Strength of Two-Dimensional Nodal Zones in Strut–Tie Models
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 11
Abstract
A strut–tie model approach has proven to be useful for the detailing of disturbed regions of structural concrete. This approach promotes a better understanding of force transfer mechanisms and improves the designer’s ability to handle unusual circumstances. Despite the advantages of the strut–tie model approach, portions of them lack adequate definition and have not been extensively verified for use in structural analyses and designs. One of the specific areas in which further research is required is nodal zones. Before the strut–tie model approach can be practically implemented into various regions of structural concrete, a proper way of checking the strength limits of nodal zones to allow safe transfer of strut and tie forces through nodal zones must be established. In this study, a literature review of the approaches for evaluating the limits of nodal zone strength was conducted, and a consistent and general approach applicable to any type of strength verification situation of two-dimensional nodal zones was proposed. The validity of the proposed approach was examined by evaluating the ultimate strength of several nodal zones that were tested to failure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Grant No. R01-2006-000-10722-0 from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation.
References
AASHTO. (1998). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, 2nd Ed., AASHTO, Washington, D.C.
Adebar, P., and Zhou, Z. (1993). “Bearing strength of compressive struts confined by plain concrete.” ACI Struct. J., 90(5), 534–541.
Alshegeir, A, and Ramirez, J A. (1992). “Strut-tie approach in pretensioned deep beams.” ACI Struct. J., 89(3), 296–304.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2002). “Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary.” ACI 318-02 and ACI 318R-02, ACI Farmington Hills, Mich.
Anderson, N. S., and Ramirez, J. A. (1987). “Effect of the detailing of stirrup reinforcement on the ultimate strength and behavior of reinforced concrete members failing in shear.” Publication No. CE-STR-87-2, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.
Anderson, R. B. (1988). “Behavior of CTT nodes in reinforced concrete strut-and-tie models.” MS thesis, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
Bergmeister, K., Breen, J. E., and Jirsa, J. O. (1991). “Dimensioning of the nodes and development of reinforcement.” IABSE Colloquium on Structural Concrete, Stuttgart, Germany, 551–564.
Bouadi, A. (1989). “Behavior of CCT nodes in structural concrete strut-and-tie models.” MS thesis, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA). (1984). “Design of concrete structures for buildings.” CAN3-A23.3-M84, CSA Rexdale, Ont., Canada.
Chen, W. F. (1982). Plasticity in reinforced concrete, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Comite-Euro-International du Béton and Fédération Internationale de la précontrainte (CEB-FIP). (1991). CEB-FIP model code 1990, CEB-FIP, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Drawin, D., and Pecknold, D. A. W. (1974). “Inelastic model for cyclic biaxial loading of reinforced concrete.” Civil engineering studies SRS 409, Univ. of Illinois, Campaign-Urbana, Ill.
Jirsa, J. O., Breen, J. E., Bergmeister, K., Barton, D., Anderson, R., and Bouadi, H. (1991). “Experimental studies of nodes in strut-and-tie models.” IABSE Colloquium on Structural Concrete, Struttgart, Germany, 525–532.
Kupfer, H., and Gerstle, K. (1973). “Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses.” J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 99(4), 853–866.
MacGregor, J. G. (1988). Reinforced concrete—Mechanics and design, Prentic-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
MacGregor, J. G. (1997). Reinforced concrete—Mechanics and design, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Marti, P. (1985). “Basic tools of reinforced concrete beam design.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 82(1), 46–56.
Saenz, I. P. (1964). “Discussion of ‘equation for the stress–strain curve of concrete’ by Desayi and Krishnan.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 61, 1229–1235.
Schlaich, M., and Anagnostou, G. (1990). “Stress fields for nodes of strut-and-tie models.” J. Struct. Eng., 116(1), 13–23.
Schlaich, J., Schaefer, K., and Jennewein, M. (1987). “Towards a consistent design of structural concrete.” J. Prestressed Concr. Inst., 32(3), 74–151.
Tasuji, M. C., Nilson, A. E., and Slate, F. O. (1976). “The behavior of plain concrete subjected to biaxial stresses.” Structural Engineering Rep. No. 360, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York.
Vecchio, E. J., and Collins, M. P. (1993). “Compression response of cracked reinforced concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(12), 3590–3610.
Yun, Y. M. (2000a). “Computer graphics for nonlinear strut-tie model approach.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 14(2), 127–133.
Yun, Y. M. (2000b). “Nonlinear strut–tie model approach for structural concrete.” ACI Struct. J., 97(4), 581–590.
Yun, Y. M., and Choi, M. S. (2001). “Evaluation of AASHTO LRFD specification on post-tensioned anchorage zone.” J. Korean Soc. Civ. Eng., 21(3), 317–330.
Yun, Y. M., and Ramirez, J. A. (1996). “Strength of struts and nodes in strut–tie model.” J. Struct. Eng., 122(1), 20–29.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 11 • November 2006
Pages: 1764 - 1783
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Apr 11, 2003
Accepted: Jan 19, 2006
Published online: Nov 1, 2006
Published in print: Nov 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.