Effects of Sustained Loading and Temperature on a Concrete–Epoxy Bonded Interface
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONPublication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 3
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of the concrete–epoxy bonded interface is of high importance in concrete strengthening and repair systems. This paper presents the effects of cure time, sustained load, and different temperatures on the time-dependent deformation of a concrete–epoxy interface (CEI) and on the fracture behavior of the CEI at room temperature. Notched three-point bending specimens were used for this experimental study. Elevated temperatures during sustained loading increased the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of the CEI, as did less curing time prior to sustained loading. Both of these results can be attributed to viscoelastic deformation of the epoxy. In fracture tests conducted after the sustained loading period, it was observed that the ultimate load and total fracture energy of the CEI specimens asymptotically decreased in comparison to control specimens that did not undergo sustained loading. Image analysis of the fracture surfaces showed an increase in the incidence of the interfacial failure mode with sustained loading, corresponding to reduced bond performance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0826461. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2008. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.2R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Al-Mahaidi, R., and R. Kalfat. 2018. Rehabilitation of concrete structures with fiber-reinforced polymer. Cambridge, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM-C39/C39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Au, C., and O. Büyüköztürk. 2006. “Peel and shear fracture characterization of debonding in FRP plated concrete affected by moisture.” J. Compos. Constr. 10 (1): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:1(35).
BASF. 2013. Mbrace saturant datasheet. Shakopee, MN: BASF.
Bazant, Z. P., and J. Planas. 1998. Fracture and size effect in concrete and other quasibrittle materials. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Coronado, C. A., and M. A. Lopez. 2006. “Sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (1): 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.07.005.
Coronado, C. A., and M. A. Lopez. 2008. “Experimental characterization of concrete-epoxy interfaces.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (4): 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:4(303).
Coronado, C. A., and M. M. Lopez. 2010. “Numerical modeling of concrete-FRP debonding using a crack band approach.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (1): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000044.
Dai, J. G., W. Y. Gao, and J. G. Teng. 2012. “Bond-slip model for FRP laminates externally bonded to concrete at elevated temperature.” J. Compos. Constr. 17 (2): 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000337.
Dash, S., Y. Jeong, M. M. Lopez, and C. Bakis. 2013. “Effects of moisture, temperature and sustained loading on concrete-FRP bond performance.” In Proc., 11th Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-11) Guimarães. Braga, Portugal: Univ. of Minho.
Elices, M., G. V. Guinea, and J. Planas. 1997. “On the measurement of concrete fracture energy using three-point bend tests.” Mater. Struct. 30 (6): 375–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480689.
Ferrier, E., L. Michel, B. Jurkiewiez, and P. Hamelin. 2011. “Creep behavior of adhesives used for external FRP strengthening of RC structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 461–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.002.
Ferrier, E., O. Rabinovitch, and L. Michel. 2016. “Mechanical behavior of concrete–resin/adhesive–FRP structural assemblies under low and high temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 127 (Nov): 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.127.
Firmo, J. P., J. R. Correia, D. Pitta, C. Tiago, and M. R. T. Arruda. 2015. “Experimental characterization of the bond between externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) CFRP strips and concrete at elevated temperatures.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 60 (Jul): 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.008.
Foster, S. K., and L. A. Bisby. 2008. “Fire survivability of externally bonded FRP strengthening systems.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (5): 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:5(553).
Ghiassi, B., G. Marcari, D. V. Oliveira, and P. B. Lourenço. 2013. “Water degrading effects on the bond behavior in FRP-strengthened masonry.” Composites Part B 54 (Nov): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.074.
Gullapalli, A., J. H. Lee, M. M. Lopez, and C. E. Bakis. 2009. “Sustained loading and temperature response of fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete bond.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2131 (1): 155–162. https://doi.org/10.3141/2131-15.
Hillerborg, A., M. Modéer, and P.-E. Petersson. 1976. “Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 6 (6): 773–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(76)90007-7.
Jaipuriar, A. 2011. “Characterization and modeling of creep behavior in ambient temperature cured thermoset resin.” Master thesis, Dept. of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Jeong, Y., M. M. Lopez, and C. E. Bakis. 2016. “Effects of temperature and sustained loading on the mechanical response of CFRP bonded to concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.123.
Jia, J., T. E. Boothby, C. E. Bakis, and T. L. Brown. 2005. “Durability evaluation of glass fiber reinforced-polymer-concrete bonded interfaces.” J. Compos. Constr. 9 (4): 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:4(348).
Klamer, E. L., D. A. Hordijk, and M. C. J. Hermes. 2008. “The influence of temperature on RC beams strengthened with externally bonded CFRP reinforcement.” Heron 53 (3): 157–185.
Knauss, W. G. 1973. “On the steady propagation of a crack in a viscoelastic sheet: Experiments and analysis.” In Deformation and fracture of high polymers, 501–541. Boston: Springer.
Lau, D., and O. Büyüköztürk. 2010. “Fracture characterization of concrete/epoxy interface affected by moisture.” Mech. Mater. 42 (12): 1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2010.09.001.
Meshgin, P., K.-K. Choi, and M. M. Reda Taha. 2009. “Experimental and analytical investigations of creep of epoxy adhesive at the concrete–FRP interfaces.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 29 (1): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.01.003.
Moussa, O., A. P. Vassilopoulos, and T. Keller. 2012. “Effects of low-temperature curing on physical behavior of cold-curing epoxy adhesives in bridge construction.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 32 (Jan): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.09.001.
Ouyang, Z., and B. Wan. 2008. “Experimental and numerical study of moisture effects on the bond fracture energy of FRP/concrete joints.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 27 (2): 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684407082952.
Qiao, P., and Y. Chen. 2008. “Cohesive fracture simulation and failure modes of FRP–concrete bonded interfaces.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 49 (2): 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2007.11.005.
Qiao, P., and Y. Xu. 2004a. “Effects of freeze-thaw and dry-wet conditionings on the mode-I fracture of FRP-concrete interface bonds.” In Proc., Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments: Earth and Space 2004, 601–608. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Qiao, P., and Y. Xu. 2004b. “Evaluation of fracture energy of composite-concrete bonded interfaces using three-point bend tests.” J. Compos. Constr. 8 (4): 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:4(352).
RILEM. 2007. “Indirect tests for stress-crack opening curve.” Experimental determination of the stress-crack opening curve for concrete in tension-Final report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 187-SOC. Bagneux, France: RILEM Publications SARL.
Saliba, J., A. Loukili, F. Grondin, and J.-P. Regoin. 2012. “Experimental study of creep-damage coupling in concrete by acoustic emission technique.” Mater. Struct. 45 (9): 1389–1401. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9840-3.
Savvilotidou, M., A. P. Vassilopoulos, M. Frigione, and T. Keller. 2017. “Effects of aging in dry environment on physical and mechanical properties of a cold-curing structural epoxy adhesive for bridge construction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 140 (Jun): 552–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.063.
Shah, S. P., and S. Chandra (1970). “Fracture of concrete subjected to cyclic and sustained loading.” ACI J. 67(10), 816–825.
Shi, J., H. Zhu, Z. Wu, R. Seracino, and G. Wu. 2013. “Bond behavior between basalt fiber–reinforced polymer sheet and concrete substrate under the coupled effects of freeze-thaw cycling and sustained load.” J. Compos. Constr. 17 (4): 530–542. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000349.
Shrestha, J., D. Zhang, and T. Ueda. 2016. “Durability performances of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer and concrete-bonded systems under moisture conditions.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (5): 04016023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000674.
Struik, L. C. E. 1977. “Physical aging in plastics and other glassy materials.” Polym. Eng. Sci. 17 (3): 165–173.
Tam, S., and S. A. Sheikh. 2008. “Behavior of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) and FRP bond under freeze-thaw cycles and sustained load.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008). International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC). Dübendorf, Switzerland: Empa-Akademie.
Tan, K. H., and Y. Zhou. 2010. “Performance of FRP-strengthened beams subjected to elevated temperatures.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (3): 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000154.
Teng, J. G., J. F. Chen, S. T. Smith, and L. Lam. 2001. FRP strengthened RC structures. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Tuakta, C., and O. Büyüköztürk. 2011. “Deterioration of FRP/concrete bond system under variable moisture conditions quantified by fracture mechanics.” Composites Part B 42 (2): 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.11.002.
Wan, B., M. F. Petrou, and K. A. Harries. 2006. “The effect of the presence of water on the durability of bond between CFRP and concrete.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 25 (8): 875–890. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406065140.
Wu, Z., and J. Yin. 2003. “Fracturing behaviors of FRP-strengthened concrete structures.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 70 (10): 1339–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00100-5.
Zhou, A., O. Büyüköztürk, and D. Lau. 2017. “Debonding of concrete-epoxy interface under the coupled effect of moisture and sustained load.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 80: 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.03.019.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 3 • March 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 19, 2019
Accepted: Jul 30, 2019
Published online: Jan 11, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 11, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.