Mechanism of Using L-Shaped Steel Plate and Rubber to Enhance Seismic Performance of Bridge Pier with Low Reinforcement Ratio
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 3
Abstract
A railway pier with a relatively low reinforcement ratio has a high risk of collapse when subjected to an earthquake. The use of a conventional strengthening method of concrete, steel, and fiber-reinforced polymer jackets cannot effectively enhance the deformation capacity of the railway bridge pier, given the relocation of the failure position. This study proposed a novel strengthening device that consisted of L-shaped steel, rubber, stainless steel screws, and high-strength studs and investigated its effect when enhancing the cyclic behavior of a railway pier with a low reinforcement ratio of 0.2%. The experimental results showed that the proposed strengthening device enhanced the initial stiffness, loading capacity, and dissipated energy of the bridge pier without reducing the deformation capacity compared with the unstrengthened pier. The strengthening device and reinforcement were independent components to sustain loading at the failure stage. The contributions of the strengthening device and reinforcement to the total dissipated energy were 40% and 60%, respectively. Their contributions to the loading capacity were 18% and 50%, respectively, and the axial loading provided another 32% contribution. A theoretical formula that considers the contribution of each component to the loading capacity at the failure stage was established, which accurately predicts the mechanical behavior of the pier.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, which includes the hysteresis and skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation in this study, are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51968039) and the Innovation Foundation of Lanzhou Jiaotong University-Tianjin University (2021058).
References
Aboutaha, R. S., M. D. Engelhardt, J. O. Jirsa, and M. E. Kreger. 1996. “Retrofit of concrete columns with inadequate lap splices by the use of rectangular steel jackets.” Earthquake Spectra 12 (4): 693–714. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585906.
Bournas, D. A., T. C. Triantafillou, K. Zygouris, and F. Stavropoulos. 2009. “Textile-reinforced mortar versus FRP jacketing in seismic retrofitting of RC columns with continuous or lap-spliced deformed bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 13 (5): 360–371. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000028.
Bousias, S. N., A.-L. Spathis, and M. N. Fardis. 2006. “Concrete or FRP jacketing of columns with lap splices for seismic rehabilitation.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 4 (3): 431–444. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.4.431.
Chen, X., M. Ding, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, and H. Ma. 2018. “Experimental investigation on seismic retrofit of gravity railway bridge pier with CFRP and steel materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 182: 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.102.
Ding, M. B., X. C. Chen, X. Y. Zhang, Z. N. Liu, and J. H. Lu. 2018. “Study on seismic strengthening of railway bridge pier with CFRP and concrete jackets.” Earthquakes Struct. 15 (3): 275–283. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.3.275.
Fakharifar, M., G. Chen, C. Wu, A. Shamsabadi, M. A. ElGawady, and A. Dalvand. 2016. “Rapid repair of earthquake-damaged RC columns with prestressed steel jackets.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (4): 04015075. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000840.
GB (Guobiao Standard). 2013. Code for design of strengthening concrete structure. GB 50367-2013. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of China.
GB (Guobiao Standard). 2015a. Code for design of concrete structures. GB 50010-2010. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of China.
GB (Guobiao Standard). 2015b. Specification for seismic test of buildings. JGJ/T 101-2015. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of China.
GB (Guobiao Standard). 2019. Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties. GB 50081-2019. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of China.
GB (Guobiao Standard). 2020. Specifications for seismic design of highway bridges. JTG/T 2231-01-2020. Beijing: Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China.
Ghatte, H. F. 2020. “External steel ties and CFRP jacketing effects on seismic performance and failure mechanisms of substandard rectangular RC columns.” Compos. Struct. 248: 112542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112542.
Kang, X., L. Jiang, Y. Bai, and C. C. Caprani. 2017. “Seismic damage evaluation of high-speed railway bridge components under different intensities of earthquake excitations.” Eng. Struct. 152: 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.057.
Kunnath, S. K., Y. Heo, and J. F. Mohle. 2009. “Nonlinear uniaxial material model for reinforcing steel bars.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (4): 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:4(335).
Li, J., M. Ding, H. Feng, H. Zhao, and Z. Wang. 2022. “Exploration to novel arrangements of longitudinal reinforcement of gravity railway bridge pier by shaking table test.” Structures 41: 1278–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.065.
Liang, Y., Z. Chen, X. Liu, and H. Liao. 2023. “Seismic behavior of RC cross-shaped column under combined torsion loading: Experiment and simulation finite element.” Structures 47: 1652–1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.12.020.
Liu, Z., X. Chen, M. Ding, X. Zhang, and J. Lu. 2022. “Quasi-static test of the gravity railway bridge pier with a novel preventative seismic strengthening technique.” Structures 35: 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.10.013.
Lu, J. H., X. C. Chen, M. B. Ding, H. J. Ma, and X. Y. Zhang. 2021. “Simplified aseismic calculation model for railway gravity bridge pier.” J. Vib. Shock 40 (9): 71–76. https://doi.org/10.13465/j.cnki.jvs.2021.09.010.
Lu, J. H., X. C. Chen, M. B. Ding, X. Y. Zhang, Z. N. Liu, and H. Yuan. 2019. “Experimental and numerical investigation of the seismic performance of railway piers with increasing longitudinal steel in plastic hinge area.” Earthquakes Struct. 17 (6): 545–556. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.17.6.545.
Mansour, M., J.-Y. Lee, and T. T. C. Hsu. 2001. “Cyclic stress-strain curves of concrete and steel bars in membrane elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (12): 1402–1411. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:12(1402).
Minafò, G. 2015. “A practical approach for the strength evaluation of RC columns reinforced with RC jackets.” Eng. Struct. 85: 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.12.025.
Pang, Y., and X. Wang. 2021. “Enhanced endurance-time-method (EETM) for efficient seismic fragility, risk and resilience assessment of structures.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 147: 106731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106731.
Park, R. 1989. “Evaluation of ductility of structures and structural assemblages from laboratory testing.” Bull. N.Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 22 (3): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.3.155-166.
Piras, S., A. Palermo, and M. Saiid Saiidi. 2022. “State-of-the-art of posttensioned rocking bridge substructure systems.” J. Bridge Eng. 27 (3): 03122001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001833.
Qi, Q., C. Shao, H. Cui, H. Huang, W. Wei, C. Wang, and W. Zhuang. 2023. “Shaking table tests and numerical studies on the seismic behaviors of FPB in railway continuous beam bridges.” Eng. Struct. 290: 116318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116318.
Sarmah, M., S. K. Deb, and A. Dutta. 2023. “Hybrid simulation for evaluation of seismic performance of highway bridge with pier retrofitted using Fe-SMA strips.” J. Bridge Eng. 28 (8): 04023050. https://doi.org/10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-6047.
Su, J., Z.-X. Li, R. Prasad Dhakal, C. Li, and F. Wang. 2021. “Comparative study on seismic vulnerability of RC bridge piers reinforced with normal and high-strength steel bars.” Structures 29: 1562–1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.048.
Tafsirojjaman, T., A. Ur Rahman Dogar, Y. Liu, A. Manalo, and D. P. Thambiratnam. 2022. “Performance and design of steel structures reinforced with FRP composites: A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 138: 106371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106371.
Tong, T., H. Lei, S. Yuan, and Z. Liu. 2020. “Experimental investigation and seismic vulnerability assessment of low flexural strength rectangular bridge piers retrofitted with ultrahigh-performance concrete jackets.” Eng. Struct. 206: 110132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110132.
Vandoros, K. G., and S. E. Dritsos. 2008. “Concrete jacket construction detail effectiveness when strengthening RC columns.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (3): 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.019.
Xiao, Y., and H. Wu. 2003. “Retrofit of reinforced concrete columns using partially stiffened steel jackets.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (6): 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:6(725).
Yan, B., G.-L. Dai, and N. Hu. 2015. “Recent development of design and construction of short span high-speed railway bridges in China.” Eng. Struct. 100: 707–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.06.050.
Zhang, X., Z. Yang, X. Chen, J. Guan, W. Pei, and T. Luo. 2021. “Experimental study of frozen soil effect on seismic behavior of bridge pile foundations in cold regions.” Structures 32: 1752–1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.03.119.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 3 • March 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 6, 2023
Accepted: Sep 12, 2023
Published online: Dec 27, 2023
Published in print: Mar 1, 2024
Discussion open until: May 27, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.