to identify the risks of the beautiful village construction project from the perspective of the project life cycle, which is based on the PPP mode. Through the interpretive structural model (ISM), the multi-level risk model can be built. And then using the analytic network process (ANP) determines the weight of the risk factors, so the main risk factors of the construction of beautiful village based on PPP mode can be got. The significance of this paper is to provide the direction and reference for the risk management of the beautiful village construction project based on PPP mode.

In recent years, there have been concerns raised about prefabricated building in China, which have initiated a wave of policy change in both governmental and industrial organizations in order to change the mode of conventional construction. However, the prefabricated building supply chain (PBSC) is more complex than other manufacturing industry. This study took the information flow as the breakthrough point, analyzed the whole life cycle information flow of the prefabricated building. In addition, building information model (BIM) was then employed to construct the integrated model of PBSC. Finally, the model structure and content were presented. These findings provide an effective approach to improve the efficiency and benefit of PBSC.

The development of industrial construction has made great progress since 50s of last century. In recent years, construction industrialization has been widely mentioned as a new construction idea. At the same time, many scholars of college and people from enterprise have done a lot of research and practical work. However, there is lack of a systematic review of this large number of studies. This paper firstly reports a comprehensive review on existing study about construction industrialization. In summary, current research mainly focuses on studying engineering technology for solving the various problems encountered in the construction site and the impact of industrial construction on construction quality, schedule, cost, and environment. Combined with the existing research, this paper later supports several reasonable suggestions about the direction for future research. As a kind of construction mode which is vigorously promoted, the research about the industrial construction standards, evaluation methods, and social benefits is not enough which should be the focus of future research so that the new building model can create the greatest social benefits.

To ensure construction of prefabricated buildings completed on time and achieve effective control of construction schedule, the study is to investigate the factors influencing the schedule from employees engaged in the design, construction, and management of fabricated buildings. In the study, the frequency, impact level, and improved cost of influencing factors are analyzed and evaluated based on principal components analysis (PCA). From the analysis and evaluation, the factors needed to be controlled and improved can be firmed. The results showed that lack of coordination of crane between professional subcontractor, improper handover process, and unclear division occurred frequently, and their impacts on schedule are great, however, the costs for improving these factors are low. It’s easy to speed up schedule by strengthening the control of these factors. Lack of experience in on-site construction workers also has great impact on schedule, but the cost is too high, it can gradually be improved by investing in human and material later.

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) have been widely used in infrastructure development across the world. However, the high level of market uncertainty in many projects might bring financial risks to the private sector. Hence, it is a common practice for hosting governments to offer demand guarantee in order to better alleviate financial risks and attract the private sector. Accurate evaluation of demand guarantee is therefore beneficial to both the public and private sectors. Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is chosen as a criterion to assess the value of a PPP project with the discounted cash flow method. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to assess the value of a compound option (a minimum demand guarantee and a maximum demand ceiling) based on the real-option theory. Using sensitivity analysis, this paper also discusses how the combination of demand volatility and guarantee extent will influence the real option value of a PPP project and the risk of bankruptcy of the associate project company.

Construction industrialization has become a hot topic in China but is not in smooth progress in practice at present, one of the reasons being lack of understanding the mechanism of the supply chain. This paper explores the formation of industrialized construction supply chain, discusses the interests of major participants, and establishes a system dynamics model to simulate the interactions among them. In the model, three major enterprises including the contractor, the designer, and the component supplier are included whose interests like profit, customer satisfaction, market share, and innovation are considered. The paper provides a useful approach to analyze the mechanism of the industrialized construction supply chain, which can also help administrative agencies in policy making.

In recent years, the construction industrialization has become the development trend of the construction industry. China vigorously promote the construction industrialization. In view of the current development of China’s construction industry, the structural model of the industrial chain of the industrial construction is obtained by analyzing the whole process of industrial construction, and shows the three main actors in the whole industry chain of industrialized buildings, which is the developers, governments, and consumers, and then the game theory is used to analyze the relationship between the development enterprises and the government, the development enterprises and the consumers. The suggestions are put forward for the government, the development enterprises, and the consumers to promote the development of the construction industry according to the results of game theory.

Fabricated building is one of the future development directions of the residential market. Chinese government has issued many documents to develop fabricated building. However, due to the lack of experience in fabricated building management and historical experience, promoting fabricated building encountered a lot of problem in China. After selecting common difficulties encountered in the promotion of fabricated building, this paper divided these difficulties to policy and regulatory aspects, technology aspects, management aspects, and market aspects. And author gives each difficult factor a detailed explanation. Then, his paper ranks these difficulties in China through a questionnaire survey and AHP method. After analyzing five key factors hindering fabricated buildings, this paper put forward three characteristics of the obstacles encountered by fabricated buildings.

Based on the practical problems in the development of construction industrialization, combined with expert interviews and questionnaire optimization as well as the related literature to consult, this paper identified the collaborative innovation factors of construction industrialization; Then based on the basic principles of the theory of cooperative, collaborative innovation is divided into external and internal collaborative innovation and a building industrialized collaborative innovation factors index system is built. Finally, clearing the influencing effect and path of different factors on construction industrialized collaborative innovation, and validated the influence factor model by SEM. The results showed that, on the one hand, the external elements of government intervention, scientific research and intermediaries, enterprises collaboration, and others have a significant positive correlation. On the other hand, the internal elements of complementary resources, trust, and effective communication also have a significant positive correlation. Thus, the collaborative innovation factors of construction industrialization that recognized scientifically sound, and provides a reference for construction industrial-related enterprise collaborative innovation.

Construction industrialization is an essential way to promote the sustainable development of the construction industry, while the industrialized construction capability of construction enterprises is the key to realize construction industrialization. In this paper, the evaluation index system of the construction capacity is established from the perspective of construction enterprises themselves, and the indicators are classified by means of factor analysis method firstly. Then, the subjective AHP weights and the objective weights by entropy are calculated respectively. At last, the combined weight of each indicator is obtained according to the principle of minimum identification information meanwhile the importance degree of the industrialized construction capacity indicators of construction enterprises can be got. Through the analysis of relevant data of China’s construction enterprises from 1991 to 2008, the crucial indicators affecting the capacity of industrialized construction are identified, which can provide decision-making supports for the construction enterprises to enhance their industrialized construction capacity.

Prefabricated building is gradually becoming a significant direction of the construction industry; however, its construction process is still experiencing waste of time, cost, and resources due to complex activities and the weak of professional workers. Non-value-adding (NVA) activities is critique to be an important lean construction theory. Through analysis of the NVA activities, the waste of workflow can be removed. This study applied the micro-level analysis method in prefabricated building project, to analyze the NVA activities in the construction process. Then the optimized of the construction process were suggested based on the requirements of the construction standard and the depth interviews with the participants in the workflow. The study found that many activities proved to be NVA activities, like poor communication. It is also proposed the improvement methods as online communication. Eventually, the efficiency of prefabricated building construction process can be improved by eliminating the NVA activities.

For the assembly building, the hoisting consequence has an important influence on the cost. In this paper, we first analyze the process constraints involved in the assembly process of the prefabricated components, and achieve the objective function with the minimum cost of component storage under given cycle conditions. Then, we use the genetic algorithm to get the optimal solution or the suboptimal solution for the assembly process of prefabricated components. To control the demand of the prefabricated component, we arrange the assembly order of the components rationally, which can also achieve the lowest construction cost consumption. Finally, we give the sample instance to illustrate how to solve the component’s hoisting sequence by genetic algorithm, and the results show the effectiveness of the method.

Due to the advantages of high industrialization, short construction period, energy saving and environmental protection, good seismic performance, significant economic benefits, and ease steel overcapacity, the steel structure construction has invoked strong attention from industries and governmental departments. This paper reviewed the literature related to steel structure construction industrialization from 2010 to 2017 in the CNKI database. Through the theme retrieval of “steel structure construction.” “construction industry,” “construction industry modernization,” and “construction industrialization,” the authors got 325 related research papers and theses. Moreover, relevant policies documents related to “ease overcapacity,” “green building,” “construction industrialization,” and “steel structure construction industrialization” were also collected and summarized. With the systematic literature review, the study identified factors of steel construction industrialization into four categories (i.e., environmental sub-system, policy sub-system, technology sub-system, and organizational sub-system). Meanwhile, mechanism of steel structure construction industrialization were given according to the key points of steel structure industrialization policies that clear development goals, implement main tasks, improve policy support, strengthen safeguard measures to promote the sustained and healthy development of steel construction industry.

Compared with the cast-in-place concrete structure, the precast concrete system has the advantages of short construction period, friendly effects on the environment and less waste. Thus, the precast concrete system is being adapted extensively worldwide. However, the application of precast concrete structure is not that popular in China. This research is aimed at finding the main reason for the developers to use the precast concrete structure based on the developer’s point of view, through the methodologies of questionnaire, factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

Through comparing three urban rail transit (URT) projects (Line 4 of Beijing Metro, Line 4 of Kunming Metro, and Line 1 of Huhhot Metro), this study aims at exploring how the public–private partnerships (PPP) models in the field of URT in China have transformed, and what evidences can be learned from the past experiences to guide the future. It discusses the differences between the contract design in terms of the contract scale, the structure of the project company, capital structure and payback mechanism, and attempts to explain why the changes have happened, and how the transformation of the contract design impacts on the degree participation of the private investor, the feasibility and profitability of the investment, risk allocation, and government role.

In order to solve the financing problem of public goods and services, and reduce the financial burden of the government, a public–private-partnership (PPP) as a new financing model began to be widely concerned. For the purpose of summarizing the development history and hotspots of PPP in China, using China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) as the data source, on the basis of summarizing, screening, and analyzing documents, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of the PPP research status and trends. Moreover, it discusses the research results and research trends, finds out the limitations, and provides feasible suggestions for the research of the PPP in our country, to explore how the PPP financing mode can be suitable for the situation of China.

Industrialized construction as a new method can dramatically improve the quality of buildings and efficiency of construction. However, there are many barriers when we push to develop industrialized buildings. Fewer codes and standards that are available for modern methods of construction and absence of relevant quality assessment tools and accreditation, which are the main problems need to be solved. Analyzing the status of industrialized building system at home and abroad, this paper tries to build industrialized building standard system (IBSS) framework model that is based on the system analysis methodology and theory of standardization. Firstly, the standard system scope is cleared, which covers a whole life cycle of industrialized building from preliminary design to building dismantling and reuse. Then the objective of IBSS clarifies the object of standardization, providing a basis for the standard items generation. Meanwhile, through analyzing the difference and application of the topology structure of the standard system, a mixed standard system structure is built. It integrates the classification hierarchy structure, matrix structure, and sequence structure. Finally, each standard should find a unique position in the IBSS, so the attribution of standard items must be figure out and the six-dimension space of attribution of standard is born. The study will provide a framework and theoretical basis for further improvement of IBSS.

Public–private-partnership (PPP) is a collaboration form between one or more public and private sectors, of a long-term nature typically. This paper is based on the case Shijiazhuang International Exhibition Center to explore multivariate analysis of PPP project risk. Based on the risk allocation mechanism of this project, a system of risk factors is summarized, divided into three sub-systems, including: cooperation effectiveness sub-system, cooperation environment sub-system, and construction and operation sub-system. Through establishing the system dynamics mode, it can be concluded government efficiency and contract documents conflict are key elements. What’s more, the system has two positive feedback closed loops. This paper compares the results of the other three methods, and discusses the difference between them to correct conclusion. In conclusion, contract documents conflict and project company efficiency should be controlled strictly in this project.

Shield construction is a high-risk construction method for tunnel engineering, there are many uncertain factors. How to identify the risk factors accurately has become a hot topic among scholars. The existing risk identification methods mostly predict risks from the positive direction, it’s inevitable that some risk factors will be omitted, affecting the integrity of the recognition results. This paper introduces the reverse thinking into risk identification, and proposes a new method of risk identification based on failure knowledge. First, turning failure into knowledge based on a threefold arrangement that includes: (1) investigate and collect failure; (2) use the failure knowledge form to describe failure; and (3) extract risk factors from failure by using FCTA approach. Then, adding the unknown risk factors through reverse thinking into the system of known risk factors. Finally, improving the process of risk identification combined with the characteristics of shield tunnel construction.

In order to solve the problems of shortage of government funds and inefficiency of construction and operation, the government uses a popular public–private partnership (PPP) mode to operate projects. This paper starts from the connotation and characteristics of PPP project financing, identifies risks of infrastructure projects financing in PPP model, evaluates risk factors, and puts forward measures to avoid such as risk sharing, risk transfer, and risk control for the risk response of the infrastructure PPP project financing, hoping to have certain reference significance for risk management of infrastructure PPP project financing in China.

The PPP mode is a partnership between government and social capital in infrastructure and public service filed based on contract. As an instrument of public governance with more market spirit, the contract governance is extensively used in the purchase of public services by contemporary government. For the performance evaluation of the contract governance in the PPP mode, this paper establishes the performance index system of the contract governance in the PPP mode on the government management efficiency, economic benefits and social income through literature studies and summaries of relevant cases, and on this basis, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate comprehensively influencing factors of the performance of the contract governance in the PPP Mode. The analysis shows that it is an effective way to improve the performance of the contract governance in the PPP mode to focus on safety and risk management, improve the government management efficiency, and guide reasonable pursuit of the return of investment.

Currently, China is facing the critical window of construction on the underground comprehensive utility tunnel project. Accurate risk identification is required, as the prerequisite for the realization of reasonable risk sharing between the administration and the private sectors. Utilizing Delphi method, opinions from 10 representative experts in the professional field were investigated and collected to identify 15 categories of risk, which are faced by the PPP scheme of underground integrated corridor project in China through four rounds of consultation. By analyzing the relationship between the identified risk factors by using the analytical ISM model, it is concluded that there are progressive relations among the risk factors, and there are two sets of strong correlation factors in the system that should be regarded as the dominating risk management.

With the growing number of municipal solid waste (MSW), public–private partnership (PPP) procurement model has been widely applied to the construction and operation of the waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration projects to get rid of “junk besieged city” troubles in China. However, numerous risks and uncertainties affect the performance or even lead to the failure of the PPP WTE incineration projects. This research aims to identify the critical risk factors (CRFs) of PPP WTE incineration projects. Based on the multiple case studies, four CRFs are identified from real-life risk events of 10 representative cases of PPP WTE incineration projects. Then, the characteristics and causes of the CRFs are further analyzed according to the condition of the WTE incineration projects in China. Finally, risk response strategies are presented from the perspectives of government, project company, and both sides of them. Generally speaking, government should improve the decision-making ability; project company should constantly improve the technology and equipment; both of them should cultivate talents and keep close to the masses.

Due to lacking of the tools to accurately evaluate the value of PPP projects, government tends to ignore the impact of various subsidy policies of the value of projects, then the concession period would be set too long which reduces the social efficiency of PPP projects. Taking highway projects as the object to study, the value of subsidy policies government offers would be analyzed and a method to assess the value of project could be given out. Causal loop diagram would be used to analyze the relevant relationships among various factors influencing concession period, stock-flow diagram would be used to build the decision-making model of concession period, and Vensim DSS would be used to simulate a practical case. The paper draws conclusions as following: the subsidy policies government offers could increase the investment value of PPP projects and then shorten the length of concession period. The subsidies consist of investment subsidy and operating subsidy, the investment subsidy has greater influence on concession period and also needs government proves more fiscal spending, the operating subsidy is closely related to quality and price and has bigger uncertainty. Therefore, when make decisions about concession period, the government should consider the influence of subsidy policies on the concession period and the fiscal risks subsidy policies bring.

As the demand for higher education grows, an increasing number of public colleges are building new campuses to increase their capacity. However, the construction of new campuses sometimes have to be postponed because of the financial shortage. In order to expedite the construction of new campuses, public–private partnership (PPP) is applied. This paper aims at investigating critical success factors (CSFs) of applying PPP to the construction of new campuses. Based on literature survey and case studies, a preliminary list of CSFs was identified, which include government’s support, extensive stakeholders involvement, reasonable risk-sharing, and appropriate incentive mechanisms. The findings would have practical implications for the public sector to initiate school PPPs, or the private entities to consider joining such a partnership.

Compared with foreign developed regions, the level of disaster prevention infrastructure and emergency response capacity of rural area in our country is still very weak. Combined with the advantages of analytical hierarchy process and vague recognition pattern, it puts forward comprehensive evaluative method which is based on analytical hierarchy process and vague recognition pattern. Through the analysis and calculation of the model, this paper points out the shortcomings of the relevant emergency mechanism and emergency facilities in the present situation. Meanwhile, this paper puts forward some suggestions and supplement to the fire emergency measures, to respond more effectively to the prevention, mitigation, and rescue of rural fire. Finally, this paper explores a case study of Tuyang Village in Shenzhen for illustration.

Transaction cost varies with different project types. The execution of PPP projects is also subject to transaction cost. Hence, calculation and optimization transaction cost will provide appropriate implementation plan for the project. Basing on bounded rationality, this article proposes the cumulative prospect-evolutionary game model to analyze the relationship between frequency and transaction cost. Using time dependent pricing model and behavior dependent pricing model to match three different game tactics that include without interference by both, affected by one party and interference by both, it will obtain negotiation terms that accepted by two game parties. Then, the metrology relationship among negotiation transaction cost, frequency and once negotiation pricing will be received by using those negotiation terms. Finally, collecting a PPP project’s information, empirical analysis of design changes negotiation obtains several results. The higher the frequency of negotiations, the greater the transaction costs. If frequency rises twice, the transaction cost will increase about 2%. The third of the two sides of the game offer the less concessions, the higher the frequency of reconciliation. If the first bargainer compromises falling about 3%, the frequency that achieve reconciliation will enhance twice. The transaction cost of the former who offers a price earlier is more expensive than the later 1.125 (10 thousand, RMB). This method will provide a reference way for optimizing transaction cost of PPP projects.

With the development of China’s socialist market economy, public–private partnership (PPP) mode is providing a steady driving force for the new urbanization construction which has entered the fast lane. This mode not only revitalizes the abundant social capital, but also makes resource allocation more effective. As an important part of the new urbanization construction, the utility tunnel has been actively explored and piloted in the past 2 years. At the meantime, the risk management is the key to the success of the project. This paper is based on questionnaire survey to identify the risk factors of utility tunnel project in PPP mode, and uses SPSS 19 to test the reliability of the questionnaire. On this basis, the risk evaluation index system is designed, and then we use optimized fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to construct the risk evaluation model. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the risk evaluation model.

As a mode of privatization in public–private partnership, BOO mode differs from BOT mode on its ownership essentially. Since the BOO mode is more and more widely used in the fields of infrastructure and public services, the domestic scholars rarely involved in the BOO mode for theoretical risk research which do affect the successful implementation of BOO project. This paper aims to construct a risk evaluation model using the grey system theory, then take advantages of this model to compare the risk level between the BOO mode and BOT mode which are the two different operation schemes based on the same project, in the end try to analyze the results from the perspective of ownership in order to lay the foundation for BOO practice.

In the situation of an aging population structure and increasingly worsening municipal and local treasury bonds, and with the senior housing as the objective of study, application of public–private-partnership (PPP) mode in senior housing was proposed in this paper. First, features of relevant projects are analyzed, involving the operation service level, risk of liability and government regulation, etc. With old-age care services as the core, it is more important to manage such projects after completion. Second, the roles of investors, developers, and operators are separated. As major research objects, operation models are classified into entrusted joint operation, pure leasing, and entrusted operation, following the main procedures of project investment, development and operation, and analyzing its benefit and risk. Last, a comparison is made between advantages and disadvantages of potential government partners like commercial banks, real estate developers, insurance, and health care businesses under the three operation models, to provide references for government decision-making on selecting operation models and partners.