Effect of Cognitive Experiences and Attitudes on Commuters’ Travel Choice Behavior for Autonomous Vehicles
Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149, Issue 2
Abstract
With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology and the sharing economy, future transport systems may be a mixed traffic environment of conventional travel modes and autonomous vehicles. This study designed a travel survey with cognitive experience for autonomous vehicles to obtain the stated preference data of different commuters for multimodal travel choices. Then, discrete choice models were established, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to deeply analyze commuters’ choice preferences and heterogeneity in the multimodal travel environment. It is concluded that mixed logit models incorporating cognitive and attitudinal variables are more suitable for discussing travel choice behavior for autonomous vehicles. In addition to factors related to travel modes and personal information, cognitive experiences and attitudes are the two main determinants of multimodal travel choices regarding autonomous vehicles. Increasing travelers’ cognitive levels and inculcating attitudes toward autonomous vehicles through advertisements and experiences can encourage more commuters to choose private or shared autonomous vehicles. Private car commuters mainly switch to private autonomous vehicles, and public transport commuters mainly switch to shared autonomous vehicles with increasing cognitive change and inculcating attitudes toward using autonomous vehicles. The research results can provide a reference for travel behavior analysis and traffic policy formulation for different commuters in the era of autonomous vehicles.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8212002) and the National Natural Science Foundation (71971005) in China. The authors are grateful for the comments from the anonymous reviewers.
References
Armstrong, R. L. 1987. “The midpoint on a five-point Likert-type scale.” Percept. Motor Skills 64 (2): 359–362. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.359.
Arroyo, R., T. Ruiz, L. Mars, S. Rasouli, and H. Timmermans. 2020. “Influence of values, attitudes towards transport modes and companions on travel behavior.” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 71: 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.04.002.
Aziz, H. M. A., N. N. Nagle, A. M. Morton, M. R. Hilliard, D. A. White, and R. N. Stewart. 2018. “Exploring the impact of walk–bike infrastructure, safety perception, and built-environment on active transportation mode choice: A random parameter model using New York City commuter data.” Transportation 45 (5): 1207–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9760-8.
Choi, J. K., and Y. G. Ji. 2015. “Investigating the importance of trust on adopting an autonomous vehicle.” Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 31 (10): 692–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549.
Greene, W. H., D. A. Hensher, and J. Rose. 2006. “Accounting for heterogeneity in the variance of unobserved effects in mixed logit models.” Transp. Res. Part B Methodol 40 (1): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2005.01.005.
Gurumurthy, K. M., and K. M. Kockelman. 2020. “Modeling Americans’ autonomous vehicle preferences: A focus on dynamic ride-sharing, privacy & long-distance mode choices.” Technol. Forecasting Social Change 150: 119792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119792.
Guy, R. F., and M. Norvell. 1977. “The neutral point on a Likert scale.” J. Psychol. 95: 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880.
Haboucha, C. J., R. Ishaq, and Y. Shiftan. 2017. “User preferences regarding autonomous vehicles.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 78: 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.01.010.
Handy, S., X. Cao, and P. Mokhtarian. 2005. “Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? Evidence from Northern California.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 10 (6): 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2005.05.002.
Hensher, D. A., and K. J. Button. 2000. Handbook of transport modelling. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Hensher, D. A., and P. R. Stopher. 2021. Behavioural travel modelling. London: Routledge.
Hudson, J., M. Orviska, and J. Hunady. 2019. “People’s attitudes to autonomous vehicles.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 121: 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.018.
Johansson, M. 2006. “Environment and parental factors as determinants of mode for children’s leisure travel.” J. Environ. Psychol. 26: 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.05.005.
Kaur, K., and G. Rampersad. 2018. “Trust in driverless cars: Investigating key factors influencing the adoption of driverless cars.” J. Eng. Tech. Manage. 48: 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.04.006.
Krueger, R., H. Rashidi, and M. John. 2016. “Preferences for shared autonomous vehicles.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 69: 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.06.015.
Lavieri, P. S., and C. R. Bhat. 2019. “Modeling individuals’ willingness to share trips with strangers in an autonomous vehicle future.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 124: 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.03.009.
Li, D. J., X. Ye, and J. Ma. 2019. “Empirical analysis of factors influencing potential demand of customized buses in Shanghai, China.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 145 (2): 05019006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000502.
Liljamo, T., H. Liimatainen, and M. Pöllänen. 2018. “Attitudes and concerns on automated vehicles.” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 59: 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.010.
Lo, S. H., G. J. P. van Breukelen, G. J. Y. Peters, and G. Kok. 2016. “Commuting travel mode choice among office workers: Comparing an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior model between regions and organizational sectors.” Travel Behav. Soc. 4: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2015.11.002.
Menard, S. 2004. “Six approaches to calculating standardized logistic regression coefficients.” Am. Stat. 58 (3): 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1198/000313004X946.
Menon, N., Y. Zhang, A. Rawoof Pinjari, and F. Mannering. 2020. “A statistical analysis of consumer perceptions towards automated vehicles and their intended adoption.” Transp. Plann. Technol. 43 (3): 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2020.1735740.
Mirzaei, E., R. Kheyroddin, and D. Mignot. 2021. “Exploring the effect of the built environment, weather condition and departure time of travel on mode choice decision for different travel purposes: Evidence from Isfahan, Iran.” Case Stud. Transp. Policy 9 (4): 1419–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2021.05.002.
Paulssen, M., D. Temme, A. Vij, and J. L. Walker. 2014. “Values, attitudes and travel behavior: A hierarchical latent variable mixed logit model of travel mode choice.” Transportation 41 (4): 873–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-013-9504-3.
Romero, A., L. Tasciotti, and F. Acosta. 2017. “Means of transportation choice for the residents of Villavicencio, Colombia: A quantitative analysis.” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 44: 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.11.001.
Sarkar, P. P., and C. Mallikarjuna. 2018. “Effect of perception and attitudinal variables on mode choice behavior: A case study of Indian city, Agartala.” Travel Behav. Soc. 12: 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2017.04.003.
Tian, Z., T. Feng, H. J. P. Timmermans, and B. Yao. 2021. “Using autonomous vehicles or shared cars? Results of a stated choice experiment.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerging Technol. 128: 103117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103117.
Wang, Y., K. Geng, A. D. May, and H. Zhou. 2022. “The impact of traffic demand management policy mix on commuter travel choices.” Transp. Policy 117: 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.01.002.
Webb, J., C. Wilson, and T. Kularatne. 2019. “Will people accept shared autonomous electric vehicles? A survey before and after receipt of the costs and benefits.” Econ. Anal. Policy 61: 118–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2018.12.004.
Zhao, X., X. Yan, A. Yu, and P. Van Hentenryck. 2020. “Prediction and behavioral analysis of travel mode choice: A comparison of machine learning and logit models.” Travel Behav. Soc.20: 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.02.003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 149 • Issue 2 • June 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 19, 2022
Accepted: Sep 8, 2022
Published online: Feb 2, 2023
Published in print: Jun 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 2, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.