ASCE India Conference 2017
Production of Biofuel from Kitchen Wastewater by Using a Mixed Culture of Diatoms: Treatment, Kinetic Evaluation, and Lipid Analysis
Publication: Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies: Energy and Water Infrastructure; Transportation Infrastructure; and Planning and Financing
ABSTRACT
The present research studies the performance of diatoms in removing organic carbon and nutrients from a kitchen wastewater and fatty acid content in diatom cells. The test reactors were operated at six different SRTs—2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days in a continuous mode. The influent and effluent samples were analyzed for VSS, COD, TOC, TN, and phosphates. Steady-state kinetics (k, Ks, Y, and kd) for organic carbon removal were obtained by fitting experimental data in linearized Michaelis-Menten and Monod equation. The TOC, TN, and phosphates percentage removal at higher SRTs were 76%, 79%, and 85%. The FAME comprised 60% SFA and 35% MUFA for all the SRTs. Among the FAMEs, C16:0 and C16:1 were the dominant species with 50% and 35% respectively for all the SRTs. This study concluded that diatoms were capable of treating kitchen wastewater with simultaneous production of biodiesel.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this chapter.
REFERENCES
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Standard Methods.
Armstrong, E., Rogerson, A., and Leftley, J. W. (2000). “Utilisation of seaweed carbon by three surface-associated heterotrophic protists, Stereomyxa ramosa, Nitzschia alba and Labyrinthula sp.” Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 21(1), 49-57.
Bowler, C., Karl, D. M., and Colwell, R. R. (2009). “Microbial oceanography in a sea of opportunity.” Nature, 459(7244), 180-184.
Brzezinski, M. A. (2004). “THE Si:C:N RATIO OF MARINE DIATOMS: INTERSPECIFIC VARIABILITY AND THE EFFECT OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES1.” Journal of Phycology, Blackwell Science Inc, 21(3), 347-357.
Chandra, R., Rohit, M. V., Swamy, Y. V., and Venkata Mohan, S. (2014). “Regulatory function of organic carbon supplementation on biodiesel production during growth and nutrient stress phases of mixotrophic microalgae cultivation.” Bioresource Technology, 165(C), 279-287.
Chen, G. Q., Jiang, Y., and Chen, F. (2008). “Salt-induced alterations in lipid composition of diatom Nitzschia laevis (Bacillariophyceae) under heterotrophic culture condition.” Journal of Phycology, 44(5), 1309-1314.
Craggs, R. J., Lundquist, T. J., and Benemann, J. R. (2013). “Wastewater Treatment and Algal Biofuel Production.” Algae for Biofuels and Energy, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 153-163.
Eixler, S., Karsten, U., and Selig, U. (2006). “Phosphorus storage in Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) cells and its dependence on phosphate supply.” Phycologia, 45(1), 53-60.
Falkowski, P. G. (1998). “Biogeochemical Controls and Feedbacks on Ocean Primary Production.” Science, 281(5374), 200-206.
Granum, E., Raven, J. a, and Leegood, R. C. (2005). “How do marine diatoms fix 10 billion tonnes of inorganic carbon per year?” Canadian Journal of Botany, 83(7), 898-908.
Hildebrand, M., Davis, A. K., Smith, S. R., Traller, J. C., and Abbriano, R. (2012). “The place of diatoms in the biofuels industry.” Biofuels, 3(2), 221-240.
Hu, Q., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., Posewitz, M., Seibert, M., and Darzins, A. (2008). “Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: Perspectives and advances.” Plant Journal, 54(4), 621-639.
Huelgas, A, Nakajima, M., Nagata, H., and Funamizu, N. (2009). “Comparison between treatment of kitchen-sink wastewater and a mixture of kitchen-sink and washing-machine wastewaters.” Environmental technology, 30(1), 111-117.
Lewin, J. C., and Lewin, R. A. (1960). “Auxotrophy and heterotrophy in marine littoral diatoms.” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 6(2), 127-134.
Lewin, J., and Lewin, R. A. (1967). “Culture and nutrition of some apochlorotic diatoms of the genus Nitzschia.” Journal of General Microbiology, 46(3), 361-367.
Li, F., Wichmann, K., and Otterpohl, R. (2009). “Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses.” Science of the Total Environment, 407(11), 3439-3449.
Li, Y., Chen, Y. F., Chen, P., Min, M., Zhou, W., Martinez, B., Zhu, J., and Ruan, R. (2011). “Characterization of a microalga Chlorella sp. well adapted to highly concentrated municipal wastewater for nutrient removal and biodiesel production.” Bioresource Technology, 102(8), 5138-5144.
Mansour, M. P., Frampton, D. M. F., Nichols, P. D., Volkman, J. K., and Blackburn, S. I. (2005). “Lipid and fatty acid yield of nine stationary-phase microalgae: Applications and unusual C24-C28 polyunsaturated fatty acids.” Journal of Applied Phycology, 17(4), 287-300.
Metcalf, E., and Eddy, H. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse. Techobanoglous, G, Burton, FL, Stensel, HD (eds). Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 4th edition. New Delhi, India.
Pienkos, P. T., and Darzins, A. (2009). “The promise and challenges of microalgal-derived biofuels.” Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 3(4), 431-440.
Prathima Devi, M., Venkata Subhash, G., and Venkata Mohan, S. (2012). “Heterotrophic cultivation of mixed microalgae for lipid accumulation and wastewater treatment during sequential growth and starvation phases: Effect of nutrient supplementation.” Renewable Energy, 43, 276-283.
Ramachandra, T. V., Mahapatra, D. M., B, K., and Gordon, R. (2009). “Milking Diatoms for Sustainable Energy: Biochemical Engineering versus Gasoline-Secreting Diatom Solar Panels.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, American Chemical Society, 48(19), 8769-8788.
Sanjay, K. R., Prasad, M. N. N., Anupama, S., Yashaswi, B. R., and Deepak, B. (2013). “Isolation of diatom Navicula cryptocephala and characterization of oil extracted for biodiesel production.” African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(1), 41-48.
Senthil Kumar, M., Ramesh, A., and Nagalingam, B. (2003). “An experimental comparison of methods to use methanol and Jatropha oil in a compression ignition engine.” Biomass and Bioenergy, 25(3), 309-318.
Wang, L., Min, M., Li, Y., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., and Ruan, R. (2010). “Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant.” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 162(4), 1174-1186.
Van Wychen, S., and Laurens, L. M. L. (2013). Determination of Total Lipids as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) by in situ Transesterification: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP).
Yodsuwan, N., Sawayama, S., and Sirisansaneeyakul, S. (2017). “Effect of nitrogen concentration on growth, lipid production and fatty acid profiles of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.” Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51(3), 190-197.
Zhou, W., Li, Y., Min, M., Hu, B., Chen, P., and Ruan, R. (2011). “Local bioprospecting for high-lipid producing microalgal strains to be grown on concentrated municipal wastewater for biofuel production.” Bioresource Technology, 102(13), 6909-6919.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies: Energy and Water Infrastructure; Transportation Infrastructure; and Planning and Financing
Pages: 278 - 287
Editors: Udai P. Singh, B. R. Chahar, Indian Institute of Technology, H. R. P. Yadav, Institution of Engineers (India), and Satish K. Vij
ISBN (Online): 978-0-7844-8202-5
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Dec 13, 2018
Published in print: Dec 13, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.