A 2DOF Method to Study the Influence of Cladding Characteristics on the Response of the Supporting Structure under Blast Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 12
Abstract
A common approach of blast-resistant design for external detonation is to design the envelope of a structure to absorb most of the applied blast load impulse, by exploiting the mechanisms of plastic energy absorption and inertial resistance, thus minimizing damage on the supporting structure. The influences of these two mechanisms on the response of the supporting structure are investigated in the present study through a dimensionless, two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) model representing the cladding (first DOF) and the supporting structure (second DOF). The 2DOF model is validated with nonlinear dynamic finite element analyses of a specific cladding-to-framing system and by comparing 2DOF results with experimental and analytical results found in the literature. Using the validated 2DOF model, the effects of the cladding’s mass, stiffness, ultimate resistance, and ductility are explored with parametric studies for a wide range of parameters. The differentiating factors between the corresponding spectrum regimes (impulsive, dynamic, and quasistatic), where the two mechanisms are activated, are thoroughly examined, and their limits are highlighted. It is shown that the plastic energy absorption mechanism is activated in specific spectrum regimes, through low yield strength and high ductility in the cladding, whereas the inertial resistance mechanism can be activated over the entire spectrum, by applying increased mass and/or low stiffness to the cladding.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request:
1.
Matlab code (limited access may be provided upon request to the first author).
2.
Case study numerical models (limited access may be provided upon request to the first author).
Acknowledgments
This research is cofinanced by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund—ESF) through the Operational Programme «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning» in the context of the project Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research—2nd Cycle (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (IKΥ).
References
Abada, M., and A. Ibrahim. 2020. “Hybrid multi-cell thin-walled tubes for energy absorption applications: Blast shielding and crashworthiness.” Composites, Part B 183 (Feb): 107720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107720.
Abouzeid, M., R. R. Habib, S. Jabbour, A. H. Mokdad, and I. Nuwayhid. 2020. “Lebanon’s humanitarian crisis escalates after the Beirut blast.” Lancet 396 (10260): 1380–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31908-5.
ABS Consulting Ltd. 2006. Design, materials and connections for blast-loaded structures. Caerphilly, UK: Health & Safety Executive.
Aleyaasin, M., J. J. Harrigan, and S. R. Reid. 2015. “Air-blast response of cellular material with a face plate: An analytical–numerical approach.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 91 (Feb): 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.03.027.
ANSYS Inc. 2017. ANSYS explicit dynamics. Canonsburg, PA: ANSYS.
ASCE. 2010. Design of blast-resistant buildings in petrochemical facilities. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Biggs, J. M. 1964. Introduction to structural dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bornstein, H., and K. Ackland. 2013. “Evaluation of energy absorbing materials under blast loading.” WIT Trans. Eng. Sci. 77 (Jun): 125–136. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/wit-transcations-on-engineering-sciences/77/24701.
Braconi, A., S. Caprili, H. Degee, M. Guendel, M. Hjiaj, B. Hoffmeister, S. A. Karamanos, V. Rinaldi, W. Salvatore, and H. Somja. 2015. “Efficiency of Eurocode 8 design rules for steel and steel-concrete composite structures.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 112 (Sep): 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.04.021.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2019. Hot rolled products of structural steels. BS EN 10025-2:2019. London: BSI.
Chopra, A. K. 2007. Dynamics of structures. London: Pearson Education.
Cormie, D., G. Mays, and P. Smith. 2009. Blast effects on buildings. London: ICE Publishing.
Dharmasena, K. P., H. N. G. Wadley, Z. Xue, and J. W. Hutchinson. 2008. “Mechanical response of metallic honeycomb sandwich panel structures to high-intensity dynamic loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 (9): 1063–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.06.008.
Dusenberry, D. O. 2010. Handbook for blast resistant design of buildings. New York: Wiley.
Gantes, C. J., and N. G. Pnevmatikos. 2004. “Elastic-plastic response spectra for exponential blast loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 30 (3): 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(03)00077-0.
Guruprasad, S., and A. Mukherjee. 2000. “Layered sacrificial claddings under blast loading Part I—Analytical studies.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 24 (9): 957–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(00)00004-X.
Hadjioannou, M., A. E. McKay, and P. C. Benshoof. 2021. “Full-scale blast tests on a conventionally designed three-story steel braced frame with composite floor slabs.” Vibration 4 (4): 865–892. https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration4040049.
Hanssen, A. G., L. Enstock, and M. Langseth. 2002. “Close-range blast loading of aluminum foam panels.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 27 (6): 593–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00155-5.
Ioannou, O., and C. J. Gantes. 2021. “Membrane action of cladding subjected to blast loading and effects on the supporting structure.” Vibration 4 (4): 768–786. https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration4040043.
Ioannou, O., M. Hadjioannou, and C. J. Gantes. 2022. “Evaluation of the potential of cladding to mitigate blast effects on the supporting structure.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 27 (3): 04022022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000701.
Johnson, G. R., and W. H. Cook. 1983. “A constitutive model and data from metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures.” In Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Ballistics. Hague, Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Society of Engineers.
Kambouchev, N., L. Noels, and R. Radovitzky. 2006. “Nonlinear compressibility effects in fluid-structure interaction and their implications on the air-blast loading of structures.” J. Appl. Phys. 100 (6): 63519. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2349483.
Karagiozova, D., G. N. Nurick, G. S. Langdon, S. C. K. Yuen, Y. Chi, and S. Bartle. 2009. “Response of flexible sandwich-type panels to blast loading.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 69 (6): 754–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.12.005.
Khalifa, Y. A., M. J. Tait, and W. W. El-Dakhakhni. 2017. “Out-of-plane behavior of lightweight metallic sandwich panels.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (5): 4017056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001018.
Kingery, C. N., and G. Bulmash. 1984. Air blast parameters from TNT spherical air burst and hemispherical surface air burst. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory.
Langdon, G. S., G. Nurick, V. Balden, and R. Timmis. 2008. “Perforated plates as passive mitigation systems.” Def. Sci. J. 58 (2): 238–247. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.58.1644.
Langdon, G. S., G. N. Nurick, D. Karagiozova, and W. J. Cantwell. 2010. “Fiber-metal laminate panels subjected to blast loading.” In Dynamic failure of materials and structures, 269–296. New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0446-1.
Liang, Y., A. V. Spuskanyuk, S. E. Flores, D. R. Hayhurst, J. W. Hutchinson, R. M. McMeeking, and A. G. Evans. 2005. “The response of metallic sandwich panels to water blast.” J. Appl. Mech. 74 (1): 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2178837.
Louca, L. A., and A. S. Fallah. 2010. The use of composites in blast-resistant walls: Series in civil and structural engineering. Edited by V. U. C. Uddin, 298–341. Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Ma, G. W., and Z. Q. Ye. 2007. “Energy absorption of double-layer foam cladding for blast alleviation.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 34 (2): 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.07.012.
McShane, G. J., D. D. Radford, V. S. Deshpande, and N. A. Fleck. 2006. “The response of clamped sandwich plates with lattice cores subjected to shock loading.” Eur. J. Mech. A Solids 25 (2): 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2005.08.001.
Mlakar, P. F., W. G. Corley, M. A. Sozen, and C. H. Thornton. 1998. “The Oklahoma City bombing: Analysis of blast damage to the Murrah building.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 12 (3): 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1998)12:3(113).
Mortazavi, M., and Y. A. Heo. 2018. “Nonlinear dynamic response of steel materials and plain plate systems to impact loads: Review and validation.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Oct): 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.012.
Mostert, F. J. 2018. “Challenges in blast protection research.” Defence Technol. 14 (5): 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.05.007.
Olmati, P., F. Petrini, D. Vamvatsikos, and C. Gantes. 2016. “Simplified fragility-based risk analysis for impulse governed blast loading scenarios.” Eng. Struct. 117 (Jun): 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.039.
Oswald, C. 2018. “Blast testing of energy absorbing connectors for blast resistant design.” WIT Trans. Built Environ. 180 (Oct): 57–67. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/wit-transcations-on-the-built-environment/180/36803.
Ousji, H., B. Belkassem, M. A. Louar, B. Reymen, J. Martino, D. Lecompte, L. Pyl, and J. Vantomme. 2017. “Air-blast response of sacrificial cladding using low density foams: Experimental and analytical approach.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 128–129 (Aug): 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.05.024.
Palanivelu, S., W. Van Paepegem, J. Degrieck, B. Reymen, J.-M. Ndambi, J. Vantomme, D. Kakogiannis, J. Wastiels, and D. Van Hemelrijck. 2011. “Close-range blast loading on empty recyclable metal beverage cans for use in sacrificial cladding structure.” Eng. Struct. 33 (6): 1966–1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.034.
Protective Design Center. 2006. Single degree of freedom blast design spreadsheet (SBEDS) Methodology manual. PDC TR-06-01. Washington, DC: USACE.
Qi, C., S. Yang, L. J. Yang, S. H. Han, and Z. H. Lu. 2014. “Dynamic response and optimal design of curved metallic sandwich panels under blast loading.” Sci. World J. 853681. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/853681.
Radford, D. D., G. J. McShane, V. S. Deshpande, and N. A. Fleck. 2006. “The response of clamped sandwich plates with metallic foam cores to simulated blast loading.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 43 (7): 2243–2259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.07.006.
Rigby, S. E., A. Tyas, and T. Bennett. 2012. “Single-degree-of-freedom response of finite targets subjected to blast loading—The influence of clearing.” Eng. Struct. 45 (Dec): 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.06.034.
Rutner, M. P., and J. P. Wright. 2016. “Duality of energy absorption and inertial effects: Optimized structural design for blast loading.” Int. J. Prot. Struct. 7 (1): 18–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041419615622726.
Taylor, G. I. 1963. The pressure and impulse of submarine explosion waves on plates. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Turkyilmazoglu, M. 2016. “Air blast response of compaction foam having a deformable front face panel incorporating fluid structure interactions.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 105 (Jan): 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.11.010.
US Department of Defense. 2008. Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions. UFC 03-340-02. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense.
Xue, Z., and J. W. Hutchinson. 2004. “A comparative study of impulse-resistant metal sandwich plates.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 30 (10): 1283–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2003.08.007.
Zhao, H., H. Yu, Y. Yuan, and H. Zhu. 2015. “Blast mitigation effect of the foamed cement-base sacrificial cladding for tunnel structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (Sep): 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.076.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 5, 2022
Accepted: Jun 23, 2022
Published online: Sep 16, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 16, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Shashank Gupta, Brett Banfill, Vasant Matsagar, MDOF Modeling and Blast Dynamic Behavior of Curtain Wall with Variable Damping Approach, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12228, 149, 9, (2023).
- Orestis Ioannou, Michalis Hadjioannou, Charis J. Gantes, Xenofon A. Lignos, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Cladding–Girt Systems Subjected to Blast Loading, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11724, 149, 5, (2023).