Technical Papers
Aug 4, 2021

Experimental Investigation of Near-Field Aeroacoustic Characteristics of a Pre- and Post-Stall NACA 65-410 Airfoil

Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 6

Abstract

The present study reports an experimental investigation of the near-field aeroacoustic characteristics of a cambered NACA 65-410 airfoil. The experiments were performed in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel facility at a moderate chord-based Reynolds number of 4.2×105. Detailed static and dynamic surface pressure information was recorded to reveal the pre- and post-stall dynamics. By varying the angle of attack from 7° to 15°, a stall behavior similar to thin airfoil stall is observed from the evolution of the static and dynamic surface pressure spectra at different chordwise locations. Moreover, while the surface pressure spectra show a monotonic decrease with constant gradients after entering full stall, the pre-stall behavior shows a different trend and partly resembles the attached and stalled flows. Furthermore, the unsteady surface pressure spectra are compared to those obtained from a NACA 0012 airfoil, showing notable differences in the near-field stall dynamics. A scaling formula proposed by a previous study is applied to the present pressure spectra and found to scale well except for measurements close to the leading edge. The present near-field measurements and the streamwise and spanwise length scales can be useful input to the modeling of airfoil separation and stall noise for cambered airfoils.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for the present study via research Grant No. EP/R010846/1 and the second author would like to also acknowledge the support from EPSRC DTP scholarship.

References

Afshari, A., M. Azarpeyvand, A. A. Dehghan, M. Szöke, and R. Maryami. 2019. “Trailing-edge flow manipulation using streamwise finlets.” J. Fluid Mech. 870 (Jul): 617–650. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.249.
Bendat, J. S., and A. G. Piersol. 2011. Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Bertagnolio, F., H. A. Madsen, A. Fischer, and C. Bak. 2015. “Experimental characterization of stall noise—Toward its modelling.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Wind Turbine Noise. Reston, VA: AIAA.
Bertagnolio, F., H. A. Madsen, A. Fischer, and C. Bak. 2017. “A semi-empirical airfoil stall noise model based on surface pressure measurements.” J. Sound Vib. 387 (Jan): 127–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2016.09.033.
Brooks, T. F., D. S. Pope, and M. A. Marcolini. 1989. Airfoil self-noise and prediction.. Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center.
Drela, M. 1989. “XFOIL: An analysis and design system for low Reynolds number airfoils.” In Vol. 54 of Low Reynolds number aerodynamics. lecture notes in engineering, edited by T. J. Mueller Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84010-4_1.
Garcia-Sagrado, A. 2008. “Boundary layer and trailing-edge noise source.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge.
Gault, D. E. 1957. A correlation of low-speed, airfoil-section stalling characteristics with Reynolds number and airfoil geometry. Moffet Field, CA: Ames Aeronautical Laboratory.
Jarup, L., et al. 2005. “Hypertension and exposure to noise near airports (HYENA): Study design and noise exposure assessment.” Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (11): 1473–1478. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8037.
Jones, B. M. 1934. “Stalling.” Aeronaut. J. 38 (285): 753–770. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0368393100109782.
Kocheemoolayil, J. G., and S. K. Lele. 2016. “Large eddy simulation of airfoil self-noise at high Reynolds number.” In Proc., 22nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf. Reston, VA: AIAA.
Kurtz, D. W., and J. E. Marte. 1970. A review of aerodynamic noise from propellers, rotors, and lift fans. Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology.
Lyon, C. A., M. S. Selig, and A. P. Broeren. 1997. “Boundary layer trips on airfoils at low Reynolds numbers.” In Proc., 35th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, VA: AIAA.
Maryami, R., M. Azarpeyvand, A. A. Dehghan, and A. Afshari. 2019. “An experimental investigation of the surface pressure fluctuations for round cylinders.” J Fluids Eng 141 (6): 1285. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042036.
Maryami, R., S. A. Showkat Ali, M. Azarpeyvand, and A. Afshari. 2020. “Turbulent flow interaction with a circular cylinder.” Phys. Fluids 32 (1): 015105. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5119967.
Mayer, Y. D., H. Kamliya Jawahar, M. Szöke, S. A. Showkat Ali, and M. Azarpeyvand. 2019a. “Design and performance of an aeroacoustic wind tunnel facility at the University of Bristol.” Appl. Acoust. 155 (Dec): 358–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.06.005.
Mayer, Y. D., B. Zang, and M. Azarpeyvand. 2019b. “Aeroacoustic characteristics of a NACA 0012 airfoil for attached and stalled flow conditions.” In Proc., 25th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf. Reston, VA: AIAA.
Mayer, Y. D., B. Zang, and M. Azarpeyvand. 2020. “Aeroacoustic investigation of an oscillating airfoil in the pre- and post-stall regime.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 103 (Aug): 105880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.105880.
Mccullough, G. B., and D. E. Gault. 1951. Examples of three representative types of airfoil-section stall at low speed. Moffet Field, CA: Ames Aeronautical Laboratory.
Mish, P. F. 2003. “An experimental investigation of unsteady surface pressure on single and multiple airfoils.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.
Moreau, S., J. Christophe, and M. Roger. 2008. “LES of the trailing-edge flow and noise of a NACA 0012 airfoil near stall.” In Proc., Summer Program. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
Moreau, S., M. Roger, and J. Christophe. 2009. “Flow features and self-noise of airfoils near stall or in stall.” In Proc., 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf. Reston, VA: AIAA.
Nobbs, B., C. J. Doolan, and D. J. Moreau. 2012. “Characterisation of noise in house affected by wind turbine noise.” In Proc., Acoustics 2012. Canberra, Australia: Australian Acoustical Society.
Palumbo, D. 2012. “Determining correlation and coherence lengths in turbulent boundary layer flight data.” J. Sound Vib. 331 (16): 3721–3737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.03.015.
Petrilli, J. L., R. C. Paul, A. Gopalarathnam, and N. T. Frink. 2013. “A CFD database for airfoils and wings at post-stall angles of attack.” In Proc., 31st AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Reilly, D. N. 1967. “A useful method of airfoil stall prediction.” J. Aircr. 4 (6): 567–568. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.59413.
Schuele, C. Y., and K.-S. S. Rossignol. 2013. “Trailing-edge noise modeling and validation for separated flow conditions.” In Proc., 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf. Reston, VA: AIAA.
Szöke, M. 2019. “Trailing edge noise control using active flow control methods.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Bristol.
Turner, J. M., and J. W. Kim. 2020a. “Aerofoil dipole noise due to flow separation and stall at a low Reynolds number.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 86 (Dec): 108715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2020.108715.
Turner, J. M., and J. W. Kim. 2020b. “Effect of spanwise domain size on direct numerical simulations of airfoil noise during flow separation and stall.” Phys. Fluids 32 (6): 065103. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0009664.
Vemuri, S. S., X. Liu, B. Zang, and M. Azarpeyvand. 2020. “On the use of leading-edge serrations for noise control in a tandem airfoil configuration.” Phys Fluids 32 (7): 077102. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012958.
Welch, P. 1967. “The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms.” IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust. 15 (2): 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901.
Westphal, W. R., and W. R. Godwin. 1951. Comparison of NACA 65-series compressor-blade pressure distributions and performance in a rotor and in cascade. Hampton, VA: Langley Aeronautical Laboratory.
Wolf, W. R., and S. K. Lele. 2012. “Trailing-edge noise prediction using compressible large eddy simulation and acoustic analogy.” AIAA J. 50 (11): 2423–2434. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J051638.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 34Issue 6November 2021

History

Received: Dec 2, 2020
Accepted: Apr 27, 2021
Published online: Aug 4, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 4, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4476-8321. Email: [email protected]
Yannick D. Mayer [email protected]
Honorary Research Associate, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK. Email: [email protected]
Mahdi Azarpeyvand [email protected]
Professor of Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Data-driven determination of low-frequency dipole noise mechanisms in stalled airfoils, Experiments in Fluids, 10.1007/s00348-023-03577-z, 64, 2, (2023).
  • Experimental investigation on the unsteady surface pressure fluctuation patterns over an airfoil, Physics of Fluids, 10.1063/5.0114764, 34, 10, (105134), (2022).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share