Decentralization of LID (e.g. Municipal Rainwater Harvesting Program) for Reducing Stormwater Runoff

The rapid conversion of land use to accommodate the advancement, protection, and livelihood of human populations has led to the intensification of inefficiencies and problems associated with natural resources and environmental processes. This urbanization typically results in a disconnection of the natural hydrologic system, via increased impervious surfaces, and the establishment of water conveyance systems that were designed to quickly and safely manage potable water, wastewater, and storm water (Chocat et al., 2007; U.S. EPA, 2011). Other hydrologic impacts of urbanization include flashier hydrographs, characterized by increased magnitude and timing of peak runoff, reductions in infiltration and storage capacity of the landscape, elevated concentrations of contaminants and nutrients in runoff, increased urban heat island effect, and altered channel morphologies, via erosion and sedimentation (Polaskova et al., 2006; Walsh et al., 2005; Semadeni-Davies, A., 2004; Weyrauch et al, 2010; McMichael et al., 2006).