Determination of Reduction Factor of Shear Key Configurations for Calculating Direct Shear Strength of Precast Concrete Dry Joints Using Parametric Finite-Element Simulations
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 7
Abstract
Direct shear strength (DSS) of the precast concrete dry joints (PCDJs) is one of the critical issues for ensuring the structural integrity and performance of the precast segmental concrete bridges (PSCBs). However, the effects of shear key configurations, such as size, shape, spacing, and number of the PCDJs, were studied within narrow value ranges and were not well considered in the widely used AASHTO formula, resulting in unconservative predictions of the formula for multiple-keyed PCDJs. This study investigated the effect of shear key configurations within wider value ranges and incorporated a reduction factor into the AASHTO formula through a newly established parametric finite-element (FE) simulation. The simulation included an automatic procedure of model generation and calculation to derive the DSS of PCDJs based on 13 input parameters of the joint and was validated by a comprehensive database including 111 DSS results of PCDJs collected from existing literature. A parametric study was then conducted on a customized joint, which allows for exploring the PCDJs with large key sizes or numbers. Finally, a reduction factor was proposed to the AASHTO formula based on the test and simulation data considering the effects of key configurations. Results demonstrate that the proposed FE simulation is able to consider the reduction effect from the key configurations and reaches an excellent agreement in predicting the DSS of PCDJs in the database with more accurate mean values (MVs) (0.95 and 0.98), higher R2 values (0.63 and 0.69), and lower root-mean-squared error (RMSE) values (1.00 and 0.79 MPa) for both single-keyed and multiple-keyed joints compared with the results of the AASHTO formula. The parametric study revealed that the ASSHTO formula becomes increasingly unconservative with the increase of key numbers. The reduction factor needs to be included in the formula when multiple-keyed or large-size keyed joints are considered. The AASHTO formula with the reduction factor leads to a conservative prediction performance in the multiple-keyed joints, which is similar to that in the single-keyed joints.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Test and FE model results in the database are listed in the Appendix, and Python-based codes are uploaded online at GitHub.
Acknowledgments
The work described in this paper was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52308152) and the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University (Grant No. RF1028623281). The first author also gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC: 201808320446).
References
AASHTO. 2003. Guide specifications for design and construction of segmental concrete bridges: 2003 interim revisions. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ABAQUS. 2021. Abaqus analysis user’s manual, version 2021. Providence, RI: Dassault Simulia.
Ahmed, G. H., and O. Q. Aziz. 2019a. “Shear strength of joints in precast posttensioned segmental bridges during 1959–2019, review and analysis.” Structures 20: 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.06.007.
Ahmed, G. H., and O. Q. Aziz. 2019b. “Shear behavior of dry and epoxied joints in precast concrete segmental box girder bridges under direct shear loading.” Eng. Struct. 182: 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.070.
Alcalde, M., H. Cifuentes, and F. Medina. 2013. “Influence of the number of keys on the shear strength of post-tensioned dry joints.” Mater. Constr. 63 (310): 297–307. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2013.07611.
Alfarah, B., F. López-Almansa, and S. Oller. 2017. “New methodology for calculating damage variables evolution in plastic damage model for RC structures.” Eng. Struct. 132: 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.11.022.
Al-Rousan, R. Z., and M. S. Qudaisat. 2023. “Single keyed joints behaviour and capacity formulation under direct shear using non-linear finite-element analysis.” Structures 47: 911–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.11.109.
Bakhoum, M. M. 1990. “Shear behavior and design of joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Beattie, S. M. 1989. “Behavioral improvements in segmental concrete bridge joints through the use of steel fibers.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2004. Design of concretestructures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Eurocode 2. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004. London: BSI.
Bu, Z.-Y., and W.-Y. Wu. 2018. “Inter shear transfer of unbonded prestressing precast segmental bridge column dry joints.” Eng. Struct. 154: 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.048.
Buyukozturk, O., M. M. Bakhoum, and S. M. Beattie. 1990. “Shear behavior of joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 116 (12): 3380–3401. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:12(3380).
CEB-FIB (International Federation for Structural Concrete). 2010. Model code 2010. London: Thomas Telford.
Chai, S., T. Guo, Z. Chen, and J. Yang. 2019. “Monitoring and simulation of long-term performance of precast concrete segmental box girders with dry joints.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (6): 04019043. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001409.
Chen, G., Z. Fang, S. Wang, H. Jiang, and H. Liang. 2019. “Numerical analysis on shear behavior of joints under low confining and eccentric loads.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 4589824.
Choi, J.-S., H.-J. Lee, T.-F. Yuan, and Y.-S. Yoon. 2023. “Shear strength of steel fiber reinforced lightweight self-consolidating concrete joints under monotonic and cyclic loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 363: 129829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129829.
Fu, J., A. Yuan, and S. Wan. 2021. “Behavior of fiber reinforced key joints in precast concrete segmental bridge: Experimental and numerical analysis.” J. Bridge Eng. 26 (8): 04021053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001717.
Hou, W., M. Peng, B. Jin, Y. Tao, W. Guo, and L. Zhou. 2020. “Influencing factors and shear capacity formula of single-keyed dry joints in segmental precast bridges under direct shear loading.” Appl. Sci. 10 (18): 6304. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186304.
Jiang, H., L. Chen, Z. J. Ma, and W. Feng. 2015. “Shear behavior of dry joints with castellated keys in precast concrete segmental bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 20 (2): 04014062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000649.
Jiang, H., T. Wang, and J. Xiao. 2018. “Shear behavior of dry joints in precast steel fiber reinforced concrete segmental bridges.” [In Chinese.] China J. Highw. Trans. 31 (12): 1–13.
Jiang, H., M. Chen, Z. Sha, J. Xiao, and J. Feng. 2020. “Numeric analysis on shear behavior of high-strength concrete single-keyed dry joints with fixing imperfections in precast concrete segmental bridges.” Materials 13 (13): 2914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132914.
Jiang, H., Y. Chen, A. Liu, T. Wang, and Z. Fang. 2016a. “Effect of high-strength concrete on shear behavior of dry joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” Steel Compos. Struct. 22 (5): 1019–1038. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.22.5.1019.
Jiang, H., J. Feng, A. Liu, W. Liang, Y. Tan, and H. Liang. 2019a. “Effect of specimen thickness and coarse aggregate size on shear strength of single-keyed dry joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” Struct. Concr. 20 (3): 955–970. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800054.
Jiang, H., S. Wang, Z. Fang, G. Chen, and J. Li. 2019b. “Numerical analysis on the shear behavior of single-keyed dry joints in precast high-strength concrete segmental bridges.” Math. Biosci. Eng. 16 (4): 3144–3168. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2019156.
Jiang, H., R. Wei, Z. J. Ma, Y. Li, and Y. Jing. 2016b. “Shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete dry joints in precast segmental bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (11): 04016085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000968.
Jones, L. L. 1959. “Shear test on joints between precast post-tensioned units.” Mag. Concr. Res. 11 (31): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1959.11.31.25.
Le, T. D., T. M. Pham, H. Hao, and H. Li. 2020. “Behavior of precast segmental concrete beams prestressed with external steel and CFRP tendons.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (5): 04020053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001059.
Liu, T. 2017. “Experimental and theoretical research on shear behavior of joints in precast UHPC segmental bridges.” [In Chinese.] M.S. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast Univ.
Liu, T., Z. Wang, J. Guo, and J. Wang. 2019. “Shear strength of dry joints in precast UHPC segmental bridges: Experimental and theoretical research.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (1): 04018100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001323.
Liu, T., Z. Wang, Z. Long, J. Zeng, J. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2022. “Direct shear strength prediction for precast concrete joints using the machine learning method.” J. Bridge Eng. 27 (5): 04022026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001866.
Liu, T., Z. Wang, J. Zeng, and J. Wang. 2021. “Machine-learning-based models to predict shear transfer strength of concrete joints.” Eng. Struct. 249: 113253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113253.
Lubliner, J., J. Oliver, S. Oller, and E. Onate. 1989. “A plastic-damage model for concrete.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 25 (3): 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(89)90050-4.
Minh, H. L., S. Khatir, M. A. Wahab, and T. Cuong-Le. 2021. “A concrete damage plasticity model for predicting the effects of compressive high-strength concrete under static and dynamic loads.” J. Build. Eng. 44: 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103239.
Oettel, V., and M. Empelmann. 2019. “Structural behavior of profiled dry joints between precast ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete elements.” Struct. Concr. 20 (1): 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800117.
Oller, S. 1988. A continuous damage model for frictional materials. Barcelona, Spain: Technical Univ. of Catalonia.
Shamass, R., X. Zhou, and G. Alfano. 2015. “Finite-element analysis of shear-off failure of keyed dry joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 20 (6): 04014084. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000669.
Tao, Y., and J. F. Chen. 2015. “Concrete damage plasticity model for modeling FRP-to-concrete bond behavior.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (1): 04014026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000482.
Tran, D. T., T. M. Pham, H. Hao, and W. Chen. 2021. “Numerical investigation of flexural behaviours of precast segmental concrete beams internally post-tensioned with unbonded FRP tendons under monotonic loading.” Eng. Struct. 249: 113341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113341.
Turmo, J., G. Ramos, and A. C. Aparicio. 2006. “Shear strength of dry joints of concrete panels with and without steel fibres: Application to precast segmental bridges.” Eng. Struct. 28 (1): 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.001.
UNESCO. 1971. Reinforced concrete, an international manual. London: Butterworths.
Wang, Z., T. Liu, Z. Long, J. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2023. “Predicting the drift capacity of precast concrete columns using explainable machine learning approach.” Eng. Struct. 282: 115771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115771.
Wosatko, A., J. Pamin, and M. A. Polak. 2015. “Application of damage–plasticity models in finite element analysis of punching shear.” Comput. Struct. 151: 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2015.01.008.
Wu, J., D. Liu, X. Chen, and J. Zhang. 2023. “Experimental study on shear performance of bond-tooth dry joints in prestressed assembled concrete beams.” J. Build. Eng. 68: 106189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106189.
Yang, I.-H., and K.-C. Kim. 2012. “Strength of joint in floating structures constructed with precast concrete modules.” J. Korean Navig. Port Res. 36 (3): 197–204. https://doi.org/10.5394/KINPR.2012.36.3.197.
Yu, T., J. G. Teng, Y. L. Wong, and S. L. Dong. 2010. “Finite element modeling of confined concrete-II: Plastic-damage model.” Eng. Struct. 32 (3): 680–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.11.013.
Yuan, A., H. Dai, D. Sun, and J. Cai. 2013. “Behaviors of segmental concrete box beams with internal tendons and external tendons under bending.” Eng. Struct. 48: 623–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.005.
Yuan, A., X. Zhao, and R. Lu. 2020. “Experimental investigation on shear performance of fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete dry joints.” Eng. Struct. 223: 111159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111159.
Zhan, Y., Z. Li, Z. Chen, J. Shao, F. Yue, Z. J. Ma, and S. Zhao. 2022. “Experimental and numerical investigations on shear behavior of large keyed tooth joints.” Constr. Build. Mater. 344: 128200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128200.
Zhang, J., Z. Zhang, and C. Chen. 2010. “Yield criterion in plastic-damage models for concrete.” Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 23 (3): 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-9166(10)60024-9.
Zhi, Q., X. Xiong, W. Yang, S. Liu, and J. Xiong. 2020. “Experimental study on the shear behavior of precast wall concrete joints with/without dowel reinforcement.” Materials 13 (7): 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071726.
Zhou, C., J. Wang, W. Jia, and Z. Fang. 2022. “Torsional behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) rectangular beams without steel reinforcement: Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis.” Compos. Struct. 299: 116022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116022.
Zhou, C., J. Wang, X. Shao, L. Li, J. Sun, and X. Wang. 2023. “The feasibility of using ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) to strengthen RC beams in torsion.” J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24: 9961–9983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.05.185.
Zhou, X., N. Mickleborough, and Z. Li. 2005. “Shear strength of joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” ACI Struct. J. 102 (1): 3–11.
Zou, Y., and D. Xu. 2022. “Experimental study on shear behavior of joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” Structures 39: 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.03.037.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 7 • July 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 15, 2023
Accepted: Jan 9, 2024
Published online: Apr 23, 2024
Published in print: Jul 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 23, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.