Impact Response of Double-Layer Steel-RULCC-Steel Sandwich Panels: Experimental, Numerical, and Analytical Approaches
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 10
Abstract
The present study conducts experimental, numerical, and analytical investigations of the responses of double-layer steel-rubberized ultra-lightweight cement composite (RULCC)-steel sandwich panels subjected to concentrated impact loading. Seven full-scale steel-concrete-steel (SCS) panels are designed and fabricated with different numbers of concrete layers, degree of composite action, type of shear connectors, and proportion of added rubber powder. The influences of these design parameters on failure mode and response behavior are quantified and discussed. Advanced finite element (FE) simulation is performed in LS-DYNA software to extract more information on the strains, stresses, and energy absorption of the panel during impact. Finally, a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model and a two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) model are developed to predict displacement-time and load-time responses of the double-layer SCS panels based on the quasi-static load-displacement relationship also proposed here. Comparisons with test results demonstrate that the SDOF model overpredicts peak deformation of the panel if the hammer weight is much greater than the effective panel weight. In contrast, both the FE and TDOF models provide a much more accurate prediction of the impact responses of double-layer SCS panels, including peak impact force, peak deformation, and residual deformation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the research grant received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51978407 and 52108159), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2021A1515010932), the Shenzhen International Science and Technology Joint Project (Grant No. GJHZ20200731095802008), Guangdong Provincial Outstanding Youth Fund (NO.2022B1515020037), and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering (Grant No. 2020B1212060074).
References
Adhikary, S. D., B. Li, and K. Fujikake. 2012. “Dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete beams under varying rates of concentrated loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 47 (Sep): 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.02.001.
Ali, M., A. M. Soliman, and M. L. Nehdi. 2017. “Hybrid-fiber reinforced engineered cementitious composite under tensile and impact loading.” Mater. Des. 117 (Mar): 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.12.047.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. ASTM E8/E8M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bergan P. G., and K. Bakken. 2005. “Sandwich design: A solution for marine structures.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering. Oslo, Norway: Eccomas Marine.
Bruhl, J. C., A. H. Varma, and J. M. Kim. 2015. “Static resistance function for steel-plate composite (SC) walls subject to impactive loading.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 295 (Dec): 843–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.07.037.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1999. Methods of test for mortar for masonry: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table). BS EN 1015-3. London: BSI.
Chinese National Standards. 2019. Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties. GB/T50081. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Foundoukos, N. 2005. “Behavior and design of steel-concrete-steel sandwich construction.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of London.
Fujikake, K., B. Li, and S. Soeun. 2009. “Impact response of reinforced concrete beam and its analytical evaluation.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (8): 938–950. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000039.
Guo, Q., and W. Zhao. 2019. “Displacement response analysis of steel-concrete composite panels subjected to impact loadings.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 131 (Sep): 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.05.022.
Guo, Y., J. Xie, W. Zheng, and J. Li. 2018. “Effects of steel slag as fine aggregate on static and impact behaviours of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 192 (Dec): 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.129.
Guo, Y. T., J. Chen, X. Nie, M. X. Tao, J. J. Wang, and J. S. Fan. 2020. “Investigation of the shear resistances of steel-concrete-steel composite structures with bidirectional webs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 164 (Jan): 105846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105846.
Gupta, T., R. K. Sharma, and S. Chaudhary. 2015. “Impact resistance of concrete containing waste rubber fiber and silica fume.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 83 (Sep): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.05.002.
Huang, Z., W. Deng, S. Du, Z. Gu, W. Long, and J. Ye. 2021a. “Effect of rubber particles and fibers on the dynamic compressive behavior of novel ultra-lightweight cement composites: Numerical simulations and metamodeling.” Compos. Struct. 258 (Feb): 113210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113210.
Huang, Z., T. Liang, B. Huang, Y. Zhou, and J. Ye. 2021b. “Ultra-lightweight high ductility cement composite incorporated with low PE fiber and rubber powder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 312 (Dec): 125430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125430.
Huang, Z., L. Sui, F. Wang, S. Du, Y. Zhou, and J. Ye. 2020. “Dynamic compressive behavior of a novel ultra-lightweight cement composite incorporated with rubber powder.” Compos. Struct. 244 (Jul): 112300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112300.
Huang, Z., and W. Zhang. Forthcoming. “Impact resistance of double-layer steel-RULHDCC sandwich panels subjected to repeated impact loads.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Struct. (Jul): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.2021.0755.
Huang, Z., X. Zhao, W. Zhang, Z. Fu, Y. Zhou, and L. Sui. 2021c. “Load transfer mechanism of novel double-layer steel-LHDCC-steel sandwich panels under punching loads.” Eng. Struct. 226 (Jan): 111427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111427.
JEAG (Japan Electric Association Nuclear Standards Committee). 2005. Technical guidelines for aseismic design of steel plate reinforced concrete structures-buildings and structures. JEAG 4618. Tokyo: Japan Electric Association Nuclear Standards Committee.
JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers). 2008. Recommendations for design and construction of high performance fiber reinforced cement composites with multiple fine cracks. Tokyo: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites.
Jung, J. W., Y. C. Yoon, H. W. Jang, and J. W. Hong. 2019. “Investigation on the resistance of steel-plate concrete walls under high-velocity impact.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 162 (Nov): 105732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105732.
Lee, S., C. Kim, Y. Yu, and J. Y. Cho. 2021. “Effect of reinforcing steel on the impact resistance of reinforced concrete panel subjected to hard-projectile impact.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 148 (Feb): 103762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103762.
Liew, J. Y. R., and K. M. A. Sohel. 2009. “Lightweight steel-concrete-steel sandwich system with J-hook connectors.” Eng. Struct. 31 (5): 1166–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.01.013.
Liew, J. Y. R., K. M. A. Sohel, and C. G. Koh. 2009. “Impact tests on steel-concrete-steel sandwich beams with lightweight concrete core.” Eng. Struct. 31 (9): 2045–2059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.03.007.
Lin, Y., J. Yan, Z. Wang, F. Fan, Y. Yang, and Z. Yu. 2020. “Failure mechanism and failure patterns of SCS composite beams with steel-fiber-reinforced UHPC.” Eng. Struct. 211 (May): 110471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110471.
Liu, F., G. Chen, L. Li, and Y. Guo. 2012. “Study of impact performance of rubber reinforced concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 604–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.014.
Lu, J., Y. Wang, and X. Zhai. 2021. “Response of flat steel-concrete-corrugated steel sandwich panel under drop-weight impact load by a hemi-spherical head.” J. Build. Eng. 44 (Dec): 102890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102890.
Meng Y. 2012. “Experimental and numerical research on reinforced concrete beams under impact loads.” [In Chinese.] Ph.D. thesis, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan Univ.
Narayanan, R., H. G. Bowerman, F. J. Naji, T. M. Roberts, and A. J. Helou. 1997. Application guidelines for steel-concrete-steel sandwich construction: 1: Immersed tube tunnels. Ascot, Berkshire: Steel Construction Institute.
Oduyemi, T. O. S., and H. D. Wright. 1989. “An experimental investigation into the behaviour of double-skin sandwich beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 14 (3): 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(89)90073-4.
Pham, T. M., and H. Hao. 2016. “Prediction of the impact force on reinforced concrete beams from a drop weight.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 19 (11): 1710–1722. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216649384.
Pham, T. M., and H. Hao. 2018. “Influence of global stiffness and equivalent model on prediction of impact response of RC beams.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 113 (Mar): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.11.014.
Remennikov, A. M., S. Y. Kong, and B. Uy. 2013. “The response of axially restrained non-composite steel-concrete-steel sandwich panels due to large impact loading.” Eng. Struct. 49 (Apr): 806–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.014.
Sha, Y., and H. Hao. 2014. “A simplified approach for predicting bridge pier responses subjected to barge impact loading.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 17 (1): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.1.11.
Sohel, K. M. A., and J. Y. R. Liew. 2014. “Behavior of steel-concrete-steel sandwich slabs subject to impact load.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 100 (Sep): 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.04.018.
Sohel, K. M. A., J. Y. R. Liew, W. A. M. Alwis, and P. Paramasivam. 2003. “Experimental investigation of low-velocity impact characteristics of steel-concrete-steel sandwich beams.” Steel Compos. Struct. 3 (4): 289–306. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2003.3.4.289.
Sohel, K. M. A., J. Y. R. Liew, and C. G. Koh. 2015. “Numerical modelling of lightweight steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite beams subjected to impact.” Thin Walled Struct. 94 (Sep): 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.04.001.
Timoshenko, S. P., and S. Woinowsky-Krieger. 1959. Theory of plates and shells. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Wang, L., W. Zhao, G. Yang, and Q. Guo. 2021a. “TDOF model for evaluating the global and local impact response of steel-plate composite panels.” Thin Walled Struct. 164 (Jul): 107879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.107879.
Wang, Y., J. Y. R. Liew, and S. C. Lee. 2015. “Theoretical models for axially restrained steel-concrete-steel sandwich panels under blast loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 76 (Feb): 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.10.005.
Wang, Y., J. Lu, S. Liu, X. Zhai, X. Zhi, and J. Yan. 2021b. “Behaviour of a novel stiffener-enhanced steel-concrete-steel sandwich beam subjected to impact loading.” Thin Walled Struct. 165 (Aug): 107989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.107989.
Wang, Y., X. Zhai, S. C. Lee, and W. Wang. 2016. “Responses of curved steel-concrete-steel sandwich shells subjected to blast loading.” Thin Walled Struct. 108 (Nov): 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.08.018.
Xue, J., and M. Shinozuka. 2013. “Rubberized concrete: A green structural material with enhanced energy-dissipation capability.” Constr. Build. Mater. 42 (May): 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.005.
Yan, C., Y. Wang, and X. Zhai. 2020. “Low velocity impact performance of curved steel-concrete-steel sandwich shells with bolt connectors.” Thin Walled Struct. 150 (May): 106672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106672.
Zhan, T., Z. Wang, and J. Ning. 2015. “Failure behaviors of reinforced concrete beams subjected to high impact loading.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 56 (Oct): 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.02.006.
Zhang, W., Z. Huang, Z. Fu, and X. Qian. 2020. “Shear resistance behavior of partially composite steel-concrete-steel sandwich beams considering bond-slip effect.” Eng. Struct. 210 (May): 110394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110394.
Zhang, W., Z. Huang, and J. Ye. 2022. “Numerical-based analytical model of double-layer steel-LHDCC sandwich composites under punching loads.” Compos. Struct. 286 (Apr): 115271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115271.
Zhao, W., Q. Guo, X. Dou, Y. Zhou, and Y. Ye. 2018. “Impact response of steel-concrete composite panels: Experiments and FE analyses.” Steel Compos. Struct. 26 (3): 255–263. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.26.3.255.
Zhao, X. L., and L. H. Han. 2006. “Double skin composite construction.” Prog. Struct. Mater. Eng. 8 (3): 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.216.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 10 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 25, 2021
Accepted: Jun 6, 2022
Published online: Aug 10, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 10, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.