Abstract

The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry involves substantial requirements for visualization of complex three-dimensional models. There is a significant opportunity to expand the range of tools used to prepare students for this reality, while increasing engagement in the learning process. This study details several potential benefits of advanced visualization tools for AEC design courses, and proposes augmented reality (AR) as an addition to current teaching methods. An AR prototype that facilitates a mock building project design meeting has been developed, and a user evaluation (N=60) was carried out to measure its impact on visualization and engagement. The results demonstrate that AR enables students to visualize buildings with greater speed, accuracy, and confidence than paper drawings during a mock design meeting. User perspectives strongly favored AR across fields such as attention span, affinity for the building design, and ease of both visualization and communication. These results show promise for the use of AR in facilitating visualization practice during design education.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Specifically, the performance of participants in the user trial may be obtained.

Acknowledgments

The research team would like to thank the 60 participants in the study for their time commitment. Additional thanks must go to Diego Torres, the Lead Technician of The University of Auckland’s Smart Digital lab, for his help and interest in the project. Furthermore, the team is grateful for the funding provided by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Auckland.

References

Alsafouri, S., and S. K. Ayer. 2019. “Mobile augmented reality to influence design and constructability review sessions.” J. Archit. Eng. 25 (3): 04019016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000362.
Altinpulluk, H. 2019. “Determining the trends of using augmented reality in education between 2006-2016.” Educ. Inf. Technol. 24 (2): 1089–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9806-3.
Antunes, R., V. A. González, K. Walsh, and O. Rojas. 2017. “Dynamics of project-driven production systems in construction: Productivity function.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 31 (5): 04017053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000703.
Azhar, S., J. Kim, and A. Salman. 2018. “Implementing virtual reality and mixed reality technologies in construction education: Students’ perceptions and lessons learned.” In Proc., 11th Annual Int. Conf. of Education. Auburn, AL: Auburn Univ.
Behzadan, A. H., A. Iqbal, and V. R. Kamat. 2011. “A collaborative augmented reality based modeling environment for construction engineering and management education.” In Proc., 2011 Winter Simulation Conf. (WSC), 3568–3576. New York: IEEE.
Behzadan, A. H., and V. R. Kamat. 2012. “A framework for utilizing context-aware augmented reality visualization in engineering education.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Construction Application of Virtual Reality, 5–8. London: Citeseer.
Behzadan, A. H., and V. R. Kamat. 2013. “Enabling discovery-based learning in construction using telepresent augmented reality.” Autom. Constr. 33 (Aug): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.09.003.
Behzadan, A. H., S. Vassign, and A. Mostafavi. 2016. “Teaching millennials with augmented reality: Cases from the US education system.” PARC Pesqui. Arquitetura Construção 7 (4): 265–272. https://doi.org/10.20396/parc.v7i4.8649284.
Billinghurst, M., and H. Kato. 1999. “Collaborative mixed reality.” In Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Mixed Reality, 261–284. New York: IEEE.
Bouchlaghem, D., H. Shang, J. Whyte, and A. Ganah. 2005. “Visualisation in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC).” Autom. Constr. 14 (3): 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.08.012.
Camba, J., M. Contero, and G. Salvador-Herranz. 2014. “Desktop vs. mobile: A comparative study of augmented reality systems for engineering visualizations in education.” In Proc., 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conf. (FIE), 1–8. New York: IEEE.
Chalhoub, J., and S. K. Ayer. 2018. “Using mixed reality for electrical construction design communication.” Autom. Constr. 86 (Feb): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.028.
Chang, S.-C., and G.-J. Hwang. 2018. “Impacts of an augmented reality-based flipped learning guiding approach on students’ scientific project performance and perceptions.” Comput. Educ. 125 (Oct): 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.007.
Chen, Y.-C., H.-L. Chi, W.-H. Hung, and S.-C. Kang. 2011. “Use of tangible and augmented reality models in engineering graphics courses.” J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract. 137 (4): 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000078.
Cipresso, P., I. A. C. Giglioli, M. A. Raya, and G. Riva. 2018. “The past, present, and future of virtual and augmented reality research: A network and cluster analysis of the literature.” Front. Psychol. 9 (2): 2086. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02086.
Cockburn, A., and J. Highsmith. 2001. “Agile software development, the people factor.” Computer 34 (11): 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.963450.
Dahl, D. W., A. Chattopadhyay, and G. J. Gorn. 2001. “The importance of visualisation in concept design.” Des. Stud. 22 (1): 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-694X(99)00028-9.
Dede, C. 2009. “Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning.” Science 323 (5910): 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167311.
Deniz, G. O. 2018. Emerging CAD and BIM trends in the AEC education: An analysis from students’ perspective. Woodbury, NJ: Jefferson Digital Commons.
Dinis, F. M., A. S. Guimarães, B. R. Carvalho, and J. P. P. Martins. 2017. “Virtual and augmented reality game-based applications to civil engineering education.” In Proc., 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conf. (EDUCON), 1683–1688. New York: IEEE.
Dong, S., A. H. Behzadan, F. Chen, and V. R. Kamat. 2013. “Collaborative visualization of engineering processes using tabletop augmented reality.” Adv. Eng. Software 55 (May): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2012.09.001.
DuFour, R., and R. DuFour. 2013. Learning by doing: A handbook for professional learning communities at work. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.
Felder, R., and L. Silverman. 1988. Learning and teaching styles in engineering education. Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education.
Fonseca, D., S. Villagrasa, F. Valls, E. Redondo, A. Climent, and L. Vicent. 2014. “Motivation assessment in engineering students using hybrid technologies for 3D visualization.” In Proc., 2014 Int. Symp. on Computers in Education (SIIE), 111–116. New York: IEEE.
García-Pereira, I., C. Portalés, J. Gimeno, and S. Casas. 2020. “A collaborative augmented reality annotation tool for the inspection of prefabricated buildings.” Multimedia Tools Appl. 79 (9): 6483–6501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08419-x.
Henderson, S., and S. Feiner. 2010. “Exploring the benefits of augmented reality documentation for maintenance and repair.” IEEE Trans. Visual Comput. Graphics 17 (10): 1355–1368. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2010.245.
Ibáñez, M.-B., and C. Delgado-Kloos. 2018. “Augmented reality for stem learning: A systematic review.” Comput. Educ. 123 (Apr): 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.002.
Jensen, P. S., H. K. Watanabe, and J. E. Richters. 1999. “Who’s up first? Testing for order effects in structured interviews using a counterbalanced experimental design.” J. Abnormal Child Psychol. 27 (6): 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021927909027.
Kandi, V. R., P. Brittle, F. Castronovo, and C. Gaedicke. 2020. “Application of a virtual reality educational game to improve design review skills.” In Proc., Construction Research Congress 2020: Project Management and Controls, Materials, and Contracts, 545–554. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kaufmann, H. 2003. Collaborative augmented reality in education. Vienna, Austria: Vienna Univ. of Technology.
Lei, H., W. Xiangyu, and T. Martijn. 2015. “Using augmented reality to facilitate piping assembly: An experiment-based evaluation.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 29 (1): 05014007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000344.
McHugh, M. L. 2013. “The chi-square test of independence.” Biochemia Medica 23 (2): 143–149. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2013.018.
Mehrbod, S., S. Staub-French, N. Mahyar, and M. Tory. 2019. “Characterizing interactions with BIM tools and artifacts in building design coordination meetings.” Autom. Constr. 98 (Feb): 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.10.025.
Merino, L., J. Fuchs, M. Blumenschein, C. Anslow, M. Ghafari, O. Nierstrasz, M. Behrisch, and D. A. Keim. 2017. “On the impact of the medium in the effectiveness of 3D software visualizations.” In Proc., 2017 IEEE Working Conf. on Software Visualization (VISSOFT), 11–21. New York: IEEE.
Nachar, N. 2008. “The Mann-Whitney U: A test for assessing whether two independent samples come from the same distribution.” Tutorials Quant. Methods Psychol. 4 (1): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.04.1.p013.
Oak, A. 2009. “Performing architecture: Talking ‘architect’ and ‘client’ into being.” CoDesign 5 (1): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710880802518054.
Onyancha, R. M., M. Derov, and B. L. Kinsey. 2009. “Improvements in spatial ability as a result of targeted training and computer-aided design software use: Analyses of object geometries and rotation types.” J. Eng. Educ. 98 (2): 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2009.tb01014.x.
Peckham, J., and J. Osborne. 2019. Hands on: Microsoft HoloLens 2 review. London: TechRadar.
Rahimian, F. P., R. Ibrahim, J. Wang, X. Wang, W. Shou, and B. Xu. 2014. Integrating BIM and augmented reality for interactive architectural visualisation. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing.
Regenbrecht, H. T., M. Wagner, and G. Baratoff. 2002. “Magicmeeting: A collaborative tangible augmented reality system.” Virtual Reality 6 (3): 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100550200016.
Reyes, M., S. Ghosh, P. Perrenoud, and J. Goldman. 2015. “Teaching plan reading to construction students: The effect of using tablet computers.” In Proc., 51st Annual Int. Conf. Associated Schools of Construction (ASC). Cheyenne, WY: Associated Schools of Construction.
Sacks, R., C. Eastman, G. Lee, and P. Teicholz. 2018. BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, designers, engineers, contractors, and facility managers. New York: Wiley.
Schmalstieg, D., A. Fuhrmann, G. Hesina, Z. Szalavári, L. M. Encarnação, M. Gervautz, and W. Purgathofer. 2002. “The Studierstube augmented reality project.” Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 11 (1): 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474602317343640.
Shirazi, A., and A. H. Behzadan. 2015. “Content delivery using augmented reality to enhance students’ performance in a building design and assembly project.” Adv. Eng. Educ. 4 (3): 3.
Sreckovic, M. 2020. “Organizing for innovation in the digital economy: The case of the AEC industry.” Accessed April 14, 2020. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3575889.
StatisticsSolutions. 2020. Assumptions of the Wilcoxon sign test. Washington, DC: StatisticsSolutions.
Stephanie. 2015. “McNemar test definition, examples, calculation.” Accessed September 17, 2020. https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/mcnemar-test/.
Tory, M., and S. Staub-French. 2008. “Qualitative analysis of visualization: A building design field study.” In Proc., 2008 Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors: Novel Evaluation Methods for Information Visualization, 7. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Wang, P., P. Wu, J. Wang, H.-L. Chi, and X. Wang. 2018. “A critical review of the use of virtual reality in construction engineering education and training.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15 (6): 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061204.
Xie, C., C. Schimpf, J. Chao, S. Nourian, and J. Massicotte. 2018. “Learning and teaching engineering design through modeling and simulation on a CAD platform.” Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 26 (4): 824–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.21920.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Civil Engineering Education
Journal of Civil Engineering Education
Volume 149Issue 1January 2023

History

Received: Mar 10, 2021
Accepted: May 8, 2022
Published online: Aug 26, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jan 26, 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

ASCE Technical Topics:

Authors

Affiliations

Dept. of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, Univ. of Auckland, 20 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-3681
Dept. of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, Univ. of Auckland, 20 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-8948. Email: [email protected]
Vicente A. Gonzalez
Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, Univ. of Auckland, 20 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6885-1571

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Enhancing Civil Engineering Education through Affordable AR Tools for Visualizing BIM Models, Journal of Civil Engineering Education, 10.1061/JCEECD.EIENG-2007, 150, 3, (2024).
  • Integration of Immersive Approaches for Collaborative Processes with Building Information Modeling (BIM) Methodology for the AEC Industry: An Analysis of the Current State and Future Challenges, Virtual Worlds, 10.3390/virtualworlds2040022, 2, 4, (374-395), (2023).
  • Comparing three XR technologies in reviewing performance‐based building design: A pilot study of façade fenestrations , Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 10.1002/cav.2139, 34, 6, (2023).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share