Hybrid Simulation for Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Highway Bridge with Pier Retrofitted Using Fe-SMA Strips
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 8
Abstract
The present research investigates the use of Fe-based shape memory alloy (SMA) strips for seismic retrofitting of rehabilitated RC bridge pier models. Four severely damaged bridge pier models were first rehabilitated by RC jacketing to retrieve at least their lost strength. Three configurations of Fe-SMA strips namely hoop (H), end-anchored (EA), and a combination of previous two approaches (EAH) were adopted. Prestrained Fe-SMA hoops, placed in the plastic hinge region of the bridge pier model, aims at utilizing the recovery stress developed upon thermal activation for application of active confinement pressure on the test specimen. The EA Fe-SMA strips utilize precompression developed in the concrete in the plastic hinge region of the test specimen. The EAH reinforcement scheme was studied for both precompression and active confinement. To compare the seismic performance of the various Fe-SMA retrofitted test specimens with respect to the control specimen, hybrid simulation (pseudodynamic) of an existing highway bridge located in Tripura, India was carried out with the scaled bridge pier test models as experimental elements. Earthquake excitations of different intensity levels were applied in a sequential manner to analyze the behavior of the structure over a damage spectrum ranging from minor cracking to major damage. To determine the ultimate capacity of the test specimens, cyclic tests were carried out after completion of a hybrid simulation. Bridge pier specimens with Fe-SMA in the form of EA reinforcement exhibited enhanced load-carrying capacity but marginal improvement in ultimate displacement while Fe-SMA hoops improved the ultimate displacement of the test specimen with marginal improvement in the peak lateral load. A combination of EA and hoop Fe-SMA reinforcement was found to be more efficient in improving all the seismic performance parameters such as lesser damage and higher load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and energy-dissipation capacity.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Andrawes, B., and M. Shin. 2008. “Seismic retrofitting of bridge columns using shape memory alloys.” In Proc., Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, edited by M. Ahmadian. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
Chen, Q., and B. Andrawes. 2017. “Cyclic stress–strain behavior of concrete confined with NiTiNb-shape memory alloy spirals.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (5): 04017008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001728.
Cho, C.-G., Y.-Y. Kim, L. Feo, and D. Hui. 2012. “Cyclic responses of reinforced concrete composite columns strengthened in the plastic hinge region by HPFRC mortar.” Compos. Struct. 94 (7): 2246–2253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.01.025.
Chung, J., and G. M. Hulbert. 1993. “A time integration algorithm for structural dynamics with improved numerical dissipation: The generalized-α method.” J. Appl. Mech. 60 (2): 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2900803.
Cladera, A., L. A. Montoya-Coronado, J. G. Ruiz-Pinilla, and C. Ribas. 2020. “Shear strengthening of slender reinforced concrete T-shaped beams using iron-based shape memory alloy strips.” Eng. Struct. 221: 111018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111018.
Czaderski, C., M. Shahverdi, R. Brönnimann, C. Leinenbach, and M. Motavalli. 2014. “Feasibility of iron-based shape memory alloy strips for prestressed strengthening of concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 56: 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.069.
Czaderski, C., M. Shahverdi, and J. Michels. 2021. “Iron based shape memory alloys as shear reinforcement for bridge girders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 274: 121793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121793.
Dong, Z., U. E. Klotz, C. Leinenbach, A. Bergamini, C. Czaderski, and M. Motavalli. 2009. “A novel Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy with improved shape recovery properties by VC precipitation.” Adv. Eng. Mater. 11 (1-2): 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200800312.
Fukuyama, K., Y. Higashibata, and Y. Miyauchi. 2000. “Studies on repair and strengthening methods of damaged reinforced concrete columns.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (1): 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(99)00044-X.
Gamble, W., N. Hawkins, and I. Kaspar. 1996. “Seismic retrofitting experience and experiments in Illinois.” In Proc., 5th National Workshop on Bridge Research in Progress, 245–250. Buffalo, New York: Univ. of New York.
Harris, H. G., and G. Sabnis. 1999. Structural modeling and experimental techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2017. Standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges, section II – loads and load combinations. IRC 6-2017. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete-code of practice. IS 456:2000. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2002. Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures - general provisions and buildings (Part-I). IS 1893:2002 (Part-I). New Delhi, India: IS.
Kotoky, N., S. K. Deb, and A. Dutta. 2018. “HyFRC bridge piers with different detailing at pier–foundation interface.” J. Bridge Eng. 23 (6): 04018035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001243.
Krstulovic-Opara, N., and P. D. Thiedeman. 2000. “Active confinement of concrete members with self-stressing composites.” Materials Journal 97 (3): 297–308.
Lee, W. J., B. Weber, G. Feltrin, C. Czaderski, M. Motavalli, and C. Leinenbach. 2013. “Stress recovery behaviour of an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–VC shape memory alloy used for prestressing.” Smart Mater. Struct. 22 (12): 125037. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/12/125037.
Mander, J. B., M. J. Priestley, and R. Park. 1988. “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 114 (8): 1804–1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804).
Michels, J., M. Shahverdi, and C. Czaderski. 2018. “Flexural strengthening of structural concrete with iron-based shape memory alloy strips.” Struct. Concr. 19 (3): 876–891. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700120.
Moghaddam, H., M. Samadi, K. Pilakoutas, and S. Mohebbi. 2010. “Axial compressive behavior of concrete actively confined by metal strips; part A: Experimental study.” Mater. Struct. 43 (10): 1369–1381. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9588-6.
Montoya-Coronado, L. A., J. G. Ruiz-Pinilla, C. Ribas, and A. Cladera. 2019. “Experimental study on shear strengthening of shear critical RC beams using iron-based shape memory alloy strips.” Eng. Struct. 200: 109680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109680.
Nesheli, K. N., and K. Meguro. 2006. “Seismic retrofitting of earthquake-damaged concrete columns by lateral pre-tensioning of FRP belts.” In Proc., 8th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).
Saatcioglu, M., and C. Yalcin. 2003. “External prestressing concrete columns for improved seismic shear resistance.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (8): 1057–1070. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:8(1057).
Schellenberg, A. H. 2008. Advanced implementation of hybrid simulation. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Shahverdi, M., C. Czaderski, and M. Motavalli. 2016. “Iron-based shape memory alloys for prestressed near-surface mounted strengthening of reinforced concrete beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112: 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.174.
Shahverdi, M., J. Michels, C. Czaderski, and M. Motavalli. 2018. “Iron-based shape memory alloy strips for strengthening RC members: Material behavior and characterization.” Constr. Build. Mater. 173: 586–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.057.
Shin, M., and B. Andrawes. 2011a. “Lateral cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with shape memory spirals and FRP wraps.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (11): 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000364.
Shin, M., and B. Andrawes. 2011b. “Emergency repair of severely damaged reinforced concrete columns using active confinement with shape memory alloys.” Smart Mater. Struct. 20 (6): 065018. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/6/065018.
Takahashi, K., K. Udagawa, M. Seki, T. Okada, and S. Tanaka. 1975. “Nonlinear earthquake response analysis of structures by a computer actuator on-line system: Part I, details of the system.” Trans. Archit. Inst. Jpn. 229: 77–83,190. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.229.0_77.
Vosooghi, A., and M. S. Saiidi. 2013. “Design guidelines for rapid repair of earthquake-damaged circular RC bridge columns using CFRP.” J. Bridge Eng. 18 (9): 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000426.
Yang, J., and J. Wang. 2018. “Seismic performance of shear-controlled CFRP-strengthened high-strength concrete square columns under simulated seismic load.” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (6): 04018061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000901.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 8 • August 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 8, 2022
Accepted: Apr 7, 2023
Published online: Jun 6, 2023
Published in print: Aug 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Nov 6, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bridge engineering
- Bridge tests
- Bridges
- Bridges (by type)
- Concrete
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Field tests
- Foundation design
- Foundations
- Geotechnical engineering
- Highway bridges
- Hybrid methods
- Hydraulic engineering
- Hydraulic structures
- Load bearing capacity
- Materials engineering
- Methodology (by type)
- Piers
- Plastic hinges
- Ports and harbors
- Rehabilitation
- Reinforced concrete
- Seismic tests
- Structural engineering
- Tests (by type)
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zhengnan Liu, Xingchong Chen, Le Teng, Junsheng Su, Yongliang Zhang, Weike Zhang, Mechanism of Using L-Shaped Steel Plate and Rubber to Enhance Seismic Performance of Bridge Pier with Low Reinforcement Ratio, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-6461, 29, 3, (2024).