Influence of Mixture Compositions on Impact Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Cured in Cold Temperature Conditions
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 38, Issue 2
Abstract
This study aimed to present the effect of mixture proportions (including coarse-to-fine aggregate ratio and water-to-binder ratio) and mixture compositions (including the addition of different supplementary cementing materials and fibers) on the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete cured in cold temperatures. The impact resistance was evaluated using drop-weight and flexural impact tests conducted on concrete samples cured in different curing conditions. The studied parameters included coarse-to-fine aggregate (C/F) ratio (0.7 and 1.2), water-to-binder (w/b) ratio (0.4 and 0.55), type of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) [20% metakaolin (MK) and 10% silica fume (SLF)], and the addition of steel fibers (0.35%) (SFs). The studied mixtures were cured under different curing conditions, including moisture condition at 23°C, air condition at 23°C, +5°C curing condition, and −10°C curing condition. The positive effect of using SFs and SCMs (MK and SLF) on enhancing the impact resistance and splitting tensile strength (STS) was more pronounced in samples cured at normal curing temperatures compared to samples cured at low temperatures. The mechanical properties and impact resistance of mixtures developed with higher C/F and w/b ratios were more affected by the low-temperature curing condition compared to the control mixture (with lower C/F and w/b ratios). The results also showed that low-temperature curing had a more pronounced negative effect on the impact resistance and STS than the compressive strength.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and codes generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
AbdelAleem, B. H., M. K. Ismail, and A. A. A. Hassan. 2017. “Properties of self-consolidating rubberised concrete reinforced with synthetic fibres.” Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (10): 526–540. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00433.
AbdelAleem, B. H., M. K. Ismail, and A. A. A. Hassan. 2018. “The combined effect of crumb rubber and synthetic fibers on impact resistance of self-consolidating concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 162: 816–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.077.
Abouhussien, A. A., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2015. “Optimizing the durability and service life of self-consolidating concrete containing metakaolin using statistical analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 76: 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.010.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 1999. Measurement of properties of fiber reinforced concrete. ACI 544.2 R-89. West Conshohocken, PA: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2016. Concreting CW. ACI 306R-16. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Al-alaily, H. S., A. A. Abouhussien, and A. A. A. Hassan. 2017. “Influence of metakaolin and curing conditions on service life of reinforced concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (10): 04017161. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002010.
Altun, F., and B. Aktaş. 2013. “Investigation of reinforced concrete beams behavior of steel fiber added lightweight concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38: 575–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.022.
ASTM. 2011a. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/C39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011b. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012a. Standard specification for Portland cement. ASTM C150/C150M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012b. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. ASTM C494/C494M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard specification for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures. ASTM C1240. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barluenga, G., I. Palomar, and J. Puentes. 2013. “Early age and hardened performance of cement pastes combining mineral additions.” Mater. Struct. 46 (6): 921–941. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9944-9.
Başsürücü, M., and K. Türk. 2019. “Effect of curing regimes on the engineering properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete.” Int. J. Energy Eng. Sci. 4 (2): 26–42.
EFNARC. 2005. The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete specification, production and use, European federation for specialist construction chemicals and concrete systems. English ed. Norfolk, UK: EFNARC.
Farzampour, A. 2017. “Temperature and humidity effects on behavior of grouts.” Adv. Concr. Constr. 5 (6): 659.
Güneyisi, E., M. Gesoğlu, and T. Özturan. 2004. “Properties of rubberized concretes containing silica fume.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (12): 2309–2317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.005.
Hashemi, M., P. Shafigh, M. R. B. Karim, and C. D. Atis. 2018. “The effect of coarse to fine aggregate ratio on the fresh and hardened properties of roller-compacted concrete pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 169: 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.216.
Hassan, A. A. A., M. Lachemi, and K. M. A. Hossain. 2010. “Effect of metakaolin on the rheology of self-consolidating concrete.” In Proc., Design, Production and Placement of Self-Consolidating Concrete, edited by K. H. Khayat and D. Feys, 103–112. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Hassan, A. A. A., and J. R. Mayo. 2014. “Influence of mixture composition on the properties of SCC incorporating metakaolin.” Mag. Concr. Res. 66 (20): 1036–1050. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00060.
Husem, M., and S. Gozutok. 2005. “The effects of low temperature curing on the compressive strength of ordinary and high performance concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 19 (1): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.033.
Ismail, M. K., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2016a. “Impact resistance and acoustic absorption capacity of self-consolidating rubberized concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 113 (6): 725–736. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689359.
Ismail, M. K., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2016b. “Use of metakaolin on enhancing the mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete containing high percentages of crumb rubber.” J. Cleaner Prod. 125: 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.044.
Ismail, M. K., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2017. “Impact resistance and mechanical properties of self-consolidating rubberized concrete reinforced with steel fibers.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (1): 04016193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001731.
Ismail, M. K., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2019. “Abrasion and impact resistance of concrete before and after exposure to freezing and thawing cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 215: 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.206.
Ismail, M. K., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2020. “Effect of cold temperatures on performance of concrete under impact loading.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 34 (3): 04020019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000226.
Khaloo, A., E. M. Raisi, P. Hosseini, and H. Tahsiri. 2014. “Mechanical performance of self-compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 51: 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.054.
Kosmatka, S. H., B. Kerkhoff, and W. C. Panarese. 2002. Design and control of concrete mixtures. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association.
Massoud, M. T., M. N. Abou-Zeid, and E. H. Fahmy. 2003. “Polypropylene fibers and silica fume concrete for bridge overlays.” In Proc., Submitted for Presentation and Publication In the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Monteiro, I., F. A. Branco, J. de Brito, and R. Neves. 2012. “Statistical analysis of the carbonation coefficient in open air concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 29: 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.028.
Murali, G., A. S. Santhi, and G. M. Ganesh. 2016. “Loss of mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete exposed to impact load.” Rev. Rom. Mater.-Rom. J. Mater. 46 (4): 491–496.
Nataraja, M. C., T. S. Nagaraj, and S. B. Basavaraja. 2005. “Reproportioning of steel fibre reinforced concrete mixes and their impact resistance.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (12): 2350–2359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.06.011.
Nia, A. A., M. Hedayatian, M. Nili, and V. A. Sabet. 2012. “An experimental and numerical study on how steel and polypropylene fibers affect the impact resistance in fiber-reinforced concrete.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 46: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.01.009.
Nili, M., and V. Afroughsabet. 2010. “Combined effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 37 (8): 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.004.
Nili, M., and M. Zaheri. 2011. “Deicer salt-scaling resistance of non-air-entrained roller-compacted concrete pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (4): 1671–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.10.004.
Pham, T. M., and H. Hao. 2017. “Behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer-strengthened reinforced concrete beams under static and impact loads.” Int. J. Prot. Struct. 8 (1): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041419616658730.
Piasta, W., and B. Zarzycki. 2017. “The effect of cement paste volume and w/c ratio on shrinkage strain, water absorption and compressive strength of high performance concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 140: 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.033.
Rubene, S., and M. Vilnitis. 2017. “Impact of low temperatures on compressive strength of concrete.” Int. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 2: 97–101.
Sadek, M. M., M. K. Ismail, and A. A. A. Hassan. 2020. “Impact resistance and mechanical properties of optimized SCC developed with coarse and fine lightweight expanded slate aggregate.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (11): 04020324. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003421.
Xie, J., and J.-B. Yan. 2018. “Experimental studies and analysis on compressive strength of normal-weight concrete at low temperatures.” Struct. Concr. 19 (4): 1235–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700009.
Yazıcı, Ş., G. İnan, and V. Tabak. 2007. “Effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of SFRC.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (6): 1250–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.025.
Zaki, R. A., B. H. AbdelAleem, A. A. A. Hassan, and B. Colbourne. 2021. “The interplay of abrasion, impact and salt scaling damage in fibre-reinforced concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 73 (4): 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.19.00208.
Zhang, M. H., V. P. W. Shim, G. Lu, and C. W. Chew. 2005. “Resistance of high-strength concrete to projectile impact.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 31 (7): 825–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.04.009.
Zou, X., A. Chao, N. Wu, Y. Tian, T. Yu, and X. Wang. 2013. “A novel Fabry–Perot fiber optic temperature sensor for early age hydration heat study in Portland cement concrete.” Smart Struct. Syst. 12 (1): 41–54.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 26, 2022
Accepted: Aug 11, 2023
Published online: Jan 29, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jun 29, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.