Strength and Behavior of Spruce Pine Glulam Timber Moment Connections Using Glued-In Steel Rods
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 12
Abstract
This paper presents experimental testing on glulam beam–column moment-resisting connections using glued-in rods (GiRod) and compares the results with model predictions. Three connection geometries and varying numbers of rods and member size were tested and compared. This experiment will be helpful in grounding research by bringing in new experimental results and proposing an innovative experimentation method. Experimental results showed the high efficiency of glued-in rod connections to transfer loads and bending moment between spruce pine glulam timber members. The observed limit states of the connections were failed steel rods in ductile tensile yielding or wood splitting around the anchorage installed perpendicularly to the grain in the column. It was found that the tested connections behaved as a semirigid moment-resisting connection and exhibited a ductile failure mode when wood splitting was avoided by design. Comparison of experimental results with model predictions showed good agreement, with a deviation under 15% for the moment capacity of the connection.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request:
•
Gross results;
•
Photos; and
•
Technical information on the components of the testing setup.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for the financial support through its IRC and CRD programs (IRCPJ 461745-18 and RDCPJ 524504-18) as well as the industrial partners of the NSERC industrial chair on eco-responsible wood construction (CIRCERB).
References
ASTM. 2016. Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. ASTM E8-E8M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for establishing clear wood strength values. ASTM D2555. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test methods for cyclic (reversed) load test for shear resistance of vertical elements of the lateral force resisting systems for buildings. ASTM E2126. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021. Standard specification for carbon steel bolts, studs, and threaded rod 60 000 PSI tensile strength. ASTM A307. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Beaulieu, D., A. Picard, R. Tremblay, G. Grondin, and B. Massicotte. 2010. Vol. 2 of Calcul des charpentes d’acier. Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada: Canadian Institute of Steel Construction.
Bédard-Blanchet, G. 2014. Système d’attache métallique pour poutres lamellées-collées. Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, QC, Canada: Art Massif—Structure de bois.
Brassard, D. 2018. Le bois remplace lentement l’acier. Ottawa: Radio-Canada.
Cecobois. 2018. “Le bois atteint de nouveaux sommets.” Construire en bois 10 (2): 6–13.
CNRC (Conseil national de recherches du Canada). 2015. Code national du bâtiment—Canada. Ottawa: Conseil National de Recherches du Canada.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2016. Structural glued-laminated timber. CSA 0122-16 (R2021). Rexdale, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2019. Règle de calcul des charpentes en bois. CSA O86-19. Rexdale, ON, Canada: CSA.
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2012. Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerken—Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Bemessungsregeln für den Hochbau, 1052. Stuttgart, Germany: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
Fragiacomo, M., and M. Batchelar. 2012. “Timber frame moment joints with glued-in steel rods. I: Design.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (6): 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000419.
Gauthier-Turcotte, E., S. Menard, M. Fiset, and W.-S. Chang. 2021. “Pull-out strength of glued-in steel rod perpendicular to the grain in spruce-pine glulam timber.” In Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2020. Ottawa: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Hassanieh, A., H. R. Valipour, M. A. Bradford, and R. Jockwer. 2018. “Glued-in-rod timber joints: Analytical model and finite element simulation.” Mater. Struct. 51 (3): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1189-9.
Inoue, J., K. Uetsuki, N. Sato, T. Kei, and M. Inoue. 2018. “Pull-out and moment resisting test of glued-in rod joint using toughness metal connector.” In Proc., 2018 World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Oita, Japan: Oita Univ.
Kajikawa, H., S. Hiraga, and H. Ogawa. 2018. Study of pull-out strength of glued-in rod joints. Seoul: World Conference on Timber Engineering.
Klapwijk, D. 1978. “Restoration and preservation of decayed timber structures and constructions with epoxies.” Supplement, Stud. Conserv. 23 (S1): 75–76. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1978.s020.
Lartigau, J. 2013. “Caractérisation du comportement des assemblages par goujons collés dans les structures bois.” Thèse, École Doctorale des Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur, Université Bordeaux 1.
Loctite. 2015. LOCTITE CR 421 PURBOND—Fiche technique. Columbus, OH: Henkel Corporation.
NLGA (National Lumber Grades Authority). 2017. Standard grading rules for Canadian lumber. Vancouver, BC, Canada: NLGA.
Oh, J. 2016. Timber moment connections using glued-in steel rods. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Univ. of British-Columbia.
Ouellet, M.-C. 2013. Rapport d’analyse des tests de traction sur les tiges d’acier collées dans le bois. Québec: Université Laval.
Palermo, D., and F. J. Vecchio. 2002. Behaviour and analysis of reinforced concrete walls subjected to reversed cyclic loading. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto.
Simonin. 2008. Avis technique—Goujons collés RESIX, CSTB: 15. Champs sur Marne, France: Secrétariat de la commission des Avis Techniques.
Stepinac, M. 2013. Comparison of design rules for glued-in rods and design rule proposal for implementation in European standards. Vancouver, Canada: Working Commission of the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction.
Stepinac, M., A. Bidakov, R. Jockwer, and R. Vlatka. 2018. “Review and evaluation of design approaches for glued-in rods in East and West Europe.” In Proc., 2018 World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Zagreb, Croatia: Univ. of Zagreb.
Tlustochowicz, G., E. Serrano, and R. Steiger. 2010. “State-of-the-art review on timber connections with glued-in steel rods.” Mater. Struct. 44 (5): 997–1020. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9682-9.
Vasek, M. 2008. “Semi rigid timber frame and space structure connections by glued-in rods.” In Proc., 10th WCTE. Prague, Czech Republic: Czech Technical Univ.
Verdet, M. 2017. “Étude du comportement à long terme de systèmes d’assemblages par goujons collés en conditions climatiques variables.” Accessed April 14, 2017. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01508521/file/VERDET_MATHIEU_2016.pdf.
Verslype, J. 2016. Caractérisation d’un dispositif d’assemblage en bois de type tiges collées en pied de poteau. Québec: Université Laval.
Widmann, R., R. Steiger, and E. Gehri. 2007. “Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam perpendicular to the grain.” Mater. Struct. 40 (8): 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9214-9.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 12 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 20, 2021
Accepted: Jun 17, 2022
Published online: Sep 21, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 21, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.