Microcrack Detection in Thermally Damaged Concrete Based on Broadband Frequency Coupling of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Modulation
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 3
Abstract
The initiation and development of microcracks (with width generally less than 100–150 μm) introduced by heating or fire plays a critical role in the stability and durability of concrete structures, especially for large dams, nuclear power plant containments, or structures under fatigue loading. However, the concealment of microcracks and the nonlinearity of concrete materials make it difficult to evaluate appropriately the extent of microcracks and the effect on the compressive strength of concrete after thermal damage. This paper used broadband frequency excitation instead of traditional dual-frequency excitation to excite thermally damaged concrete, and the microdamage state was reflected in the generated ultrasonic modulated signal. The variation characteristics of modulated signals was described using the concept of a damage index (DI) based on the sideband peak count (SPC). The results showed that the peak value of DI based on broadband frequency coupling of the nonlinear ultrasonic modulation method is more stable and accurate than the resonance method. The development state of microcracks under the influence of different parameters (water-to-cement ratio, fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio, and heating temperature) was measured sensitively using the peak value of DI. The established statistical relationship of the peak value of DI provides a method and reference for the evaluation of the state of microcracks and the loss of compressive strength in actual structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51778191 and 52078173) and the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2019B111107002).
References
Chen, J., J. Kim, K. E. Kurtis, and L. J. Jacobs. 2011. “Theoretical and experimental study of the nonlinear resonance vibration of cementitious materials with an application to damage characterization.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130 (5): 2728–2737. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3647303.
Chinese Standard. 1999. Method of testing cements—Determination of strength. Beijing: Chinese Standard.
Dilek, U., and M. L. Leming. 2007. “Comparison of pulse velocity and impact-echo findings to properties of thin disks from a fire damaged slab.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 21 (1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:1(13).
Dun, Y., X. Shi, G. Wang, and Z. Zhou. 2011. “Nonlinear ultrasonic test of micro-nano crack.” Opt. Precis. Eng. 19 (1): 132–137. https://doi.org/10.3788/OPE.20111901.0132.
Felicetti, R. 2006. “The drilling resistance test for the assessment of fire damaged concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (4): 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.02.009.
Fic, S., and M. Szeląg. 2015. “Analysis of the development of cluster cracks caused by elevated temperatures in cement paste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 83 (May): 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.044.
Fu, Y. F., Y. L. Wong, C. A. Tang, and C. S. Poon. 2004a. “Thermal induced stress and associated cracking in cement-based composite at elevated temperatures––Part I: Thermal cracking around single inclusion.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (2): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00086-6.
Fu, Y. F., Y. L. Wong, C. A. Tang, and C. S. Poon. 2004b. “Thermal induced stress and associated cracking in cement-based composite at elevated temperatures––Part II: Thermal cracking around multiple inclusions.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (2): 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00087-8.
Hager, I. 2013. “Behaviour of cement concrete at high temperature.” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. 61 (1): 145–154. https://doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2013-0013.
Hong, J. Y., S. J. Park, J. H. Kim, and H. G. Kwak. 2014. “Nonlinear ultrasonic method to evaluate residual mechanical properties of thermally damaged concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 111 (4): 399–409. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686596.
Li, L., Q. Wang, G. Zhang, L. Shi, J. Dong, and P. Jia. 2018. “A method of detecting the cracks of concrete undergo high-temperature.” Constr. Build. Mater. 162 (Feb): 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.010.
Liang, M.-T., and P.-J. Su. 2001. “Detection of the corrosion damage of rebar in concrete using impact-echo method.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (10): 1427–1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00569-5.
Lifshitz, E. M., A. M. Kosevich, and L. P. Pitaevskii. 1986. “Chapter III–Elastic waves.” Theory Elast. 70 (9): 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-057069-3.50010-3.
Liu, P., H. Sohn, and T. Kundu. 2014a. “Fatigue crack localization using laser nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy (LNWMS).” J. Korean Soc. Nondestr. Test. 34 (6): 419–427. https://doi.org/10.7779/JKSNT.2014.34.6.419.
Liu, P., H. Sohn, T. Kundu, and S. Yang. 2014b. “Noncontact detection of fatigue cracks by laser nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy (LNWMS).” NDT&E Int. 66 (Sep): 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.06.002.
Lu, T., G. Zhao, Z. Lin, and Q. Yue. 2003. “Microscopic analysis of long standing concrete after high temperature.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 2 (6): 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-003-0044-1.
Ma, Y. 2017. “Infrared thermal imaging detection and recognition technology for defects in concrete structure.” J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev. 34 (12): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0268.2017.12.009.
Matysík, M., L. Carbol, Z. Chobola, R. Dvořák, and I. Plšková. 2018. “Comparison of ultrasonic methods for thermally damaged concrete nondestructive testing.” Key Eng. Mater. 776 (Aug): 86–91. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.776.86.
Mehta, P. K., and P. Monteiro. 2014. Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nie, Z., K. Wang, and M. Zhao. 2018. “Application of wavelet and EEMD joint denoising in nonlinear ultrasonic testing of concrete.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018 (Jan): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7872036.
Park, G.-K., and H. J. Yim. 2017. “Evaluation of fire-damaged concrete: an experimental analysis based on destructive and nondestructive methods.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (3): 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0211-x.
Park, S., H. J. Yim, and H. Kwak. 2014. “Nonlinear resonance vibration method to estimate the damage level on heat-exposed concrete.” Fire Saf. J. 69 (Oct): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.07.003.
Park, S.-J., G.-K. Park, H. J. Yim, and H.-G. Kwak. 2015. “Evaluation of residual tensile strength of fire-damaged concrete using a non-linear resonance vibration method.” Mag. Concr. Res. 67 (5): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00259.
Payan, C., V. Garnier, J. Moysan, and P. A. Johnson. 2007. “Applying nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to improving thermal damage assessment in concrete.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121 (4): EL125–EL130. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2710745.
Payan, C., T. J. Ulrich, P. Y. Le Bas, T. Saleh, and M. Guimaraes. 2014. “Quantitative linear and nonlinear resonance inspection techniques and analysis for material characterization: application to concrete thermal damage.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 136 (2): 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4887451.
Polimeno, M. R., I. Roselli, V. A. M. Luprano, M. Mongelli, A. Tatì, and G. De Canio. 2018. “A non-destructive testing methodology for damage assessment of reinforced concrete buildings after seismic events.” Eng. Struct. 163 (May): 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.053.
Shah, A. A., and Y. Ribakov. 2008. “Non-linear non-destructive evaluation of concrete.” Open Constr. Build. Technol. J. 2 (1): 111–115. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874836800802010111.
Shah, A. A., Y. Ribakov, and S. Hirose. 2009. “Nondestructive evaluation of damaged concrete using nonlinear ultrasonics.” Mater. Des. 30 (3): 775–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.05.069.
Sutin, A. M., and P. A. Johnson. 2005. “Nonlinear elastic wave NDE II. Nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy and nonlinear time reversed acoustics.” In Vol. 760 of Proc., AIP Conf. Proc., 385–392. College Park, MD: American Institute of Physics.
Van Den Abeele, K. E.-A., A. Sutin, J. Carmeliet, and P. A. Johnson. 2001. “Micro-damage diagnostics using nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS).” NDT&E Int. 34 (4): 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(00)00064-5.
Xu, H. G., Z. H. Shui, B. Chen, W. Chen, and S. Ding. 2011. “Defects detection in concrete structure with infrared thermal imaging and numerical simulation.” Adv. Mater. Res. 378–379 (Oct): 345–348. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.378-379.345.
Xu, Y., Q. Y. Wang, X. L. Jiang, H. G. Zu, W. Wang, and R. Feng. 2021. “Nondestructive assessment of microcracks detection in cementitious materials based on nonlinear ultrasonic modulation technique.” Constr. Build. Mater. 267 (Jan): 121653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121653.
Yang, H., Y. Lin, C. Hsiao, and J.-Y. Liu. 2009. “Evaluating residual compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperatures using ultrasonic pulse velocity.” Fire Saf. J. 44 (1): 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.05.003.
Yim, H. J., J. H. Kim, S.-J. Park, and H.-G. Kwak. 2012. “Characterization of thermally damaged concrete using a nonlinear ultrasonic method.” Cem. Concr. Res. 42 (11): 1438–1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.08.006.
Yu, J. 2007. “Experimental and theoretical study on damage assessment of concrete members after fire.” [In Chinese.] Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Tongji Univ.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 3 • March 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 11, 2021
Accepted: Jul 7, 2021
Published online: Dec 22, 2021
Published in print: Mar 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 22, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Qingyuan Wang, Ying Xu, Chengyin Liu, Concrete Microcracks Detection under Compressive Load Based on Nonlinear Ultrasonics Modulation with Broadband Excitation, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 10.1080/09349847.2022.2089793, 33, 2, (98-120), (2022).