Shake Table Tests on RC Double-Column Bridge Piers with Self-Centering Energy Dissipation Braces
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 8
Abstract
Excessive residual displacements to the bridge structures were repeatedly observed after many previous major earthquakes, which may make the bridge structure lose its functionality and may have to be demolished and rebuilt. Reducing the residual deformation of bridge structures after a severe earthquake is a key research direction in earthquake engineering. Applying self-centering energy dissipation (SCED) braces to dissipate seismic energy and reduce the residual displacement is considered a good solution. Some research works have been carried out to investigate the seismic performance of double-column bridge piers equipped with SCED braces. However, these studies focused on the quasi-static behavior of the bridge piers only, and no previous study investigated their real dynamic response. This study investigates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) double-column bridge piers with SCED braces through shake table tests. Three 1/5 scaled bridge piers were designed, fabricated, and tested. In particular, the SCED brace was first designed based on the quasi-static performance of the bridge pier. The designed brace was then installed onto the bridge pier, and shake table tests were performed to explore the dynamic response of the bridge pier. For comparison, a bare bridge pier without a brace was also tested. The experimental results showed that the SCED brace could effectively protect the bridge pier from damage and minimize residual displacement.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52078019, 51778023, and 51908325) for carrying out this research.
References
Abé, M., and M. Shimamura. 2014. “Performance of railway bridges during the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (1): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000379.
Araki, Y., K. C. Shrestha, N. Maekawa, Y. Koetaka, T. Omori, and R. Kainuma. 2016. “Shaking table tests of steel frame with superelastic Cu–Al–Mn SMA tension braces.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (2): 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2659.
Bazaez, R., and P. Dusicka. 2016. “Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete bridge bent retrofitted with buckling restrained braces.” Eng. Struct. 119: 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.010.
Bazaez, R., and P. Dusicka. 2018. “Performance assessment of multi-column RC bridge bents seismically retrofitted with buckling-restrained braces.” Bull Earthquake Eng. 16 (5): 2135–2160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0279-3.
Braconi, A., F. Morelli, and W. Salvatore. 2012. “Development, design and experimental validation of a steel self-centering device (SSCD) for seismic protection of buildings.” Bull Earthquake Eng. 10 (6): 1915–1941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9380-9.
Carden, L. P., A. M. Itani, and I. G. Buckle. 2006. “Seismic performance of steel girder bridges with ductile cross frames using buckling-restrained braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (3): 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:3(338).
Cheng, X., J. Erochko, and D. Lau. 2017. “Improving the seismic performance of existing bridge structures using self-centering dampers.” In Proc., 16th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Santiago, Chile: National Information Centre for Earthquake Engineering.
Christopoulos, C., R. Tremblay, H. J. Kim, and M. Lacerte. 2008. “Self-centering energy dissipative bracing system for the seismic resistance of structures: Development and validation.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (1): 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:1(96).
Dangol, I., and C. P. Pantelides. 2022. “Resilient posttensioned bridge bent with buckling restrained brace.” J. Bridge Eng. 27 (2): 04021107.
Dangol, I., D. Thapa, and C. P. Pantelides. 2022. “Experimental evaluation of post-tensioned bridge bent under cyclic loads and comparison to hybrid bridge bents.” Eng. Struct. 256: 113962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113962.
Dolce, M., D. Cardone, F. C. Ponzo, and C. Valente. 2005. “Shaking table tests on reinforced concrete frames without and with passive control systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 34 (14): 1687–1717. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.501.
Dong, H., X. Du, Q. Han, and K. Bi. 2020. “Numerical studies on the seismic performances of RC two-column bent bridges with self-centering energy dissipation braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (4): 04020038.
Dong, H., X. Du, Q. Han, K. Bi, and H. Hao. 2019. “Hysteretic performance of RC double-column bridge piers with self-centering buckling-restrained braces.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (6): 3255–3281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00586-4.
Dong, H., X. Du, Q. Han, H. Hao, K. Bi, and X. Wang. 2017. “Performance of an innovative self-centering buckling restrained brace for mitigating seismic responses of bridge structures with double-column piers.” Eng. Struct. 148: 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.011.
Dove, R. C., and J. G. Bennett. 1986. Scale modeling of reinforced concrete category i structures subjected to seismic loading. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory.
El-Bahey, S., and M. Bruneau. 2011. “Buckling restrained braces as structural fuses for the seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete bridge bents.” Eng. Struct. 33 (3): 1052–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.027.
El-Bahey, S., and M. Bruneau. 2012a. “Bridge piers with structural fuses and bi-steel columns. I: Experimental testing.” J. Bridge Eng. 17 (1): 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000234.
El-Bahey, S., and M. Bruneau. 2012b. “Bridge piers with structural fuses and bi-steel columns. II: Analytical investigation.” J. Bridge Eng. 17 (1): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000236.
Fujino, Y., S. Hashimoto, and M. Abe. 2005. “Damage analysis of Hanshin expressway viaducts during 1995 Kobe Earthquake. I: Residual inclination of reinforced concrete piers.” J. Bridge Eng. 10 (1): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:1(45).
Han, Q., X. Du, J. Liu, Z. Li, L. Li, and J. Zhao. 2009. “Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr. 8 (2): 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-009-8162-0.
Han, Q., Z. Jia, K. Xu, Y. Zhou, and X. Du. 2019. “Hysteretic behavior investigation of self-centering double-column rocking piers for seismic resilience.” Eng. Struct. 188: 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.024.
Hao, H., K. Bi, W. Chen, T. M. Pham, and J. Li. 2023. “Towards next generation design of sustainable, durable, multi-hazard resistant, resilient, and smart civil engineering structures.” Eng. Struct. 277: 115477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115477.
Huang, H., F. Zhang, W. Zhang, M. Guo, S. Urushadze, and G. Wu. 2019. “Numerical analysis of self-centering energy dissipation brace with arc steel plate for seismic resistance.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 125: 105751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105751.
Iwata, Y., H. Sugimoto, and H. Kuwamura. 2005. “Reparability limit of steel structural buildings: Study on performance-based design of steel structural buildings part 2.” J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 70 (588): 165–172. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.70.165_1.
Li, C., K. Bi, and H. Hao. 2019. “Seismic performances of precast segmental column under bidirectional earthquake motions: Shake table test and numerical evaluation.” Eng. Struct. 187: 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.001.
Li, C., H. Hao, and K. Bi. 2017. “Numerical study on the seismic performance of precast segmental concrete columns under cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 148: 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.062.
Li, H., C. X. Mao, and J. P. Ou. 2008. “Experimental and theoretical study on two types of shape memory alloy devices.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 37 (3): 407–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.761.
Li, Q., K. Bi, H. Dong, Y. Lin, Q. Han, and X. Du. 2022. “Numerical studies on the seismic responses of precast segmental columns-supported bridge structures subjected to near-fault ground motions.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 25 (12): 1–20.
Liao, W. I., C. H. Loh, and S. Wan. 2001. “Earthquake responses of RC moment frames subjected to near-fault ground motions.” Struct. Des. Tall Build. 10 (3): 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.178.
Lu, X., Z. Lv, and Q. Lv. 2020. “Self-centering viscoelastic diagonal brace for the outrigger of supertall buildings: Development and experiment investigation.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 29 (1): e1684.
Macrae, G. A., and K. Kawashima. 1997. “Post-earthquake residual displacements of bilinear oscillarors.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 26 (7): 701–716.
Makris, N., and M. F. Vassiliou. 2015. “Dynamics of the rocking frame with vertical restrainers.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (10): 04014245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001231.
Mavroeidis, G. P., G. Dong, and A. S. Papageorgiou. 2004. “Near-fault ground motions, and the response of elastic and inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 33 (9): 1023–1049. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.391.
McCormick, J., H. Aburano, M. Ikenaga, and M. Nakashima. 2008. “Permissible residual deformation levels for building structures considering both safety and human elements.” In Proc. 14th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Beijing: Seismological Press of China. Paper ID 05-06-0071.
Miller, D. J., L. A. Fahnestock, and M. R. Eatherton. 2012. “Development and experimental validation of a nickel–titanium shape memory alloy self-centering buckling-restrained brace.” Eng. Struct. 40: 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.02.037.
MoC (Ministry of Construction). 2010. Code for seismic design of buildings. Beijing: MoC.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development). 2015. Specification for seismic test of buildings. [In Chinese.] JGJ/T 101-2015. Beijing: MOHURD.
Paeglite, I., A. Paeglitis, and J. Smirnovs. 2015. “Dynamic amplification factor for bridges with span length from 10 to 35 meters.” Eng. Struct. Technol. 6 (4): 151–158. https://doi.org/10.3846/2029882X.2014.996254.
Priestley, M. J. N., F. Seible, and G. M. Calvi. 1996. Seismic design and retrofit of bridges. New York: Wiley.
Qiu, C., and S. Zhu. 2017. “Shake table test and numerical study of self-centering steel frame with SMA braces: Self-centering steel frame with SMA braces.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (1): 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2777.
Rafi, M. M., S. H. Lodi, Z. A. Al-Sadoon, M. Saatcioglu, and D. Palermo. 2022. “Experimental investigation of dynamic behavior of RC frame strengthened with buckling-restrained bracing.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (7): 04022076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003371.
Roke, D., R. Sause, J. Ricles, and N. Gonner. 2009. “Design concepts for damage-free seismic-resistant self-centering steel concentrically braced frames.” In Structures Congress 2009: Don’t Mess with Structural Engineers: Expanding Our Role, edited by L. Griffis, T. Helwig, M. Waggoner, and M. Hoit. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Silwal, B., R. J. Michael, and O. E. Ozbulut. 2015. “A superelastic viscous damper for enhanced seismic performance of steel moment frames.” Eng. Struct. 105: 152–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.005.
Sung, Y. C., H. H. Hung, K. W. Chou, C. K. Su, C. W. Hsu, and C. C. Hsu. 2021. “Shaking table testing of a reinforced concrete frame retrofitted with a steel oval member equipped with rubber cylinders.” Eng. Struct. 237: 112202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112202.
Tazarv, M., and M. S. Saiidi. 2013. “Analytical studies of the seismic performance of a full-scale SMA-reinforced bridge column.” Int. J. Bridge Eng. 1 (1): 37–50.
Thapa, D., and C. P. Pantelides. 2021. “Self-centering bridge bent with stretch length anchors as a tension-only hysteretic hybrid system.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (10): 04021163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003146.
Tomaževič, M., and M. Gams. 2012. “Shaking table study and modelling of seismic behaviour of confined AAC masonry buildings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 10 (3): 863–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9331-x.
Tremblay, R., M. Lacerte, and C. Christopoulos. 2008. “Seismic response of multistory buildings with self-centering energy dissipative steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (1): 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:1(108).
Upadhyay, A., C. P. Pantelides, and L. Ibarra. 2019. “Residual drift mitigation for bridges retrofitted with buckling restrained braces or self centering energy dissipation devices.” Eng. Struct. 199: 109663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109663.
Vassiliou, M. F., and N. Makris. 2015. “Dynamics of the vertically restrained rocking column.” J. Eng. Mech. 141 (12): 04015049.
Wang, W., C. Fang, D. Shen, R. Zhang, J. Ding, and H. Wu. 2021. “Performance assessment of disc spring-based self-centering braces for seismic hazard mitigation.” Eng. Struct. 242: 112527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112527.
Wang, W., C. Fang, A. Zhang, and X. Liu. 2019. “Manufacturing and performance of a novel self-centring damper with shape memory alloy ring springs for seismic resilience.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 26 (5): e2337. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2337.
Wang, Y., S. M. Asce, and L. Ibarra. 2016. “Seismic retrofit of a three-span RC bridge with buckling-restrained braces.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (11): 04016073.
Wei, X., and M. Bruneau. 2016. “Case study on applications of structural fuses in bridge bents.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (7): 05016004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000854.
Wilson, J. C., and M. J. Wesolowsky. 2005. “Shape memory alloys for seismic response modification: A state-of-the-art review.” Earthquake Spectra 21 (2): 569–601. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1897384.
Wu, G., Z. S. Wu, Y. B. Luo, Z. Y. Sun, and X. Q. Hu. 2010. “Mechanical properties of steel–FRP composite bar under uniaxial and cyclic tensile loads.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (10): 1056–1066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000110.
Wu, Z., M. F. M. Fahmy, and G. Wu. 2009. “Safety enhancement of urban structures with structural recoverability and controllability.” J. Earthquake Tsunami. 3 (3): 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431109000561.
Xiang, N., and M. S. Alam. 2019. “Displacement-based seismic design of bridge bents retrofitted with various bracing devices and their seismic fragility assessment under near-fault and far-field ground motions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 119: 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.12.023.
Xie, Q., Z. Zhou, and S. P. Meng. 2020. “Experimental investigation of the hysteretic performance of self-centering buckling-restrained braces with friction fuses.” Eng. Struct. 203: 109865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109865.
Xin, Y., H. Hao, and J. Li. 2019. “Operational modal identification of structures based on improved empirical wavelet transform.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 26 (3): e2323. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2323.
Xu, L., J. Liu, and Z. Li. 2019. “Cyclic behaviors of steel plate shear wall with self-centering energy dissipation braces.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 153: 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.09.030.
Xu, L. H., X. W. Fan, and Z. X. Li. 2016. “Cyclic behavior and failure mechanism of self-centering energy dissipation braces with pre-pressed combination disc springs.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46: 1065–1080.
Xue, D., K. Bi, H. Dong, H. Qin, Q. Han, and X. Du. 2021. “Development of a novel self-centering slip friction brace for enhancing the cyclic behaviors of RC double-column bridge bents.” Eng. Struct. 232: 111838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111838.
Zhou, Y. L., Q. Han, X.-L. Du, and Z. Jia. 2019. “Shaking table tests of post-tensioned rocking bridge with double-column bents.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (8): 04019080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001456.
Zhou, Z., Q. Xie, X. C. Lei, X. T. He, and S. P. Meng. 2015. “Experimental investigation of the hysteretic performance of dual-tube self-centering buckling-restrained braces with composite tendons.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (6): 04015011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000565.
Zhu, S., and Y. Zhang. 2007. “Seismic behaviour of self-centring braced frame buildings with reusable hysteretic damping brace.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 36 (10): 1329–1346. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.683.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 8 • August 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 19, 2022
Accepted: Mar 20, 2023
Published online: May 19, 2023
Published in print: Aug 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 19, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bracing
- Bridge design
- Bridge engineering
- Bridge tests
- Bridges
- Bridges (by material)
- Concrete
- Concrete bridges
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Design (by type)
- Energy dissipation
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Field tests
- Hydraulic engineering
- Hydraulic structures
- Laboratory tests
- Materials engineering
- Piers
- Ports and harbors
- Reinforced concrete
- Shake table tests
- Structural engineering
- Tests (by type)
- Thermodynamics
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.