Development of a New Composite Connector for Timber–Concrete Composite Connections
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 5
Abstract
This study presents a new design of a wood–concrete connector that meets ductility and stiffness requirements in accordance with Eurocode 4. An analytical approach and a numerical model developed on Abaqus are proposed. The study is completed by experimental push-out tests and a specially made composite beam. Two types of timber concrete composite (TCC) are considered in this study. The first connector (stud connector), was applied in construction and its performance compared to that of a recently developed connector. The analytical calculation of stiffness was performed using the relevant standard. In addition, different connector configurations and spacing were tested in push-out and beam tests. The results showed that this new connector has interesting characteristics such as stiffness () and maximum strength (24,70 kN) compared to existing connectors.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All the data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
ABAQUS. 2000. Theory manual, version 6.2. Pawtucket, RI: Karson & Sorensen.
Auclair, S. C., L. Sorelli, and A. Salenikovich. 2016. “A new composite connector for timber-concrete composite structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.025.
Buchanan, A., B. Deam, M. Fragiacomo, S. Pampanin, and A. Palermo. 2008. “Multi-storey prestressed timber buildings in New Zealand.” Struct. Eng. Int. 18 (2): 166–173. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686608784218635.
Carvalho, E. P., and E. V. M. Carrasco. 2010. “Influence of test specimen on experimental characterization of timber–concrete composite joints.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (8): 1313–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.036.
Ceccotti, A. 2002. “Composite concrete-timber structures.” Prog. Struct. Mater. Eng. 4 (3): 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.126.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1991. Timber structures—Joints made with mechanical fasteners—General principles for the determination of strength and deformation characteristics. EN 26891:1991. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1995. Structural timber-strength classes. EN 338. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2001. Timber structures. Test methods. Cyclic testing of joints made with mechanical fasteners. CEN EN 12512. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2002. Teneur en humidité d’une pièce de bois scié—Partie 1. EN 13183-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004a. Calcul des structures en Béton. Partie 1–1: Règles générales et règles pour les bâtiments. Eurocode 2, EN 1992-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Deam, B., M. Fragiacomo, and L. Gross. 2008a. “Experimental behaviour of prestressed LVL-concrete composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (5): 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(801).
Deam, B. L., M. Fragiacomo, and A. H. Buchanan. 2008b. “Connections for composite concrete slab and LVL flooring systems.” Mater. Struct. 41 (3): 495–507. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9261-x.
Dias, A. M. P. G. 2005. “Mechanical behavior of timber-concrete joints.” Doctoral thesis, Faculty Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Universiteit Delft.
Dias, A. M. P. G., J. W. Van de Kuilen, S. Lopes, and H. Cruz. 2007. “A non-linear 3D FEM model to simulate timber–concrete joints.” Adv. Eng. Software 38 (8–9): 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2006.08.024.
Djoubissie, D. D., A. Messan, E. Fournely, and A. Bouchaïr. 2018. “Experimental study of the mechanical behavior of timber-concrete shear connections with threaded reinforcing bars.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Jan): 997–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.084.
Fernandez-Cabo, J. L., F. Arriaga, A. Majano-Majano, and G. Iñiguez-González. 2012. “Short-term performance of the HSB shear plate-type connector for timber–concrete composite beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 30 (May): 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.035.
Fragiacomo, M. 2012. “Experimental behaviour of a full-scale timber-concrete composite floor with mechanical connectors.” Mater. Struct. 45 (11): 1717–1735. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9869-3.
Fragiacomo, M., C. Amadio, and L. Macorini. 2007. “Short- and long-term performance of the ‘Tecnaria’ stud connector for timber-concrete composite beams.” Mater. Struct. 40 (10): 1013–1026. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9200-2.
Jorge, L., H. Cruz, and S. Lopes. 2011. Interlayer influence on timber-LWAC composite structures with screw connections. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Jorge, L. F., J. Schänzlin, S. M. R. Lopes, H. Cruz, and U. Kuhlmann. 2010. “Time-dependent behaviour of timber lightweight concrete composite floors.” Eng. Struct. 32 (12): 3966–3973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.007.
Khelil, A., C. Kiniagi, and R. Boissière. 2019. “Development of e new wood-concrete connectors.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 652 (1): 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/652/1/012034.
Leijten, A. J. M., A. J. M. Jorissen, and B. Leijer. 2012. “The local bearing capacity perpendicular to grain of structural timber elements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 27 (1): 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.022.
Meghlat, E. M., M. Oudjene, H. Ait-Aider, and J. L. Batoz. 2013. “A new approach to model nailed and screwed timber joints using the finite element method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.068.
Miotto, J. L., and A. A. Dias. 2012. “Evaluation of perforated steel plates as connection in glulam–concrete composite structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.045.
Oudjene, M., M.-E. Meghlat, H. Ait-Aider, P. Lardeur, M. Khelifa, and J.-L. Batoz. 2018. “Finite element modelling of the nonlinear load-slip behaviour of full-scale timber-to-concrete composite T-shaped beams.” Compos. Struct. 196 (Jul): 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.079.
Oudjene, M., V.-D. Tran, E.-M. Meghlat, and H. Ait-Aider. 2016. “Numerical models for self-tapping screws as reinforcement of timber structures and joints.” In Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Vienna, Austria: TU Verlag.
Rodrigues, J. N., A. M. P. G. Dias, and P. Providencia. 2013. “Timber-concrete composite bridges: State-of-the-art review.” Bioresources 8 (4): 6630–6649. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.6630-6649.
Sebastian, W. M. 2003. “Ductility requirements in connections of composite flexural structures.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 45 (2): 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7403(03)00054-7.
SIMULIA. 2016. “Abaqus 2016 documentation, Dassault Systèmes.” Accessed February 1, 2005. https://130.149.89.49:2080/v2016/index.html.
Steinberg, E., R. Selle, and T. Faust. 2003. “Connectors for timber-lightweight concrete composite structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (11): 1538–1545. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:11(1538).
TECNARIA S.p.A. 2015. “Title wood floor connectors.” Accessed February 1, 2005. https://www.tecnaria.com/en/products/connettore-per-legno-ctl-base.
Yeoh, D., M. Fragiacomo, and B. Deamc. 2011a. “Experimental behaviour of LVL–concrete composite floor beams at strength limit.” Eng. Struct. 33 (9): 2697–2707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.05.021.
Yeoh, D., M. Fragiacomo, M. D. Franceschi, and K. H. Boon. 2011b. “State of the art on timber-concrete composite structures: Literature review.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (10): 1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000353.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 5 • May 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 20, 2021
Accepted: Dec 21, 2022
Published online: Feb 23, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.