Characterization of Roadway Epoxy Asphalt Binder with Different Epoxy Contents
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 6
Abstract
The increasing durability demand on pavements has led to the formulation of requirements for broader applications of epoxy asphalt in roadway pavements to achieve supreme performance. However, for decades, epoxy asphalt has been mainly used on steel bridge deck pavements, and only a few studies have characterized the dosage and properties of the epoxy asphalt specific for road use. In this study, a roadway pavement–oriented epoxy asphalt, referred to as hyperdurability pavement (HDP) epoxy asphalt, was selected, and the effects of its epoxy resin content on its macroproperties and microproperties were investigated, aiming to the determination of the cost-effective epoxy dosage for road use and enrichment of the characterization of roadway epoxy asphalt. Firstly, the mechanical and rheological properties were evaluated by tensile, viscosity, and Marshall tests to determine the cost-effective epoxy content. The microstructural transformations and chemical compositions were then investigated by using fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, a comparison between roadway HDP and other common epoxy asphalt types was conducted in terms of material ingredients and mechanical properties. Finally, a correlation analysis was performed between the macroproperties and microproperties. Results suggest that the epoxy resin content substantially influenced the mechanical properties and viscosity of HDP epoxy asphalt and its concrete, and that the cost-effective epoxy content for road use is equal to 30% by weight. Furthermore, the conversion rate of the epoxy resin group typically grows at a lower rate with higher epoxy content, and the cross-linking network of epoxy asphalt was formed at epoxy contents in the range of 30%–40% by weight. Moreover, roadway HDP epoxy resin has higher epoxy and amine values, thus leading to a higher tensile strength and lower elongation rate in the case of the epoxy asphalt compared with other common hot-mixed epoxy asphalt types. Finally, correlation analysis indicates that the strength mechanism of epoxy asphalt is mainly attributed to the densification of the epoxy resin internetwork and the development of the curing action.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data and codes generated or used during this study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was undertaken with funding from the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK20211514) and the Transportation Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province (No. 2019Y69), sponsored by “333” High-Level Talents Training Project of Jiangsu Province. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of any organization.
References
Apostolidis, P., X. Liu, S. Erkens, and A. Scarpas. 2020. “Use of epoxy asphalt as surfacing and tack coat material for roadway pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 250: 118936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118936.
ASTM. 1999. Test method for resistance of plastic flow of bituminous mixtures using Marshall apparatus. ASTM D1559. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for epoxy content of epoxy resins. ASTM D1652. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. The definitive guide to plastic tensile testing. ASTM D638. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (and calculation of dynamic viscosity). ASTM D445. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020. Standard test method for density of liquid coatings, inks, and related products. ASTM D1475. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Cao, X., P. Guo, Z. Xie, and L. He. 2015. “Comparative study on pavement performance of high durable mixture and common asphalt mixture.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 27 (7): 6. https://doi.org/10.3963/j.issn.1671-4431.2015.07.006.
Chen, C., W. O. Eisenhut, K. Lau, A. Buss, and J. Bors. 2020. “Performance characteristics of epoxy asphalt paving material for thin orthotropic steel plate decks.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 21 (3): 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1481961.
Chen, X., G. Shen, X. Zhang, and W. Li. 2010. “Rheological characteristics of epoxy asphalt binders and their allowable resewed time.” J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev. 26 (6): 5.
Cong, P., W. Luo, P. Xu, and Y. Zhang. 2019. “Chemical and physical properties of hot mixing epoxy asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 198 (4): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.275.
Cuadri, A. A., C. Delgado-Sanchez, F. Javier Navarro, and P. Partal. 2020. “Short- and long-term epoxy modification of bitumen: Modification kinetics, rheological properties, and microstructure.” Polymers 12 (3): 12030508. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030508.
Gao, Y., and Z. Xu. 2015. “Study on the performance of HDP asphalt rubber mixture.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Civil Engineering and Transportation 2015, 826–831. New York: Atlantis Press.
Gonis, J., G. P. Simon, and W. D. Cook. 1999. “Cure properties of epoxies with varying chain length as studied by DSC.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 72 (11): 1479–1488. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990613)72:11%3C1479::AID-APP9%3E3.0.CO;2-E.
Herrington, P., A. D. Arnold, S. Cook, A. Fussell, and S. Reilly. 2007. Economic evaluation of long-life pavements: Phase II, Design and testing of long-life wearing courses. Land Transport New Zealand research report. Wellington, New Zealand: Land Transport New Zealand.
International Transport Forum. 2017. Long-life surfacings for roads: Field test results. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789282108116-en.
Jamshidi, A., G. White, and K. Kurumisawa. 2022. “Functional and field performance of epoxy asphalt technology—State-of-the-art.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2022.2060128.
Jiang, L., K. Hu, Z. Liu, Y. Yuan, C. Zhou, and J. Lei. 2018. “Aliphatic diamide as novel asphalt-modified epoxy curing agent for enhanced performance.” Adv. Polym. Tech. 37 (3): 1726. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21726.
JISC (Japanese Industrial Standards Committee). 1995. Testing method for total amine values of amine-based hardeners of epoxide resins. JIS K7237-1995. Tokyo: JISC.
Kindai Kasei Co., Ltd. 2013. Product report of hyper durability pavament KT-HDP. Aichi Prefecture, Japan: Kindai Kasei Co., Ltd.
Liu, Y., J. Zhang, Y. Jiang, C. Li, Z. Xi, J. Cai, and H. Xie. 2018. “Investigation of secondary phase separation and mechanical properties of epoxy SBS-modified asphalts.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165 (4): 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.032.
Lu, Q., and J. Bors. 2015. “Alternate uses of epoxy asphalt on bridge decks and roadways.” Constr. Build. Mater. 78 (Dec): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.125.
Lu, W., and Z. Guo. 1996. “Compounding of the high strength asphalt concrete and its properties.” China J. Highway Transp. 9 (1): 6.
Luo, S., Q. Lu, and Z. Qian. 2015. “Performance evaluation of epoxy modified open-graded porous asphalt concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 76 (Aug): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.057.
Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. 2005. Test methods of aggregate for highway engineering. JTG E42-2005. Beijing: Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China.
Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. 2011. Standard test method of the bitumen and bituminous mixture for highway engineering in China. JTG E20-2011. Beijing: Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China.
Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. 2019. Specifications for design and construction of pavement on highway steel deck bridge. JTG/T3364-02-2019. Beijing: Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China.
Nie, H., X. Zou, and Z. Xie. 2014. “HDP epoxy asphalt mixture curing reaction kinetics analysis.” Highway Eng. 39 (3): 126–129.
Nie, W., D. Wang, J. Yan, and X. Zhang. 2022. “Optimal design of mix proportion of hot-mix epoxy asphalt mixture for steel bridge decks and its anti-slip performance.” Buildings 12 (4): 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040437.
Pascault, J. P., and R. J. J. Williams. 2018. Overview of thermosets: Present and future. New York: Elsevier.
Qian, Z., and Q. Lu. 2015. “Design and laboratory evaluation of small particle porous epoxy asphalt surface mixture for roadway pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 77 (Mar): 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.056.
Read, J. W. D. 2003. The shell bitumen handbook. 5th ed. Tonbridge, UK: Thomas Telford.
Simpson, R. L., G. W. C. Sommer, and H. J. Miles. 1960. “Design and construction of epoxy asphalt concrete pavements.” In Proc., Presentation at the Meeting of the Highway Research Board of the National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
Standardization Administration of China. 2014. General specifications of epoxy asphalt materials for paving roads and bridges. Beijing: Standardization Administration of China.
Sun, Y., Z. XuKe, H. Xie, W. Zhiliu, and C. Rongshi. 2016. “Comparative studies of domestic epoxy asphalt binders.” J. Nanjing Univ. 52 (2): 8. https://doi.org/10.13232/j.cnki.jnju.2016.02.001.
Tian, J., S. Luo, Q. Lu, and S. Liu. 2022. “Effects of epoxy resin content on properties of hot mixing epoxy asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (7): 22. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004259.
Wise, C. W., W. D. Cook, and A. A. Goodwin. 1997. “Chemico-diffusion kinetics of model epoxy-amine resins.” Polymer 38 (13): 3251–3261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00882-8.
Xie, H., C. Li, and Q. Wang. 2022. “A critical review on performance and phase separation of thermosetting epoxy asphalt binders and bond coats.” Constr. Build. Mater. 326 (5): 126792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126792.
Xie, Z., X. Cao, H. Zhu, and S. Sun. 2013. “Design method and molding technology of epoxy asphalt mixturemixed with high durability pavement admixture.” J. Chongqing Jiaotong Univ. 32 (6): 6. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2013.06.17.
Xu, W., G. Zhuang, Z. Chen, and J. Wei. 2020. “Experimental study on the micromorphology and strength formation mechanism of epoxy asphalt during the curing reaction.” Appl. Sci. Basel 10 (7): 2610. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072610.
Yao, Z., and W. Yi. 2016. “Curvature aided Hough transform for circle detection.” Expert Syst. Appl. 51 (4): 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.12.019.
Yin, H., Y. Zhang, Y. Sun, W. Xu, D. Yu, H. Xie, and R. Cheng. 2015. “Performance of hot mix epoxy asphalt binder and its concrete.” Mater. Struct. 48 (11): 3825–3835. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0442-0.
Zeng, G., W. Xu, H. Huang, and X. Zhang. 2019. “Study on the microstructure and properties of hot-mix epoxy asphalt.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 12 (2): 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-019-0019-y.
Zhang, Z., and W. Huang. 2012. “Research on bending performances of epoxy resin asphalt mixes with different crosslink densities at low temperatures.” China J. Highway Transp. 25 (1): 5.
Zhao, R., F. Jing, R. Wang, J. Cai, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, and H. Xie. 2022. “Influence of oligomer content on viscosity and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127524.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 6 • June 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 2, 2022
Accepted: Oct 20, 2022
Published online: Mar 31, 2023
Published in print: Jun 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Aug 31, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Bailin Shan, Xuejuan Cao, Zengheng Hao, Yan Wu, Xiaoyu Yang, Xiaoyan Li, Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Investigating the Flexibility and Compatibility of Epoxidized Soybean Oil–Reinforced Epoxy Asphalt, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17722, 36, 10, (2024).
- Xiang Chen, Zhixin Lin, Tao Ma, Linhao Gu, Yan Chen, Shuang Shi, Study on Hot-Mix Epoxy Resin Based on Glass Transition Temperature and Its Application for Steel Bridge Deck Pavement, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17644, 36, 8, (2024).