Effect of Curing Temperature on the Hydration of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement-Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag-Gypsum Mixture
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 6
Abstract
In this work, the effect of curing temperature on the hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate cement (CSAC) blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) was investigated. The hydration products (mineral phase, micromorphology, and amount), pore structure, setting time, and mechanical strengths of cement pastes or mortars cured at 5, 10, 20, and 35°C for different times were monitored by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Vicat apparatus, and pressure testing machine. Results showed that high curing temperature accelerated the early-age hydration of the blended cement paste; however, it had little effect on the 28-day hydration. Meanwhile, high curing temperature increased the total porosity of hardened cement paste. The setting time of cement paste had an obvious decrease with increasing curing temperature. The 1-day and 3-day mechanical strengths of mortars increased as the curing temperature increased from 5°C to 35°C, while the 28-day mechanical strengths reduced gradually.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51808508, 52078468, and U2040224).
References
Albino, V., R. Cioffi, M. Marroccoli, and L. Santoro. 1996. “Potential application of ettringite generating systems for hazardous waste stabilization.” J. Hazard. Mater. 51 (1–3): 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(96)01828-6.
Arjunan, P., M. R. Silsbee, and D. M. Roy. 1999. “Sulfoaluminate-belite cement from low-calcium fly ash and sulfur rich and other industrial by-products.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (8): 1305–1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00072-1.
Berger, S., C. C. D. Coumes, P. Le Bescop, and D. Damidot. 2011. “Influence of a thermal cycle at early age on the hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate cements with variable gypsum contents.” Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (2): 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.10.001.
Boden, T., B. Andres, and G. Marland. 2016. “ from fossil fuel burning: Global distribution of emissions.” Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 37 (4–5): 243–258. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v37i4-5.15028.
Bruyn, K., E. Bescher, C. Ramseyer, S. Hong, and T. H. K. Kang. 2017. “Pore structure of calcium sulfoaluminate paste and durability of concrete in freeze–Thaw environment.” Inter. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (1): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0174-3.
Canbek, O., S. Shakouri, and S. T. Erdoğan. 2020. “Laboratory production of calcium sulfoaluminate cements with high industrial waste content.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 106 (2): 103475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103475.
Chen, I. A., and M. C. G. Juenger. 2011. “Synthesis and hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cements with varied phase compositions.” J. Mater. Sci. 46 (8): 2568–2577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5109-9.
Costa, E. B., E. D. Rodríguez, S. A. Bernal, J. L. Provis, L. A. Gobbo, and A. P. Kirchheim. 2016. “Production and hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cements derived from aluminium anodising sludge.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (Sep): 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.022.
Cuberos, A. J. M., A. G. De la Torre, G. Álvarez-Pinazo, M. C. Martín-Sedeño, K. Schollbach, H. Pöllmann, and M. A. G. Aranda. 2010. “Active iron-rich belite sulfoaluminate cements: Clinkering and hydration.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (Sep): 6855–6862. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101785n.
Gao, D., Y. Meng, L. Yang, J. Tang, and M. Lv. 2019. “Effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag on the properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 116665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.046.
Gao, D., Z. Zhang, Y. Meng, J. Tang, and L. Yang. 2021. “Effect of flue gas desulfurization gypsum on the properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cement blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag.” Materials 14 (2): 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020382.
GB/T. 1999. Method of testing cements—Determination of strength. Beijing: The state bureau of quality and technical supervision.
Glasser, F. P., and L. Zhang. 2001. “High-performance cement matrices based on calcium sulfoaluminate–belite compositions.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (12): 1881–1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00649-4.
IEA. 2009. Cement technology roadmap: Carbon emissions reductions up to 2050. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.
Imbabi, M. S., C. Carrigan, and S. McKenna. 2012. “Trends and developments in green cement and concrete technology.” Int. J. Sustainable Built Environ. 1 (May): 194–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.05.001.
Ioannou, S., L. Reig, K. Paine, and K. Quillin. 2014. “Properties of a ternary calcium sulfoaluminate-calcium sulfate-fly ash cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 56 (2): 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.09.015.
ISO (International Organization for standardization). 2008. Cement-Test methods-Determination of setting time and soundness. Geneva: ISO.
Jeong, Y., C. W. Hargis, H. Kang, S. Chun, and J. Moon. 2019. “The effect of elevated curing temperatures on high ye’elimite calcium sulfoaluminate cement mortars.” Materials 12 (7): 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071072.
Kaufmann, J., F. Winnefeld, and B. Lothenbach. 2016. “Stability of ettringite in CSA cement at elevated temperatures.” Adv. Cem. Res. 28 (4): 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.15.00029.
Li, L., R. Wang, and S. Zhang. 2019. “Effect of curing temperature and relative humidity on the hydrates and porosity of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 213 (Jul): 627–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.044.
Lothenbach, B., T. Matschei, G. Möschner, and F. P. Glasser. 2008. “Thermodynamic modelling of the effect of temperature on the hydration and porosity of Portland cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 38 (1) 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.017.
Luz, C. A., J. Pera, M. Cheriaf, and J. C. Rocha. 2007. “Behaviour of calcium sulfoaluminate cement in presence of high concentrations of chromium salts.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (4): 624–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.018.
Luz, C. A., J. C. Rocha, M. Cheriaf, and J. Péra. 2006. “Use of sulfoaluminate cement and bottom ash in the solidification/stabilization of galvanic sludge.” J. Hazard. Mater. 136 (3): 837–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.020.
Martin, L. H. J., F. Winnefeld, C. J. Müller, and B. Lothenbach. 2015. “Contribution of limestone to the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 62 (Sep): 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.005.
Martin, L. H. J., F. Winnefeld, E. Tschopp, C. J. Müller, and B. Lothenbach. 2017. “Influence of flyash on the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 95 (May): 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.030.
Peysson, S., J. Péra, and M. Chabannet. 2005. “Immobilization of heavy metals by calcium sulfoaluminate cement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (12): 2261–2270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.015.
Quillin, K. 2001. “Performance of belite-sulfoaluminate cements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (9): 1341–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00543-9.
Sahu, S., and J. Majling. 1994. “Preparation of sulphoaluminate belite cement from fly ash.” Cem. Concr. Res. 24 (6): 1065–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90030-2.
Scrivener, K., R. Snellings, and B. Lothenbach. 2016. A practical guide to microstructural analysis of cementitious materials. London: CRC Press.
Scrivener, K. L., V. M. John, and E. M. Gartner. 2018. “Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a cement-based materials industry.” Cem. Concr. Res. 114 (Dec): 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015.
Sherman, N., J. Beretka, L. Santoro, and G. L. Valenti. 1995. “Long-term behaviour of hydraulic binders based on calcium sulfoaluminate and calcium sulfosilicate.” Cem. Concr. Res. 25 (1): 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)00119-J.
Taylor, H. F. W. 1997. “Cement.” In Chemistry. 2nd ed. London: Telford Publishing.
Wang, J., I. Baco, V. Morin, G. Walenta, D. Damidot, and E. Gartner. 2010. Hydration mechanism of cements based on clinkers containing belite, ye’elimite and calcium alumino-ferrite. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Wang, P., N. Li, and L. Xu. 2017. “Hydration evolution and compressive strength of calcium sulphoaluminate cement constantly cured over the temperature range of 0 to 80°C.” Cem. Concr. Res. 100 (Oct): 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.05.025.
Winnefeld, F., and B. Lothenbach. 2010. “Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements—Experimental findings and thermodynamic modelling.” Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (8): 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.014.
Winnefeld, F., and B. Lothenbach. 2016. “Phase equilibria in the system referring to the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements.” RILEM Tech. Lett. 1 (4): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.5.
Yang, L., Y. Yan, Z. Hu, and X. Xie. 2013. “Utilization of phosphate fertilizer industry waste forbelite-ferroaluminate cement production.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.049.
Zhang, L., and F. P. Glasser. 2002. “Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement at less than 24h.” Adv. Cem. Res. 14 (4): 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2002.14.4.141.
Zhang, Y., J. Chang, and J. Ji. 2018. “ phase in the hydration product system of in calcium sulfoaluminate cements: A microstructural study.” Constr. Build. Mater. 167 (Apr): 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.052.
Zhou, Q., N. B. Milestone, and M. Hayes. 2006. “An alternative to Portland cement for waste encapsulation—the calcium sulfoaluminate cement system.” J. Hazard. Mater. 136 (1): 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.038.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 6 • June 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 3, 2021
Accepted: Oct 21, 2021
Published online: Mar 22, 2022
Published in print: Jun 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Aug 22, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Lin Yang, Haotian Liu, Qifeng Che, Danying Gao, Guowen Sun, Ying Li, Yunsheng Zhang, Long-Term Performance of Sulphoaluminate Cement Blended with Different Contents of Limestone, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16080, 36, 1, (2024).