Phosphorus Removal, Metals Dynamics, and Hydraulics in Stormwater Bioretention Systems Amended with Drinking Water Treatment Residuals
Publication: Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
Volume 8, Issue 3
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) are a promising media amendment for enhancing phosphorus (P) removal in bioretention systems, but substantial removal of dissolved P by DWTRs has not been demonstrated in field bioretention experiments. We investigated the capacity of a nonamended control media (control) and a DWTR-amended treatment media (DWTR) to remove soluble reactive P (SRP), dissolved organic P (DOP), particulate P (PP), and total P (TP) from stormwater in a 2-year roadside bioretention experiment. Significant reductions in SRP, PP, and TP concentrations and loads were observed in both the control and DWTR media. However, the P removal efficiency of the DWTR cells was greater than those of the control cells for all P species, particularly during the second monitoring season because P sorption complexes likely began to saturate in the control cells. The difference in P removal efficiency between the control and DWTR cells was greatest during large storm events, which transported the majority of dissolved P loads in this study. We also investigated the potential for DWTRs to restrict water flow through bioretention media or leach heavy metals. The DWTRs used in this study did not affect the hydraulic performance of the bioretention cells and no significant evidence of heavy-metal leaching was observed during the study period. Contrasting these results with past studies highlights the importance of media design in bioretention system performance and suggests that DWTRs can effectively capture and retain P without affecting system hydraulics if properly incorporated into bioretention media.
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Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
We thank Carl Betz, Nicholas Kaminski, Jillian Sarazen, Dr. Joshua Faulkner, and Daniel Needham for assistance in the field and laboratory. Mark Voorhees and Eric Perkins of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) contributed to conceptualizing this research. We are grateful to Dr. James Houle of the University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center for providing the DWTRs analyzed in this study. This research was supported by the US EPA, Office of Research and Development, in addressing EPA Region 1’s needs and priorities in improving the phosphorus removal efficiency of green infrastructure (bioretention media) as a Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) (Project No. 1937). Funding was made available to the University of Vermont through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Sea Grant College Program Award NA18OAR4170099 to the Lake Champlain Sea Grant Institute. Although this article has been reviewed and approved for publication by the agencies, the views expressed in it are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the US EPA or NOAA–Sea Grant. We thank Drs. Brent Johnson and Heather Golden from the US EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) for their technical review and valuable comments.
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Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
Volume 8 • Issue 3 • August 2022
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© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jul 19, 2021
Accepted: Dec 10, 2021
Published online: Mar 16, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Aug 16, 2022
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