Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Data for Ground Monitoring during Earthquakes
Publication: Geo-Congress 2023
ABSTRACT
Degree of water saturation in soils has a key role in the response of geotechnical systems to earthquakes. In the absence of a remotely sensed tool to track soil saturation at a global scale, parameters such as annual average of water table depth, historical average of precipitation measurements, and topographic conditions are considered as proxies for soil saturation condition, the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), an earth observation satellite, has been launched in 2015 by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to record soil moisture content in approximately the top 5 cm of the soil layer over the global land area with a three-day average temporal resolution. In addition, assimilating SMAP observations with estimates provided by land surface models, SMAP researchers can monitor root zone soil moisture in the top 1 m of the soil column. This paper shows how SMAP, as a high accuracy and near-real-time database, can be used to study the relationship between soil moisture and seismic ground response, which includes tracking the earth’s surface soil moisture variations caused by seismic events as well as flagging potentially damaged regions for earthquake reconnaissance teams.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
Baize, S., S. Amoroso, N. Belić, L. Benedetti, P. Boncio, M. Budić, F. R. Cinti, M. Henriquet, P. Jamšek Rupnik, and B. Kordić. 2022. 'Environmental effects and seismogenic source characterization of the December 2020 earthquake sequence near Petrinja, Croatia', Geophysical Journal International, 230: 1394–418.
Bray, J. D., and S. Dashti. 2014. 'Liquefaction-induced building movements', Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12: 1129–56.
Casagli, N., W. Frodella, S. Morelli, V. Tofani, A. Ciampalini, E. Intrieri, F. Raspini, G. Rossi, L. Tanteri, and P. Lu. 2017. 'Spaceborne, UAV and ground-based remote sensing techniques for landslide mapping, monitoring and early warning', Geoenvironmental Disasters, 4: 1–23.
Chen, Q., J. Zeng, C. Cui, Z. Li, K.-S. Chen, X. Bai, and J. Xu. 2017. 'Soil moisture retrieval from SMAP: a validation and error analysis study using ground-based observations over the little Washita watershed', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 56: 1394–408.
Chormanski, J., T. Okruszko, S. Ignar, O. Batelaan, K. T. Rebel, and M. J. Wassen. 2011. 'Flood mapping with remote sensing and hydrochemistry: A new method to distinguish the origin of flood water during floods', Ecological Engineering, 37: 1334–49.
d'Onza, F., A. d'Onofrio, and C. Mancuso. 2008. “Effects of Unsturated Soil State on the Local Seismic Response of Soil Deposits.” In 1st European Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Durham, England.
Davitt, A., G. Schumann, C. Forgotson, and K. C. McDonald. 2019. 'The utility of SMAP soil moisture and freeze-thaw datasets as precursors to spring-melt flood conditions: A case study in the Red River of the North Basin', IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 12: 2848–61.
Del Soldato, M., S. Bianchini, D. Calcaterra, P. De Vita, D. Di Martire, R. Tomás, and N. Casagli. 2017. 'A new approach for landslide-induced damage assessment', Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 8: 1524–37.
Dell'Acqua, F., and P. Gamba. 2012. 'Remote sensing and earthquake damage assessment: Experiences, limits, and perspectives', Proceedings of the IEEE, 100: 2876–90.
Dong, L., and J. Shan. 2013. 'A comprehensive review of earthquake-induced building damage detection with remote sensing techniques', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 84: 85–99.
Duan, Q., and A. Duan. 2020. 'The energy and water cycles under climate change', National Science Review, 7: 553–57.
Entekhabi, D., E. G. Njoku, P. E. O'Neill, K. H. Kellogg, W. T. Crow, W. N. Edelstein, J. K. Entin, S. D. Goodman, T. J. Jackson, and J. Johnson. 2010. 'The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission', Proceedings of the IEEE, 98: 704–16.
Farahani, A., M. Moradikhaneghahi, M. Ghayoomi, and J. M. Jacobs. 2022. 'Application of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite Data in Seismic Response Assessment', Remote Sensing, 14: 4375.
Fernández, J., T.-T. Yu, G. Rodrıguez-Velasco, J. González-Matesanz, R. Romero, G. Rodrıguez, R. Quirós, A. Dalda, A. Aparicio, and M. J. Blanco. 2003. 'New geodetic monitoring system in the volcanic island of Tenerife, Canaries, Spain. Combination of InSAR and GPS techniques', Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 124: 241–53.
Ghayoomi, M., S. Ghadirianniari, A. Khosravi, and M. Mirshekari. 2018. 'Seismic behavior of pile-supported systems in unsaturated sand', Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 112: 162–73.
Ghosh, S., C. K. Huyck, M. Greene, S. P. Gill, J. Bevington, W. Svekla, R. DesRoches, and R. T. Eguchi. 2011. 'Crowdsourcing for rapid damage assessment: The global earth observation catastrophe assessment network (GEO-CAN)', Earthquake Spectra, 27: 179–98.
Hossain, F., and N. Katiyar. 2006. 'Improving flood forecasting in international river basins', Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 87: 49–54.
Joseph, G. 2005. Fundamentals of remote sensing (Universities Press).
Karthikeyan, L, I. Chawla, and A. K. Mishra. 2020. 'A review of remote sensing applications in agriculture for food security: Crop growth and yield, irrigation, and crop losses', Journal of Hydrology, 586: 124905.
Kim, H., R. Parinussa, A. G. Konings, W. Wagner, M. H. Cosh, V. Lakshmi, M. Zohaib, and M. Choi. 2018. 'Global-scale assessment and combination of SMAP with ASCAT (active) and AMSR2 (passive) soil moisture products', Remote Sensing of Environment, 204: 260–75.
Mao, Y., W. T. Crow, and B. Nijssen. 2020. 'A unified data‐driven method to derive hydrologic dynamics from global SMAP surface soil moisture and GPM precipitation data', Water Resources Research, 56: e2019WR024949.
Miranda, E., S. Brzev, N. Bijelic, Ž. Arbanas, M. Bartolac, V. Jagodnik, D. Lazarević, S. M. Arbanas, S. Zlatović, and A. Acosta. 2021. Petrinja, Croatia December 29, 2020, Mw 6.4 Earthquake Joint Reconnaissance Report (JRR). In.: ETH Zurich.
Mousavi, S., and M. Ghayoomi. 2021. 'Seismic Compression of Unsaturated Silty Sands: A Strain-Based Approach', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147: 04021023.
Ochsner, E., M. H. Cosh, R. Cuenca, Y. Hagimoto, Y. H. Kerr, E. G. Njoku, and M. Zreda. 2013. 'State of the art in large-scale soil moisture monitoring', Soil Science Society of America Journal: 1–32.
Oommen, T., L. G. Baise, R. Gens, A. Prakash, and R. P. Gupta. 2013. 'Documenting earthquake-induced liquefaction using satellite remote sensing image transformations', Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 19: 303–18.
Pittore, M., and M. Wieland. 2013. 'Toward a rapid probabilistic seismic vulnerability assessment using satellite and ground-based remote sensing', Natural Hazards, 68: 115–45.
Rathje, E. M., and K. Franke. 2016. 'Remote sensing for geotechnical earthquake reconnaissance', Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 91: 304–16.
Ray, R. L., and J. M. Jacobs. 2007. 'Relationships among remotely sensed soil moisture, precipitation and landslide events', Natural Hazards, 43: 211–22.
Rodell, M., P. R. Houser, U. E. A. Jambor, J. Gottschalck, K. Mitchell, C.-J. Meng, K. Arsenault, B. Cosgrove, J. Radakovich, and M. Bosilovich. 2004. 'The global land data assimilation system', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85: 381–94.
Rong, W., and J. S. McCartney. 2021. 'Undrained Seismic Compression of Unsaturated Sand', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147: 04020145.
SMAP. 2021. 'Technical References,' Accessed 2021, November, 1. https://nsidc.org/data/smap/technical-references/ (accessed 1 November 2021).
Stewart, J. P., P. M. Smith, D. H. Whang, and J. D. Bray. 2004. 'Seismic compression of two compacted earth fills shaken by the 1994 Northridge earthquake', Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 130: 461–76.
Stillman, S., and X. Zeng. 2018. 'Evaluation of SMAP soil moisture relative to five other satellite products using the climate reference network measurements over USA', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 56: 6296–305.
Taherkhani, A. H., G. Heravi, and A. AminShokravi. 2022. 'Developing a framework to enhance the seismic resilience of the electricity distribution system feeding the healthcare system', International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 71: 102801.
Tralli, D. M., R. G. Blom, V. Zlotnicki, A. Donnellan, and D. L. Evans. 2005. 'Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 59: 185–98.
USGS. 2021. 'Earthquake Catalog.', Accessed 2021, November 1. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/ (accessed 1 November 2021).
Vuyovich, C., and J. M. Jacobs. 2011. 'Snowpack and runoff generation using AMSR-E passive microwave observations in the Upper Helmand Watershed, Afghanistan', Remote sensing of environment, 115: 3313–21.
Wald, D. J., and T. I. Allen. 2007. 'Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification', Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97: 1379–95.
Wu, Z., H. Feng, H. He, J. Zhou, and Y. Zhang. 2021. 'Evaluation of Soil Moisture Climatology and Anomaly Components Derived From ERA5-Land and GLDAS-2.1 in China', Water Resources Management, 35: 629–43.
Xu, Y., J. Kim, D. L. George, and Z. Lu. 2019. 'Characterizing seasonally rainfall-driven movement of a translational landslide using SAR imagery and SMAP soil moisture', Remote Sensing, 11: 2347.
Yamazaki, F., Y. Yano, and M. Matsuoka. 2005. 'Visual damage interpretation of buildings in Bam city using QuickBird images following the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake', Earthquake Spectra, 21: 329–36.
Yun, S.-H., K. Hudnut, S. Owen, F. Webb, M. Simons, P. Sacco, E. Gurrola, G. Manipon, C. Liang, and E. Fielding. 2015. 'Rapid damage mapping for the 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake using synthetic aperture radar data from COSMO–SkyMed and ALOS-2 Satellites', Seismological Research Letters, 86: 1549–56.
Zhang, W., J. Lin, J. Peng, and Q. Lu. 2010. 'Estimating Wenchuan Earthquake induced landslides based on remote sensing', International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31: 3495–508.
Zhu, J., L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. 2017. 'An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application', Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107: 1365–85.
Zimmaro, P., C. C. Nweke, J. L. Hernandez, K. S. Hudson, M. B. Hudson, S. K. Ahdi, M. L. Boggs, C. A. Davis, C. A. Goulet, and S. J. Brandenberg. 2020. 'Liquefaction and related ground failure from July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence', Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 110: 1549–66.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Geo-Congress 2023
Pages: 409 - 418
History
Published online: Mar 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.