Prescriptive Seismic Design Procedure for Post-Tensioned Mass Timber Rocking Walls
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 3
Abstract
In this study, a prescriptive seismic design procedure for post-tensioned mass timber rocking wall lateral force–resisting systems is proposed. Unlike performance-based design approaches that employ nonlinear analysis, this procedure utilizes techniques and analysis procedures that are routinely applied in design industry practice as well as adhering to traditional approaches contained in current US standards. The design procedure targets providing a basis for prescriptive design of mass timber rocking wall lateral force–resisting systems and their future adoption into model codes. For illustration, the design approach is applied to an example building, with the building’s performance validated through a nonlinear numerical model simulation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code that support the findings of the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge funding support for the development of the design procedure by the US Forest Services through the Wood Innovation Grant. The use of ETABs software was provided by CSI. The numerical model used for validation in this study was supported by research funding from the National Science Foundation through Grant No. CMMI 1636164. The opinions and conclusions presented in this article are of the authors themselves but not the sponsors. The authors would also like to acknowledge Jonathan Heppner and Thomas Robinson at LEVER Architecture for coordinating an architectural floor plan which worked with the example building used in this study.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Acceptance criteria for special unbonded post-tensioned precast structural walls based on validation testing. ACI ITG-5.1-07. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2009. Requirements for design of a special unbounded post-tensioned precast shear wall. ACI ITG-5.1 and Commentary. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISC. 2016. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
Akbas, T., R. Sause, J. M. Ricles, R. Ganey, J. Berman, S. Loftus, J. D. Dolan, S. Pei, J. W. van de Lindt, and H.-E. Blomgren. 2017. “Analytical and experimental lateral-load response of self-centering posttensioned CLT walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (6): 04017019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001733.
Amini, M. O., J. W. van de Lindt, D. Rammer, S. Pei, P. Line, and M. Popovski. 2018. “Systematic experimental investigation to support the development of seismic performance factors for cross laminated timber shear wall systems.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Oct): 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.021.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2016. “Hazards by location.” Accessed February 17, 2021. https://hazards.atcouncil.org/.
AWC (American Wood Council). 2015a. National design specification (NDS) for wood construction. Leesburg, VA: AWC.
AWC (American Wood Council). 2015b. Special design provisions for wind and seismic (SPDWS). Leesburg, VA: AWC.
Baas, E. J., M. Riggio, E. Schmidt, I. Mugabo, and A. R. Barbosa. 2019. “Living lab at Peavy Hall: Structural health monitoring of mass timber buildings.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures. Braga, Portugal: Univ. of Minho.
Baird, A., T. Smith, A. Palermo, and S. Pampanin. 2014. “Experimental and numerical study of U-shape flexural plate (UFP) dissipators.” In Proc., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 2014 Technical Conf. and AGM. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Blomgren, H.-E., S. Pei, Z. Jin, J. Powers, J. D. Dolan, J. W. van de Lindt, A. R. Barbosa, and D. Huang. 2019. “Full-scale shake table testing of cross-laminated timber rocking shear walls with replaceable components.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (10): 04019115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002388.
CSI (Computers and Structures, Inc.). 2013. CSI analysis reference manual. Walnut Creek, CA: CSI.
FEMA. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. FEMA P-695. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Folz, B., and A. Filiatrault. 2004. “Seismic analysis of woodframe structures. II: Model implementation and verification.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (9): 1361–1370. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:9(1361).
Ganey, R., J. Berman, T. Akbas, S. Loftus, J. Daniel Dolan, R. Sause, J. Ricles, S. Pei, J. V. D. Lindt, and H.-E. Blomgren. 2017. “Experimental investigation of self-centering cross-laminated timber walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (10): 04017135. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001877.
ICC (International Code Council). 2018. International building code. Washington, DC: ICC.
Iqbal, A., S. Pampanin, A. Palermo, and A. H. Buchanan. 2015. “Performance and design of LVL walls coupled with UFP dissipaters.” J. Earthquake Eng. 19 (3): 383–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.987406.
Kurama, Y. C. 2002. “Hybrid post-tensioned precast concrete walls for use in seismic regions.” PCI J. 47 (5): 36–59. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09012002.36.59.
Palermo, A., F. Sarti, A. Baird, D. Bonardi, D. Dekker, and S. Chung. 2012. “From theory to practice: Design, analysis and construction of dissipative timber rocking post-tensioning wall system for Carterton Events Centre, New Zealand.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 24–28. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Pei, S., J. W. van de Lindt, A. R. Barbosa, J. W. Berman, E. McDonnell, J. Daniel Dolan, H.-E. Blomgren, R. B. Zimmerman, D. Huang, and S. Wichman. 2019. “Experimental seismic response of a resilient 2-story mass-timber building with post-tensioned rocking walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (11): 04019120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002382.
Sarti, F., A. Palermo, S. Pampanin, and J. Berman. 2017a. “Determination of the seismic performance factors for post-tensioned rocking timber wall systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (2): 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2784.
Sarti, F., T. Smith, I. Danzig, and E. Karsh. 2017b. “Pres-Lam in the US: The seismic design of the Peavy Building at Oregon State University.” In Proc., of the New Zealand Society of Structural Engineering Conf. Auckland, New Zealand: Structural Engineering Society of New Zealand.
Uang, C.-M., and A. Maarouf. 1994. “Deflection amplification factor for seismic design provisions.” J. Struct. Eng. 120 (8): 2423–2436. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:8(2423).
van de Lindt, J. W., M. O. Amini, D. Rammer, P. Line, S. Pei, and M. Popovski. 2020. “Seismic performance factors for cross-laminated timber shear wall systems in the United States.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (9): 04020172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002718.
Zimmerman, R. B., and E. McDonnell. 2017. “Framework—A tall re-centering mass timber building in the United States.” In Vol. 9 of Proc., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Conf. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Zimmerman, R. B., and E. McDonnell. 2018. “Framework—Innovation in re-centering mass timber wall buildings.” In Proc., 11th National Conf. in Earthquake Engineering. Los Angeles: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 12, 2021
Accepted: Sep 16, 2021
Published online: Dec 23, 2021
Published in print: Mar 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 23, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Emily Williamson, Chris P. Pantelides, Hans-Erik Blomgren, Douglas Rammer, Seismic Performance of Timber Frames with Timber Buckling-Restrained Braces, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12877, 150, 6, (2024).
- Arijit Sinha, Andre R. Barbosa, Tu X. Ho, Reid B. Zimmerman, Eric McDonnell, Compression Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Wall Panels with Different Reinforcement Mechanisms, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17005, 36, 8, (2024).
- Emily Williamson, Chris P. Pantelides, Hans-Erik Blomgren, Douglas Rammer, Design and Cyclic Experiments of a Mass Timber Frame with a Timber Buckling Restrained Brace, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12363, 149, 10, (2023).
- Biniam Tekle Teweldebrhan, Solomon Tesfamariam, Performance‐based design of tall‐coupled cross‐laminated timber wall building, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 10.1002/eqe.3633, 51, 7, (1677-1696), (2022).