In accordance with the source water implementation plan rule (SWIPR) in Taiwan, water treatment plants (WTPs) with source water parameters exceeding the source water quality standards are required to submit a source water implementation plan to improve the source water and drinking water quality. In this study, the SWIPR was analyzed, and the concept of comprehensive performance evaluation (CPE) was applied for upgrading the performance of WTPs. Three WTPs [Da-Nan WTP (Type 1), Liu-Du WTP (Type 2), and Chen-Chin-Lake WTP (Type 3)] were selected as demonstration projects. A CPE team was established to evaluate the operations of these WTPs and make recommendations for improving the performance of the WTPs to achieve the drinking water standards. This paper describes the analysis and recommendations of the CPE team.

This research examined basic and applied aspects of the application of an alkaline source to soil in order to reduce the source zone contamination on live fire ranges and contaminant transport into groundwater. Mesocosms were prepared using soil contaminated with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) at 38, 11, and $4\mathrm{mg}∕\mathrm{kg}$ , respectively, in order to evaluate removal using several alkaline materials. Alkaline application methods examined included topical, well-mixed, and aqueous. These studies were supported by microbiological and toxicological assessments. Well-mixed soil–lime systems yielded high soil pH $(>12)$ and complete removal of TNT, RDX, and HMX from both soil and leachate by 2, 4, and 18 weeks, respectively. The pH of soil and leachate of topical application systems remained similar to the control (pH 5–6). The occurrence of RDX degradation products and anoxic leachate indicated that anaerobic biodegradation had occurred in several of the topical application mesocosms and contributed to explosive removal. The efficacy of the alkaline hydrolysis reaction in soil is indicated by the initial soil pH, and the degree of base saturation.

In this investigation, the low-molecular-weight organic matters, such as resorcinol, phloroglucinol, and $p$ -hydroxybenzoic acid, were selected as organic precursors during the ozonation and chlorination processes. The research work focused on evaluating the effects of hydroxyl radical and ozone molecule on the reduction of organic precursors and disinfection by-products (DBP) formation, and assessing the carcinogenic risk with respect to DBP formation potentials between ozonation and ${\mathrm{O}}_3∕\mathrm{UV}$ processes. The two-stages ozone decomposition model, $\left[{\mathrm{O}}_3\right]={\left[{\mathrm{O}}_3\right]}_0\{F{e}^{-K_1\bullet t}+(1-F)e^{-K_2\bullet t}\}$ , was developed throughout this investigation. In addition, a linear correlation between alkalinity and hydroxyl radical was found in the course of ozonation process. The destruction of organic precursors by hydroxyl radical exhibits better performance than that by ozone. According to the risk assessment on the ozonation process, water samples treated by the ${\mathrm{O}}_3∕\mathrm{UV}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}_3$ (pH 5) process exhibit the lower risk. Therefore, both the ${\mathrm{O}}_3∕\mathrm{UV}$ and ozonation processes with proper operation can reduce the organic precursors, thereby providing safe drinking water.

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and potential of mixing autoshredder residue (ASR) with waste grease to form autoshredder residue derived fuel (ASRDF). Appearance, density, length/diameter ratio, and heat value of ASRDF were used as indices for discussion and considerations in formulating the optimal ASRDF forming conditions. Also, flue gas characteristics were studied after two-stage combustion of ASR and grease mixtures. Results revealed that since ASR and waste grease are both highly combustible, they are suitable for use in the ASRDF formation. The optimal forming conditions for ASRDF are 20% waste grease mixing ratio, and extrusion temperature and pressure of $180°\mathrm{C}$ and $160\mathrm{kg}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ , respectively. Two-stage combustion of ASR mixed with waste grease showed that the influences of the smoldering time on the concentrations of $\mathrm{CO}$ , ${\mathrm{NO}}_x$ , ${\mathrm{SO}}_x$ , and $\mathrm{HCl}$ emissions are more pronounced. Increasing the smoldering time will result in decreased air pollutant emissions and increased combustion efficiency.

To implement performance assessment, it is necessary to develop adequate and representative performance indicators. Good performance indicators can specify the measurable evidence that is necessary to document the achievement of a goal. To provide the higher quality and stable water to the customers, the water utilities themselves should establish the proper maintenance and management programs to enhance the availability of plant facilities and equipments in the water treatment plant. With the appropriate performance indicators, the objectives and/or targets of the business plan can be evaluated quantitatively. The aim of this research work is to set up the performance evaluation system for the Taipei water treatment plant. After the establishment of performance indicators (seven in this research), the corresponding evaluation items and their relative weights were revealed throughout forum discussion and questionnaire survey and based on the comprehensive performance evaluation technique and analytic hierarchy process method, respectively. Meanwhile, according to the results of performance evaluation and simulation studies by the developed model, an implementation plan for upgrading the performance of the Taipei water treatment plant was proposed, with two important items: (1) proper adjustment of the water production rate, PAC dosage, and sludge management for different turbidities in source water based on the required finished water quality can minimize the total treatment cost and enhance the performance of the water treatment plant; and (2) establishing a regular performance evaluation system to identify potential and existing problems so that correction action could be immediately taken. Developing a sound database program, and cooperating with the stakeholders for source water protection are the major tasks that should be implemented to achieve the objectives of safe drinking water and clean water.

In analytical models for the slug test, it is assumed that the hydraulic head distribution within a formation is initially at equilibrium and that the hydrogeological boundaries can be defined deterministically. In practice, however, the hydraulic head distribution may be varied, e.g., by fluid injection during the drilling process before a test or by repeated testing, and it may not be possible to ascertain the hydrogeological boundary conditions. The discrepancies between model assumptions and actual conditions may affect the reliability of the data derived analytically from a slug test. The present study examines these problems using a numerical approach. The results showed that: (1) variations in the background hydraulic head caused by drilling or repeated testing may affect estimation of hydraulic properties, especially the value of specific storage; and that (2) discrepancies between the actual hydrogeological boundary conditions and analytical assumptions may cause significant errors in specific storage estimates, of up to two orders of magnitude if the specific storage of the formation is very small.

Recent studies have demonstrated that fully fluorinated surfactant molecules have a tendency to accumulate in biological tissues. As a result, the Environmental Protection Agency has sought to reduce the usage of these chemicals and limit their discharge into the environment. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is used in the manufacture of fluoropolymers and fluoroelastomers and is present as a component of some top-antireflective coating (TARC) materials. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a component of some TARCs and photoacid generators used by the semiconductor industry in its fabrication processes. The purpose of this study is to determine effective and economically feasible methods to treat PFOA/PFOS contaminated process wastewater. A treatment screening study was performed investigating activated carbon adsorption, adsorption onto calcium fluoride solids, evaporation, ion exchange, and liquid-liquid extraction. Ion exchange was determined to be the best technology for treatment of PFOA/PFOS wastewater. Batch equilibrium isotherm experiments and a continuous-flow column study were performed to determine a feasible design. In addition, a model based upon equilibrium multicomponent chromatography theory was employed for prediction of column breakthrough curves.

Low-molecular-weight organics, i.e., phloroglucinol (P), resorcinol (R), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were selected as the target compounds to evaluate their removal and precursor reduction efficiency by coagulation under the presence of high-molecular-weight compounds. The results of this investigation reveal that turbidity removal efficiencies can achieve 95% and above, but the total organic carbon removal for P, R, and PHBA are not remarkable, which are less than 20%. The chlorine demand after $168\mathrm{hour}$ is: P≅ $\mathrm{PHBA}>\mathrm{R}>\text{humic}$ acids $\left(\mathrm{HA}\right)>\text{tannic}$ acid (TA); while the order of trihalomethanes (THM) formation is $\mathrm{R}>\mathrm{P}>\mathrm{PHBA}>\mathrm{HA}>\mathrm{TA}$ , which is strictly dependent upon the nature of the model compounds. By applying the developed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal model, both the maximum adsorption capacity and the residual DOC can be well predicted after coagulation. In this developed model, the adsorption capacity (a) is a function of the sorbable part of organic compounds $\left(f_{\text{sorbable}}\right)$ , which can be expressed as: $a=e^{2.67f_{\text{sorbable}}}$ , both shown in nature and synthetic water samples. The $f_{\text{nonsorb}}$ increased as the molecular weight (MW) of the target compounds decreased, suggesting that low-MW target compounds could not be easily adsorbed on the flocs.