Multiobjective Structural Layout Optimization of Tall Buildings Subjected to Dynamic Wind Loads
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 7
Abstract
The tall building design process typically goes through a time-consuming iterative procedure to ensure the cost efficiency of the proposed structural system, especially in the conceptual design stage where the layout is designed. Despite that, this procedure does not guarantee to yield an optimal layout. Consequently, an automated layout optimization procedure will result in a more economical and sustainable design. This paper presents a novel multiobjective lateral load resisting system (LLRS) (i.e., shear walls) layout optimization framework provided for dynamically sensitive tall buildings subjected to a wind load time history. The developed framework relies on an artificial neural network (ANN) surrogate model for constraints and objective function evaluation to reduce the computational time of the optimization process. The adopted surrogate model is built based on an automated finite element models-generated database using MATLAB code via the Open Application Program Interface of the ETABS software. The ANN surrogate model proved its efficiency in capturing complex variations in the structural response with a correlation coefficient that ranges between 90% and 98%. A nongradient optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) is adopted to identify the optimal shear wall layout to resist the applied dynamic wind load. In order to reduce the number of optimal layout solutions on the Pareto front, a pruning algorithm is used to limit the optimal solutions to 24 layouts. This will enable designers to use the direct selection method to choose an appropriate layout that fits the project’s objectives. Also, a case study building is presented where the optimized results are analyzed and discussed in the numerical example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Aboshosha, H., A. Elshaer, G. T. Bitsuamlak, and A. El Damatty. 2015. “Consistent inflow turbulence generator for LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for tall buildings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 142 (Jul): 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.004.
Alanani, M., and A. Elshaer. 2022. “Structural layout optimization of tall buildings against wind load.” In Proc., Canadian Society of Civil Engineering Annual Conf. Whistler, BC, Canada: Springer.
Alanani, M., and A. Elshaer. 2023. “ANN-based optimization framework for the design of wind load resisting system of tall buildings.” Eng. Struct. 285 (Jun): 116032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116032.
ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Baldock, R., and K. Shea. 2006. “Structural topology optimization of braced steel frameworks using genetic programming.” In Proc., Workshop of the European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering, 54–61. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11888598_6.
Baldock, R., K. Shea, and D. Eley. 2005. “Evolving optimized braced steel frameworks for tall buildings using modified pattern search.” In Proc., 2005 ASCE Int. Conf. Computing in Civil Engineering, 631–642. New York: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/40794(179)60.
Bendsøe, M. P., and O. Sigmund. 2004. Topology optimization. Berlin: Springer.
Bernardini, E., S. M. J. Spence, D. Wei, and A. Kareem. 2015. “Aerodynamic shape optimization of civil structures: A CFD-enabled Kriging-based approach.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 144 (Sep): 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.03.011.
Bobby, S., S. M. J. Spence, E. Bernardini, and A. Kareem. 2014. “Performance-based topology optimization for wind-excited tall buildings: A framework.” Eng. Struct. 74 (Sep): 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.05.043.
Braun, A. L., and A. M. Awruch. 2009. “Aerodynamic and aeroelastic analyses on the CAARC standard tall building model using numerical simulation.” Comput. Struct. 87 (9): 564–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.02.002.
Chan, C.-M., D. E. Grierson, and A. N. Sherbourne. 1995. “Automatic optimal design of tall steel building frameworks.” J. Struct. Eng. 121 (5): 838–847. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:5(838).
Chopra, A. K. 2012. Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering. London: Pearson Education.
Chun, J., J. Song, and G. H. Paulino. 2016. “Structural topology optimization under constraints on instantaneous failure probability.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. 53 (4): 773–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-015-1296-y.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2019. Design of concrete structures. Standard CAN/CSA A23.3:19. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSI (Computers and Structures Inc.). 2018. ETABS building analysis and design. Berkeley, CA: CSI.
CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat). 2019. Council on tall buildings and urban habitat. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Cui, W., and L. Caracoglia. 2020. “Performance-based wind engineering of tall buildings examining life-cycle downtime and multisource wind damage.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002479.
Dagnew, A. K., and G. T. Bitsuamlak. 2010. “LES evaluation of wind pressures on a standard tall building with and without a neighboring building.” In Proc., 5th Int. Symp. on Computational Wind Engineering Chapel Hill. Miami: International Hurricane Research Center.
Deb, K., A. Pratap, S. Agarwal, and T. Meyarivan. 2002. “A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II.” IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 6 (2): 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017.
Deng, T., J. Fu, Q. Zheng, J. Wu, and Y. Pi. 2019. “Performance-based wind-resistant optimization design for tall building structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (10): 04019103. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002383.
Dragoiescu, C., J. Garber, and K. S. Kumar. 2006. “A comparison of force balance and pressure integration techniques for predicting wind-induced responses of tall buildings.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2006: Structural Engineering and Public Safety, 1–10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Elshaer, A., H. Aboshosha, G. Bitsuamlak, A. El Damatty, and A. Dagnew. 2016. “LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for an isolated and a surrounded tall building.” Eng. Struct. 115 (May): 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.02.026.
Elshaer, A., and G. Bitsuamlak. 2018. “Multiobjective aerodynamic optimization of tall building openings for wind-induced load reduction.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002199.
Elshaer, A., G. Bitsuamlak, and A. El-Damatty. 2017. “Enhancing wind performance of tall buildings using corner aerodynamic optimization.” Eng. Struct. 136 (Apr): 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.019.
Fragiadakis, M., and N. D. Lagaros. 2011. “An overview to structural seismic design optimisation frameworks.” Comput. Struct. 89 (11–12): 1155–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2010.10.021.
Gholizadeh, S., and M. Ebadijalal. 2018. “Performance based discrete topology optimization of steel braced frames by a new metaheuristic.” Adv. Eng. Software 123 (Jun): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2018.06.002.
Gomez, F., B. F. Spencer, and J. Carrion. 2020. “Topology optimization of buildings subjected to stochastic base excitation.” Eng. Struct. 223 (Nov): 111111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111111.
Gomez, F., B. F. Spencer, and J. Carrion. 2021. “Topology optimization of buildings subjected to stochastic wind loads.” Probab. Eng. Mech. 64 (Apr): 103127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2021.103127.
Huang, S., Q. S. Li, and S. Xu. 2007. “Numerical evaluation of wind effects on a tall steel building by CFD.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 63 (5): 612–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.06.033.
Joyner, M. D., B. Puentes, C. Gardner, S. Steinberg, and M. Sasani. 2022. “Multiobjective optimization of building seismic design for resilience.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (4): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003286.
Kareem, A., T. Kijewski, and Y. Tamura. 1999. “Mitigation of motions of tall buildings with specific examples of recent applications.” Wind Struct. 2 (3): 201–251. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.1999.2.3.201.
Kareem, A., S. Spence, E. Bernardini, S. Bobby, and D. Wei. 2013. “Using computational fluid dynamics to optimize tall building design.” CTBUH J. 2013 (3): 38–43.
Lagaros, N. D., and V. Plevris. 2022. “Artificial intelligence (AI) applied in civil engineering.” Appl. Sci. 12 (15): 7595. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157595.
Lou, H. P., J. Ye, F. L. Jin, B. Q. Gao, Y. Y. Wan, and G. Quan. 2021. “A practical shear wall layout optimization framework for the design of high-rise buildings.” Structures 34 (Dec): 3172–3195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.09.038.
Luo, X., A. Suksuwan, S. M. J. Spence, and A. Kareem. 2017. “Topology optimization and performance-based design of tall buildings: A spatial framework.” In Proc., Structures Congress, 447–458. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Martin, A., and G. G. Deierlein. 2020. “Structural topology optimization of tall buildings for dynamic seismic excitation using modal decomposition.” Eng. Struct. 216 (Aug): 110717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110717.
MATLAB. 2023. MATLAB and statistics toolbox release 2023b. Natick, MA: The MathWorks.
Melbourne, W. H. 1980. “Comparison of measurements on the CAARC standard tall building model in simulated model wind flows.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 6 (1–2): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(80)90023-9.
National Building Code of Canada. 2015. Canadian commission on building and fire codes. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada.
Papadrakakis, M., and N. D. Lagaros. 2002. “Reliability-based structural optimization using neural networks and Monte Carlo simulation.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 191 (32): 3491–3507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(02)00287-6.
Pizarro, P. N., and L. M. Massone. 2021. “Structural design of reinforced concrete buildings based on deep neural networks.” Eng. Struct. 241 (Aug): 112377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112377.
Roser, M., H. Ritchie, and E. Ortiz-Ospina. 2019. World population growth: Our world in data. London: Our World in Data.
Sotiropoulos, S., and N. D. Lagaros. 2022. “Optimum topological bracing design of tall steel frames subjected to dynamic loading.” Comput. Struct. 259 (Jan): 106705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2021.106705.
Tanaka, H., Y. Matsuoka, T. Kawakami, Y. Azegami, M. Yamamoto, K. Ohtake, and T. Sone. 2019. “Optimization calculations and machine learning aimed at reduction of wind forces acting on tall buildings and mitigation of wind environment.” Int. J. High-Rise Build. 8 (4): 291–302. https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2019.8.4.291.
Tanaka, H., Y. Tamura, K. Ohtake, M. Nakai, Y. Chul Kim, Y. Chul, and Y. Chul Kim. 2012. “Experimental investigation of aerodynamic forces and wind pressures acting on tall buildings with various unconventional configurations.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 107–108 (Aug–Sep): 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.04.014.
Thordal, M. S., J. C. Bennetsen, S. Capra, and H. H. H. Koss. 2020. “Towards a standard CFD setup for wind load assessment of high-rise buildings: Part 1: Benchmark of the CAARC building.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 205 (Oct): 104283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104283.
Zakian, P., and A. Kaveh. 2020. “Topology optimization of shear wall structures under seismic loading.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr. 19 (1): 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0550-5.
Zhang, Y., and C. Mueller. 2017. “Shear wall layout optimization for conceptual design of tall buildings.” Eng. Struct. 140 (Jun): 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.059.
Zhou, X., L. Wang, J. Liu, G. Cheng, D. Chen, and P. Yu. 2022. “Automated structural design of shear wall structures based on modified genetic algorithm and prior knowledge.” Autom. Constr. 139 (Jul): 104318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104318.
Zou, X. K., C. M. Chan, G. Li, and Q. Wang. 2007. “Multiobjective optimization for performance-based design of reinforced concrete frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (10): 1462–1474. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:10(1462).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 7 • July 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 9, 2023
Accepted: Jan 8, 2024
Published online: Apr 29, 2024
Published in print: Jul 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 29, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.