Drainage-Process Analyses for Agricultural Non-Point-Source Pollution from Irrigated Paddy Systems
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Volume 140, Issue 1
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drainage processes on non-point-source pollution in a complex irrigation and drainage system. Field experiments were conducted to measure quality and quantity of leakage and irrigation-return water in field drains, lateral drains, and the main drain during paddy-growing periods for 2 years. Water-flow and chemical-transport processes from paddy fields to field drains were simulated numerically. A modified Muskingum method was proposed to calculate the processes of water flow and chemical transport in lateral and main drains. Results showed that the Muskingum method was applied successfully to calculate the drainage and chemical-transport processes, as well as to quantify the effect of drain storage on the processes. Results from the field experiments and simulations indicated that the fate of ammonium (), nitrate (), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the system was primarily controlled by the drainage processes. Mass of discharged from paddy fields to drains was mainly through subsurface flow (i.e., the leakage from paddy fields to field drains) and mass of mainly through deep leakage (i.e., the leakage from paddy fields to groundwater and finally to drains). The COD transportation was through irrigation-return water, subsurface flow, and deep leakage. Eighty-one percent of the discharged mass by leakage and 64% of the discharged mass were through subsurface flow and deep leakage, respectively. Approximately 15% of the applied nitrogen in the paddy field was lost through the drainage processes. Within the total discharged nitrogen in the main drain, 38% and 62% were from subsurface flow and deep leakage, respectively. The methods and results from this study should be useful to characterize non-point-source pollution in paddy-irrigation district.
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Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by grants from the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 51039007, 51179212, and 51179203) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB951102).
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Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 140 • Issue 1 • January 2014
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© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Mar 27, 2013
Accepted: Aug 19, 2013
Published online: Oct 15, 2013
Published in print: Jan 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Mar 15, 2014
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