Abstract
Degradation of geomaterials, that is, particle breakage, can be harmful to the full life-cycle stability of practical engineering; for example, rockfill dam, energy-pile foundation, railway embankment, and retaining wall. A key issue is how to precisely quantify grain crushing during the life-cycle operation of the project that suffers high pressure or dynamic loading. This paper reviews the advantages and limitations of existing particle breakage indices and proposes a new simple breakage index for estimating the evolution of grain crushing. The new index without an integral grading area can be easily and directly obtained from the sieving results and independent of the coordinate of particle size axis. It can also adequately capture the grain crushing at all grain sizes. Moreover, it can be used for uniformly graded, well-graded, and gap-graded crushable soils.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51922024, 52078085, and 51678094) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant No. cstc2019jcyjjqX0014).
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- B10
- particle breakage index proposed by Lade et al. (1996);
- B15
- particle breakage index proposed by Lee and Farhoomand (1967);
- , ,
- particle breakage index proposed in this study;
- Bf
- particle breakage index proposed by Nakata et al. (1999);
- Bg
- particle breakage index proposed by Marsal (1967);
- Bp
- breakage potential;
- particle breakage index proposed by Einav (2007);
- particle breakage index proposed by Hardin (1985);
- Br50
- particle breakage index proposed by Xiao and Liu (2017);
- BrI
- particle breakage index proposed by Indraratna et al. (2005);
- Bt
- total breakage;
- bp
- potential for breakage of a particle for a given particle size;
- D10
- effective particle size;
- D15
- particle size corresponding to 15% in PSD;
- and
- effective particle size of the initial and final gradation, respectively;
- , , and
- mean particle diameters of the initial PSD, current PSD, and ultimate PSD, respectively;
- Dm and DM
- minimum and maximum particle sizes, respectively;
- df
- differential of PSD with percentage finer divided by 100;
- F(D)
- grain-size cumulative function;
- ID
- initial relative density;
- IG
- particle breakage index proposed by Muir Wood and Maeda (2008);
- Mc
- sum of total passing-sieve weights percentage at current state;
- Mi
- sum of total passing-sieve weights percentage at initial state before test;
- Mu
- sum of total passing-sieve weights percentage at ultimate state;
- P0
- percentage of particles in current PSD smaller than the minimum particle size in the original sand;
- , ,
- cumulative passing-sieve weights percentage corresponding to a particle size for the initial, current, and ultimate states, respectively;
- R2
- coefficient of determination;
- α
- fractal dimension; and
- ΔPmax
- maximum difference between initial PSD and current PSD.
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© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 13, 2021
Accepted: Mar 5, 2021
Published online: May 21, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 21, 2021
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Business management
- Clays
- Continuum mechanics
- Dams
- Dynamic loads
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Earth materials
- Embankment dams
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Geomaterials
- Geomechanics
- Geotechnical engineering
- Grain (material)
- Granular soils
- Life cycles
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Particle size distribution
- Particles
- Practice and Profession
- Rockfill dams
- Soil dynamics
- Soil mechanics
- Soil stabilization
- Soils (by type)
- Solid mechanics
- Structural dynamics
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