Abstract
Introduction
Materials
Soil Liners
Soil identifier | USCS group symbol | Standard Proctor compaction | Atterberg limits | Particle size fractions (%) | Activity (A) | Specific gravity () | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | () | LL | PI | Gravel | Sand | Fines | 2-μm clay | ||||
CL7 | CL-ML | 18.5 | 16.6 | 28 | 7 | 0.3 | 7.6 | 92.1 | 16.0 | 0.44 | 2.53 |
CL25 | CL | 19.6 | 16.4 | 42 | 25 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 98.9 | 31.4 | 0.80 | 2.65 |
CL28 | CL | 18.3 | 17.4 | 49 | 28 | 1.0 | 15.0 | 84.0 | 30.0 | 0.93 | 2.68 |
CH38 | CH | 24.1 | 15.4 | 70 | 38 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 94.0 | 65.0 | 0.58 | 2.80 |
ML14 | MH | 22.5 | 15.5 | 50 | 14 | 0.0 | 36.0 | 64.0 | 23.0 | 0.61 | 2.75 |
SC10 | SC | 13.4 | 18.6 | 27 | 10 | 11.8 | 57.7 | 30.5 | 14.1 | 0.71 | 2.68 |
SC17 | SC | 18.0 | 16.3 | 32 | 18 | 31.5 | 28.1 | 41.4 | 16.3 | 1.07 | 2.68 |
SC18 | SC | 13.0 | 18.7 | 31 | 18 | 6.1 | 60.7 | 33.2 | 19.6 | 0.92 | 2.76 |
Note: LL = liquid limit; PI = plasticity index; = optimum water content; = maximum dry unit weight. Particle size fractions defined in ASTM D422.
Mineral constituents | CL7 | CL25 | ML14 | CL28 | CH38 | SC17 | SC10 | SC18 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartz | 43 | 38 | 15 | 54 | 29 | 39 | 59 | 34 |
Albite feldspar | 8 | 15 | 1 | 9 | Trace | 7 | 17 | 18 |
Orthoclase feldspar | 7 | 8 | — | 5 | Trace | 6 | 14 | 10 |
Microcline feldspar | — | — | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
Calcite | 7 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | |
Dolomite | 1 | 1 | — | — | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
Siderite | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Hematite | 1 | 1 | 3 | — | — | 2 | — | 1 |
Akaganeite | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
Pargasite | — | — | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
Hornblende | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Kaolinite | 1 | 4 | 69 | 1 | 37 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Chlorite | 5 | — | — | — | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Illite/mica | 20 | 3 | — | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Montmorillonite | — | 30 | — | — | 22 | — | — | — |
Mixed-layered illite/smectite | 6 | — | 2 | 29 | 6 | 38 | 1 | 28 |
Note: Dash indicates no measurable quantity.
Soil | Permeant solution | Mole fraction of bound cations | CEC () | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | K | Ca | Mg | |||
CL7 | Pretest | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.05 | |
DI water | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 0.04 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.03 | ||
Low RMD | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 0.04 | ||
FGD | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.05 | ||
High strength | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.04 | ||
Trona | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.02 | ||
CL25 | Pretest | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.14 | |
DI water | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.11 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.12 | ||
Low RMD | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.84 | 0.13 | ||
FGD | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 0.14 | ||
High strength | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 0.13 | ||
Trona | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.05 | ||
CL28 | Pretest | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 0.18 | |
DI water | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 0.17 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.17 | ||
Low RMD | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 0.17 | ||
FGD | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.16 | ||
High strength | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.75 | 0.17 | ||
Trona | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 0.10 | ||
CH38 | Pretest | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.06 | |
DI water | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.08 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.04 | ||
Low RMD | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.05 | ||
FGD | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.88 | 0.05 | ||
High strength | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.05 | ||
Trona | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.82 | 0.06 | ||
ML14 | Pretest | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.53 | |
DI water | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.51 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.51 | ||
Low RMD | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.51 | ||
FGD | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.53 | ||
High strength | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.52 | ||
Trona | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.45 | ||
SC10 | Pretest | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.41 | |
DI water | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.72 | 0.24 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.39 | ||
Low RMD | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.40 | ||
FGD | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.41 | ||
High strength | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.40 | ||
Trona | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.30 | ||
SC17 | Pretest | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.42 | |
DI water | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.38 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.40 | ||
Low RMD | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.41 | ||
FGD | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.42 | ||
High strength | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 0.40 | ||
Trona | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.26 | ||
SC18 | Pretest | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.06 | |
DI water | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.04 | ||
Typical CCP | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.04 | ||
Low RMD | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.05 | ||
FGD | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.06 | ||
High strength | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.05 | ||
Trona | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.01 |
Note: CEC shown with two standard deviations based on seven measurements.
Leachates
Property | Typical CCP | Low RMD | High ionic strength | Typical FGD | Trona |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
() | 311 | 616 | 512 | 542 | 500 |
() | 254 | 28.8 | 2,500 | 968 | 14,800 |
() | 29.4 | 24.3 | 140 | 73.1 | 150 |
() | 72.2 | 10.6 | 22.2 | 49.9 | 200 |
() | 70.7 | 23.2 | 1,720 | 784 | — |
() | 1,390 | 1,620 | 4,720 | 2,620 | 33,000 |
pH | |||||
Ionic strength (mM) | 41.7 | 54.3 | 174 | 94.0 | 746 |
RMD () | 0.16 | 0.012 | 0.98 | 0.40 | 6.86 |
Methods
Specimen Preparation
Hydraulic Conductivity Testing
Soil | Permeant liquid | Initial properties | Final properties | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water content (%) | Dry unit weight () | Degree of saturation (%) | Water content (%) | Dry unit weight () | Degree of saturation (%) | ||
CL7 | DI | 19.5 | 16.3 | 86.0 | 19.9 | 16.8 | 98.7 |
Typical CCP | 19.6 | 16.7 | 96.2 | ||||
Low RMD | 19.6 | 16.7 | 96.2 | ||||
FGD | 19.7 | 16.7 | 96.7 | ||||
High strength | 19.6 | 16.8 | 97.7 | ||||
Trona | 20.8 | 16.6 | 95.6 | ||||
CL25 | DI | 20.6 | 16.2 | 81.7 | 19.9 | 17.5 | 97.3 |
Typical CCP | 23.1 | 16.5 | 97.5 | ||||
Low RMD | 23.3 | 16.5 | 98.4 | ||||
FGD | 23.5 | 16.6 | 97.4 | ||||
High strength | 23.3 | 16.6 | 96.6 | ||||
Trona | 23.0 | 16.5 | 96.2 | ||||
ML14 | DI | 25.1 | 15.2 | 81.4 | 25.1 | 16.4 | 107.0 |
Typical CCP | 25.3 | 16.4 | 107.9 | ||||
Low RMD | 25.6 | 16.4 | 109.2 | ||||
FGD | 24.9 | 16.4 | 106.2 | ||||
High strength | 24.1 | 16.5 | 104.4 | ||||
Trona | 26.1 | 16.4 | 111.3 | ||||
CL28 | DI | 19.3 | 17.2 | 88.3 | 14.1 | 17.7 | 98.8 |
Typical CCP | 11.8 | 18.5 | 97.7 | ||||
Low RMD | 11.7 | 18.6 | 99.1 | ||||
FGD | 11.9 | 18.5 | 98.5 | ||||
High strength | 11.6 | 18.5 | 97.3 | ||||
Trona | 12.4 | 18.4 | 99.8 | ||||
CH38 | DI | 25.1 | 15.2 | 80.1 | 19.6 | 18.1 | 95.3 |
Typical CCP | 19.5 | 18.3 | 97.8 | ||||
Low RMD | 19.7 | 18.2 | 98.2 | ||||
FGD | 19.5 | 18.2 | 97.2 | ||||
High strength | 19.4 | 18.2 | 96.7 | ||||
Trona | 19.6 | 18.3 | 97.9 | ||||
SC17 | DI | 19.0 | 16.0 | 73.0 | 21.2 | 17.3 | 99.8 |
Typical CCP | 20.7 | 17.3 | 97.5 | ||||
Low RMD | 20.7 | 17.2 | 96.0 | ||||
FGD | 21.0 | 17.2 | 97.4 | ||||
High strength | 20.6 | 17.2 | 95.5 | ||||
Trona | 21.7 | 17.2 | 101.8 | ||||
SC10 | DI | 14.4 | 18.2 | 79.1 | 15.9 | 19.1 | 105.1 |
Trona | 16.6 | 18.9 | 105.9 | ||||
SC18 | DI | 14.0 | 18.3 | 75.9 | 13.4 | 19.9 | 96.6 |
Typical CCP | 14.3 | 19.8 | 99.5 | ||||
Low RMD | 14.3 | 19.7 | 98.7 | ||||
FGD | 13.9 | 19.7 | 95.5 | ||||
High strength | 13.5 | 19.9 | 96.5 | ||||
Trona | 14.1 | 19.7 | 97.5 |
Permeant Liquids and Chemical Analysis
Results and Discussion
Soil | Permeant liquid | Effective stress (kPa) | Hydraulic conductivity () | Pore volumes of flow | Cumulative test duration (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL7 | DI | 28 | 2.0 | 59.1 | |
100 | 5.6 | 159.3 | |||
250 | 5.6 | 167.4 | |||
450 | 5.7 | 219.2 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 2.6 | 60.9 | ||
100 | 3.1 | 100.4 | |||
250 | 3.2 | 109.7 | |||
450 | 3.3 | 114.6 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 3.6 | 81.7 | ||
100 | 5.0 | 122.5 | |||
250 | 5.9 | 167.5 | |||
450 | 6.1 | 181.2 | |||
FGD | 28 | 3.9 | 105.6 | ||
100 | 4.7 | 122.5 | |||
250 | 4.9 | 157.8 | |||
450 | 5.0 | 172.4 | |||
High strength | 28 | 5.2 | 112.8 | ||
100 | 6.1 | 125.6 | |||
250 | 6.3 | 171.4 | |||
450 | 6.4 | 184.6 | |||
Trona | 28 | 9.8 | 147.8 | ||
100 | 12.4 | 189.7 | |||
250 | 15.6 | 219.7 | |||
450 | 18.0 | 252.8 | |||
CL25 | DI | 28 | 2.3 | 364.1 | |
100 | 2.4 | 402.2 | |||
250 | 2.5 | 421.8 | |||
450 | 2.6 | 428.7 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 2.7 | 84.8 | ||
100 | 3.0 | 127.5 | |||
250 | 3.1 | 138.3 | |||
450 | 3.2 | 145.2 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 1.3 | 64.8 | ||
100 | 1.4 | 94.7 | |||
250 | 1.6 | 116.7 | |||
450 | 1.7 | 122.8 | |||
FGD | 28 | 1.3 | 65.0 | ||
100 | 1.4 | 92.4 | |||
250 | 1.5 | 106.3 | |||
450 | 1.6 | 112.6 | |||
High strength | 28 | 1.1 | 48.2 | ||
100 | 1.4 | 92.3 | |||
250 | 1.5 | 95.3 | |||
450 | 1.6 | 102.1 | |||
Trona | 28 | 2.5 | 358.8 | ||
100 | 2.7 | 399.5 | |||
250 | 2.8 | 411.4 | |||
450 | 2.9 | 418.3 | |||
ML14 | DI | 28 | 2.7 | 55.0 | |
100 | 4.8 | 106.8 | |||
250 | 5.4 | 127.8 | |||
450 | 6.2 | 163.7 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 8.7 | 122.5 | ||
100 | 9.3 | 135.3 | |||
250 | 9.7 | 178.4 | |||
450 | 9.8 | 182.5 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 9.0 | 105.5 | ||
100 | 10.0 | 122.4 | |||
250 | 10.3 | 167.5 | |||
450 | 10.4 | 174.6 | |||
FGD | 28 | 6.5 | 157.7 | ||
100 | 7.7 | 174.5 | |||
250 | 7.9 | 186.9 | |||
450 | 8.0 | 197.9 | |||
High strength | 28 | 4.7 | 157.6 | ||
100 | 4.9 | 174.5 | |||
250 | 5.2 | 215.7 | |||
450 | 5.3 | 224.4 | |||
Trona | 28 | 4.4 | 62.6 | ||
100 | 6.6 | 103.7 | |||
250 | 7.9 | 136.7 | |||
450 | 8.7 | 177.7 | |||
CL28 | DI | 28 | 5.0 | 62.0 | |
100 | 6.4 | 90.2 | |||
250 | 8.9 | 128.9 | |||
450 | 9.7 | 147.0 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 4.1 | 84.9 | ||
100 | 4.2 | 101.7 | |||
250 | 4.4 | 157.4 | |||
450 | 4.5 | 164.6 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 5.5 | 101.7 | ||
100 | 5.6 | 115.6 | |||
250 | 5.8 | 145.6 | |||
450 | 5.9 | 158.7 | |||
FGD | 28 | 4.7 | 88.9 | ||
100 | 6.0 | 101.7 | |||
250 | 6.3 | 157.4 | |||
450 | 6.4 | 168.6 | |||
High strength | 28 | 3.6 | 84.9 | ||
100 | 3.9 | 101.7 | |||
250 | 4.0 | 157.3 | |||
450 | 4.1 | 174.5 | |||
Trona | 28 | 2.7 | 32.9 | ||
100 | 5.2 | 56.6 | |||
250 | 8.3 | 118.6 | |||
450 | 10.3 | 147.5 | |||
CH38 | DI | 28 | 3.2 | 369.2 | |
100 | 3.3 | 415.5 | |||
250 | 3.4 | 428.9 | |||
450 | 3.4 | 428.9 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 4.4 | 115.0 | ||
100 | 4.5 | 127.8 | |||
250 | 4.6 | 138.6 | |||
450 | 4.6 | 138.6 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 3.4 | 129.2 | ||
100 | 3.5 | 142.0 | |||
250 | 3.6 | 158.8 | |||
450 | 3.7 | 164.9 | |||
FGD | 28 | 2.6 | 216.7 | ||
100 | 2.9 | 264.3 | |||
250 | 3.0 | 283.4 | |||
450 | 3.1 | 291.6 | |||
High strength | 28 | 3.9 | 123.1 | ||
100 | 4.9 | 139.9 | |||
250 | 5.3 | 154.3 | |||
450 | 5.4 | 196.5 | |||
Trona | 28 | 2.2 | 381.1 | ||
100 | 2.4 | 432.8 | |||
250 | 2.5 | 451.7 | |||
450 | 2.5 | 457.4 | |||
SC17 | DI | 28 | 1.5 | 193.8 | |
100 | 1.7 | 224.6 | |||
250 | 1.8 | 236.7 | |||
450 | 1.9 | 242.8 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 4.0 | 128.8 | ||
100 | 4.3 | 141.6 | |||
250 | 4.4 | 167.4 | |||
450 | 4.6 | 206.4 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 6.8 | 140.0 | ||
100 | 7.3 | 156.8 | |||
250 | 7.8 | 184.9 | |||
450 | 8.0 | 225.7 | |||
FGD | 28 | 7.3 | 161.6 | ||
100 | 7.5 | 174.5 | |||
250 | 7.9 | 223.8 | |||
450 | 8.0 | 239.4 | |||
High strength | 28 | 4.1 | 148.4 | ||
100 | 4.5 | 165.2 | |||
250 | 4.6 | 214.3 | |||
450 | 4.8 | 215.2 | |||
Trona | 28 | 1.5 | 132.9 | ||
100 | 1.7 | 149.7 | |||
250 | 1.8 | 127.8 | |||
450 | 1.9 | 147.6 | |||
SC10 | DI | 28 | 2.5 | 0.2 | |
100 | 6.6 | 0.3 | |||
250 | 8.4 | 0.5 | |||
450 | 9.9 | 0.6 | |||
Trona | 28 | 3.4 | 0.1 | ||
100 | 6.5 | 0.2 | |||
250 | 7.6 | 0.2 | |||
450 | 9.1 | 0.2 | |||
SC18 | DI | 28 | 6.8 | 1.5 | |
100 | 4.3 | 40.7 | |||
250 | 5.0 | 57.6 | |||
450 | 5.1 | 84.2 | |||
Typical CCP | 28 | 1.5 | 123.7 | ||
100 | 1.6 | 178.6 | |||
250 | 1.7 | 196.7 | |||
450 | 1.8 | 202.5 | |||
Low RMD | 28 | 2.4 | 76.1 | ||
100 | 2.6 | 92.9 | |||
250 | 4.3 | 115.6 | |||
450 | 4.4 | 146.7 | |||
FGD | 28 | 1.5 | 92.8 | ||
100 | 1.7 | 143.4 | |||
250 | 1.8 | 160.3 | |||
450 | 1.9 | 167.2 | |||
High strength | 28 | 2.0 | 80.1 | ||
100 | 2.2 | 92.9 | |||
250 | 2.3 | 123.4 | |||
450 | 2.5 | 157.8 | |||
Trona | 28 | 2.7 | 173.2 | ||
100 | 3.1 | 193.0 | |||
250 | 4.8 | 254.6 | |||
450 | 4.9 | 283.8 |
Hydraulic Conductivity to DI Water
Hydraulic Conductivity to CCP Leachate
Mineralogy
Intrinsic Permeability
Soil | Intrinsic permeability () | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI water | Typical CCP | Low RMD | FGD | High strength | Trona | |
CL7 | ||||||
CL25 | ||||||
ML14 | ||||||
CL28 | ||||||
CH38 | ||||||
SC17 | ||||||
SC10 | — | — | — | — | ||
SC18 |
Note: Kinematic : DI , , high , low , , typical ; density (): DI , , high , low , , typical .