CICTP 2015: Efficient, Safe, and Green Multimodal Transportation

To improve the overall efficiency and comprehensive support capability of airports, a method of predicting 4D taxiing-trajectory for aircraft on airport surface based on fitting velocity profile is proposed. Firstly, the dynamic model of aircraft taxiing is built, and the concept of nominal velocity profile is introduced. Secondly, DSW algorithm is applied to generate a nominal velocity profile. Furthermore, the average velocity modification parameters are calculated to update taxiing velocity, which is influenced by different aircraft types. According to mapping between nominal velocity and instantaneous velocity based on the dynamic equilibrium equation, instantaneous velocity is updated combining with BADA data. Finally, aircraft taxiing 4D trajectory prediction is achieved. It can more accurately predict arriving aircraft at given position and reduce conflict. Case studies demonstrates that this method reduces 47.3% of the average error between estimated time and actual time when compared with the competing methods based on dynamic models.

Due to the increase in aircraft movement of the airport surface and other human reasons, runway incursion is a major hazard affecting air safety. An efficient feature extraction method for target detection is important to guarantee the safety of the airport scene in runway incursion prevention systems. Anisotropic magneto resistance used as target detection equipment of airport is proposed in this paper, and a combination of time and frequency domain feature extraction algorithm is also put forward. Firstly, the magnetic signals caused by surface moving target are sensed by sensors placed at the centerline of the runway, which are used to calculate the length of the target. After regularizing time domain signal, peak features can be extracted based on the target length. Secondly, the regularized signal is decomposed using DB wavelet. The obtained wavelet coefficients with the energies of normalizing approximate signal and every layer signal are realized as frequency domain feature of the signal. The similarities of different targets are restricted below 0.79, which is calculated by the method of target features differentiation measurement. It is demonstrated that signal features provided by the proposed method are more recognizable than the ones provided by time domain or frequency domain feature method individually.

The accuracy of 4D track prediction plays an important role to solve the prominent contradiction between the rapid development of air transport industry and the limited resources of airspace. The conventional 4D track prediction based on the aerospace dynamic model is usually inaccurate because of weather influence and air traffic controller(ATC) factor. In this paper, an entirely data-driven nominal flight height profile prediction approach combing empirical mode decomposition(EMD) with nonlinear correlation coefficient (NCC) is proposed. Firstly, the historical tracks are implemented on EMD individually. Then according to a procedure similar to leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV), the physical meanings of different intrinsic mode functions(IMFs) obtained by EMD are analyzed to corresponding to the various flight information. For a specified flight, the similarities between different dates are measured by NCC. Finally, a predicted nominal trajectory is obtained by summing up a series of selected IMFs with a regression weight under the least square optimization framework. It is demonstrated that the proposed method shows a higher prediction performance when comparing with the state of the art method named as nearest neighbor classification with dynamic time warping(DTW).

The paper focuses on the safety assessmentsalong intersecting routes based on required surveillance performance. Two methods are analyzed and compared in order to determine whether the system is acceptably safe. The methods are defined as the comparison method and the evaluation method.They are applied to evaluate collision risksalong intersecting routes when using ADS-B for aircraft surveillance as a replacement for an ATC radar service using the secondary en-route radar. Collision risks are analyzed by the event trees at first and then collision risk modeling is built.At lastthe evaluation equations are deduced to calculate risks. Because of complicated parameters, this paper details another assessment by using the comparison method. Through comparing the different processes, the paper proposes the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in assessing the safety performance along intersecting routes and the application conditions of the two methods respectively in the conclusions.

Pierre François proposed the logistic function as a solution for determining the factors contributing to population growth. It is widely applied to descriptions of city development and urbanization. We adopted this function to analyze both port and city growth in Hamburg and Antwerp. The correlation is volatile in the two cases and displays two patterns. We generalized the FMSR (FAST-MODERATE-SLOW-RECOVERY) model for the port-city correlation to illustrate how ports and cities can interplay. In this paper we mainly focused on how urban policy can impact on port development. Local governments initiate policies to promote port-city interface, although we see a significant trend of decentralization in port governance. Municipal government will devise and implement policies to ensure that port development can drive local economy growth or vice versa, however, the effect of these policies differs in the various stages of port-cities. We deconstructed the government policy by extracting the main factors that could drive port development, as well as promoting the urban economy during different stages.

Optimal scheduling of arrival flights can play an important role in improving the safety and efficiency of terminal area operations. On the basis of accurate 4D trajectory prediction, a Branch-and-Bound-based approach is proposed to solve the dynamicarrival scheduling problem with sliding window strategy. The simulation and validationare described with a prototype implementationon realistic data for Pudong International Airport. Compared with real operations, the last landing time is 356s earlier and total delay is reduced by 14% through the proposed approach, which indicates that the Branch-and-Bound-based algorithm with sliding window strategycannot only enhance runway capacity but also alleviateflight delays.

Based on price mechanisms, a Stackelberg non-cooperation game model between airport and airline was proposed to deal with the aircraft pushback slot allocation problem. The optimization objectivess of this model are to reduce the loss of airport caused by both ground-holding after pushback and the price mechanism and balance the pushback cost between airlines. In the process of gambling, the airport first determines the price of pushback slot, the airline then "play games" between price and other competitors’ strategies and return the gambling result to the airport. The artificial fish swarm algorithm is put forward for solving the integrated model. Through the case studies, the rationality and validity of the model has been proved. The research result shows that the model can generate optimal equilibrium solution to both the individual users as well as the whole system, finally reaching collective rationality and game equilibrium.

With the growth ofair traffic in China, airport parking has become a complex issue faced by airport managers as limited parking supply can’t meet rapid-increasing demand. Congestion in parking lot affects operation of ground access system. This paper aims to investigate parking characteristics of airport parking and find the factorscausing airport parking problems.Using dataprovided byPudong Airport, this paper examines the parking characteristics at airport, including vehicle storage, parking durationandturnover rate. It is found that long-term parking is the key reason causingparking congestion, which is dueto unclearfunction orientations of the parking lots.Finally, based on the results, this paper provides recommendations on parking managements in Pudong Airportby combining experiences from other international airports. Although the study is of PudongAirport, many of the experiences provide a basis for airport ground access in China.

Shuttle bus is one of the most important ground access in airport. However, the shuttle bus routes of Pudong International Airport remains unchanged for years and its ridership decreases with the development of metro. This paper aims to provide advice for improvement of shuttle bus service at Pudong International Airport based on passenger characteristics analysis. Data including residence, trip purpose, mode choice, origin and destination, stated preference of passengers was collected through survey. This paper examines the influence factors of passengers’ mode choice, and finds out the crucial problem inshuttle bus service. Finally, this paper proposed some advices for shuttle bus based on the spatial distribution of passengers

Runway safety has been an important concern for theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for many years. The statistics of the influences and trends of each occurrence of runway safety category are analyzed using past runway safety occurrences inChina during 2013. These occurrences include runway incursions, runway excursions, and runway confusions. Using the results of the analysis, the authors discussimprovement measures that could be taken to improve runway safety and categorizes them into similar policies such as organization, policy, regulation, technology support, etc. The authors hope that by including international studies, the recommendations can be applied to similar studies in various locations around the world.

The berthing places of different ships have an effect on port handling operations and various equipment allocations and can influence container truck driving routes in the yard and wharf congestion in different areas. Based on the data of container truck driving routes and VISSIM simulation software, container truck driving simulation model was developed to analyze the efficiency of port handling operations. When a port adopts the same handling schemes in parallel- and vertical-style yards, different bottleneck areas can be found through the simulation model. The simulation model can provide decision support for port managers and can change the traditional experience of scheduling for scientific control while improving the level of port management.

With the rapid development of modern civil aviation, people are gradually paying more attentions to regional aviation. Especially, a new type of regional aircraft, ARJ21, made by Chinese manufacturers, with a highly intellectual property, has been recently got offline officially and is about to get its final permission to be introduced into the domestic, as well as international market. Concentrating on the interaction between internal and external factors, SWOT analysis concludes four elements, namely Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to evaluate a specific object. This study focuses on the SWOT analysis of ARJ21 via performance, comfort, economy, demand and occupancy in market in addition to comparisons with other aircrafts, in order to make some pieces of advice for the development and promotion of ARJ21 series, with the hope that it will be beneficial to the development of Chinese regional aviation.

Both the significant increasing of China’s foreign trade and the intrinsic advantages act as a spur for the outstanding development of China’s civil aviation. Accompanied by an increase in traffic volume, the number and capability of civil airports continues to increase. In the coastal regions of China, the density of civil airports has reached a situation of “one airport per city.” However, the high density of civil airports has also driven the civil airports into a dilemma: large-scale civil airports are overloaded, while smaller and medium-size airports are running at a deficit. The airport alliance is regarded as the solution for the survival of small and medium-sized airports. In order to analyze and validate this opinion, this paper first took airports of the China West Airport Group and non-alliance ones as examples to collect data; secondly, the super efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was taken to evaluate the technical efficiency of two kinds of airports from 2004 to 2012; finally, covariance analysis was employed to explore the factors of technical efficiency differences between the two kinds of airports.

In order to study the Automatic Collision-Avoidance (ACA) actions of vessels in overtaking situation accord with rules of International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREGS 72) and ordinary practice of seaman, stags of vessel’s encounter process were separated by Collision Risk Index (CRI) and Time to Immediate Danger (TID).The reason is correct Collision-Avoidance (CA) actions in different stages are different. CRI and TID are derived from defined Situation Elements (SE). Then computing models of them and ACA actions in different stages were presented. The basis of research is center moved ship’s ellipse domain theories and MMG three-free dimensional digital model that is calculated from ship’s hydrodynamic equations. The following were proved by simulations: The mathematic models presented ensured rapid and reliable convergence of SE computing; new CRI model is much more accord with the thinking process of navigators and practice at sea than before; ACA action accord with COLREGS rules and ordinary practice of seaman, can be produced by program. The research may make big advance to the final achievement of ACA of ship in overtaking situation.

This paper introduced the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to conduct road traffic surveillance, and proposed a multi-objective mathematical model for UAV route planning. This model considered the UAV multi-surveillance for one target and used the number of UAVs available, the maximum UAV cruise distance and the time windows of targets as constraints, aiming to minimize the number of UAVs used and the total generalized UAV cruise distance. Then, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm was proposed. Next, a battery-powered UAV flight experiment was conducted. In addition, a case study with four scenarios was implemented to analyze the impact of UAV multi-surveillance for one target on route planning. The case results showed that compared with the optimal initial solutions, two optimization objectives were improved significantly. Furthermore, with increasing UAV surveillance times for one target, the two objective values increased. Finally, some conclusions and discussions of using UAVs for traffic surveillance were provided.

A rapid method is presented to solve vehicle-track-bridge coupling system vibration response with the improvement of iterative process by using Newmark- integration. The kinetic equations of vehicle subsystem and track-bridge subsystem are modeled by rigid-body dynamic theory and FEM respectively, and boundary constraint conditions are introduced at the bridge bearings to correct the latter equation. Then, relaxation factor function and convergence criterion function are constructed with high convergence speed and precision. The fast staggered iteration of wheel/rail interaction force between the two subsystems is applied. A vehicle with 1 motor + 4 trailers formation passing through multi-span simply supported beam bridges is taken as a case study. The numerical results demonstrate the high performances of the proposed method, which can well reflect the structural characteristics of the bridge under vehicle loads and be spread to fast assessment in service status or other fields.

Understanding the characteristics of the causing factors of CRH2 EMU (Electric Multiple Units) failure contributes to improving maintenance efficiency and reducethe level of high-speed rail operation risk. Using the CRH2 EMU failure data, this study explores the EMU train type, failure-related system, classification of causes, and train operation mileage’s characteristics associated with failure consequences. The failure sequences are divided into five severity levels as no influence on operation, minor influence on operation without delay, delay, temporary repair, and outage. The decision tree models were developed to predict the failure sequences associated with the causing factors. The train running kilometers was found to be the most significance variable influencing failure consequences, followed by failure-related system. The results suggest that optimizing the train maintenance cycle, identifying critical maintenance components of train systems, and improving the quality of CRH2 EMU products before operation would significantly decrease the failure severity level.

Due to the operation condition at the top speed of 500 km/h, high-speed maglev train has extremely stringent requirements on stiffness and strength of its mechanical parts. Safety and availability of key mechanical components of the moving mechanism especially play an important role in the train’s regular operation. In order to meet all relevant safety requirements of the operation, safety tests and safety evaluation of the key mechanical components must be carried out. Based on the FMEA(failure mode and effect analysis method) method, this paper carries out safety assessment on several key mechanical components according to the structural characteristics of the moving mechanism of high-speed maglev train. This study proposes a way to ensure the safety of the moving mechanism, and improvethe safetyof the overall systemaccordingly. The proposed safety assessment method can also provide a useful reference for the mechanical structure of other high-speed passenger trains.

In the high-speed maglev transportation system, the current position and speed signals of the running train are obtained by a location and speed detection system. But the original position and speed signals from the location and speed detection system are not safe and need to be transferred to the safe position and speed through a safety location function to be used for train operation control and safety protection. This paper first introduces the architecture and working mechanism of location and speed detection system for high speed maglev transportation system. Then this paper analyses and studies on the safety location function and its realization mechanism of the operation control system for high-speed maglev transportation system.

This paper presents a kind of contactless power supply method which can be used on high speed maglev train. By this method, the train can achievecontactless inductive power while running above a certain speed by electromagnetic induction, through the induction coilsmounted on the vehicle and stators mounted on the track. There are also several groups of batteriesinstalled on each vehicle and power supply pointsarranged along the track. With the onboard induction coils and batteries, the maglev train can run at all speed ranges withoutany contact to the ground power supply.Italso sets several independent and redundancy power netsin one vehicle to promote the reliability of the vehicle power supply.It can satisfy the requirements of high reliability and safety of the high speed maglev train.

The development of wireless vehicle communication technology, which is an important part of intelligent transportation system, has a very wide range of applications in vehicle ad-hoc network. The wireless vehicle communication technology assists drivers’ driving behaviors and improves the driving safety in high ways. Factors, such as fast-moving, network frequent-changing, large scale of networks and time delay, affect wireless vehicle communication technology. Therefore, it’s important to improve stability. The paper analyzes fast-moving and frequent-changing issues. The protocol is optimized by combining broadcast routing with AODV routing to obtain high stability and low flooding. The data packet is sent to surrounding nodes within one-jump range until the data reach the destination node. Through data communication, the handshake header reduce the flooding, time delay and packet loss rate by identifying whether the received data is duplication data and determining whether the data need to be sent.

Unsignalized intersections are an essential part for traffic control in the road network. A poorly managed unsignalized intersection may become the source of traffic congestion. The motion information of individual vehicles approaching and/or crossing unsignalized intersections is valuable, which can be provided through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications in a connected vehicle environment. In this paper, a cooperative management strategy is proposed to control the motion of vehicles to ensure that vehicles cross unsignalized intersections safely and effectively. Vehicles coming from major roads are given absolute priority in this strategy. Finally, a gap choice model is introduced for vehicles on minor roads to ensure the priority of vehicles on major roads.

Variable message signs (VMS) have recently been implemented as a key component of transportation information systems. However, technical guidelines of VMS designing remain absent. Hence, this study proposed a generalized assessment model for the amount of information (AOI) of VMS. In the proposed model, the AOI of VMS is defined as the reduced uncertainty of driver’ selection. The advantages of the assessment model are: 1) to reflect the effect of the VMS on driver behavior, 2) to consider the driving task, and 3) to take drivers as an entity to analyze. Then experiments were performed to validate the proposed model. Learning curve and hierarchical linear models were applied to quantify the relationships between the AOI of VMS, response time, and watching frequencies. The results show that the AOI increase will lead to response time increase. The proposed model can be transferred to properly design VMS and to evaluate existing VMS.

With global warming, weather conditions have brought great threats on the highway transportation system, therefore, the transport sector has paid more and more attention to monitoring and early warning on highway meteorological conditions, in which the construction of RWIS observation station is the core and basis. This paper proposes a new layout method of RWIS stations in the highway networks. Firstly, the technical characteristics and defects of the conventional highway RWIS station layout principles and methods were analyzed. Secondly, based on the historical data, which was from the meteorological sector, on the occurrence frequency of different adverse weather condition in different regions in China, affect grades of various adverse weather conditions had been proposed. Thirdly, based on the historical data, which was from the transport sector, on the traffic volume of highway network in different regions in China, affect grades of various adverse weather conditions had been adjusted and modified. Finally, a new layout method of RWIS station in highway networks had been proposed, and a demonstration had been done along an expressway to verify the effectiveness of the new RWIS layout method.

The traffic data collection based on cell phone handover has been becoming a supplementary and promising approach for transportation planning andmanagement. In this approach, the road matching plays a basic role. Previous research on road matching based on cell phone handover hasissues of filtering large amountsof valid samples, especially for urban arterial roads.To overcome this problem, this study develops a novel and practical approach for road matching application, in which the road is labeled with optimal k handover sequences extracted from the entire test sequences, and the handover footprint is matched with the corresponding road in terms of similarity to corresponding handover sequence labels. The field validation results in an urban arterial road of Nanjing indicate that the new approach has great potential in collecting more valid matching samples to improve the technology of traffic data collection based on cell phone handover.

The research presented in this paper develops a novel solution for Parking Guidance and Management System (PGMS) for urban areas using a modular-based design scheme. Given the challenges of unevenly distributed demands for parking and the low efficiency of traditional parking operations, the proposed PGMS solution with respect to traditional Parking Guidance Information System (PGIS) enables drivers to search for expected parking lots around the destination more efficiently via real-time parking information released by multi-level variable signs, and has been constructed in Jinan, China. This paper analyzed the key characteristics of traditional parking operations and management, and developed a new structure of PGMS which consists of six modules including data management, real-time detection and charge, communication, parking guidance, parking enforcement, and benefit analysis. The proposed system could effectively improve parking efficiency using parking detectors and fare collection terminals, and could also reduce irregular parking behaviors through integration of an irregular parking enforcement module.

Personal rapid transit (PRT) is a new kind of mobility method aiming for sustainable and environmental friendly city development. This automated on-demand public transportation system could be a promising solution for first-mile and last-mile problem of existing public transit network. PRT provides passengers end-to-end service via small autonomous electrical cars operated on a dedicated network of guideway. The performance of this transportation system depends on the framework of guideway network, since the merge and station would lead to vehicles’ delay and queueing. Thus, it’s necessary to evaluate the performance of guideway network in the stage of PRT system planning and design. In this paper, we model the problem of network performance evaluation via Jackson queueing networks. The performances of network are measured by two parameters, namely average queue length and meanwaiting time at each queue. In the case study, these two performance parameters are calculated. This paper provides a straightforward and practical way of PRT guideway network performance evaluation for PRT system planning and design.

The floating car data contain abundant traffic information for many transportation applications. Traditional map matching algorithms are useful to handle the high frequency navigationGPS data, but for low frequency floating car data they always play a poor role. This paper gives a stochastic map matching method for low frequency floating car data. First, we figure out the differences between the floating car data and the traditional GPS data. Also we analyze the statistical properties of the floating car data. Then we give out a new map matching method. This method uses the stochastic theory to select support GPS points for each unmatched GPS point. And this method uses an algorithm based on the Hidden Markov Model to judge the probability of each candidate link. At last, with some actual floating car data we prove that this model is useful and its computing speed meets the requirement for online matching.

Magnetron-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely applied for the parking space surveillance. In this paper, on the basis of genetic algorithm (GA), we will propose a solution for the network topology optimization based on a 2-tier tree-type WSN, which is an effective way of improving the overall performance of the WSN concerning parking surveillance. The proposed algorithm aims to assess the optimal placement and the quantity of the network access points (APs) when given the locations of the sensor nodes. The problem is formulated as an integer programming (IP) problem and it can be solved efficiently by using genetic algorithm (GA). Tested by a real WSN in a parking lot with about 200 parking spaces, the results illustrate that a placement of APs generated by the proposed algorithm is more effective, compared with one produced by an experienced engineer in a parking surveillance industry.

Magnetometer-based sensors have been proven to be an effective method for vehicle detection in intelligent traffic systems (ITS). Many algorithms have been proposed to improve the performance of magnetometer-based traffic sensing. However, few studies consider the effectiveness of these algorithms in context with a high-density traffic flow, which is typical in urban areas of developing countries such as China. In addition, the energy-efficiency of the existing algorithms has been largely ignored, hence limiting the application of the battery-powered sensor network in practice. Considering both high-density traffic flow and energy-efficiency, this paper presents a real-time vehicle detection algorithm using magnetometers. The proposed algorithm first assesses the data after the noise removal, and extracts a set of magnetic features from these data. The extracted features are then fed into a finite state machine with self-adaptive parameters. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in an embedded processor manufactured by Texas Instruments, and a wireless sensor network carrying sensor nodes running our proposed algorithms is deployed as the test bed in several major roads inside and outside the Huazhong University of Science and Technology campus. Tested by 6 traffic flow datasets collected during rush-hour, the results show that our algorithm can achieve 91% or above detection accuracy under complex urban traffic environment.

Most k-nearest neighbor models only focus on single step short-term traffic forecasting andcan't perform well when extended to multi-stepforecast. To enhance accuracy, this paper presents an improved k-nearest neighbor model considering thespatiotemporal correlation. The proposed model defines the current conditionsbythetwo-dimensionalspatiotemporalstate matrices, instead of the one-dimensional state vectorof thetime series. Moreover, this paperdeterminesthe weights by Gaussian functionto adjust the matching distance andmanage the data of the nearest neighbors. The original speed data used in this paper arenormalized in order to apply the proposed model to different types of road segments. The case showsthe improved model performs more desirablethan the original k-nearest neighbormodels and demonstrates more appropriate for multi-step forecast ofthe roadspeed.

Analyzing traffic incidents is an important part of traffic incident management (TIM). In this paper, a traffic incident analysis method based on the accumulative ratio (AR) and extended spectral envelope (ESE) methods is presented. AR is used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of a bottleneck caused by a traffic incident. The ESE method is used to detect key time points in the progression. An empirical study of a typical traffic incident on the 4th Ring Road East in Beijing was carried out and shows that the proposed methods can effectively trace the bottleneck and discover the key time points, which can provide a theoretical basis for traffic incident management.

Signalized intersections play important roles in transportation efficiency and vehicle fuel consumption. The upcoming signal information obtained by DSRC communication can be used for green light optimal speed advisory (GLOSA) to design the optimal velocity profile of approaching vehicles, which benefits fuel economy and traffic efficiency. In this paper, the branch and bound (B&B) algorithm based GLOSA applying to contiguous intersections is developed, aiming to improve the fuel economy. Using a communication platform, field tests were conducted to verify the GLOSA algorithm. The tests results indicate that, in free-flow conditions, the GLOSA algorithm can decrease stop times and fuel consumption without sacrificing trip efficiency.

In order to realize the intelligence of a transportation infrastructure management system (TIMS), deterministic models are built according regressive methods, and the pavement performance model is a classic, using the Bayesian approach, which introduced a prior distribution to describe the related information of initial parameters. The new collected data reviewed a sample of the population, then according to the prior distribution and the sample, deduced a posterior distribution that was used to update model parameters. In the next stage of the model updating process, the deduced posterior distribution was a prior distribution and repeated the above process, and model parameters were updated consistently. This Bayesian approach was applied to the case of parameter updating of pavement performance prediction, and it was shown to be a mathematically valid methodology to deal with the problem of the parameter updating. This approach is easy to program, which can be used to realize intelligence of TIMS.

Within a smart city, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), especially all kinds of sensors, provide valuable resource for traffic knowledge discovery. This paper presents the critical path of ITS data visualization by literature review, focusingon short-term traffic forecast models that are divided into two categories, namely the sequential spatiotemporal traffic forecasting and unstable characteristics such as big events or abnormal weather, and points out that cloud computing and communication technology, like 4G/5G and WiFi or LiFi, brings great opportunities and challenges for managing big traffic data. Finally the paper illustrates Beijing’s traffic data and looks into the possibility of delicateregulation due to the diversity of the spatiotemporal features.

This paper proposes a cooperative lane change (CLC) model for connected vehicles to reduce the adverse impact onthe following vehicle in the target lane,and increase the chances of feasible lane change under congested traffic conditions.In this model, the leading vehicles in both lanes are typically considered as active agents. The feasibility criteria for CLC are designed to promise security and acceptable acceleration/deceleration of each involved vehicle, and an objective function is applied to obtain the desired acceleration of each involved vehicle during cooperation, which can reduce the deceleration of the following vehicle in the target lane and balance the kinematic change of each vehicle. The simulation results validate the improvement of the CLC model by employing the traditional lane changemodeland the partial cooperative lane changemodel as comparisonsin a large amount of lane change scenarios.

In the wake of the development of unmanned ground vehicle technologies, it is necessary to conduct a proper evaluation of the various technologies. Previous evaluation method saremainly based on the completion of the task, this may mislead most of the unmanned vehicle teams using a conservative strategy during the evaluation. In this paper, a new evaluation method is proposed. Based on typical working conditions including intersection, car-following and obstacle-avoiding, the new evaluation indicator system is established, the information entropy method is applied to the comprehensive evaluation of unmanned vehicles. Empirical results show that the proposed evaluation method can quantitatively evaluate the intelligent capacity of unmanned vehicles.

In order to give full play to the overall efficiency of freeway networks and raise the level of operation and service, freeway management is faced with higher requirements and greater challenges than ever before. This paper proposes a general method of traffic state estimation, one key step of management, which is significant and fundamental. Through the study on the stochastic nonlinear second-order macroscopic traffic flow model and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), the system model presented in this paper performs well in traffic state estimation which can provide scientific bases and technical strategies for the control of freeway network. Also, the detailed performance evaluation on the model is one of the main achievements. The evaluation includes statistical indices, distances, time intervals, initial values and so on.

Archived traffic data can be used by various entities and agencies. During the past two decades, considerable effort has been dedicated to developing and implementing large-scale traffic data archives. The Wisconsin Traffic Operation and Safety (TOPS) Laboratory maintains a statewide traffic detector data archiving and retrieving system, which is developed to enable centralized management of statewide ITS detector and configuration dataand improve interactivity and accessibility for integration with other transportation data sources such as lane closure data or incident data. As the traffic data requirements continue to grow, the management of the traffic data archive becomes a complex big data problem. This paper describes a proposed redesign of the TOPS Lab traffic detector archived data management system to improve storage, performance, access, and integration capabilities. Particular detail is given to the data archiving process, including data validation, and support for spatial attributes and GIS data integration.

Floating carsarebeing widely used in urban dynamic traffic data collection, so it is of great significance to determine the appropriate floating car sample size to ensure the reliability of dynamic traffic data. This paper emphatically analyzed the determination method of floating car sample size under different traffic flow parameters, and then the minimum sample size calculation model was proposed under the urban hybrid network, typical city such as Beijing is calculated by the model as well. The path planning algorithm was adopt to verify the validity of the model by calculate floating car numbers distribution in road segments, OD points used in the path planning were randomly selected from road network. The experimental results demonstrate that the method can effectively satisfythe estimated minimum number of floating cars under the certain accuracy requirement of dynamic traffic information.

Following driving behavior is asharedbehavior on freeway.Drivers usually cannotperceivepromptly the accurate information of vehicles and the environment. Through the interactionbetween the vehicle system and the road-side infrastructure system,the intelligent Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation Systems (i-VICS) can provide real-time accurate information for all drivers to achieve the maximum coordination between the vehicle and infrastructure. I-VICSare introduced at first, and the single lane driving process is analyzed under the environment of i-VICS. Based on the analysis of vehicle braking process, the composition of the safe distance is redefined, which includes the reacting-coordinating distance, the adjusting distance and the maintaining distance. According to the different reacting-coordinating distance, grading safe distance models are established. The emphasis of the paperlay on two vehicles model for single lane car following, which is divided into threekinds of situations based on the state of the vehicle ahead: staticsituation, constant speedsituation, and deceleration situation.

Anintelligent traffic management system (ITMS) was established on Zijingang Campus of Zhejiang University to control traffic flow. This paper aims to investigate the traffic flow and assess the ITMS system using the queueing approach. As the results show, the probability distribution of car residence time obeys gamma distribution. More than 4/5 of the cars are free to get into the campus, which proves the non-profit property of the toll gate. The probability distribution of arrival time and service time fits the negative exponential distribution and normal distribution, respectively. Then,the M/G/K model based on queueing theory was applied to investigate traffic capacity. The queueing length and waiting time in 2-lane and 3-lane conditions were calculated and service level was judged as C-level. The results can provide useful information for easing traffic congestion onthe campus.

Under the circumstances of worsening urban traffic congestion, the use of green waves in signal control plans is playing an increasingly important role in the management of urban traffic. However, there are several short comings in choosing the direction in which to establish a green wave, along a given corridor, via methods currently used by traffic management departments. These deficiencies include having only a single method and arbitrariness of the method, among others. In this paper, experiences in Changshu City surrounding the establishment of green waves are used as a case study. Ultimately, the case study helps establish principles and methods that may be used in the selection of the direction in which to establish a green wave along a roadway based upon three aspects: the land use and urban layout, the local road network layout, and the establishment of successive green waves.

This paper proposes a new signal timing of a single point intersection in order to improve the efficiency of the intersection. The objective function of this model is established using queue length and vehicle fuel consumption in the intersection. The function takes into account the following constraints; the relationships of signal phases in a cycle, the relationship of different lanes and the relationship of the lane’s direction with the lane. The function then solves the model by using a multi-objective particle swarm searching algorithm. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the model established an intersection in the avenue of Nanchang city in Jiangxi province was used, and the queue length and fuel consumption were calculated.

Wide using of smart cards provides an economical and effective method forpassenger trip statistics and analysis.Based on smart card data mining and processing during a working day atBeijing Metro,we analyzed the possible errors of smart card data. After that, a process to generate the distribution of travel frequency for Beijing metro using smart card data is presented. Then we show the travel time distribution and describe the characteristics of different types of stations and analyze the peak hours of different stations.The analysis and extraction of smart card data can not only provide support for metro daily management work,but also can guide network planning and urban planning in the future.

Traffic state identification is of great importance for the analysis and optimization of traffic management. Queue length of the traffic flow (QLTF) at intersections is a key parameter for signal timing. However, QLTF is not easy to obtain for traditional traffic detection systems. The emerging connected vehicles technology, which can obtain real-time traffic information to facilitate traffic state identification and traffic system optimization, is attracting more and more attention. This paper puts forward a method to estimate the end of vehicle queue position for varied Market Penetration Rate (MPR) with connected vehicle technology. Using VISSIM traffic simulation software and the Matlab COM mathematical software package, experiments were carried out and evaluated in different MPRs (50%, 70%, 80%) and traffic flow volumes (1600, 2000, 2400 pcu/h). The results demonstrate that this proposed algorithm can obtain the real-time queue length of traffic flow accurately and effectively.

Road traffic systems running control and scientific research build on the basis of high-quality information. Big data provides the source of rich, reliable, high-quality information, which reveals traffic system running rules, realizes traffic system status and control running of traffic systems. Meanwhile, it is the basis that establishes Cyber-Traffic Systems(CTS) and applies theory, experiments, computation and other scientific methods to solve the problems of road traffic systems about safety, efficiency and emissions. CTS is the virtual traffic system established in cyberspace by using big data to map the road traffic systems and describe the rules of the system, behavior and information. And utilizing the model parameters adjusts the applicability, algorithm implementation the solution method for the model and achieves computing internalization cooperation. To model implanted, data access, interactive intervention, display expression and other ways or means to achieve opening externalization, which achieve numerical analysis, system simulation, event exercises, behavioral experiments and other application purposes.

Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) are designed to assist travelers to make better choices and improve the overall performance of the whole transportation system. This paper proposes a CPT (cumulative prospect theory)-based network equilibrium model to re-evaluate and re-quantify the ATIS benefit with the assumption of endogenous market penetration. Heterogeneous travelers are considered and classified into several classes in terms of their reference points, and the ATIS market penetration for each class is determined by the reference point of their own. Furthermore, we assume that travelers equipped with ATIS will receive the complete information and hence make route choice in a CPT-based user equilibrium manner, while travelers without ATIS will make route choice in a logit-based stochastic manner. The numerical results show that the equipped users are always able to obtain the positive benefit, and the effect of the provided information is more obvious for users with higher reference points in a market with lower travel demand and market penetration.

Aiming at solving the shortest path problem, we propose a new swarm intelligence algorithm, the Glowworm Swarm Optimization algorithm, which has the virtue of simplicity, strong robustness, parallel processing, and so on. In combination with the practical demand of path generation and path selection, the algorithm is formed by integrating the Dijkstra algorithm and genetic operators into the basic Glowworm Swarm Optimization algorithm. The algorithm uses Matlab to realize and then is compared with the Genetic Algorithm. By analyzing the curve of average path value change under multiple iterations, the operation result accuracy, and run time, it shows that the Glowworm Swarm Optimization algorithm not only is effective, but also has higher speed of convergence and higher precision of optimization in solving the problem.

Currently, fire disasters, traffic accidents, urban inundations, earthquakes, tsunamis, and terrorism attacks frequently occur, which make society gradually pay more attention to coping strategies and management of emergencies. Meanwhile, as a key component in the urban road traffic system, inter sections have turned out to be the point restricting the whole road network capacity. In the background of a serious emergency, this paper applies the Dijkstra algorithm to optimize the route and uses MATLAB to process the simulation experiment considering road delays and swerving delays at intersections. Therefore, in an emergency, the optimal route from the origin to the destination can be determined to benefit driving, enhance traffic capacity, and relieve congestion. Finally, the paper uses a road network near Wuhan Yu Jiatou as an example, and through comparative analysis of three schemes, concludes that impedance is an essential factor influencing the shortest route in an emergency.

Prevailing short-term traffic flow prediction models concentrate on using black-box type of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms without explicit knowledge of traffic flow data. In this paper, a novel short-term traffic flow prediction method Ml-k-NN was developed using multilinear analysis. The model recognizes the lane flow distribution within the traffic flow data and uses the k-nearest neighbor to predict traffic flow. The proposed multilinear analysis technique employs a dynamic tensor form of traffic flow data and uses tensor decomposition to combine several characteristics of traffic flow data. With the tensor decomposition, we can not only find the spatial-temporal information and lane distribution of traffic flow pattern, but also acquire the short-term traffic prediction by applying the k-nearest neighbor method on the generated features. Experiments on real traffic data acquired from 10 locations on 4-lane freeway are provided to validate and evaluate the proposed approach. Experimental results show that the proposed method has the promising performance in predicting traffic flow.

Internet of vehicles plays an important role in traffic safety. To apply such emerging technology, this paper proposes an inter-vehicle information collaboration system to enhance the reliability of inter-vehicle communication and cooperation. The platform is coded in LabVIEW with GPS equipment, vehicle-mounted sensors, IPC, Wi-Fi wireless transmission equipment and two test vehicles. A user-friendly operation interface we built has the function to collect, display and transfer vehicle’s information. To verify the effectiveness of the system, we tested information transmission from one vehicle to another in a specific traffic condition. Experimental results indicate that vehicle’s running status information (speed, latitude and longitude) and driving manipulation information (acceleration and braking) can be collected, displayed and transferred smoothly. The system can be applied to prompt risk information of possible collisions with other vehicles and to help the driver to take preventive measures in advance.

With the promotion of bus Intelligent Card(IC), integrated ticketing showed convenience but unfairness. To solve the situation of inefficiency of trips and the problem current practices of alighting swiping met, this paper establishes a model to estimate the number of Point Of Sale machine (POS) set on bus-stops through the dwell data and the perception survey based on the Queuing Theory. Then the hardware and software of alighting swiping system on bus-stop was completed with the analysis of the collect and transfer method for travel information, which achieved the function of discount for alighting swiping, real-time information acquisition and other generals. At last, promoting measures on policy, publicity, system design and guidance were put forward. The result made travel information a more convenient access to get, and it will provide powerful support to public transport planning and bus dispatch.

It is critical to detect and recognize non-recurrent traffic congestion (NRC), which brings unexpected delays to commuters, companies and traffic operators. In this paper, we propose a tensor recovery based non-recurrent traffic congestion recognition (TR-NRC) model to detect and recognize non-recurrent traffic congestion by decomposing the observed travel time tensor into a low-rank tensor and a sparse tensor. A tensor model can fully utilize the intrinsic multiple correlations of travel time data. The sparse tensor represents unexpected congestion. Values of sparse tensors reveal the distribution of unexpected delays compared to expected travel time. The recovered low-rank tensor structure expresses the distribution of general expected travel time as an auxiliary product, which was unattainable in the traditional detection methods. Experimental results show that compared to previous matrix recovery based methods, our proposed method can not only detect unexpected congestion, but can also recognize the congestion patterns more effectively.

To take advantage of a new generation of information technology to improve the highway scientific management and effective service levels, analyzed the highway traffic time and space distribution characteristics based on ITS SPOT Data. The Beijing to Chengde highway(Beijing segment) was selected as test road, the OBU equipment vehicles information were collected by roadside ITS SPOT facilities, and analysis the OBU identified traffic flow characteristics by using JMP. For studying the characteristics of traffic flow time distribution, analyzing peak hour volume and peak hour factor; and for studying the characteristics of traffic flow space distribution, analyzing daily traffic and direction distribution coefficient. Analysis result shows that the highway peak hour traffic volume concentration is higher near the city, and the highway short-term traffic flow is the main causes of road traffic jam near the city.

The accuracy of rapid short-term traffic flow forecasting has become a key studying part of intelligent transportation system (ITS). In this paper, based on the maximum Lyapunov exponent, an improved chaotic time series method for forecasting short-term traffic flow is proposed. Several neighboring phase points are selected in reconstructed phase space and fused in the evolution process by considering the distance and angle between neighboring phase points and forecasting phase point to increase the forecasting precision. Finally, the actual data is used to verify the effectiveness of the improved method.

To enhance the performance of the support vector machine regression (SVMR) approach in forecasting short-termtraffic volume, this paper proposesa short-term traffic flow forecasting model based on cost factor optimization. Then, the corresponding experiments are conducted based on the data from the PeMS system in California. It is found that the forecasted results agree with the actual data, and that the forecasting error of the proposed model is less than those of the prediction methods. The proposed method has been evaluated using the field data,and our comparison analysis shows that it outperformed the competing algorithms in most cases.

Travel time prediction as an important foundation to traffic management and route guidance, is an important content of intelligent traffic travel information system. Based on the analysis of various travel time prediction methods, in this paper, travel time prediction model is developed by using Kalman filter. For standard Kalman filter method, the system noise covariance and the observation noise covariance matrices are assumed as constant, which may compromise the accuracy of forecasting results. An improved noise covariance adjustment method based on the innovation vector is proposed in this paper. This method can adjust the Kalman filter noise statistical information online according to the real-time data. Simulation experiments show that the improved Kalman filter method can generate a mean absolute relative error under 10%, speed up the convergence, make the prediction results more accurate, and well meet other requirements of the traffic guidance system, when comparing with the standard Kalman filter method.

For road traffic monitoring from aerial videos, vehicle detection and tracking are the basic tasks. However, background motions, scene complexity, and congested road conditions increase the difficulty. To address these issues, a system for vehicle detection and tracking was developed. The Viola-Jones object detection scheme is applied to vehicle detection, and vehicle tracking is proposed based on rectangular region prediction and similarity of gray-level histogram. Experiments in different scenarios showed that the system can achieve a high detection rate and tracking rate with a low false alarm rate.

In order to provide a more cost-efficient and environmentally-friendly logistics service in economic activity of cities, an innovative urban logistics transport system based on the existing intensive public transit network is proposed. In comparison with current dedicated freight operating mode in the logistics industry, this new freight system could give goods a ride on the basis of transporting passenger flow and remarkably reduce the freight fleet of logistics enterprises. In this paper the structure of the public transit-based logistics transport system is preliminarily introduced and the service procedure of executing transport tasks is displayed. An urban transit-based freight system is designed for a chosen mid-size city of China, with regard to the characteristic of local logistics service, and the results indicate a considerable system benefit compared with the previous logistics system.

In the natural disasters, reserve capacity of the government affects directly the efficiency of disaster relief, especially in the crucial period. Base on current situation and problems of emergency resources reserve in China, a combination of suppliers and state central warehouse reserve method is proposed to improve emergency reserve capability. This article proposed a multi-objective approach for choosing reserve mode and quantity. The objectives are (i) minimizing total operating cost and (ii) minimizing total weighted distance. The model is solved using-constraint methods. The results derived from CPLEX based on a case study are also presented. The results indicate that the model serves as an efficient tool for handling emergency resource reserve problem.

In this paper, an integer linear programming formulation is developed according to the characteristics of reverse logistics of the automobile parts while the integration of a reverse logistics network is considered. Based on the forward supply chain model, the paper builds a multi-period, multicommodity and closed loop of an auto supply network. The model aims to pursue minimization of the total cost. Finally, the model is validated and solved by using Lingo. Meanwhile, a comparison of the total cost of two different cases is presented and the model is proved to be scientific and effective by a representative supply chain case.

Considering the necessity of empty car distribution in railway freight transportation, analyzing the factors that influence the efficiency of empty car distribution on a railway network, an index system was determined to evaluate the efficiency of empty car distribution and build a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of empty car distribution efficiency on a railway network. The model was adopted to evaluate the efficiency of empty car distribution on the Lanzhou railway, and operating measures were put forth to ensure empty car distribution efficiency and increase the turnover efficiency of empty wagons on the railway network. This is of important practical significance in improving the quality of rail freight transportation.

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has been of considerable interest for the last decade. In order to model a multi-echelon logistics network with emission consideration, a multi-objective facility location model for a multi-echelon green logistics network is proposed. The objectives of the model are (i) minimizing total logistics cost and (ii) minimizing total amount of greenhouse gas emission. Besides, return hauls are considered simultaneously. The model is solved with ɛ-constraint method. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model, the computational results derived from CPLEX based on a test case are also presented. Moreover, sensitivity analysis on parameter is performed. The results indicate that the model serves as an efficient tool for handling the issue of sustainable supply chain construction.

Four selected freight structural characteristic parameters–transportation scale, transportation mode share, transportation costs, energy consumption–reflected the performance of an integrated transportation system and are used to evaluate the sustainable competitiveness of the integrated transport system in Shandong Province. Typical cases are selected to do comparative studies both at home and abroad. The results showed that the situation of sustainable competitiveness of the integrated transport system in Shandong Province was weak, despite the fact that it has large-scale. After analyzing the factors influencing freight volumes and transportation mode shares, the growth rate method, the elastic coefficient method, and trend extrapolation are used to predict the overall Shandong freight tonnage and ton-kilometers and the Shandong transportation mode shares. The conclusion points out that, if Shandong fully taps the potential of railways, waterways and pipeline transportation, the future of sustainable competitiveness of the transportation system would be changed fundamentally.

Using the ideas and methods of big data, this paper systematically summarizes the existing problems in traditional regional logistics and freightage. These problems include block segmentation in the management system, outdated data collection technology and processing methods, and troubles in data resources sharing. These problems result in the inefficient operation and unfit layout of regional logistics and freightage. This paper integrates the results from traditional regional logistics and freight transportation development research to study how to establish an optimization model for modern regional logistics and freight transportation using big data methods which have the characteristics of Volume, Velocity, Variety and Value. This research intends to make the layout of the regional logistics and freight transportation more reasonable and management more efficient. Additionally, support for the theory and methods to improve the development of regional logistics and freight transportation are provided.

The logistics industry has a double characteristic of providing services for both producers and consumers. This paper, using the input-output method, researches the characteristic and industry association for logistics industry in Zhejiang from the point of producer services. The research shows that logistics industry is important to the producer’s operations, while the linkage between the two industries is weak, and also shows that the logistics industry is capital intensive. At the same time, the logistics industry has a typical feature of bottlenecking because of its stronger supply impetus to the national economy than other industries’. Some suggestions based on the research are given at the end of the paper.

Diagrams of standards systems are the foundation for formulating standards. This paper expounds the relationship between transportation and logistics, analyzes the connotation of transport logistics concepts, and puts forward the major demands of fiver aspects on logistics standardization work in China’s transportation industry. Through survey and analysis of the development status of logistics in the transportation industry, the main problems existing in seven aspects are summed up. The paper focuses on analysis and evaluation of the logistics standardization work in the transportation industry and puts forward the major demands of six aspects on logistics standardization work in China’s transportation industry by combining the enlightenment gained from researching the status of foreign transportation logistics standardization. The paper also establishes a diagram of a logistics standard system. Based on the early survey and analysis, the paper puts forward some suggestions on setting and revising standards within the next three years.

Railway freight volume is an important indicator of the “Li keqiang index”. This paper analyzes the relationship between railway freight volume and economic growth through cointegration analysis, error correction model analysis, granger causality test, and other methods according to the time series data from 1978 to 2013. Research shows that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between railway freight volume and economic development. Short-term changes of railway freight volume can be divided into two parts: one part is due to the short-term changes in gross domestic product, another part is due to the result of the previous railway freight volume deviating from the long-term equilibrium relationship. There also an exit single causality from the gross domestic product to railway freight volume, but does not exist in the opposite direction of causality.

Logistics public information platform as the neural center of regional logistics system plays an important role for the integration of logistics information resources. But operation practices of the current regional logistics information platform did not consider the operating efficiency and sustainable development issues. From a sustainable perspective, the paper analyzes the development status and the problem of regional logistics informatization. With the basic theory of system engineering, using the method of horizontal contrast, the core content and construction operation model of domestic and foreign typical regional logistics information platform is analyzed, also on the basis of user requirements and function orientation of regional logistics public information platform, the PPP operation model is put forward. The study is helpful to guiding the construction of regional logistics public information platform scientifically, promoting the standardization of the exchange of information and logistics industry, and ensuring the sustainable development of the logistics public information platform.

Clarifying the internal supply relationships between subsidiaries and identifying the core members is important for manufacturing groups to be able to highlights the focus of management and solve operational problems. This paper uses social network analysis (SNA), which refers to the use of network level and node level indices to investigate the JD Cement Group supply network for fuel, raw materials, and cement clinker. According to the analysis, various subsidiaries, that seem to play the same role in the supply network, actually have different statuses and functions. To enhance the core competitive advantage, the group needs to manage the different subsidiaries pointedly and make a reasonable plan for the future development.

The one-commodity pickup-and-delivery vehicle routing problem (1-PDVRP) as a new variant of the classical vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an important problem in combinational optimization. According to the characteristic of the problem, the corresponding mathematical model is established. The model is then verified through the lingo software. The result shows that the model can be effectively applied to the field of routing optimization in the process of logistics distribution.

The concept of the “pseudo-hypercycle” introduced to model interaction networks formed from production units. Although pseudo-hypercycles represent apparently similar phenomena to that of hypercycles, pseudo-hypercycles have different quantitative characterization modes in their inherent mechanism. Less-than-truckload (LTL) trucking companies usually operate networks and have affiliates in different regions. In this context, both a qualitative analysis based on Industrial Economics and Transportation Economics and an empirical study based on cointegration analysis are employed to find pseudo-hypercycles based on the interaction and cooperation among affiliates in a LTL trucking company in China. Pseudo-hypercycles in the LTL trucking company are proven to show help in increasing freight volume and to maintain a steady situation for the company’s affiliates.

This paper aims at investigating how freight transport decisions are made by local business receivers about the use of a commercial loading/unloading (l/u) bayin the urban center of Shanghai, China. Stated-Preference (SP) surveys were conducted during March 2013 to December 2014. A discrete choice model is then used to estimate the demand, and the results show that it is mainly decided by the penalty of illegal cargo-purpose minibus, by the tickets of roadside loading/unloading parking, by the annual cost of the commercial loading-unloading bay, by the service distance of the bay, and by the vehicle restriction in urban center. Three kinds of traffic policies are then discussed, and a combined policy is also suggested to attract more receivers to choose the commercial l/u bays.

The tie bars are used at longitudinal construction joints (LCJs) between the new and existing Portland cement concrete(PCC) pavement primarily to keep lanes from separating, prevent effectively widening of the joints and ensure load transfer in LCJs. A Three-dimensional(3-D) finite element model of the tie bars connection between new and existing PCC pavement is established by ABAQUS in this paper. Then the mechanical response of the concrete slab and tie bars for the graded aggregate base(GAB), cement stabilized macadam base (CSMB)and lean concrete base(LCB) at the uneven support between the new and existing subgrade is analyzed. The results show that the tie bars can decrease tensile stress at the bottom of concrete slab at LCJs as well as reduce greatly deflection difference between the new and existing slab. The load transfer efficiency of tie bars is over 85%, thus the load transfer capability of tie bars is excellent. The uneven subgrade support makes mechanical condition of concrete slab worse. And the higher base modulus and friction coefficient make concrete slab and tie bars in the good stress state.

With the development of material science and paving technology, researchers are trying to design a new asphalt material to satisfy the requirements of functional pavement. The self-monitoring asphalt pavement is one of the hot topics researchers focus on. The self-monitoring technique of asphalt concrete is the application of adding some electrically conductive substance to common mixtures to transform the isolated asphalt concrete into a conducting material. It is a timely and non-destructive method of monitoring the service condition of pavement structures by analyzing the variation rule between resistance and pavement performance. This paper summarizes the application prospect, mix design and the mechanism of self-monitoring asphalt concrete. The merits and demerits of different electrically conductive material were analyzed emphatically. This paper also identifies areas that require additional research, including material optimization design, quantitative characterization of resistivity, construction technology and economic benefit.

This study aims to develop estimation formulas of fundamental frequencies of single-pylon self-anchored suspension bridges based on the Rayleigh method. The basic equations of vertical free vibrations are established using the energy principle. Trigonometric shape function is applied to solve the equations. Configurations of self-anchored suspension bridges are also concerned and some small terms in magnitude analyses are ignored in order to simplify the derivation. Finally, an example of estimating fundamental frequencies of a self-anchored suspension bridge is also performed. In this example the formulas have only a4.4% deviation at most, which illustrates that the formulas can be utilized in the design phase of single-pylon self-anchored suspension bridges.

The optimization model was established by analyzing the parameters including lateral dimensions, longitudinal dimensions, diaphragm bottom constraints, and unit size to ensure the accuracy of the numerical analysis. A number of static tests such as pavement surface, lateral and vertical strain, and pavement interlayer lateral strain were performed on the Taopu Road Yunzaobang Bridge in Shanghai using a Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor. The results show that the lateral optimal dimension is a distance of 7 U ribs. Simply- supported constraints would better align with the physical constraints of the bridge deck pavement. All bottom restraints should be fixed constraints.. The calculated values and measured values have the same trend in this analysis.

In a prestressed concrete girder bridge with middle or long spans, wet joints, formed by segmentally erecting, are important structural links for its main girder. To reveal the damage mechanism and improve structural design of these joints, some failures in prestressed concrete bridges in China were introduced by summarizing engineering practice and investigating related literatures, and their failure features and causes were analyzed. Then, state-of-the-art research at home and abroad about wet joints were described, including the strength of wet joints and effect of damages of wet joints on the deflection of main girder. Finally, ideas for future study were proposed. Study showed, the pouring quality of concrete, the ratio of reinforcement, and the prestressing level were interior factors for damages of these joints, while the long-term and repeated action of overloading vehicles was the exterior factor. Recently, damages of wet joints and their influences on the structural performances of main girder or the whole bridge were of increasing concern for engineers, and some preliminary achievements had been obtained. The study on the problem of wet joints could not only provide basis for failure diagnosis and bearing capacity assessment for existing bridges, but also promote reasonable design of joint configuration in newly built bridges.

Aiming at improving the ancillary facilities of China’s highways, balancing the content and location of traffic sign setting, and decreasing the traffic accident rate, based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, an evaluation system of highway traffic signs is established. Through site visits and speed measurement on China’s highways, the feasibility of the evaluation model is validated. It was found that this evaluation method not only can reflect the problem of highway traffic sign setting objectively before reconstruction and expansion projects but also can prevent the problems of the design and setting of highway traffic signs and prevent highway operation problems after reconstruction and expansion.

Hot and rainy weather condition in southern areas of China demands materials that can deliver durable road performance. To accommodate specific requirements and current traffic conditions, studies on high performance asphalt mixture modifier in asphalt mixture were conducted in both laboratories and highway construction. We discovered that over 7000 times/mm dynamic stability, superior water damage resistance, and low temperature performance can be achieved when the dosage of the modifier was equal to or greater than 0.3%wt. In addition, higher dynamic modulus and anti-fatigue performance was achieved as well in the presence of the modifier. Application of the asphalt mixture modifier on several highway constructions in southern China such as G40, G50, and the 2^nd city ring in Chengdu demonstrated less track rutting and deflection than traditional methods. Economic benefits are also discussed in this paper.

In order to research the dynamic modulus prediction of asphalt mixtures, one section of Lianxu Highway in Jiangsu Province, China was picked. The applied prediction equations are from the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), and the prediction procedure could be broken into 3 steps: establishing the viscosity-temperature relationship first, then calculating aged viscosity through the Global Aging System, and finally using a prediction formula to get the dynamic modulus under any age, any temperature or any loading frequency. The predicted dynamic moduli were evaluated by comparing to measured results of recycled mixtures obtained from the researched section. The results indicate that: predicted dynamic moduli share same variation trend with measured ones under varying temperatures and loading frequencies. At room temperature (21.1°C.) and 25 Hz, the prediction model performs at the highest accuracy. Adjusting related parameters could significantly improve prediction accuracy in both high and low temperature conditions.

Vacuum surcharge preloading for stabilizing soft soil foundation is becoming an increasingly popular ground improvement technique. Although many studies have been reported in literatures, few articles adopted the centrifuge model test. The Centrifuge model test technique is adopted to simulate a gravity field by changing centrifugal acceleration, in order to simulate the related conditions of many geotechnical structures. View of current research of centrifuge model test of the vacuum surcharge preloading, the paper describe the design of the vacuum surcharge preloading and the whole construction of the centrifuge model test which simulate the actual working conditions, based on the project near the Hengshui Lake and contain very soft clays which have undesirable geotechnical properties such as low bearing capacity and high compressibility. Through the centrifuge model test, the change of the earth pressure and the ultimate settlement of two years after construction were obtained. By analysis the results, it make a conclusion that the method of vacuum surcharge preloading is a more effective method.

Mechanical analysis of medium or small-span girder steel bridge deck pavement was completed using a finite element method to analyze the effects of loading conditions on the steel deck pavement system. The results show that overloading and braking result in unfavorable interlayer shear stresses. Interlayer maximum shear stress increases by 141% at the turning sections of the pavement and the pavement structure design in these turning sections and on large slopes should consider an interlayer shear stress index. Then the design indicators and standards for asphalt pavement design were proposed based on the mechanical analysis. Performance requirements of pavement materials and waterproof adhesive material and design principles and suggestions of pavement structure combinations were provided for medium or small-span girder steel bridge deck pavement. Tests were conducted on sections on the Changji East Road Bridge in Shanghai. Based on the research results a reference value for the design of steel deck pavement of medium or small-span girder steel bridge can be obtained.

To research the antifreeze performance of road fiber concrete in an erosive solution, trabecular specimens that contained three kinds of water-cement ratios (0.44, 0.42 and 0.40) were formed. Then, they were placed in distilled water and a 10% Na₂SO₄ solution. The mass, relative dynamic elastic modulus and flexural-tensile strength for each specimen were determined by a freeze-thaw cycle test. The results showed that the mass loss ratio of concrete decreased as the water-cement ratio increased; the elastic modulus and flexural-tensile strength loss ratio increased with it; and the Na₂SO₄ solution exacerbated this trend. In addition, the effect of the water-cement ratio and erosive solutions was mutually reinforcing.

Added rubber powder made from recycled tires in cement concrete can reduce pollution and benefit a developing circular economy. To determine what particle size and dosage of rubber powder is best in road concrete, 24 groups of rubber powder concrete were prepared using four particle sizes and six kinds of dosages. Characteristics such as strength, toughness, crack resistance, frost resistance, and permeability were measured to determine pavement performance. The results showed that the strength of rubber powder concrete decreased with dosage and increasing degree of fineness, and it had a higher sensitivity for dosage. Adding rubber powder to concrete has a positive effect to improve toughness, crack resistance, and permeability of concrete, and the effect is more obvious when increasing dosage. However, the ability of frost resistance increased at first, and then decreased, when dosage increased. The optimum dosage for 60, 80, 100 and 120 meshes rubber powder was 15%.

This paper carries out an experimental study to verify the validity of identifying the weld cracking of an orthotropic bridge deck based on its nonlinear acoustic features. The experiment, which is based on the acoustic-vibration modulation method, employs a high-frequency ultrasound as a carrier and a low-frequency vibration signal as an excitation, tracking the frequently-appearing crack of an orthotropic steel deck. The experimental results show the relationship between a nonlinear ultrasonic characteristic parameter and the accumulated damage, and the presented parameter can be used as an index for the crack detection as well as its evaluation.

Based on the stable plate method principle, aset of testing devices to test the thermal conductivity coefficient of unsaturated porous media materials were developed. For thesetesting devices, thetesting process of the devices is closer to the real conduction process of the material, the testing results have sufficient accuracy for engineering application,and with the advantges ofsimple principle andconvenient operation , it has a certain reference valuein the practical application. On the basis of the experimental study on thermal conductivity coefficient of loess and two kinds of improved loess by thesedevices, relation curves between thermal conductivity coefficient and dry density, as well as the impact of cement improvement and lime improvement on the thermal conductivity,were obtained. The results show that the thermal conductivity coefficient of loess increased with the dry density; and reduced after being improved by cement, but the reduction is not obvious; After being improved by lime the thermal conductivity coefficient of loess was significantly increased, but the increasing rate of thethermal conductivity coefficient decreased graduallywith the lime content increasing, and when the lime content reaches a critical value, the thermal conductivity coefficient will decrease with it.

With the availability of historical pavement maintenance records and collected pavement performance data in the pavement management system (PMS) of highways in Jiangsu Province, it is of great importance to study the optimal application time of preventive maintenance. Rutting depth was selected as the pavement performance indicator since it is more critical than the other evaluation indexes. Pavement deteriorates much faster when the rutting depth reaches 10 mm. It is recommended to apply preventive maintenance before the beginning of severe deterioration, which is more cost-effective than rehabilitation. Heavier traffic on the highway causes the pavement to reach its turning point earlier. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) method was used to calculate the optimal application time of the preventive maintenance treatments. The application time of different preventive maintenance treatments is much the same, although the benefit over cost ratio is different between the different treatments.

As the fog seal layer using modified emulsified asphalt, its skid resistance may be attenuate while waterproofing property is improved significantly. So, this paper presents a laboratory study on the permeability and skid resistance of asphalt pavement fog seal layer. It is indicated that the texture depth is affected by the fog seal, and the more amount of sprayed asphalt, the smaller texture depth. Texture depth can evaluate skid resistance of asphalt pavement. If the original texture depth is bigger, the reduction amplitude is bigger. With the increase amount of sprayed asphalt, the permeability coefficient decrease significantly. If the permeability coefficient of original pavement is bigger, the reduction amplitude is bigger and the effect of fog seal layer is more obvious. By comprehensively considering the permeability and anti-skid property, the spraying amount of fog seal layer is suggested between 0.2-0.4kg/m^².

Three expressways including Lu-tong, Jie-fu-beng and Wu-xuan in Anhui province were analyzed regarding their maintenance cost-effectiveness based on a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). By means of summarizing maintenance history, the annual maintenance strategies and frequency of service were obtained. Then the life cycle of each expressway was calculated according to the cumulative ESALs and design ESALs. Subsequently, three cases of maintenance planning for Lu-tong were strategized in accordance with the maintenance strategies of both Jie-fu-beng and Wu-xuan. Finally, the present value and annual present value for each expressway were determined. The results show that (1) annual total maintenance quantities are fluctuating with service time. Maintenance methods offering less robust treatments occupy the majority of the maintenance history. (2) Wu-xuan has the lowest maintenance cost-effectiveness and Lu-tong has the highest maintenance cost-effectiveness. (3) Both life cycle span and maintenance planning have significant impacts on cost-effectiveness analysis. The expressway with light traffic level probably has high cost-effectiveness in maintenance.

With the increasing awareness of the warm asphalt technology, it is imperative to study properties of binders containing warm asphalt additives. However, there are few studies on meso-scale properties of warm asphalt binders. This paper aims to study the meso-structure of zeolite-asphalt system. The mesoscopic features are studied with scanning electron microscope, and pores’ characteristics of zeolite are analyzed with mercury intrusion porosimetry test. The stereo microscope and X-ray CT technology are employed to conduct the two-dimensional qualitative analysis and three-dimensional quantitative analysis of bubbles distribution in asphalt. Then, relationships between bubbles’ distribution characteristics and zeolite properties are established. The results show that macropores varies with zeolite source and synthetic zeolite has higher content of macropores. The bubbles that produced by zeolite water have distribution characteristics of “the upper the more and bigger, the lower the less and smaller”. Zeolites with high content of large pores produce more bubbles.

Along with the rapid development of highways in China, the performance of road pavement is being increasingly challenged. Highways in seasonally frozen areas, widely distributed in northern China, tend to infect diseases as heaving/frost boiling attributed to recurrent freezing and defrosting of water in the soil as well as fatigue load exerted by overloading vehicles. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation of rock asphalt, modified asphalt in seasonally frozen areas. Buton Rock Asphalt (BRA) is chosen as a representative. Laboratory and field tests are conducted and the result manifests that BRA can: (1) upgrade the aggregate-binder cohesion and thus strengthen the high temperature stability significantly; (2) promote the low temperature cracking resistance to some extent; and (3) enhance the resistance to water damage. Additionally, a simplified analysis is made to verify the economic and environmental value of BRA modified asphalt.

Based on the Bailey-Norton elastic-plastic constitutive model to the asphalt mixture, Mohr-Coulomb plastic constitutive model to the unbounded granular material, and the ABAQUS finite element platform, resistance ability to rutting of 4 typical pavements are studied. Results reveal that: the existence of unbounded granular material between asphalt layer and cement treated material appears negative effect to rutting resistance ability; factors such as temperature, tire-road contact pressure, traffic volume, modulus and thickness of asphalt layers have significant effects on asphalt pavement rutting resistance; rutting prediction models which can be used in new construction design are obtained by regression from orthogonal experiment design.

To investigate the influence of interface bonding condition on pavement deformation, flexible pavement was modeled in a finite element program (ABAQUS)and explicit dynamic analysis was conducted to identify the effects of interface bonding conditions to the pavement responses. At the same time, variance analysis was conducted to test the significance of the pavement layer interface bonding conditions to the pavement responses. Analysis results show that pavement layer interface bonding conditions have a significant influence on pavement deformation. The pavement responses were greatly influenced by the upper layers of the asphalt layers. The model results also show that the layer interface penalty coefficient of the pavement model that affects the interface bonding conditions has great influence on pavement deformation and that partial debonding between asphalt layers causes much greater strains and stresses at the bottom of the whole asphalt pavement.

A three dimensional discrete-element (DE) method was developed to simulate the four-point bending fatigue test of asphalt mixture. Firstly, after generating the irregular polyhedron aggregates, a three-dimensional (3D) DE model was constructed based on the typical gradation of AC-16 mixture. Then the contact parameters were chosen from the microscopic model in PFC3D and macroscopic mechanical parameters were obtained from uniaxial compression test. Therefore the conversion relationship between microscopic and macroscopic parameters could be determined. A virtual fatigue test was performed using an optimal algorithm based on basic DEM theory and time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle. To calculate the fatigue life, we considered the emergence of cracks inside small beams as fatigue failure criterion. Test results obtained from 3D virtual fatigue test showed agreement with laboratory four-point bending beam fatigue test, showing that this approach could serve as an alternative method to investigate the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixture and also laid good foundation for further studies about the effects of microscopic structures on the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures.

Rutting is a typical distress of rubber asphalt pavement under heavy loads. It is necessary to present a proper method to evaluate the high-temperature performance of rubber asphalt mixture. A newly developed repeated local-load permanent deformation test (RLLPDT) was conducted to evaluate the high-temperature performance of rubber asphalt mixtures. The Origin software is utilized to fit the test curve with creep models. Then the creep model and high temperature evaluation index (D1, Fn) were chosen according to their correlations along with the rutting test results and dynamic stability. The effectiveness and variability of D1 and Fn were verified. At last, the high temperature evaluation standard of crumb rubber asphalt (AR-VS13) and stabilized rubber asphalt (SUP-13 and SMA-13) mixture based on D1 and Fn was given according to the result of dynamic stability.

The peak-hour cross-section passenger volume (PCPV) is a key index to characterize the travel demand of urban rail transit. To improve the forecasting accuracy of PCPV is of great importance in the urban rail transit passenger flow organization. Because of the expansive scale of urban rail transit network and the free transfer within it, the forecasting of PCPV is becoming more and more difficult. Thus a combined forecasting model based on correlation analysis is proposed in this paper to enhance the rationality and accuracy of PCPV forecasting. Firstly, key factors that affect PCPV are indentified. Secondly, regression models between PCPV and factors are established based on correlation analysis. An artificial neural network is utilized to analyze and forecast the PCPV time series, and then a combined forecasting model is constructed by regression approaches. A case study is conducted to show the effectiveness and practicability of the combined forecasting model through comparison.

Taking the pedestrian flow characteristics(PTF) as the object, we summarize the history and current development research. The future development trend is also analyzed. Firstly, the data collection methods of PTF were analyzed. Secondly, the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the PTF were summarized; the microscopic characteristics of PTF are a natural show to the macroscopic properties. The results indicate that, (1) during to the influence of some factors such as infrastructure properties, environmental characteristics, and the different objective conditions, the fundamental diagrams for pedestrian traffic flow are different. (2) PTF has significant personalized features, such as the diversification of travel purpose, the self-organization in the travel behavior, the avoidance of travel process, and so on. (3) The future research trend of concern will include the data collection methods of pedestrian traffic flow, pedestrian traffic simulation, and pedestrian traffic modeling and empirical.

Temporal variations of bus passenger flow are essential for transit scheduling in routine management and operations. Smart card, with its detailed and accurate information, is used a lot in research on passenger flow. Aiming at laying the foundation for passenger flow theory as well as providing bus scheduling suggestions, a mathematical model based on passenger peak hour volume clustering is established. To ensure the rationality of this model, stability of passenger flow in each hour during a typical day is validated using time series analyses. Then, a multi-objective program is proposed considering both operational efficiencies and levels of service. Besides, clustering analysis is conducted in the grouping of passenger peak hours. To illustrate the practicability of this model, a case study in Shanghai is conducted. The schedule strategy proposed by this model includes the group number and the optimal value for each group, which helps to improve the reliability and efficiency of bus dispatching and staff scheduling, as well as to improve bus services for passengers.

This paper provides a critical review on the experimental studies of complex pedestrian movement behaviors so as to indicate any knowledge gaps in the empirical research on pedestrian crowd dynamics. Types of complex pedestrian movement behaviors are classified, and similarities and dissimilarities between these behaviors are explored. Furthermore, empirical data derived from controlled experiments with human participants are summarized and compared. Also, the use of these data for calibration and validation of pedestrian simulation models are examined. Finally, the differences of pedestrian behaviors between experimental and real-life situations are discussed. Findings from this study are useful for researchers who want to perform experiments or field observations to understand crowd dynamics and for modelers to develop, calibrate and validate their proposed pedestrian simulation models.

Splitting or shortening bus routes result in low quality of service and operation efficiency. An adjustment method based on the bus passenger OD matrix analysis is proposed for those routes. In the proposed method, the OD matrix is generated based on smart card data. To determine the adjusted mode and the adjusted stop, indices such as OD passenger volumes, the number of OD pairs, passenger volume on each segment, passenger boardings and alightings, and the total boardings/alightings among specific adjacent stops, are analyzed based on the OD matrix. By means of comparing the distribution of passenger flows of the adjusted route with that of the original route, the proposed method is proved to be effective.

Bus rapid transit (BRT) bus stops sometimes are set up as integratedbus stops, which provide services for both regular public transit and bus rapid transit.To guarantee thespeedinessof BRT, this paper studiesintegrated bus stops, and analyzes queuing delays of BRT vehicles at exclusive and integrated bus stops with Queuing Theory first. Considering the effect of buses’arrival and passengers’ getting on and off buses on buses’delay, this paper calculatesstopping delay of BRT vehicles at bus stops, and builds atotal delay model of BRT vehicles. Takingtotal delay of BRT vehicles at exclusive bus stops as standard, and comparing total delays of BRT vehicles at exclusive and integrated bus stops, this paper proposesa analyzing method of setting threshold forintegrated bus stops.Then, this paper usesaexclusive bus stop as an example toverify feasibility of the method. The method guarantees priority of BRT, and provides theoretical support for setting upintegrated bus stops.

Assessing equity of public transit fare policy is meaningful to both passengers and bus companies. In this paper, fare equity is defined as reasonable difference in the distribution of unit cost among different groups. Unit fare, unit cost and fare box recovery ratio are taken as evaluating indexes of fare equity. Then, the theory of Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are applied into the equity evaluation of unit fares distribution among the passengers and the “subsidy threshold” is used to analyze the cross-subsidy. Finally, as an example, the evaluating indexes and methods are applied into the equity evaluation of flat fare. Results show that using the established indexes and methods to evaluate fare equity is feasible and flat fare is unfair.

The degree of crowding on board is one of the crucial factors affecting the attraction of a bus system. In order to provide an overview of the on-board crowding degree of a bus route or network for both managers and passengers, Crowding Index is proposed in this paper. The Crowding Index can quantify the degree of crowding in a single number. Firstly, the load factors index between adjacent bus stops is calculated based on the passenger volume and the number of buses at a certain interval. Then the load factor index is converted to Crowding Index through linear transform based on the relationship between them. The Crowding Index is based on a scale of ‘0’ to ‘10’ and‘0’ is considered the ‘best’. Thirdly, the passenger turnover volume on each segment is chosen as the weight to calculate the Crowding Index of the bus route or network. Finally, case studies are conducted to verify the calculation method. The results show that the Crowding Index can reflect the degree of crowding of a bus route or network properly in a visual way. The research can provide a support for evaluating the degree of crowding on board.

As an important component of public transportation system, bus stations take the function of the passenger flow distribution and significantly influence the level of service, such as convenience and comfort. In this study, the impact factors of bus station setting were identified and analyzed, which include average daily passenger volume distribution, the number of connected lines, the connection with other transportation modes, and the condition of station location. This paper, based on cluster analysis theory, empirically analyses the ranking of bus stations in Xi'an. The results indicate that ranking of bus stations is helpful to improve the operational efficiency and promote the sustainable development of public transportation systems and urban society and economy.

Passenger flow control is the main management method conducted in urban rail stations during peak hours when there are large passenger traffic demands. While stations are usually controlled independently in practice, a collaborative passenger flow control model is established based on mathematical programming to minimize the passenger delay by adopting the flow entry rate as the quantitative basis. Then the model is verified using a case study and the results show that coordinative passenger flow control method that this model put forward can effectively improve the transportation capacity utilization and reduce the number of strained passengers. Besides, a sensitivity analysis is conducted, which shows that the departure interval and conveying capacity of the train affect passenger delay most markedly in the process of passenger control.

This study examined the factors which have a significant effect on the general satisfaction level with public bus services. By means of a practical survey in Shanghai, passengers’ attitudes to some specific attributes of the quality of the service were collected for analysis, as well as their overall satisfaction rating. Two methods were employed to analyze the relationship between their overall satisfaction rating and specific attributes rating: weighted power mean, and a generalized linear model. The main contribution of this work is as follows: we showed that the level of passenger satisfaction depended mainly on a few factors, and analyzed how these aspects affected their perceptions.

A dynamic simulation-based traffic assignment (DTA) framework and model for urban rail transit system was presented to describe the dynamics of network traffic flows over space and time. This framework and model can be used to evaluate the related traffic policies and operation strategies, which form the base for advanced dynamic traffic management system. In the framework, microscopic simulation-based methodology was used, where passengers and trains are conceived as individual mobile agents with decision making capabilities that interact with the environment. A continuous time-driven simulator named SURPASS based on the proposed model is also described; using object-oriented programming, it has performed well in both reliability and robustness. A real urban rail transit system of Beijing in China has been used to measure the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model. Results show that the proposed simulation-based methodology can be used to solve the DTA problem for urban rail transit system effectively.

The objective of this study is to examine the influence of bus stop location on bus priority efficiency for arterials with segmented signal progression control. A simulation approach is used to explore the effects for an arterial with five intersections and three bus-bay stops. Analyses are conducted to investigate the relationship between traffic volume and delay (bus or car delay) for given bus stop locations (far-side, near-side, and midblock). The results suggest that a far-side bus stop is generally a better choice than a near-side one, especially when intersection spacing is tight. When intersection spacing increased to 300 or 450 meters, bus stop locations have a smaller effect on the efficiency of bus priority, and results showed that a far-side stop location is still a better choice.

Recently more innovative booking techniques have been introduced into the taxi market, and they have profoundly reshaped the modern taxi service. In this paper, the actual influence of the telephone/online booking system on the taxi service performance is examined, based on the operational statistics of the taxi market in Suzhou City, China. Two taxi service modes, ordinary taxi service and the new dedicated taxi program which is derived from the booking system, have been compared. The feedback from taxi drivers and customers have been collected to disclose their perspectives on the taxi booking system. The results indicate that in current operation modes, the use of the telephone/online booking system could benefit passengers, but actually makes few differences to the taxi service providers.

Accessibility is widely used to evaluate the level of service of urban transportation systems. However, the definition of the public transportation accessibility is still ambiguous. Simultaneously, the show of results stays on the simple graph display in China, which is unintuitive and obscure. This paper focuses on defining public transportation accessibility, based on the characteristics of urban public transit operation and travel, as well as previous research on urban road accessibility. In the conclusions, two different exhibit types are developed, based on the varying definitions of accessibility in GIS. These are the isochrone map and the three-dimensional map, which is more intuitive and exact. It also illustrates that the new features in GIS have unique advantages in displaying regional accessibility and changes after improvements. A case study was done on the city of Chengdu in the Wenjiang region.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the built environment (focusing on walking route characteristics) in determining the Walking Catchment Area (WCA) of rail transit stations. In the proposed conceptual framework, two types of walking route attributes, actual walking impedance and overall walking experience are utilized to determine the size of WCA by the influencing general walking effort in distinct modes. Consequently, the Kishi’s Logit PSM (KLP) model and OLS regression model are respectively applied to quantify the effects of different walking route attributes on WCA. In the KLP model, trade-offs are measured between walking distances and walking impedance based on transit users’ stated preference data. The OLS regression attests that walking experience contributes in pedestrians’ underestimation/overestimation of perceived walking time, and thereby affects the size of WCA. Based on the improvement of some walking route characteristics, the before-and-after change is recognized in size of WCA.

Park-and-ride (P&R) is a conventional way of transportation demand management that can relieve urban traffic congestion and parking pressure. Nowadays, the total usable capacity of P&R parking lots in Shanghai, China, cannot satisfy the demand. In this research, a user travel behavior survey was designed based on this phenomenon, the factors affecting travel behavior were analyzed, and a binary logit model was constructed considering both traffic congestion and subway congestion factors as well as models of roadway congestion and a user transfer model implemented separately. Travel time was the most important output factor in the model, especially for highly congested road segments. Fees also affected the choice of travel mode when roads were less congested. Those who had lower incomes, lived in suburban areas, or had non-Shanghai vehicle licenses preferred to use P&R.

Using the trip behavior data of residents of Zhongshan, this study collects basic trip data of various regions in 2014 and uses correlation analysis to choose influence factors that are closely related to the mode choice of a residents’ trip. Utility function are constructed by using the difference values between transit trip mode and private trip mode. Income, trip purpose, trip distance, trip time ratio and trip cost ratio are considered influence factors. Using a probit model and statistical analysis software STATA, the model was calibrated and verified and the influences of trip cost and trip time on the mode choice of resident trip is studied through sensitivity analysis.

Many transit agencies are currently considering implementing priority systems in cities intersection control system. These agencies which provide buses with temporary green signal and early green recall. While numerous studies have devaluated a potential reduction for bus delay and negative traffic impacts, very few have referred to the problem caused by bus overflow of far-side bus stops. If there existing a model which can estimate the dwell time of buses at bus stops, combining the dwell time with the priority strategy it will reduce the negative impact of bus overflow and improve the control performance to some extent. This paper presents a overflow control logic which is combined with buses on schedule to control signal priority. According to these observed data of bus stops a dwell time model was built and used in the overflow controlling logic. At the same time, considering buses on schedule the logic of this paper takes control of these signals to adjust the on schedule of buses to some extent. Results of VISSIM simulation compared with simple priority system show that the proposed control strategy can reduce bus transit delay as well as reduce social car wait time improving the efficiency of the intersection.

A bus bay which does not have sufficient berths would result in a blockage in the entrance which impacts the community vehicles. Buses will block community traffic in the entrance of bus bay when the demand of dwelling is high. And buses can block the through vehicles as a queue persists in the exit of bus bay. Therefore, bus bay blockage will reduce the capacity of bus bay, and bus bay blockage will affect the capacity on the adjacent community vehicles. The research studies scenarios associated with blockage of the entrance and exit of bus bay. The capacity of bus bay and adjacent lane is modeled as a function of the length of bus bay by using a probabilistic approach, taking into account blockage due to the number of berths. Then, the proposed capacity model will be validated on the basis of VISSIM to simulate a real-world bus bay. The research aims at estimating the capacity on bus bay and adjacent lane of the community vehicles while bus bay blockage occurs, to highlight the effect of the length of bus bay.

The passenger flow of urban rail transit (UTR) is influenced by many factors including gross domestic production, total length of urban rail lines, and the urban population scale of the city. A macro-factor passenger flow estimation model is needed for more and more cities in Chinato to build urban rail transit system. Before the urban rail transit becomes an operating network, a lot of government agencies usually build the first metro line in the center of city. Considering only one line services a limited number of people in the city, a modified multiple variables linear regression model is established based on the URT operating data in cities of China which can forecast the passenger flow of urban rail transit exactly. The results show that the model is very accurate in passenger flow forecasting.

Based on analysis of the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and neural networks (NN) models, this paper presents an ensemble approach to short-term bus passenger flow time series forecasting which integrating ARIMA with NN. The bus passenger flow series are considered to be composed of a linear auto-correlation structure and nonlinear structure. ARIMA is used to model the linear component and the NN model is applied to the nonlinear component prediction. The test outcomes based on a bus line in Shanghai, indicates that the proposed model which integrates the unique strength of the two models in linear and nonlinear modeling, has better forecasting accuracy than that of a single model.

In order to improve the service quality and traffic efficiency of bus rapid transit (BRT), transit signal priority (TSP) used in the adaptive traffic signal control system has been viewed as important opportunities for reducing overall traffic congestions and improving bus transit services. The first BRT line in Taichung, Tai wan is operating in July 2014, while fixed-time signal timings are used at all signalized intersections. According to the detection technology presently used in Taichung, a cross-way considered TSP method (CCTSP) is designed. The CCTSP, including vehicle detection, time prediction and strategy decision, aims at reallocating green times among the phases with considering the real-time traffic flow condition and the bus priority request. VAP, vehicle actuated programming, is a sub-module of micro simulation platform Vissim. The VAP based simulation platform is developed to evaluate TSPs in details. Testbed of the BRT line Network in Taichung-Port Road is established in VISSIM according to the collected BRT planning data in Taichung. Extensive VISSIM simulation results have demonstrated the potential of the developed CCTSP in balancing the BRT requests and overall traffic efficiency, and indicated that the signal priorities derived from CCTSP has better performance.

Synchronized passenger transfers in public-transport (PT) networks are not always materialized because of some stochastic and uncertain factors, such as traffic disturbances and disruptions, fluctuations of passenger demand and erroneous behavior of PT drivers. This work presents a novel tactic-based predictive control framework to increase, in a receding horizon control manner, the actual occurrence of synchronized transfers in schedule-based PT networks. This approach differs from the traditional mathematical-programming approach formulating the PT transfer synchronization problem as a monolithic-optimization problem and solves it over the whole planning horizon. The new tactic-based predictive control approach can dynamically optimize the PT vehicle movement process in schedule-based PT networks under random vehicle travel time. First, an event-activity network is constructed to represent the PT vehicle movement process. Second, an online optimization problem of the predictive control, based on a library of operational tactics, is developed to optimize the PT transfer synchronization problem. A procedure for real-time tactics deployment is also presented. Finally, a numerical example is utilized to illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology developed.

Bicycle and rail transit are considered to be typical modes in a green transportation system. The combination of these two traffic modes could provide an integrated, green, and seamless public transit service. In this paper, factors such as individual characteristics and land use attributes were defined as independent variables. Based on the data collected in Nanjing, a Binary Logit Model and Multiple Regression Model were applied to analyze how those factors influenced people’s usage of public bicycles. Results showed that commuters with a short travel distance between home and rail transit are the primary users of public bicycle systems. Public bicycles are more attractive in high income residences with previous experience of bicycle thefts. Reducing public bicycle rental fees and setting rental points properly can effectively enhance attraction to public bicycle systems. A few suggestions were presented including reducing rental fees, enhancing locking mechanisms and setting docking stations properly.

The purpose of this research was to explore how commuters personal characteristics and satisfaction influence public bicycle usage in commercial districts. A questionnaire survey was carried out in Nanjing in June, 2014. Exploratory factor analysis was used to filter potential factors thereby to calibrate latent variables. Based on the statistical results, a structural equation model was constructed. Finally, conclusions indicate that public bicycle users in commercial districts are mainly young adults with high income. Moreover, four main factors including usability, convenience, service and management were determined to have significant contributions to the usage of public bicycles in commercial districts.

Today, China has entered a stage of rapid urbanization and growing numbers of people are gathered in the city. To adapt to this rapid economic development, a new solution for public transport which is different from subway, light rail and traditional public traffic is required. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) which has many advantages such as a lower investment cost, short construction cycle, rapid speed, lower pollution and greater capacity has been adopted widely all over the country. Many cities hold incorrect opinions that BRT can solve the urban transport issues. This paper studies the suitability of BRT in China’s medium sized cities and the method of traffic mode split forecasting with the introduction of BRT, and takes an example of YiChang. The paper analyzes the factors influencing the travel mode choice of residents, and develops a multinomial logit model using RP data and SP data. The paper provides a theory for using traffic policy to adjust the structure of a public transit system.

Small cities, the critical nodes connecting urban and rural areas, are experiencing rapid urbanization and mobilization. However, due to limited resources, it is insufficient to solely depend on the highway system and personal vehicles to satisfy transportation demand. Given this, research and development of public transportation systems becomes necessary. This research focuses on nine typical small cities and analyzes the current situations to understand common problems of small city bus systems. The main results are as follows: the bus ownership can’t reach the requirement of the specification. The severe lack of bus lines and unreasonable network structures lead to many bus blind areas. The bus stop coverage rate is less than specification requirement. For the above reasons, the bus operation is in poor condition. Finally, the suggestions about the future development of the small city public transport are proposed.

Travelers’ mode and route choices are considered to be stochastic under elastic demand based on the generalized cost function. A hierarchical logit model is used to describe commuters’ mode choice behaviors, and the mode choice equilibrium equations are constructed. Furthermore, the optimal rail transit fare and pricing strategy are discussed under the combination travel model. It is shown that setting the proper fare system can achieve the greatest net benefit for the system.

With the aggravating phenomenon of Beijing traffic congestion, the measure of reducing using private cars introducing, the environment sharply deteriorating, more and more people start to choose public transportation as the main way to travel. In order to encourage “green commuting,” and enjoy the transportation which is more comfortable, transit agencies have carried out “Custom Bus” between some large residential communities and business districts. This article summarizes the operating characteristics of the customized bus, provides comparisons with other conventional ways to travel, and provides an evaluation of the practical significance of Custom Bus and the feasibility of its popularizations.

Nowadays, walking as a primary mode of transportation in the work stage of metro commuting has been paid little attention; most studies focus on transfer mode choice of the home stage. However, although walking is the most commonly used egress mode, the long route, the large block size, the terrible walking environment and the delay at intersections all decrease overall satisfaction. Based on the reveled preference data in Nanjing, China, this paper applied a log it model to quantify the impacts of individual characteristics, egress distance and walking environment attributes on commuters’ walking satisfaction. The results indicate that egress distance has highly apparent negative effects on walking satisfaction when the distance exceeds a certain high value. Additionally, when the distance ranges from a low value to a high value, the distance affection significantly decreased as the positive effects (walking facility, walking environment, walking convenience) gradually increased.

This paper develops the service design of rural transit routes in China based on the challenges that rural transit systems face from the revolution of the service mode. The evolution of the rural transit service mode is summarized first. Characteristics of rural transit trips, passenger flow, and passenger satisfaction are analyzed as the basis of service design. A two-layered hub and spoke network structure including trunk and branch routes is proposed. The fixed bus service is suitable for the trunk routes, and flexible service for branch routes. Furthermore, principle and strategies for vehicle configuration are presented. This paper goes on to discuss the service frequency determination. The findings of this paper are therefore helpful to rural transit operators and researchers in China and other developing countries.

We emphasize the bus capacity or load limit effect on the dynamical phase transition between the delay and schedule time based on the time headway model of bus route system. A variety of schedule or delay phase spectrums have been drawn in a series of bus capacities. The phase diagrams perfectly degenerate into traditional research findings in two extreme conditions of with/without bus capacity. The retention rate is proposed as another index to evaluate the system performance and acquire the optimal load limit and the corresponding departure frequency at various arrival rates. It is concluded that the vehicle capacity limit can expand the schedule-time phase and we can take a certain load limit and departure frequency corresponding to the arrival rate.

By investigating dwell times at several typical intermediate bus stations and using the probabilistic statistical method, we studied the distribution of buses dwell times at the stations. Erlang distribution, Normal distribution and Lorentz distribution are selected to fit the measured data,which are illustrated by distribution histograms.A chi-square test is conducted for test the distributions. The results show that the dwell time follows 4th order Erlang distribution on flat peak hours in bus bays and it follows 7th order Erlang distribution in linear stations. The dwell time follows 3th order Erlang distribution on peak hours in bus bays and it follows 5th order Erlang distribution in linear stations.

By collecting the bus delay time data at signalized intersection and using the analysis methods of probability and statistics, this paper studies the probability distribution of bus delay through the signalized intersection. Three distribution functions: GaussAmp, Poisson and LogNormal are chosen to fit the histograms of statistics and check the accuracy of the fitting by χ² method. The results show that the randomness of queuing time of buses at the intersection gives rise to an indistinct distribution pattern of bus delay through signalized intersections. GaussAmp distribution has the best fitting precision of the delay distribution for those buses that pass the intersection without any stopover at peak and off-peak time, while the delay time for those buses that pass the intersection with stopover at peak time behaves according to LogNormal distribution.

Bus-stops in urban areas of major cities have several vivid characteristics, which include large numbers of bus lines, poor punctuality, and strong fluctuation of dwell time. With the rapid development of urban public transit, the arriving buses at stops in unit time are growing. Thus, the queuing phenomenon is very common in multi-line bus-stops. There is no doubt that bus operations at stops affect the road link capacity. Especially when bus queuing exists in the upstream of the stop, the reality will be more complicated. In this paper, road link capacity is estimated for different stages of bus-stop operation. The temporal impact factor is calculated to reveal the occupation of bus-stop on road link capacity. Moreover, a classical queuing model is proposed to analyze the waiting time for buses to enter the stop and the overflow probability of a multi-line bus-stop. A case study is carried out to illustrate the effect of queuing at bus-stop on road link capacity. Results show that compared with other conditions, the overflow probability is small when the number of berths is three. And, if the number of lanes on road link is more than three, the influence of the bus-stop can be neglected.

As a development strategy of urban traffic, transit priority becomes a necessary choice to solve traffic jams in many cities of our country. Taking Lingnan Road in Foshan as example, the field investigation results showed us a series of traffic problems, such as low travel speed, high bus stop delays, poor reliability and large intersection queue-length. Based on the works done by the predecessors, the paper proposed several optimization technics and measures e.g. the design methods of a bus lane, bus-only approaches, bus stop and transit signal priority to solve the problems. Using VISSIM micro-simulation to evaluate the strategy’s efficiency along an arterial road, the results indicate that the presented strategies can improve the operation efficiency of the transit system effectively. The measures reduced the number of stops by 8% to 66% and travel delay time to up to 70% of the transit, while restricting the impact on vehicular traffic to the minimum. Moreover, the number of stops and travel delay time of vehicular traffic actually got a slight decrease.

The passenger transportation management of modern trams has been divided four parts, including passenger management mode, station type analysis, service equipment and passenger information service, and these four aspects were carried out in this thorough analysis. The principles of boarding and alighting were studied. Based on the conflict of boarding and land passengers, two relief methods are proposed, then three kinds of relief plan are researched, and comparison analysis result are given.

As a key component of bus dwell time, passenger movement time in boarding and alighting processes plays an important role in affecting service reliability and service quality. Boarding and alighting processes are impacted by several factors, including vehicle configuration, friction between boarding and alighting passengers, bus floor level, and fare payment methods. The crowding effect refers to the interaction between passengers boarding, alighting, and on-board. In this paper, we introduce two indices, namely rank and occupancy, to describe the crowding effect. Rank reflects the sequence of passengers boarding and alighting, which reveals how passengers’ movement time changes in boarding/alighting process. Occupancy indicates level of crowdedness in vehicle, and quantifies the friction from on board passengers during boarding and alighting process. Based on time-stamped smart card transactions, we measured the inter-tapping interval between two successive boarding (alighting) passengers to identify the effect of rank and occupancy in determining boarding/alighting processes. Before our analysis, a cluster based outlier detection method is applied to guarantee data quality. Using large quantities of boarding/alighting observations from smart card data, we found that both rank and occupancy have strong effects on boarding and alighting processes. For occupancy, 60% is a critical threshold for boarding process, after which a dramatic increase of average boarding time is observed. This research may help better understand the passenger behavior in boarding and alighting processes.

Bus Rapid Transit has been considered an effective method to solve the traffic problems for its advantages of high speed, timeliness and efficiency. Therefore, the connection between BRT and regular bus is directly relevant to the development of city public transportation. The paper analyzes, from the viewpoint of the line network, the basic characteristics of jointly-planned coordination between BRT and Regular Bus Transit with use of system theory. For line network, the paper determines BRT as the public transit network’s backbone, on this basis, making adjustments to the existing transportation network for achieving harmonization between them; the focus is a new method of regular transportation network, that establishes direct bus line and feeder bus route service scope and operation strategy optimization model in the BRT corridor, using minimum total cost of bus transit system as a function of the target, which is to achieve reasonable utilization of public transportation resources.

The purpose of this paper is to improve Jinan’s customized bus operation management and increase the level of urban public transport services. The current demand of Jinan's resident travel is diversification, however it is lacking in the urban public transport service system. The contradiction between the two is very prominent. At the same time, the city land utilization layout and traffic situation are becoming more complex in Jinan. To address this situation, we did a coupling survey and analysis of urban resident travel characteristics and customized the buses’ operation status for many aspects such as passengers, ordinary residents, and the bus company by using questionnaire survey and discussion exchange research in the paper. Thus, some feasible suggestions about customized bus operation optimization and its future development planning have been put forward which will be helpful to promote the building of a three-dimensional comprehensive public transport service system in Jinan.

New transportation systems representative of LRT (Light Rail Transit) are developing in cities around the world. When introducing LRT to a city center with high-density land use, the distribution of road space is very important because it can make cars, public transport, bicycles and pedestrians share the road resources in a good traffic environment.Therefore, we targeted 54 cities that introduced LRT in their city centers as the subject of study. With GIS and city maps, a database ofthe current state of LRT and the distribution of roads in these city centers can be built, and the connection between LRT, pedestrian zones, and trunk roads configuration in the central part of the city also be analyzed.

Aggregated total demand is often involved in microeconomic public transport models to determine the optimal frequency and bus size on a single bus route. With the implementation of Automatic Passenger Counter (APC) systems, massive boarding and alighting counts are available for analysis. This study proposes a microeconomic model to determine frequency and bus size using APC data. The proposed model considers the influence of crowding by specifying the dependence of the value of travel time on bus occupancy. It is revealed analytically that the model performs equally well as a model that uses origin-destination (OD) flows as inputs and that ignoring the influence of crowding would result in underestimating frequency and over estimating bus size. Numerical results suggest that a model based on bus load and a given bus size underestimates frequency, and a model that uses the total demand as input tends to underestimate frequency and overestimate bus size.

Perceived quality of bus services has great effects on passengers’ choice behavior among different travel modes. In this research, both qualitative indicators, like comfort, safety and convenience, and quantitative ones, such as travel time and travel expenses, were introduced into a Multi-Nominal model, to show their effects on passengers’ mode choice behavior. A questionnaire of bus passenger’s travel aspiration was designed and the investigation is conducted in Zibo City, China. By analyzing the survey data, it concludes that different factors of perceived service quality of bus service have different influences on four traffic modes, including bus, private car, taxi and moped. Among these four factors, convenience has greater effects on traffic mode choice than others. According to the research results, some suggestions are made to improve bus service quality and to increase the proportion of bus transit mode.

Transfer preferential benefit of urban public transport has been put into operation interiorly. However, whether and in which degree can this policy ease the traffic pressure is unknown. In order to forecast the variation of travel mode choice after the operation of the policy, this paper established a travel mode choice model. The result shows that this policy does have much impact on travel mode choice. Travelers who used to take bicycle/electric bicycle will be attracted to this policy considerably. The recommended margin of preference is 1.0 Yuan and1.5 Yuan is preferred if the decrease of profit on operating can be accepted. Besides, travel time should be as low as possible so that sharing rate of public transport can be improved.

The application of network science has greatly improved our understanding about the structure and properties of public transport network (PTN). Using tools and methods provided from network science, several standardized representations have been developed and analyzed to understand the topological structure of PTN from different aspects. In this paper, we present an empirical study on the bus network in Singapore. Different from previous studies based on a direct mapping of PTN on road networks, we focus on the weighted C-space representation of public transport networks to better characterize the interaction of different bus services. By exploring the statistical properties of this representation, we find that the bus network in Singapore exhibits similar patterns as many other cities in terms of distributions of edge weight, vertex degree and vertex strength. However, a superlinear scaling is found when we examine the dependency of a vertex’s strength on degree, indicating that PTN in Singapore provides people with more alternatives to travel and transfer. The C-space representation also enables us to further explore the interactions between services by examining the community structure and the corresponding reverse mapping on road networks. This helps us to identify those crucial ‘bridges’ in a city, which is shared by different communities and connect diverse regions.

In order to forecast the demands for American Disability Act (ADA) travel, many complicated factors are needed to be considered, including, but not limited to socioeconomic data and service operational characteristics. In other words, the choice of suitable explanatory variables to construct an ADA travel demand model is an important and complex task. Data mining techniques provide a promising way to select the explanatory variables. They work especially well in situations where the number of relevant variables is large and where the interactions among variables or models are not clear. In this study, we applied data mining techniques for selecting variables and building models. Census data was mined to select candidate variables. Also, we compared the performances of three types of models: (1) a traditional linear model, (2) a traditional model with variables selected by the classification and regression tree (CART) method, and (3) a traditional model with the variables selected by the random forest (RF) method. The results show that the fraction of senior citizens (age > 65), average household size (owner occupied), fraction of African Americans, fraction of Hispanics, annual household income, fraction of males, median age, fraction of households with a family member with a disability, and the total population, are the significant variables for modeling ADA travel demands.

With the fast development of data acquisition techniques and storage capabilities, more and more human travel related data has been collected. These “Big Data” bring both opportunities and challenges for human travel behavior research. In this paper, millions of residents' daily mobile phone records collected in Shanghai are analyzed by four visualization methods to characterize urban human travel behavior patterns. Particularly, this paper studies: 1) the travel OD map that reveals the spatial structure of travel demand, 2) the two-dimensional population density map that characterizes the continuous spatial distribution of residents, 3) the vector field map of resident movement that depicts the local movement feature of residents, 4) the particle graph of resident flow that demonstrates the smooth dynamic movement process of residents. Both the design objectives and the animation techniques for each visualization method are discussed. The findings on residents' travel behaviors could help the government make the appropriate urban planning and help residents make the better daily travel planning.

The transfer coordination between the bus of rapid transit(BRT) and conventional bus was needed by the sustainable development of the urban traffic. This paper firstly established the system of evaluation index about the transfer coordination between the bus of rapid transit and conventional bus, based on the principle of the creation of evaluation index system and the method on evaluation index selection; Secondly, the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was used to the transfer coordination between the bus of rapid transit and conventional bus of Urumqi; Finally through the analysis of the evaluation, a series of improvements was proposed to guide the network establishment of the bus of rapid transit and conventional bus through the composite norm analysis.

In this paper, monitoring data of tunneling-induced settlement collected during the construction of Yangtze River tunnel of new line 10 in Nanjing are presented. It is found that in the fine sand layer, ground surface settlement caused by large diameter slurry tunnel boring machine (TBM) construction follows the Gauss distribution in the transverse direction. An effective method to estimate the characteristics of settlement trough by fitting Peck’s curve is used. As follows, the influence of different parameters (such as tunnel depth, overlying layer types and face pressure) on the estimated ground loss and the shape of settlement trough is investigated. Finally, several construction control measures are given.

This paper presents an optimization method based on auxiliary decision support to optimize last train timetable. Firstly, a path searching algorithm is designed based on multi-objective programming by combining the K-th optimal path searching algorithm with the limit of the last train schedule. Based on the analysis of the passenger OD demand, the passenger flow is assigned into transit network under the condition of last train schedule. Secondly, we define the accessible rate of network and the number of transfer failure and use them as the evaluation indices to evaluate the last train’s operation coordination. And on this basis, rail transit lines and stations are sorted according to the passenger OD demand, and then combine the coordination evaluation and optimization as the auxiliary decision support in to optimize last train timetable. Finally, Beijing subway is analyzed and suggestions for improvement in Beijing subway last train operation plan are put forward.

Signal System is the most important partof urban rail transit system and serves as the neural nervous part of the network. It is a thorny issue to enhance the surveillance of the key equipment in the urban rail transit signal system, and to do the accurate fault diagnosis and prognosis for them so as to realize active and accurate system equipment maintenance. In order to realize that, certain fault analysis methods, which should be not only able to determine whether certain kind of faults would take place, but be able to forecast the tendency of the fault as well, is needed. Naive Bayesian Classifying (NBC), which is widely used in big data analysis and data mining, is regarded as the basic method in fault diagnosis for the key equipment in urban rail transit; however, it is rarely used in fault prognosis, or it is only used in it combined with other data mining and analysis methods. By thoroughly analyzing the steps in Naive Bayesian Classifying, an intermediate parameter appears in the processing steps that can characterize the tendency if a certain class has been found. Utilizing this intermediate parameter Enhanced Naive Bayesian Classifying (ENBC) method proposed in this paper, the fault tendency percentage for the key equipment in urban rail transit signal system can be realized. By integrating ENBC into the maintenance and management system (MMS) of Shanghai Metro Line 8, and by analyzing a set of one week-long operating data sets, the effectiveness of the fault prognosis method has been proved.

Block mode of a transit corridor is a key characteristic and plays a decisive role in train delay adjustment. This paper focuses on how train delay and propagation is affected by different block modes and how to adjust train delay and propagation of three types of block mode. On the condition of minimum headway, this work tackles the problem of rate of curves of train delay spread on subsequent continuous trains. In addition, a variety of influence factors are summarized, including braking mode, length of block section, and real-time detection of train position. The relationships between these influence factors and train delay adjustment are also revealed. Finally, measures to reduce delay (including initial delay and additional delay) are presented.

Maglev transportation has become a new mode of transportation for rail transit system, with its unique maglev train levitating on the track in non-contact form under high speed operation. The biggest characteristic of maglev train is walking mechanism without wheels. The onboard operation control system of the train can realize the levitating, guiding and braking function of the train. The levitation and guidance subsystem of the train can automatically adjust the train’s levitation gap and guidance gap. Maglev train’s operating speed is up to 430 km/h. Controlling the train stably and reliably is the premise of the train’s safe operation. This paper introduces and analyzes the Redundancy control function of the maglev train system, and the strategies under fault conditions of safety operation. It also presents some constructive suggestions on the operation and maintenance of the maglev train system.

There are some problems in the reconstruction design of interchange station for lack of specific guiding principle. We simulate three metro stations in Guangzhou, which will be changed from common stations to interchange stations. By analyzing simulation results, three general problems about structures of the concourse, stairs, conflict points in the concourse are summarized and discussed in detail. Besides, corresponding solutions are put forward. In the design phase of the former line, the concourse should be designed for all lines and stairs that connect the concourse and the platform should be widen. While in the design phase of the latter line, interchange modes should be designed as “direct interchange” or be combined “interchange through concourse” with “direct interchange”.

The history, structure, operation mechanism and types of linear motors are given at first. And then the typical application of the different linear motors used in the URTS is analyzed. In the end, a look at the development and future prospects of the application of linear motors is presented.

On the basis of the actual situation of harmonious type electric locomotive two-year maintenance work, locomotive maintenance management information system is designed by use of computer network technology and modern management science theory. Design principles, structure design and hardware design of the system are introduced in detail, and the application of this system is discussed form two aspects of information sharing and data flow transmission. The establishment of system makes the locomotive maintenance process management informatization, and improve the quality and efficiency of locomotive maintenance.

In this article, we analyzed the characteristic of the intersection with prior tram and designed a system for simulating the behavior of the cars and trams when different control strategies of the traffic lights are imposed. The whole implementation system is based on Visual C++ and OpenGL and the details of the architecture were elaborated. The experiment results showed the proposed system is configurable for different numbers of lanes, arrival rates for cars and trams, and signal control strategies, meaning that our system can simulate the behavior of cars and trams at various intersections, achieving the target we had expected.

This paper presents a bi-level game model to simulate the high-speed passenger transport market which is dominated by high-speed rail and airlines. The upper-level model represents the two-player, non-cooperative gaming between transport operators; the lower-level model ensures the minimum of generalized travel cost for all travelers. The dynamic interaction between operators and travelers is portrayed as a Stackelberg game. A heuristic solution algorithm based on sensitivity analysis is designed to solve it. In the numerical experiment, the competition between high-speed rail and an airline in the Beijing-Shanghai corridor is analyzed. Model parameters are determined by examining survey data and the equilibrium ticket price on this corridor is calculated. Results show that the model can simulate the dynamic interaction between transport operators and passengers quite well, and that the model can provide a reference for regional transport ticket pricing.

This paper focuses on the guideway switch control systems. This is done first though a brief introduction and analysis of the feather of the maglev guideway switch. The paper then looks at the guideway switch control system as the study object, and analyzed the function, composition and simulation test platform of the guideway switch control system. The paper concludes with a composition and functional design of the simulation test platform of the guideway switch control system. The paper also makes final conclusions and recommendation based on the simulation.

The railway is electrifying and high-speed now. To ensure driving safety, the maintenance of OCS (overhead contact system) becomes more and more important. The repair in a single work area does not adapt to some railway sections. As a new mode centralized repair is suggested. So the overall evaluation of maintenance mode becomes a very significant issue. This paper proposes the hierarchy grey evaluation method to evaluate maintenance mode. It describes the computational process of this model, applies to the example and works out the result of maintenance mode evaluation.

Fault diagnosis plays an important role for guaranteeing the efficient and safe operation of the high speed maglev train. This paper studies the fault trees and fault detection technology of the maglev train, analyses the fault types and the effect on system operation, and then studies the fault location technology to the minimal replaceable unit. The fault information management system and fault recovery are discussed at the end.

The finite state machine is used to describe the transform among different states, which is applied to construct a train simulation system in this paper. In the system, traction calculation is first conducted, then the finite state machine is used to describe the transform among different train states. A relevant algorithm is developed. Lastly, a case study using real data of a metro line in shanghai is carried out to validate the effectiveness of the system.

For exploring and testing the key technology of high-speed maglev transportation operation control system and propulsion control system, this paper designed and established a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system for the high-speed maglev transportation system. The HIL simulation system is composed of real control system, peripheral environment simulation and a test management platform. In this system, the operation control system and propulsion control system use real hardware and software in operation. Control objects such as peripheral environment are generated by simulation equipment, including tracks and switches, linear motor, propulsion converters, trains, trackside equipment etc. Test management platform mainly integrates the function of all the simulation equipment through condition monitoring, parameter setting and fault injection, test case management and executive. The HIL simulation system can simulate various operation conditions of long distance maglev line. Through this HIL simulation system, it can test and verify the operation control system and propulsion control system developed recently. Parts of the test in this system have been done based on data of Shanghai maglev line.

With new subway lines going into operation, the passenger flow distribution of urban rail transit networks have new characteristics. This paper presents Beijing rail transit as an example. According to different methods of new lines connecting to the existing network, selecting urban trunk line, suburban line and loop line, analyzing the changes of passenger flow characteristics caused by the opening of each kind of new line from several aspects: scale of network traffic, passenger volume of line, passenger flow of transfer station and passenger flow of key section. And summing up general laws of different types of new line’s impact on passenger flow on the basis of empirical analysis. It provides reference for optimizing and coordinating operation organization between the new line and existing lines.

In this paper, we introduce the current situation of both domestic and abroad station spacing of suburban railways, then we propose a new method to determine reasonable station spacing. We optimize the station spacing of Jinshan railway in Shanghai with the method. According to the result, passengers’ trip time declines and demand for getting off is met well. This method proves to be valuable by some facts and it can provide some guidance when determining the station spacing of suburban railway.

This paper summarizes the history and status of studies on ballast track settlement, and a modified model based on the research of China Academy of Railway Sciences. It is then validated by comparing with the Japanese model. Furthermore, the accumulative ballast settlement model is modified and simplified to meet the requirements of structural design to be more convenient for calculation.

As a new and promising mode of transportation, high-speed maglev train has attracted increasing attention. The DC/DC converter with high reliability performance plays an important role in the maglev train to provide stable and reliable output power. To improve the efficiency and logic of reliability analysis, this paper presents the forward comprehensive reliability analysis (FCRA) method, a kind of new reliability analysis method based on Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Fault Mode Effect and Analysis (FMEA). After analyzing the frame and principle of a DC/DC converter, a FMEA table of DC/DC converter is established based on the theoretical analysis of converter. With the FMEA table, the fault tree is constructed from the top event step-by-step in order. Finally, the paper makes qualitative and quantitative evaluations for fault tree and makes suggestion to improve the reliability of DC/DC converters. This method can effectively analyze the reliability of DC/DC converter and help with maintenance and repair work.

Compared to other cities, urban railway transit systems in Shanghai have been developed rapidly. Urban railway leads to more convenient travelling, but also causes various rail problems; typically rail corrugation is inevitable. To get continuous track of irregularity data and rail dynamics data, surveys including rail static tests and rail dynamic tests are carried out on Shanghai Metro, where rail corrugation is severe. With the obtained irregularity data, the wavelength and amplitude of rail corrugation can be analyzed. A comparative analysis is also made based on rail corrugation characteristics of different track structure and different line types to obtain the effects of rail structures on corrugation development rate. With track irregularity data and rail dynamics data, the effects of rail grinding on rail corrugation and rail dynamic parameters are analyzed.

Through redundant fault-tolerant technologies, this study aimed to enhance reliability in the aspects of data collection and processing for train positioning systems systematically. We conduct safety analysis of the relative positioning module and absolute positioning module in high-speed maglev train positioning systems via the THR and SIL safety analysis methods. The study obtains the SIL level of each module and analyzes the event risks. The corresponding improvements are proposed to reduce the hazard degree and dangerous possibilities of risky events.

With the rapid development of the urban rail transit and the growth of demand, the problem of passenger stranding on platform occurs in some heavy-load stations frequently, which jeopardizes the service level and puts the passengers at risk. To address this problem, the stranded passengers on platform were classified. Then the factors influencing passengers stranding were analyzed from the perspectives of the passenger, the station, and the lines, respectively. Moreover, the quantitative relations between the number of stranded passengers and the influence factors were derived from the data, which were collected by field survey at four stations of the Beijing subway during peak hours.

Reducing the number of stations at which a high-speed train stops, and the dwell time it spends there, can further shorten the travel time, improve the travelling speed, and strengthen the competitiveness of high-speed railways. However, the convenience of passengers along the railway is adversely affected, thereby lowering the service standard of the train along the line (Hongxia, L, and Yuyuan, T, 2014). Speed coefficient reflects the speed utilization ratio, and has a close relation with the number of stations at which the train stops. In the view of speed coefficient, the paper analyzes the reasonable range of the stop-ratio, in order to balance stop-ratio, travelling speed and service standard along the railway, which means the high-speed railway can attract more passengers with relatively high travelling speed. Then by the example of Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway (SIR), it calculates and analyzes the speed coefficient and stop-ratio of the high-speed train, which could provide a theoretical basis for the high-speed train stop schedule plan.

With the accelerating process of urbanization, the situations where urban rail transit runs overload at peak hours always happen. So it's necessary to do research on the reasonable capacity load level of urban rail transit. This paper contains line section and station capacity these two aspects. Firstly, it analyzes capacity load level of line section at peak hours on weekdays by calculating the carrying capacity. Secondly, this paper applies the deterministic queuing theory to set up a mathematical model on evacuation capacity of transfer story devices. For example of the Metro line No.2 and the People's Square Station in Shanghai, the result proves that the reasonable capacity load value of line sections is 0.75 or so. By using the evacuation capacity model, the minimum service rate under the condition that the evacuation capacity reaches its maximum can be calculated. The actual evacuation capacity of the People's Square station is close to its maximum which accords with observational results.

In this paper, investigations on turning over of the first low-speed guideway switch for high-speed maglev transportation are introduced. Through geometric nonlinear analyses and comparisons for several characteristics during the turning over process of the switch, a schema with minimum position deviation, smooth changes of line types, gentle variations of stresses, and driving forces, is obtained. Based on the test and verification, the correctness of the theoretical analyses and the feasibility of the turning over schema are proven. The turning over schema has been applied to the low-speed guideway switch and obtained satisfied results.

Catering Service of High-speed Railway (CSHR) is a part of railway passenger service. In China, with the development of high-speed rail lines, the rail authorities pay attention to the catering service of cold chain, which starts at suppliers, includes distribution centers and railway stations, and ends at refrigerators in high-speed trains. Selecting alternative railway stations for food delivery is a preparation step to design a distribution system for CSHR. The stations, as a link-up between suppliers and high-speed trains, are intimately related to rapid distribution of food. The aim of this paper is to propose an approach for Service Station Selection Problem for Catering Service of High Speed Railway (SSSP-CSHR) in basis of the Two-phrase Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment (F-QFD). This paper focuses on the issues of deploying the method to improve practical service and passenger satisfaction. A case study is done based on a real application on high-speed rail network of China.

A floating slab track is applied in urban rail transit for vibration reduction. However, under repeated vehicle loads, stress concentration might occur to fixed bolts in the shear hinge of a slab. To investigate the stress and deformation distribution and locate the maximum stress on bolts, a two-dimensional (2D) floating slab track model and a three-dimensional (3D) bolt-shear hinge-slab model were established to analyze the distribution of stress and deformation. The results showed that stress concentration was located in the upper part of the bolt. Stress in the upper part of the bolt and bolt head was much higher than in rest of the parts. Stress in the bolts that were close to the end of the slab was higher than that in others, and it could be reduced by 20% when adding one bolt and by 12% when moving bolts 0.25 unit length towards to the end of slab. Bolt pre-tightening force could significantly affect stress distribution.

The decrease of station service level of urban rail transit (URT) is caused by passenger flow congestion, especially in peak hours. It seriously influences the safety of URT daily operation. The existing evaluation methods mainly depend on pedestrian flow indexes. In this paper, a new evaluation method based on travel time delay using the mining technology of automatic fare collection (AFC) data is proposed to provide passenger-oriented service information by synthetic indexes: congestion delay, generalized stranded times, and the number of stranded passengers. To avoid the transfer influence, we selected the specific data, whose origin station and destination station are in the same line. Finally, Beijing Subway is used as a case study to verify this method. Results suggest that the proposed method can effectively assess the station service level.

The electronic component plays an important role in the safety and operation of the maglev train. In order to reduce the uncertainties of problem with the electronic components fault diagnosis, a modified D-S evidence theory based on information fusion, which can deal with the evidence conflict well, is presented in the paper. According to the measurement results of current and voltage of circuit components, combined with the modified D-S evidence theory, the fault component will be found. Experimental results certify that the method can carry out the fault diagnosis effectively.

For maglev trains, the resonance between the vehicle and the guideway has been one of the key problems that have been studied. In order to systematically study the problem, a new type of the vehicle/guideway resonance test bench of the middle- and low-speed maglev train was developed. The test bench consists of a single levitation frame structure, a guideway and a vibration system, and a levitation control system. Due to the changes in guideway stiffness, basic beam characteristics, and the levitation control system characteristics, experiments show that to achieve favorable levitation stability the parameters of the levitation control system must be optimized with the vehicle and guideway characteristics. The effects of levitation control stiffness, and damping and filter parameters on the levitation control performance were studied to further optimize the performance of levitation systems. A vehicle/guideway resonance test was conducted combined with guideway characteristics, levitation frame structure characteristics, and vibration excitations.

The operation plan of dedicated passenger line plays an important role in everyday passenger train operation. In accordance with analyses of the turnovers in rail transportation enterprise and the traveling fares paid by passengers, this paper takes into account performance of the enterprise and passengers’ traveling demands, gives a multi-objective optimization model which is based on the operation plan of dedicated passenger line, and solves the model by Genetic Algorithm with MATLAB. A numerical optimization example of CRH operation plan from Peking to Shanghai is given to prove correctness of the model.

This paper is directed at the development of the rail transit system and the mismatch between rail traffic facilities and real passenger flow volume, resulting in a waste in resources or rail traffic facilities operating over capacity. This paper introduces the importance of timing of rail transit construction, and focuses on analyzing the size and distribution of traffic demand characteristics of rail transit, and as well as the impact on the timing of rail transit construction. Finally, this essay analyzes and filtrates the indicators of traffic demand applying both quantitative and qualitative methods based on AHP. This thesis is the theoretical basis for further study of the timing of rail transit construction.

The short stator Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is normally used in mid-low speed maglev trains. The restriction by mounting space on bogies and motor input voltages lead to that maglev train speed can only reach about 100 km/h. In this paper, by means of optimizing the LIM mounting and the input voltage of LIM on the bogie layout, the LIM traction force is improved in the higher speed section. LIM traction systems can adapt to the max speed of 140 km/h. Through comparing to the LIM optimization calculation and testing with the reference LIM, it is proved that the modified LIM traction system can achieve the speed of 140 km/h so that the application possibility of maglev vehicle in higher speed ranges significant increases.

Focusing on Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line (shorted as Demonstration Line), this article points out the maglev transportation system structure and maintenance features, introduces and analyzes the application structure and main function of maintenance management core system (shorted as MMCS) on Demonstration Line, discusses the importance of MMCS to support Demonstration Line safe, reliable, economic operation and important development, introduced the MMCS successful implementation experiences on Demonstration Line, It is much expected that this paper could share the readers with our experiences and references.

The three dimensional (3D) point cloud model and its 2D cross section profile of a 60kg/m rail were obtained by a 3D scanner. But, it’s inaccurate to calculate rail wear with the2D cross section profile directly which may has a certain inclination along the vertical center line of the rail because the 2D profile was sampled from the random point cloud. The algorithms for aligning the extracted profile from the 3D point cloud model by rotating the field side rail web curve, and parallel shifting the same side rail base line was presented. The results show a good effect comparing the standard profile with the precisionless than 0.1mm.Detail implementation of the algorithm was put forward by MATLAB and its feasibility and stability were verified.

In recent years, several cities in China have built urban rail transit to mitigate urban traffic congestion, and almost all of these cities have high expectations of rail transit. However, even after the completion of the rail transit in several cities, the goal of mitigating congestion has not been reached. In this essay, the reasons that the rail transit failed in mitigating urban traffic congestion are summarized. The main reason that rail transit failed in attracting self-drive travelers transfer to take rail transit was the improper positioning of the rail transit. The different demand levels of travelers and functional orientation of rail transit were also analyzed in this essay. The conclusion of this analysis is that in order to attract private car owners to take rail transit, a higher price should be determined and a more comfortable traveling environment should be offered at the same time. Based on this idea and the goal of alleviating traffic congestion, pricing strategies of rail transit are proposed for Ningboas an example, and several safeguard measures are also put forward to insure the function of the pricing strategies.

Conceptual models of weather-triggered traffic congestion formation mechanism are proposed based on a mechanism analysis method in an emergency management field. Then the integrated conceptual model is converted to a directed graph and its node degree values are calculated as incident importance indicator. Finally the degree results are applied to design weather-responsive emergency traffic management plans according to general emergency management rules. The main findings are that, 1) incidents such as snowy-icy weather, rainy weather, decreasing friction coefficients, damaging road infrastructure, increasing mental stress and fatigue sense are the top 5traffic congestion causes; 2) road and human elements are the most affected transport system elements and incidents like temporary road obstacles, abnormal driving behavior and transport demand fluctuation should be paid more attention to; 3) strategies that can influence incident development paths and remove traffic congestion bottleneck have the highest priority.

The traffic signal control for oversaturated arterial roads is a long-standing problem. This problem gets even more difficult when signal links are congested. The traditional methods have poor control effect for oversaturated arterial road because of low-resolution data. In this paper, a simplified model to describe oversaturation at signalized links based on high-resolution traffic signal data is established. In order to maximize the number of through vehicle in the coordinated direction of arterial road, the signal timing plan is optimized. This method is evaluated by a simulation test in which the control method is applied to a simulation arterial road with 5 intersections. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the capacity of arterial road and dissolve the oversaturated condition.

Based upon the real traffic data on the ring road expressway in Beijing, this study compared traffic flow characteristics in torrential rain with characteristics in dry weather. From processed empirical traffic data, the torrential rain impact is assessed at a microscopic level as characteristics of lane use, distribution of speed, time headways, and spacing are analyzed. Results indicate that traffic flow characteristics have some changes under torrential rain, but the percentage of lane use is less obvious compared to dry weather. Furthermore, torrential rain reduces speed and increases time headway in a way that is consistent with previous studies. However, what made it different is that under torrential rain, spacing decreases rapidly.

Probe Vehicle is a new generation of traffic detection technology. Most research and applications about probe vehicle focus on traffic information service system instead of traffic signal control system. This article proposes a probe-based adaptive traffic signal control method for urban corridors. The key objective of the method is to postpone traffic jam and maintain the capacity as long as possible. The proportion of the non-stop group is chosen as the indicator of traffic conditions. It can be estimated using probe vehicle data and can be used to identify traffic state variation after saturation. The proportion of the non-stop group is used to evaluate the urgent degree of each link and a rule-based model is used to assign green time to each intersection using the urgent degree measures. This control strategy is tested under a microscope simulation model. Results indicate that this model can significantly postpone congestion and maintain the capacity of the corridor.

Signal compensation strategies for non-bus-priority approaches focus on reducing the side-effects on the non-bus-priority approaches caused by transit signal priority control. The objective is to maintain the level of service of non-bus-priority approaches at an acceptable level and increase overall traffic throughputs at the entire intersection. A rule-based signal compensation strategy for non-priority approaches is introduced to provide proper conditional signal priorities, which will increase the efficiency of traffic signal control. A new approach for monitoring traffic conditions is also proposed to visualize the parameters of traffic flows at intersections and along corridor by radar graph. This paper firstly analyzed traffic conditions at signalized intersections and the simulation results from the signal timing compensation strategy. Then, two case studies are conducted based on a hypothetical intersection and a real road intersection in Beijing, respectively. The VISSIM-based micro-simulation focuses on the impacts of signal compensation strategies for the non-bus-priority approaches.

To develop an effective traffic control algorithm for an oversaturated intersection, the video detection technique is employed in this paper, to make up for the shortcomings of methods based on loop detector data. A prediction model for arrival traffic volumes in oversaturated conditions was developed based on the three-order moving average method. Then considering the impacts of oversaturation on vehicle travel time between upstream and downstream intersections, an identification model was brought forward to judge whether the intersection is in an oversaturated condition. Taking minimizing queue length during the entire oversaturated period as the objective, a cycle length optimization method was developed. Field traffic data are collected from an oversaturated intersection in Changchun city and simulations in VISSIM were conducted to test the signal timing scheme output by the optimization algorithm. Finally, the optimization control scheme was compared with the current signal timing scheme of the intersection, and then conclusions were given.

The traffic control and guidance are two important management tools for today's urban traffic system. As a new kind of traffic guidance information service for traveler, active targeted traffic guidance information release system actively communicates with the roadside information sending devices by ZigBee short-range wireless communication technology and gets the traffic information within the guidance service region. Meanwhile, using the Global Positioning System (GPS) information and effective algorithms, system can automatically identify the location and travel direction of the vehicle and find out the targeted information. Finally, the information will release to the traveler through speech in real-time. Active targeted traffic guidance information release system can induce travelers to select the appropriate path, avoid congestion and improve travel efficiency. This paper introduces the hardware and software design of the system. Experimental test shows that the system works effectively and stably with good performance, low power consumption and high reliability.

The presence of an at-grade railroad crossing nearing a signalized intersection has a significant effect on traffic flow. When trains cross at grade, traffic flow can be significantly restricted. Vehicle queues may spillback to the upstream intersection and block it. In this paper, an adaptive signal control scheme is proposed to prevent this type of intersection traffic jam. This adaptive control scheme requires a speed detection system on the downstream link. The detectors should be strategically located such that a signal switching could be triggered when an intersection traffic jam is about to happen. This adaptive control scheme is based on the status of the downstream queue status and the traffic signal state. At the end, a microscopic traffic simulation software is used to evaluate the proposed adaptive control scheme. The simulation results show that the adaptive signal control scheme can work effectively to prevent this type of intersection traffic jam.

The paper analyzes the effect of the operation efficiency and safety of late merge control at freeway on-ramps by AIMSUN. In the microscopic simulation, some rules include lane restriction, vehicle parameters, road parameters and so on, are adjusted so that it is in accordance with the real situation on the freeway. Through the simulation, the influence of late merge control is analyzed in different traffic volumes, different late merge length, and the reasonable length of late merge control is also determined. According to the result of simulation, late merge control has better effects than normal situations in heavy traffic and 200m~300m should be the optimal late merge length.

Urban CBD with agglomeration effect is where social and economic activities are concentrated. The degree CBD road network capacity meets travel demand of urban residents is reflecting general traffic operation level of a city. This paper has analyzed urban CBD traffic operation data of Ningbo and calculated urban CBD road network capacities under three traffic operation states (smooth, transient and jam states) while giving consideration to time and space characteristics of residents trips. Moreover, this paper has come up with a suggestion to increase dynamic road network capacity and relieve urban CBD road jam after studying interactive relationship between traffic management efficiency and road network capacity. Finally, this paper has pointed out targeted suggestions for improving the bottleneck and strategy for optimizing the road network.

According to traffic flow characteristics under different traffic conditions on expressways, a kind of expressway traffic condition pattern that is recognition based on eigenvector construction by Factor Analysis is put forward, which synthetically applies Factor Analysis and SVM technology. Above all, a common factor was extracted from pre-selected traffic parameters using Factor Analysis, and then makes it with interpretation by circumvolve transformation, to realize dimension reduction, and to construct traffic parameter eigenvectors. Then the validity of the eigenvectors and a new algorithm proposed in this paper have been tested using various SVM models, and it also contrasts with the results of algorithms only based on SVM. The instance results demonstrate that the new algorithm can detect traffic state more effectively and more expeditiously with preferable detection performance.

In recent years, traffic congestion has become an urgent urban problem especially in populated cities like Beijing, Shanghai, etc. There are quite a few explanations towards this problem, but the studies of network and failure implies increasingly evident that the problem is caused by both fixed and dynamic bottlenecks in the network. In this paper, the study focuses on the identification of the fixed and dynamic bottleneck of networks based on the traffic data from a part of road network in Beijing. According to the data view, the dynamic traffic bottleneck recognition is conducted, mainly considering the congestion evaluation under reliability through network topology analysis method. The predictive results can be helpful in applications to formulate the strategy of management and control.

Giving priority to buses at intersections can increase the attraction of buses. A typical bus priority control strategy consists of two parts: identifying the bus priority request and estimating the time needed to reach the stop line; and adjusting the signal timing accordingly. One major challenge is that buses may queue up when approaching the intersection, which makes the time estimation difficulty. This happens frequently when exclusive bus lanes are not available. Therefore, a bus priority signal control strategy is developed. The time needed for a bus to reach the stop line is estimated once the bus is detected, and updated if the bus joins a queue. Green extension and phase switch rules are determined by bus priority requests in the current and conflicting phases. Simulation tests show that the proposed strategy can greatly reduce the average bus delay on the cost of slightly increasing average delay of private vehicles.

This paper builds indicators of delay, queue length and wave velocity parameters in the cell transmission model (CTM). Then, based on the simulation of CTM, traffic flow characteristics of traffic incidents from several indicators are studied. The results show that traffic incidents can be divided into five stages by density. It takes a long time for traffic incidents to dissipate completely while the generation and dissipation procedure of queue is just in the early stages. Space occupancy, queue length and the delay of the traffic incidents present different evolutional characteristics.

The signalized intersections used by bicycles and electric bicycles with different barrier widths were studied. First, basic bicycle swelling and dissipating models were put forth to describe bicycle traffic flow characteristics. Second, some special data collection methods were designed for the object of study, and eight typical signalized intersections were selected to perform the investigation in Nanjing City in China. Third, a bicycle swelling model and a swelling affecting time model were set up, respectively, according to data collected. Finally, bicycle secondary swelling model was built considering the effect of bicycles dissipating. The results of model analysis show that bicycle swelling weakened, while dissipating strengthened, with the increment of barrier width. At signalized intersections with the same barrier width, bicycle swelling strengthened and dissipating weakened with the increment of proportion of electric bicycles. The models can provide theoretical support for studying conflicts between bicycles and vehicles at signalized intersections.

Ramp metering has emerged as an effective freeway control measure to ensure efficient freeway operations. This paper puts forward vehicle late merge control as a new ramp control method, and presents a comparative evaluation of ramp metering controls including no control, fixed-time ramp metering strategy, ALINEA algorithms, and vehicle late merge control. The results from the study indicate that of the entire ramp metering methods simulated, ALINEA performed the best, followed by vehicle late merge for 150 meters under high traffic demand. The Gini coefficient was applied to measure the road user equity under the implementation of different algorithms, and the results show that vehicle late merge for 150 meters performed better than ALINEA. It will prove that vehicle late merge control can help improve freeway efficiency and ensure road user equity.

Management systems of regional expressway networks have been gradually put into practice in China. Integrated dispatching is quite essential for traffic agencies to manage incidents occurring on expressways in regional networks. In this case, traditional deployment of expressway incident response trucks for single expressway management is not optimal. This paper presents an optimization strategy, based on p-median model, for expressway managements to effectively deploy expressway incident response trucks in regional expressway networks. The incident data in Shanxi Province are used to illustrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed method. The analysis results could serve as the basis for expressway agencies to optimize incident response trucks in regional expressway networks with limited resources.

Monitoring traffic conditions solely based on probe vehicle travel times or traffic volumes sporadically observed along roadways typically allows a transportation agency to divert the traffic reactively after a significant deterioration in traffic conditions is observed. Lack of data at key locations makes the already challenging task of monitoring traffic conditions along a lengthy detour more intractable. To address this problem, the current study developed a proxy measure that can assist transportation agencies in proactively diverting traffic to various detours during extended major freeway closures. The proxy measure was estimated using travel times observed along a ten-mile freeway segment and traffic flow departing the site. The proxy measure revealed important insights about the relationship between segment travel times and vehicle accumulation within the segment that can aid transportation agencies in proactively diverting traffic in a timely manner.

Lots of research has been carried out to study lost time and departure headway of certain phase duration in urban intersections, due to its importance to signal timing. Most previous research focused on the situation of static queuing vehicles or constant vehicle arrival rate. However, the departure process is much more complex than an ideal scenario. In this paper, we propose a distribution model for effective flow rate at signalized intersections, including both the saturated situation and unsaturated situation. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the model is simple and efficient in different situations.

This paper researches the impacts of bus stops on passengers’ walking time. Walking time is classified as additional walking time, access time and egress time. A subsequent bus has to stop upstream of a bus stop when there is no berth available. Passengers waiting on the platforms prefer walking to the stopped bus, which leads to additional walking time. The locations of bus stops can impact passengers’ access and egress time significantly. In order to evaluate the impacts of bus stops on passengers’ walking time, this paper formulates additional walking time based on theory of queueing and probability. Data from public transit OD survey in a real transit corridor of Zhengzhou City in China is analyzed to identify the relationship between bus stop locations and passengers’ access and egress time. Additional walking time increases on a large scale when the number of berths at a bus stop exceeds the threshold of three. Bus arrival rate and dwell time significantly affect the additional walking time by platform. The proposed analysis also shows that the access and egress time is sensitive to locations of bus stops, and arranging bus stops based on equilibrium distribution of passenger miles can significantly reduce the access and egress time.

In a highway network, nodes playing a significant role could have an extreme effect on operation efficiency and other performance measures, so evaluating these important nodes is thought to be a critical process in highway network management and operation. This paper proposes a new method for evaluating the importance of nodes in highway networks, based on the Graph Theory and Network Theory. First, a benefit function is proposed for each node with weights of GDP, mileage, capacity, and so forth, and a benefit indicator is calculated, which represents the local importance of each node. Second, weighted node betweenness was estimated for describing the global importance throughout the whole network. After that, the overall importance for each node was calculated by weighted average of both local and global importance. Finally, a verification of the new method was conducted with a highway network among five eastern provinces and cities in China. The results indicate that the overall importance estimated by this method matches with reality.

The urban road network state can be characterized by diversiform parameters of all links; however, it is difficult to directly express the road network’s state by these parameters. Thus, a synthetic evaluation index should be extracted from various parameters to express the road network’s state comprehensively and intuitively. This paper proposes a novel model for extracting temporal and spatial features in a networked traffic system, Locality Sensitive Discriminant Analysis (LSDA) is used to reduce data dimensionality and extract features from traffic data analysis. Selected link and parameter data points are compressed and the output matrix has fewer dimensions than the original data. The corresponding relationship between the synthetic evaluation index and various parameters is analyzed. Simulation results prove that this method is effective in revealing hidden patterns in traffic data and the synthetic evaluation index can express the evolution of road network state comprehensively and accurately.

The methods on identifying the highway network critical segments associate with the physical structure have been extensively studied in the last decade. Most of them are based on graph theory and network theory and few of them have considered the dynamic traffic characteristics of the network. These method based on static critical segments may not be sufficient under the real traffic condition. It is meaningful to study the network key segments identifying method with dynamic traffic flows. In this paper, a flow based method will be proposed to identify the critical segments, then the results from the simulation study will be compared with the results from the static network characteristics analysis. After that, we will searching the relations of the critical segments from the static network and the dynamic network. Finally, a verification of the new method was conducted with Anhui highway network simulation.

Traffic congestion is a serious problem in large cities and is caused by various factors, such as accidents, inclement weather, and road maintenance work. This study investigates the effect of inclement weather on urban traffic flow based on the weather condition information recorded by the weather detectors and the traffic flow data collected by microwave vehicle detectors. The impact of inclement weather on traffic flow is quantitatively assessed in this research at different periods of the day and different rainfall intensities. Results show that at different time periods of the day, inclement weather has the largest impact on traffic conditions during peak hours, the least during non-peak hours in daytime, and moderate during non-peak hours at night. Moreover, different rainfall intensities have discrepant impact on traffic conditions for the same time period. This work is beneficial for traffic managers in making better decisions and predictions.

In order to explore the insert characteristics in merging-area on urban road under non-free flow, this paper analyzed the change of traffic flow and the insert behavior of the ramp vehicles based on the observed data of typical sections. Then an inserting-probability model applied to non-free flow is established. Based on the gap acceptance theory, this model combined waiting time model with the game theory model and well explained the observed data. This model lays a foundation for the calculation of the capacity of merging-area under non-free flow. It is also has guiding significance for the development of congestion of urban road and traffic organization. In addition, it has an inspiration to the optimization of existing simulation model.

Overflow occurs easily in near adjacent intersections due to the limited queueing space for vehicles, which have a serious negative impact on traffic flow. In order to optimize the efficiency of the intersection and alleviate the queueing length, this study has analyzed existing problems and presented several effective solutions for two near adjacent intersections. Synchronous and coordinated control methods were presented for near adjacent intersections, which are controlled by the same of different traffic controllers. In addition, the methods of signals released simultaneously for vehicles which go straight or turn left were recommended at some intersections. As an example of Zhongshan Road and Zhonghuan East Road in city of Jiaxing, we have verified the previous solutions. The results show that the queue length has significantly shortened, and the travel efficiency has improved as well. This study offers effective solutions to overflow problems caused by near adjacent intersections with limited queue space, which could also be beneficial to other area with similar problems.

At present, the evaluations of urban traffic network state are mainly from efficiency or safety, which can’t meet the requirements of comprehensive evaluation only from a single point of view. This paper presents the evaluation index set about efficiency, safety and comfort, based on analysis of the structure and operation of the road network of urban roads. It also constructs an evaluation model based on BP neural network to calculate comprehensive evaluation vector of traffic state, and evaluate the road network connectivity in a confined state. Finally an evaluation software is developed to check and analyze the model using the data of regional road network in Shanghai. Considering many aspects of urban traffic network state, this method plays a guiding role in urban design and comprehensive evaluation of road traffic.

This study aims to investigate the optimal spacing of the counting stations in order to get more detailed and useful traffic information (e.g. speed, density, occupancy, and flow rates.) on high-volume highways. Assuming the detector as a server in a one-queue system, and the maximum number of vehicles between two consecutive detectors as the buffer, the layout problem then converts to find out the finite buffer capacity of the queue system. Therefore, the M/M/1/K queuing model with Poisson arrival processes and exponentially distributed service time was chosen to solve the above problems. The analysis shows that two factors, such as the blocking probability and the traffic intensity, affect the value of the buffer size. The queue model can best describe the optimal spacing of the counting stations under high traffic volume conditions, especially when the traffic intensity varies from 0.6 to 0.85. In addition, after determining the layout spacing of detectors, the problems regarding using traffic volume data collected by these detectors to estimate the traffic states was equally considered. The results indicate that our methods can estimate traffic states more intuitively and conveniently.

This study proposes a method to resolve multiple conflicting transit signal priority (TSP) requests at signalized intersections. The proposed method is unique in two ways. First, the performance of TSP requests is pre-evaluated to guarantee the benefits and efficiency of TSP. Second, a serving sequence model is developed to resolve conflicting TSP requests, and this model consists of two critical modules: conflict identification and priority ranking. The proposed method is applied to an intersection with multi-TSP requests. Results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the “no priority” (baseline case) and the conventional first-in-first-service (FIFS) policy in terms of bus delay and associated impacts on other vehicular traffic. The average bus delay is reduced by more than 13.6% over the baseline case, and 7.5% over the FIFS strategy; and the delay of passenger vehicles is 3.8% and 2.5 % lower than than the baseline case and FIFS policy, respectively.

In order to detect pavement crack information, people have to collect crack information outdoors and bring the data back to the laboratory to process in China, that is to say, data collecting and processing cannot be separated physically in the current pavement crack recognition system. With the development of the Internet of things, a pavement crack recognition system based on a wireless video sensor is designed in this paper. This system can detect pavement crack information in real-time, dynamically, while collecting data outside. It includes four parts: a simulation model of highway pavement crack, pavement crack information collection through a model vehicle, pavement crack information extraction, and pavement crack recognition based on an algorithm. In order to separate data collecting and processing physically, this system uses a wireless video sensor as the sensing layer and a 4G network as the network layer to detect pavement crack information, which can allow for more operation vehicles to join the detecting team. At the same time, transportation departments can manage pavement crack efficiently and intelligently to share the crack information by making full use of the Internet of things.

This paper focuses on probe-based queue length estimation for congested arterial roads. Queue length and the portion of non-stopped vehicles have a strong relationship since the latter will decrease as the former increases. The proposed model is based on this relationship and has two steps. The first step is the estimation of the portion of the non-stopped vehicles using link travel time data from a few probe vehicles’ data. The second step is the estimation of the queue length using the portion of the non-stopped vehicles. The proposed model is evaluated by simulation data and the estimation errors are shown at different market penetration levels of probe vehicles.

Through numerous field observations at 5 signalized intersections in the center of Shanghai City, this paper studied the reliability of signalized intersection capacity. The volatility of the intersections’ headway was described firstly. And then, 1500 signal circles data of the saturation headway of left-turn lane at 5 intersections were collected by camera, and some descriptive statistics parameters of the saturation headway were investigated. Since the multiplicative inverse of saturation headway is the saturation flow rate, so the saturation flow rate data can be easily got. We found that the capacity of signalized intersection capacity yielded to normal distribution and it could be explained by a famous low of the probability theory. Then an analogy was made between the reliability of structural capacity and signalized intersection capacity, the reliability function of signalized intersection capacity was defined. Thus, the capacity and its reliability can be understood from a viewpoint of probability. The research develops detailed models to describe the signalized intersection capacity and proposed a better understanding.

In order to integrate weather data into traffic operations, this paper proposed a multi-state prediction model under rainfall according to the concept of three-phase traffic flow theory. Based on the data collected from the North-South expressway in Shanghai, traffic states were first divided into three classes through wavelet analysis. Then the multi-state prediction model was proposed using linear regression analysis of traffic characteristics under rainfall. The relationship between speed variation rate and precipitation was analyzed separately under different traffic states. Finally, speed adjustment factors under different traffic states and rainy conditions were given in a practice case.

Although a large scale of urban expressways have been constructed over the past years in China, the theory of capacity analyzing procedure for the urban expressway facilities are still not systematic and mature. The capacity influence areas of merging and diverging segments are primary to the study of the capacity of these facilities. The purpose of this paper is to get the influence area of merging segment. Through the videotaping method, a field study was conducted on Beijing’s Fifth Ring Expressway. A large number of motor traffic operation data in merging segments were collected. After analyzing the traffic operating characteristics in depth, the variation of speed and lane changing times were recommended as two important indexes to define the influence area of merging and diverging segments in the urban expressway. And then, based on the surveyed data, we got the exact value of the range of influence areas of merging segments. These results will lay a foundation for urban expressway planning and designing, as well as to improve the traffic organization and management.

Based on the analysis of properties of rail transit and public transit, this paper discusses how to coordinate rail transit with public transit. From coordination of planning, operation, network, and station, nine indices are proposed. The fuzzy membership function and weight of each index are determined by fuzzy mathematics and analytic hierarchy process. Finally the comprehensive index value is calculated by the additive synthesis method. The conclusion provides reference of public transport network optimization for public transport operators.

Taking Beijing urban road as the main object, relationships between weather conditions and traffic flow parameters were analyzed with fixed detector data, video data, and meteorological data. The independent-samples T-test was applied to verify that the difference of road type, road alignment design, number of lanes, and section position would result in different influence on traffic flow parameters. Then various sections were chosen to describe the traffic flow characteristics in different weather conditions. This paper used the method of nonlinear regression to estimate the traffic capacity and speed at capacity by calibrating model. The reduction ratio of traffic flow characteristic parameters was calculated in different intensity of rainfall and snowfall conditions. The results showed that free-flow speed of the expressway and arterial road was influenced by snowy weather more significantly than rainy weather. In the same precipitation intensity, the speed of the road with more lanes was affected the most.

Transportation efficiency is an important factor to measure the level of a country’s or a region’s transport development. This paper establishes the C²R model based on DEA (short for data envelopment analysis) to evaluate the operational efficiency of transportation. It also introduces the solution of the model by means of Lingo software. Taking the case of Shanxi Province, this paper selects fixed assets investment, number of employees, and various transport modes’ operating mileages as input indexes, taking passenger turnover quantity and rotation volume of freight transport as output indexes. According to the statistical yearbooks of 2005-2012, it establishes C²R model of DEA method and solve the model by means of Lingo to evaluate quantitatively Shanxi Provincial transportation efficiency in recent years. Finally, by means of the evaluation method of PCA (short for principal component analysis), this paper generates the principal components scores to compare the transport efficiency in different periods and verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of transportation efficiency evaluation based on DEA method. The model has common applicability to macroscopic transportation efficiency evaluation for other countries and regions.

With the social and economic development, urban traffic congestion is getting worse and has become a major issue for cities to hinder sustained and healthy development. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, based on the classification and characteristics analysis of traffic congestion, summarized and analyzed the current situation and development trend of urban traffic congestion at home and abroad in terms of the congestion evaluation, congestion diffusion and dispersion strategies, and congestion quantitative model. Finally, the paper put forward some key problems and suggestions urban traffic congestion research.

For the selection of superelevation rate on horizontal curve, the general method is based on a point-mass model, which regards vehicles operating on the curve as a point-mass and analyzes stress characteristics. However, vertical load and the lateral friction between tires and pavement vary dynamically. The difference affects driving safety for the choice of superelevation rate. This paper introduces safety margin to evaluate the rationality of superelevation rate and the difference between Design Specification for Highway Alignment JTJ 011-94 and JTG D20-2006 version. Recommended superelevation rate is calculated combined with engineering cases, to improve the rationality and safety of road superelevation rate selected by different designers.

A bus may skip one or more stops to reduce its travel time with a proper stop-skipping scheme when it is behind schedule. A nonlinear 0-1 stochastic programming model was developed with the objective of minimizing additional passenger delay incurred by buses running late. The delay includes the additional time spent in two successive buses as well as additional waiting time at bus stops. In order to solve this nonlinear problem, a modified cellular genetic algorithm (CGA) method was proposed. A numerical case study was conducted to examine the performance of the proposed methodology. By skipping at some stops, the additional passenger delay decreases 10.23%, with a 21.98% reduction for the first bus. In addition, the first bus arrives at the terminal 4.1 minutes earlier than without skipping. Also, it was found that the proposed algorithm had fast searching speed and good global search ability.

Ramp merging sections are regarded as the most common segment of recurrent congestion occurred on expressway as two separate traffic streams join to merge a single stream or lane. To address this issue, the first step is to identify the merging mechanism of vehicles on-ramp is method of alternate passing model. Then a new concept of merging headway and the survey method of the actual merging headway is introduced in this study. Based on the theory of saturation flow rate, merging headway model is proposed to estimate the capacity of the right-most lane. In order to validate the rationality of merging headway model, the Greenshields model, Drake model and Underwood model are applied in this thesis. At last, reduction factor model of the saturation flow rate on the right-most lane under the condition of various factors is put forward, which is mainly based on the geometric factors. The findings from this research demonstrate that the capacity of curb lane at merging section is determined by the ramp merging angle and the length of acceleration lane.

Objective: To evaluate the shiftwork workload of subway dispatchers. Method: Analyze the effects of shiftwork on subway dispatchers’ workload, then build a shiftwork workload evaluate method according to human circadian rhythm for subway dispatchers based on Masamitsu Oshima evaluating-point approach. Result: This study used the method to analysze the shiftwork workload of dispatchers of Shanghai Metro, and the analysis result is in accordance with actual circumstance. Conclusion: The method can be used to evaluate the shiftwork workload of subway dispatchers, and can be applied to provide a basis for scientific management of shiftwork of subway dispatcher.

A signal coordinated control method on urban arterial roads is studied. The control purpose and work flow of coordinated control methods on urban arterial roads are analyzed, and the emphasis factors of the present situation investigation are determined, then a control strategy is determined. The phase difference, traffic control zone, and optimal common periods are designed, then the signal control phases and timing schemes are optimized. The implementing steps are studied, and the effects obtained before and after timing schemes were used are compared and analyzed.

DDI (Diverging Diamond Interchange) as an improved diamond interchange type is getting increasing use across the United States, however, its operational performance and feasibility in China remains unclear. This paper, combined with Chinese traffic conditions, presents operational performance evaluation and feasibility analysis of DDIs. It proposes a mathematical methodology, which could determine the capacity and level of service of DDIs, with critical movement theories. Besides, it compares the network performance of DDIs, improved and conventional diamond interchanges in VISSIM, and analyzes the crash data to obtain the applied condition of DDIs. The results show that the critical movement based evaluation procedure is a quick and reliable method to analyze DDIs in a planning stage, and DDIs are appropriate treatments to replace domestic over-capacity diamond interchanges, especially for locations with high left-turn demands to and from the freeway.

In this paper, based on traffic flow characteristics of urban highways and discreteness 才 theory of numerical analysis, a series of traffic models including traffic generation model, car-following model, and lane changing models were built to study microscopic traffic flow simulation and calculation methods of urban road signal controlled intersections. Then a numerical simulation C++ program was coded on Linux platform using discrete mesh method after determining a reasonable traffic flow simulation parameters, and simulation results were verified using traffic survey data analysis. Finally, the basis for how to optimize urban road intersections congestion state and how to make decisions about traffic management and control of signalized intersections were provided, and the optimized way to solve traffic delay was hereby recommended.

The first version of German Highway Capacity Manual was published in 2001. Now, a new version is published in 2015 (HBS 2015). For the new German Highway Capacity Manual, most major chapters are revised and some of them are totally rewritten. The chapter for signalized intersections is one of the most important chapters in a highway capacity manual. In the new German Highway Capacity Manual, this chapter is totally rewritten in accordance with forthcoming developments in the past 10 years. In this paper, an overview of the chapter for signalized intersections in the new German Highway Capacity Manual is presented. Procedures dealing with capacity and delay analyses are introduced. Differences between the former version and the new version of the German Highway Capacity Manual are indicated and discussed.

Previous studies have shown that Shanghai expressway on-ramp bottleneck’s pre-queue flow is much lower than that of similar facilities in US. The objective of this paper is to design a data-driven control strategy for combining ramp metering (RM) and variable speed limits (VSL) to postpone the early-onset breakdown at urban expressway bottlenecks in Shanghai. The breakdown probability prediction model is extended via a flow based regulator model to control the collective vehicle speed of mainline traffic. The proposed strategy was tested at two expressway recurrent bottlenecks using the VISSIM microscopic simulation. The proposed strategy postponed the breakdown time by 10 minutes compared to 2–5 minutes achieved by ALINEA strategy. Additionally, the proposed strategy increased the pre-queue flow by 12.9% to 18.1% and reduced total travel time by 4.7% to 14.7%.

With the flow rate increases, two or more vehicles would form platoons at freeway on-ramp bottlenecks. Based on vehicle trajectory data from I-405 and I-95 freeways in the US, this study focuses on empirical analysis of platoon characteristics from free flow to congestion flow at on-ramp bottlenecks. The platoon basic features (e.g. platoon size, platoon speed, platoon time/space headway) on freeway mainline are analyzed. Then, the platoon merging behavior at on-ramps is investigated. It is found that (1) platoon size distribution follows monotonic decreasing function; (2) Platoon time headway fits both normal distribution and lognormal distribution, and non-platoon time headway fits shifted negative exponential distribution; (3) The platoon is not necessarily moving bottleneck considering the speed difference between platoon and non-platoon vehicles under free flow condition; (4) Merging by a platoon is more invasive than that of single vehicles, and would be more disruptive as platoon size increases.

Usage based insurance (UBI) for vehicles, or sometimes pay-how-you-drive (PHYD) as it is usually called, which fuses information and telecommunication technologies, can not only enhance the accuracy of underwriting, solve the severe homogeneity problem in vehicle insurance products for insurance companies, but can eliminate the cross-subsidies from vehicles of low risk to those of higher risk, as well. However, till now, researches of driving style evaluation method are mainly for fuel consumption control or to analyze road traffic conditions. It is hard to find reports on dedicated methods for UBI premium actuary purposes. Consider that China is a country which has a huge territory with different city landforms and traffic situations. There is an urgent requirement to establish a theory structure based on UBI implementations, and to establish a theory system for autonomous driving style evaluation methods. In this paper, a novel set of risk evaluation index systems of driving style for the UBI based differentiated commercial vehicle insurance for cities on the plains in China has been proposed. d via a real vehicle driving example analysis, the objectiveness and effectiveness the proposed dynamic driving evaluation index system has been proved.

Car drivers often cruise to find cheap spaces or immediately available spaces with low speed. Car cruising is usually caused by the situation that on-street parking is free but all the spaces are occupied, and off-street parking is expensive but immediately available. In this case, cruising behavior can increase traffic congestion as well as energy consumption and environmental burden. Aiming to analyze the behavior of cruising for on-street parking, an empirical study is performed to explore the factors on the cruising behavior. Based on the analysis of the correlation between the cruising time, parking duration, walking time after parking and parking price, etc., the economic leverage model is established. A case study in Zhongguancun area of Beijing is conducted to calibrate and validate the model. The results are hoped to give a better understanding of balancing parking behavior between on-street parking and off-street parking using the economic means.

To better describe mixed traffic flow, we built a new CA (cellular automation) model based on the OV model, which considered space headway and velocity of a followed car. Time-varying anticipated safe distance was used in the improved OV model instead of fixed safe distance in the NaSch traffic model. Vehicle performance and mixing proportions were taken into account to investigate the parameters of traffic characteristics such as traffic volume, average velocity, and so on. The simulation results show that the improved CA model can give a better description of the phenomena observed in real traffic. Traffic volume and average velocity of the mixed traffic flow on a single lane all depend on cars with low maximum velocity. Randomization deceleration probability is an important parameter influencing traffic flow state.

Based on historic smart card data from 2011 to 2014, the parking pattern at Pudong International Airport (PVG) is comprehensively explored in this article. This study is conducted on solid data analysis. Using smart card information, the authors begin with summarizing overall parking patterns. The results indicate that parking demand took on a growth trend in the past four years. Then a data-driven analysis approach is taken to investigate the dynamic distributions. The peak occupancy at Spring Festival is much higher than other time but the daily entries at peak time are fewer than that at off-peak seasons, and the long-term parking proportion increases a lot. Besides, analysis on License Plate Recognition (LPR) data depicts the composition of parking vehicles. PVG attracts a lot of vehicles from other provinces but vehicles registered in Shanghai still account for a significant proportion. Additionally, the parking time of vehicles from other provinces is longer than those from Shanghai.

This study investigated how video test or simulator test means could affect the driving decision and emotion behaviors of 40 drivers. The videos or simulated scenarios in these two tests involved three identical landscape units in varied spatial patterns. In the first experiment, participants watched the video and filled in a questionnaire to record the variation of decision and emotion behaviors. In the second experiment, the same subjects drove in a simulator to record the heart rate and operation speed in order to validate the subjective measurements from the questionnaire. The results showed that no significant difference existed between simulator driving and a video watching for either decision or emotion behavior. And the additional condition for applying it was discussed further. The results provide theoretical support for the reliability of testing to quantize the landscape’s influence on the drivers’ emotion and decision processes during a video test.

Current driving comfort evaluation methods are mainly focused on road alignment and vehicle acceleration, without considering a driver’s visual information. However, the driver’s visual information obtained from the road environment is not completely consistent with the actual road information. Thus, it is significant to evaluate driving comfort from a driver’s visual perception. In this paper, the driver’s visual lane model is established based on the CatMull-Rom spline. Shape parameters of the visual lane model are the length and the curvature of the visual curve. The real vehicle experiment data is used to analyze the relevance between shape parameters and the lateral change of car acceleration. The threshold value of lateral acceleration is determined by a Bayesian credible interval, and the evaluation method of urban road driving comfort contributes to enhancing and improving urban road designs.

The effects of green signal countdown display (GSCD) on driver behavior were researched from two aspects: space and time. This study aimed to compare and analyze driving behavior affected by using GSCD at signalized intersections using the approach of field investigation for acquiring data. The research results showed that the average speed of crossing the stop line was higher at intersections with GSCD, but the proportion of high speed was relatively reduced, which indicated that the GSCD was not only good for traffic efficiency but also for traffic safety. The reason was that the driver behavior was more conservative at intersections with GSCD, and drivers tended to maintain high speeds at intersections without GSCD. In addition, signal countdown displays can reduce start-up lost time and unify driver behavior to ensure that vehicles leave the intersection at a steady speed.

Due to increased variety of actions caused by signal changes, rear-end accidents is the most common accident type at signalized intersections. The accident of rear-end collision is closely related with the driving behavior, this including the use of wireless telephone is one among the key factors. This paper utilized the logit model of stop/go decision during yellow interval to estimate rear-end collision probability on the basis of driving simulator data. Monte - Carlo simulation is used to find out how wireless phone use, age, and gender influences the rear-end collision potential. The results show that: 1) Probability of stop decision for outgoing call is the highest. 2) For middle age people, the probability of stop decision is the lowest, showing that the middle-aged people have more aggressive driving behavior than the other two age groups. 3) Probability of stop decision of female people is lower on the whole.

Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass is one of the basic laws in most nations which specifies right-hand traffic (RHT) as a uniform road traffic flow. Not only is it a law, but also a guide on how to maintain order on freeways. With an increasing number of vehicles, it is an efficient rule to make vehicles at different speeds share the road safely and orderly. In this research, we defined a two-lane Cellular Automata model based on NaSch model to simulate this rule. Analyzing the performance in light and heavy traffic, we found results agreed with the classic three-phase traffic theory. The average overtaking counts per vehicle was calculated to measure the safety. Thereby an optimized model with the balance of flow rate and safety was established by using the speed limit condition. The result reveals that the value which measures the safety comes to the highest when a certain speed limit was set. In addition, an ideal model was proposed to simulate without the Keep-Right-Except-to-Pass rule.

This study aims to investigate the rules and impact factors of drivers’ route choice behaviors by mining the floating car data. The data were generated by approximately 20,000 taxies equipped with on-board GPS device in Guangzhou, China. The routes are cataloged into two types according to their origin-destination (OD) attributes: the first one is the data with the same OD pairs, that is, the origin and destination are given nodes in the same road; the second one is called the similar OD pairs, whose origin or destination are in the particular zone. The routes are further classified to investigate the route choice behavior with different choice probability. Five impact factors, travel distance, travel time, peak/off-peak period, road type, and density, are found to have significant impacts on route choice behaviors. In particular, results suggest that drivers tend to behave more stable as travel distance decreases. This study provides some perspective on the route choice behaviors analysis by data analysis, and the results provide useful information for route choice modeling such as attributes selection and expectations on the impacts of various factors.

In order to explore and research the characteristic of vehicles’ speed as a measure of driving behavior in multi-lane freeway interchange merging and diverging areas, and provide realistic basis for safety in geometric design principles, this paper examined speed data collected from the Hu-Ning multi-lane freeway interchange group. The field vehicle velocity data were collected using the MC5600 vehicle type pneumatic tube system and subsequent statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics software package. Observations showed that at two-lane ramp terminals in merging areas, the average speed of cars was 60∼70 km/h, and the operating speed (V₈₅) of cars was 80∼90 km/h. At two-lane ramp terminals, the average speed of trucks was found to be 60∼65 km/h, and the operating speed (V₈₅) of trucks was found to be 65∼75 km/h. At two-lane ramp terminals in diverging areas, the average speed of cars was 75∼85 km/h, and the operating speed (V₈₅) of cars was 90∼100 km/h. The average speed of trucks at two-lane ramp terminals was found to be 70∼80 km/h, and the operating speed (V₈₅) of trucks at these sites was found to be 80∼90 km/h. From the research we can determine that the operating speed (V₈₅) at the diverging and merging areas may be better suited for use in geometric design procedures and other analysis model calibration purposes, from a safety perspective.

Estimating travelers’ trade-off between travel cost and other attributes accurately is significant for transport planning and project investment appraisal. This study introduces the nested logit (NL) model that accounts for joint choice of route and transport modes. A willingness to pay (WTP) method combined with stated preference (SP) survey is presented to estimate the value of travel time savings (VTTS) under multifactor influence. The results confirm that various attributes (i.e. travel time and cost, walking and waiting time, frequency of left turns, income level, age and car ownership) do play a part in the estimation of the value of travel time savings. It is found that the VTTS for car is highest among the WTP values of interest. Furthermore, non-car owners are more sensitive to their income and the level of service of public transportation, and value their WTP for travel time and walking and waiting time lower compared to car owners.

With the accelerated construction of the urbanization system, the urban transportation network is expanding, and traffic information as a dynamic process has a significant impact on urban traffic flow. This paper reviews domestic and international studies and, based on a wide range of survey data, analyzes the behavior of drivers by selecting a variety of factors and discusses in depth the travel path of driver choice behavior characteristics, laying the foundation for further study of intelligent information platforms.

This paper proposes a general framework for a lane changing execution model. In the longitudinal direction, a weighted average of accelerations is obtained for the lane-changers by using the original and expected new leaders as the leading vehicles. In the latitudinal direction, the model computes the lateral moving speed through the product of longitudinal moving speed and the tangent steering angle. A formulation is proposed for describing the relationship between the steering angle and the lateral moving rate of the lane-changers. Vehicle trajectory data from the NGSIM are used for calibrating the proposed model. Based on the results of model calibration, it is found that the maximal steering angle is negatively correlated with the initial moving speed at the beginning of lane changing. The exponential weight is found as a good assumption. The proposed model is consistent with the car following model in behavioral fundamentals, which makes it simple to use and flexible for transplantation.

Lane changing models are an essential component of microscopic traffic simulation. This paper considered the interaction among vehicles and investigated the lane changing interaction characteristics of vehicles and models of dynamic relationship by introducing the following required safe distance. The correlation between the expected safe distance and required safe distance was described. The expected safe distance model was developed by taking the multiple factors influencing lane change, and the dynamic interaction characteristics of vehicles in the transition process of “car following - lane change – car following” were analyzed. The simulation results show that the models developed in this paper can thoroughly depict the lane changing interaction, which has a great significance for guaranteeing the safe operation of vehicles.

In China, over the last decade, Red Light Running (RLR) has been one of the most important reasons for the accidents at signalized intersections. Although several methods such as dilemma zone protection and signal violence enforcement have been used to reduce the probability of RLR behaviors, how the drivers make decisions when the signal changed from green to red is seldom discussed. Based on the video data collected in Beijing, a discrete choice model is proposed in this paper to analyze drivers’ behaviors. Further, we will analyze cases under different traffic situations. And finally, how to improve road safety and efficiency will be discussed.