CICTP 2014: Safe, Smart, and Sustainable Multimodal Transportation Systems

From analysis of the flight departure process in an airport, this paper studied the behavioral characteristics of the departure process and built its model. Combined with the theory of fuzzy control, an algorithm of aircraft pushback control was given and the internal rules of fuzzy control were discussed. Using the Matlab/Simulink software, a simulation process was built to do a simulation experiment. Finally, the paper demonstrated the effectiveness of the fuzzy control algorithm and the scheme by comparing the simulation data with the actual data.

The airport terminal departure passenger traffic forecast is the key premise for the airport passenger traffic management system to control and guide passenger traffic flow. However, because the flow is affected by many factors, it is strongly random and nonlinear; so, it can be difficult to forecast traffic accurately. The fuzzy decision tree approach is developed based on the decision tree method combined with the fuzzy mathematics theory. This approach is mainly used in the field of decision making. This paper applies the thinking of decision to forecast and applies the improved fuzzy decision tree method to terminal departure passenger traffic forecast. The case analysis indicates that a more concise and accurate forecast can be achieved using the fuzzy decision tree approach.

Strategic planning for airport design and operations is a challenging task, since it should consider:(1) a variety of alternative futures; (2) their consequences for airport performance;and, (3) possible strategies for ensuring that the airport meets its business objectives. Existing models and tools for quantifying airport performance require significant data and substantial modeling effort, and do not readily produce the information relevant to decision-makers. Therefore, a fast and simple simulation model is needed that provides insight into the key performance indicators of an airport for different strategies across different futures. In this paper, a simple simulation model is developed. Different scenarios, with increasing traffic and changing traffic distribution, are simulated with a general simulation platform called ProModel, which can provide output data for airport capacity evaluation and checks for bottleneck. Case studies show that the model can be easily executed and proved to be feasible to quickly generate interest results for decision-makers.

In order to solve the problem of terminal resources waste and improve the resource utilization efficiency of airport terminals, this paper proposes a prediction method based on the RBF neural network to predict future terminal departure passenger traffic at the next period. Data from Harbin Taiping International Airport are used to confirm the accuracy and applicability of this method in the field of terminal departure passenger traffic prediction.

The present situation of low water bus passenger flow and low ridership make us consider the service orientation in Guangzhou. The characteristics of travelers are important for the planning and development of the waterbus. IC card data is widely used for analyzing the characteristics of public transportation. However, there is little research on how to analyze the characteristics of waterbus passengers based on IC card data. In this paper, IC card data - combined with the practical operation situation of waterbus - is used to analyze the characteristics of waterbus passengers, such as travel times, the distribution of passengers in time and space, the passengers' arrival rate and the waiting time. The conclusion is that the waterbus is more attractive to non-commuters than commuters. Furthermore, some suggestions about how to attract more passengers are presented according to the results before.

The early warning index system of general airport safety, based on the matter element extension theory, was established on four aspects:(1) a flight safety support system; (2) an apron safety support system; (3) a comprehensive support system; and, (4) a logistics support system. Early warning levels of general airport safety were classified and the weights of all indexes were measured by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then, with the application of the matter elements extension theory, the matter element model for the general airport safety system was established. It included four early warning levels: (1) no early warning; (2) a slight early warning; (3) a moderate early warning; and, (4) a severe early warning. After that, taking the correlative degree as an evaluation criterion, a final early warning level of general airport safety was deduced by constructing extension correlation functions. Finally, the model was verified by an example at the Guanghan Airport in 2012, which indicated that the model was suitable for evaluating the general airport safety and for assisting in early warning decisions quantitatively.

Aviation training airports are one of the most important elements in the aviation system because they ensure operational safety during flights. The flight training airport plays a special role in guaranteeing training safety. This research provides theoretical support for flight training airports to build a safety management system which makes use of the Delphi method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. It builds off of fuzzy theory to select safety evaluation indices and evaluate training airports.

With rapid economic development, container-based freight transportation increases dramatically. The container terminal yard is an important component to improve overall freight operation efficiency. Good container terminal yard operations can improve freight operation efficiency, reduce route conflicts, and decrease costs. So, it is necessary to optimize yard resource management, improve utilization ratio of yard equipment, and enhance yard operation processes. This research aims to optimize the container terminal yard handling mechanisms and resource allocations. The longest operating time of gantry cranes is determined by the gantry crane which finally completes the operation. A mathematical model is developed to minimize the longest operating time of gantry cranes as the objective functions. A genetic algorithm is introduced to optimize the solution. Finally, the paper verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method through a case study.

According to the different geographical and climatic features of governed waters and maritime supervision business functionality, the selection indicators for maritime supervision of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) were proposed. Then, some types of UAVs were chosen for maritime supervision. To meet the needs of maritime supervision and UAV operation safety, some basic principles of airborne mission payloads selection were put forward, and the categories, features and function of mission payloads were analyzed. Finally, based on early research about products of UAVs and airborne mission payloads, andon the UAV operation and management model, a configuration scheme of airborne mission payloads and function orientation for each type of UAV was introduced.

In this paper, we conduct a comparative analysis of different transport modes that the mid-west area and Wuhan use to export goods to Taiwan. The conclusion is that the Wuhan-Taiwan container express route is the best choice to transport the goods. After the analysis of the ship-type demonstration, the economic analysis, and the win/lose balance, we have developed a clear understanding of the operating conditions under different transport organization plans. In the end, some subsidy suggestions for this route are put forward and a container ship express route from mainland China to Taiwan exhibits prospects for development.

The Yangtze River 12.5-Meter-Deep Channel Project is the most complex national waterway project. A comprehensive analysis of the impact of the project on shipping, ports, industry and economy plays a significant role in providing scientific guidance for the development of ports along the Yangtze River. By analyzing the influences of the Yangtze Estuary Channel Project and will-be effects of the 12.5-Meter-Deep Channel Project, the paper discovers that the large-scale vessels have greatly changed the shipping pattern along the Yangtze River and the direct transportation volumes have a rapid growth. Therefore, the trans-shipment function of some ports - such as Jiangyin, Nantong and Suzhou - has, obviously, been enhanced. Some advice, such as optimization of the ports layout and promoting the construction of infrastructure orderly, should be taken urgently to maintain sustained and healthy development of the ports along Yangtze River Basin.

Amplitude characteristics of the rocket sled track alignment and profile measured irregularity were analyzed by statistical methods in time domains. The levels of the interval and overall track irregularity quality were evaluated by the straightness evaluation index. Stationary of the track irregularity samples was tested, and maximum wavelength of the track irregularity was analyzed in order to ensure availability and accuracy of spectrum estimations. The rocket sled track irregularity spectrum was estimated by Welch methods, and characteristics and cause of the rocket sled track irregularity were analyzed and investigated in frequency domains. This study could be helpful for rocket sled track maintenance and repair and provide reference data for rocket sled-track dynamics research.

Considering the real constraints - such as the separate-stacking strategy of import and export containers in the container yard and the loading and unloading operation sequence up and down a large container ship's hatch cover - the paper establishes a scheduling optimization model of container trucks based on the shortest path of trucks as the objective function. The paper designs an improved ant colony algorithm and an algorithm based on heuristic rules to solve the model. The results of an example analysis showed that: (1) adopting the pool strategy can reduce the distance of trucks and the proportion of empty-loading, and (2) improve the efficiency of terminal operation.

A data-driven, agent-based model to simulate a port transport system affected by a LNG terminal is developed. A real case of Ningbo-Zhoushan Central Port Area is investigated by this model. The simulation results reveal that, if a LNG terminal embeds in the central port area, a LNG vessel in/out harbor will bring out a negative effect on the shipment timeliness. The effect on the development of the port and LNG terminal would be significant. Furthermore, the improvement countermeasures are provided based on the analysis. The simulation results show that the suggested measures could effectively reduce the effect on the LNG terminal and improve the navigation efficiency. It is demonstrated that the present agent-based model is capable of simulating the complex relationship of different vessels in a relatively complicated transport environment and can be further employed in other port transportation systems.

A hybrid girder was used in the Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line. It consists of a concrete box girder and a steel functional element, and the latter does not contribute to the stiffness of the cross-section. In order to take advantage of the stiffness, the National Maglev Transportation Engineering R&D Center developed a new integrated girder. The steel functional element is replaced with a concrete functional area. Stators and guidance rails are connected to the optimized box girder with embedded parts. The gliding surface is a concrete lug and formed by grinding. One test girder was designed, manufactured and replaced onto the Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line. The test results show that the integrated girder can meet the system requirements, which marks a significant breakthrough in the field of high-speed maglev guideway structures.

There is much electrical equipment on high-speed maglev trains. Safety and reliability requirements of the power supply system for this onboard equipment are very high. This paper presents a type of new onboard power supply system used for high-speed maglev trains. This new system can provide redundancy and distribute power to the onboard equipment. All the onboard equipment related to the safety of the train operation is supplied by several distributed power supply devices of one power net in parallel or by two power nets at the same time. The failure of part of the power supply devices will not cause danger during the train operation. This system ensures the onboard equipment can be supplied by contactless power at any train speed except stopping. Using this system can reduce the construction costs and maintenance workload. It can also enhance the reliability and safety of high-speed maglev trains.

The process of an eight-car, high-speed train running through a canyon wind zone from a tunnel in the state of favorable pantograph (closing stomata) and adverse pantograph (opening stomata) was simulated by using the sliding mesh method. The aerodynamic performance of the pantograph bow on the train was researched. The results show that when the train exits and enters the tunnel, the effect of cross wind on the change of the pantograph aerodynamic bow force is significant. The law of pantograph bow aerodynamic force peak with train speed and wind speed in the state of favorable pantograph is similar to the one in the state of adverse pantograph. The lift peak of the pantograph bow in the state of a favorable pantograph is a little larger than the one in the state of an adverse pantograph, and the difference of lateral force between them is little. Relative to the process of a train entering a tunnel, the pantograph bow lift pneumatic impact is worse when the train leaves the tunnel. When the wind speed is above 5m/s, the pantograph bow lift force peak process when the train is leaving the tunnel is larger than the one of the process when running from a canyon wind zone into a tunnel.

With the rapid development of the high-speed railway, its safety requires much more attention than ever. Collisions are one of the most severe incidents that can occur and can be affected by many factors. So, it is necessary to analyze it to reduce its possibility of occurrence. This paper establishes a high-speed train collision fault tree based on the analysis of security elements. Dealing with the fault tree by qualitative analysis, this paper reaches the minimal cut sets and the minimal path sets which show the factors most probably leading to the accident and most effective in preventing it. In the actual operation, the possibility of collision could be reduced by measures done to these factors.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of impact platform force of main energy-absorbing structures on energy dissipation and deformation pattern of a train body in EMUs collision. For this purpose, the paper developed a model of train based on the impact energy dissipation map of a train and the mechanical deformation properties of each energy-absorbing structure, hi this model, the algorithm combined one-dimensional multitude rigid bodies and structure large plastic deformation was employed. The train-to-train collision was simulated by the model. The research indicated that the main energy-absorbing structures impact platform force of themselves and their mutual matching relationships have an important effect on the distribution of energy absorption proportion in each train during collision. Then the parameter optimization design was earned out in order to obtain the optimal impact platform forces of energy-absorbing structures. The design model used a full factorial design method to determine the simulation calculation conditions. The methods of quadratic response surface, stepwise regression and genetic algorithm were employed to solve the multi-objective optimization model.

Research on aerodynamic performance of high-speed trains in cutting with different slope angles would complement the operation safety management under strong winds. This study was conducted to investigate the flow structure around a train using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The accuracy of the numerical method was validated, combined with a wind tunnel test. This work shows that the surroundings of cutting along the railway line have great effect on the crosswind stability of the train. With the increase of slope angle, the coefficients of aerodynamic forces tend to reduce. Comparing the angle 0° with 90°, the C_s, C_l and C_m of head car fall by 96.7%, 108%, and 96.8% to the maximum respectively, while those of middle car by 108%, 98.8%, and 105%. For the shield of applicable cutting, the whole body is in a minor positive pressure environment. Thus, an appropriate slope angle for the cutting can largely improve its windbreak performance.

This article describes the different types of the guideway inspecting technologies developed for the Shanghai maglev demonstration line. For safety and riding comfort, it is important - during both construction and daily operations - to inspect or measure the different deviations of the guideway regularly. However, it is impossible to do the job manually because of the short maintenance window time, the high accuracy requirement and the long distance. Therefore, the National Maglev Transportation Engineering R & D Center (NMTC) has developed a series of guideway inspection technologies and equipment - like Automatic Inspection Equipment (AIE), Long-wave deviation Detection System (LDS), Stator Inspection Equipment (SIE), and Vehicle Vibration Evaluator (VVE) - that are based on the system requirements of maglev and historical experience from operation and maintenance. With the help of these new technologies and equipment, maglev guideways will become safer and more comfortable in the future.

This study is based on a three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible N-S equation and RNG κ-ε two-equation turbulence model, air pressure on high-speed maglev and aerodynamic force on sound barrier and cable box when the high-speed maglev passing are calculated. The aerodynamic characteristics at three heights during the high-speed maglev passing by each other at the speed of 400km/h are analyzed separately. The results show that the air pressure amplitude increases slightly with the increasing height of the sound barrier. The aerodynamic force on the sound barrier and cable box increases obviously with the increasing height of the sound barrier. The amplitude of air pressure and aerodynamic force is minimal when the height of the sound barrier is 1500 mm. Therefore, the best height of the 3 heights for the sound barrier is 1500 mm.

Traffic safety is one of the most important issues of transportation. In our country, most serious accidents have happened on the highway system; so,the design of safety facilities is very important. As we know, many scholars have studied the safety designing of traffic facilities from different perspectives. This paper mainly researches the design of highway facilities based on visual psychology. We have put forward three design products based on this concept. In the first section of this paper, design philosophy - involving vision and knowledge - will be introduced. In the second section, three designed productions will be presented. Details such as size and setting place selection will be given. An effectiveness tracking study will be presented in the third section. The conclusion of the test shows our safety facilities design based on visual psychology, which has improved the safety level of traveling in the highway system.

As a significant part of intelligent traffic systems, the short-term traffic forecasting system undertakes the important task of providing basic data for traffic control and route guidance. In view of the real-time requirements and accuracy of short-term traffic forecasting systems, this study designs a data-driven, short-term traffic forecasting system based on a non-parametric regression model. First, this paper adopts distributed architecture, which assigns forecasting tasks of different roads to several host computers. Second, a short-term traffic forecasting algorithm based on non-parametric regression is improved in terms of feature of application, promoting search efficiency, and continuously self-adaptive. Finally, according to the characteristics of different databases, it optimizes storage structure, raises I/O efficiency, and improves the system performance. The experiment results show that this system has higher prediction speed and reliability and can handle the prediction tasks of large-scale transportation network systems. At the same time, this system can optimize and adjust itself in the process. It also has low dependence of initial setting and better adaptation.

In this paper, Google mapping techniques are applied to develop a cost-efficient scheduling system for flex-route transit, which currently is the most popular type of flexible transit services. It is different from previous flexible transit scheduling systems which have to rely on geographic information. Web-based techniques guarantee a smooth access for the scheduling system to obtain road network data from Google servers. Also, in this innovative scheduling system, web-based techniques enable client sides to be easily used and are well organized. As well, the access to real-time traffic reports could possibly provide a more accurate travel time estimate, which helps to construct reliable vehicle routing plans. The simulations, based on a newly designed flex-route service case, verify the feasibility of this web-based flex-route transit scheduling system. Additionally, the results indicate that, with the help of real-time traffic information, this promising scheduling technique could have better performance especially in congested service areas.

In order to realize information sharing, the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) should describe information at the semantic level. Ontology is a modeling tool used for domain knowledge sharing and reusing. However, most information of ITS is based on the relational database. This paper presents a new mode of ITS domain ontology based on: (1) the Chinese ITS's characteristics and the exiting research results; (2) established rules of extracting ITS ontology from a relational databas; and, (3) proposed an automatic ontology extraction algorithm. Experiments showed that the rules and algorithms can quickly extract ITS ontology from a relational database.

According to the characteristics of traffic camera calibration, a method for extrinsic parameters calibration is proposed based on four control points. The initial value of the iterations is solved by pinhole camera model equations. Then, the constraints of the orthogonal matrix are added to amend the result using generalized least squares (GLS) and the Newton-Raphson method. Measured on a simulated setting, tests showed that this method - compared with the traditional method and considering no nonlinear constraints - uses less control points to achieve higher calibration accuracy and reduces the outdoor workload.

Route planning is one of the core issues in transportation fields such as logistics, route guidance and traffic assignments. Many useful algorithms dealing with various problems have been proposed in the past. Some of them have been implemented in commercial software, while some others are still far from practice. In recent decades, the open source GIS has been developing very fast and many excellent projects have been built. In this paper, we make a note on route planning in transportation by utilizing such open sources. A data storage model, as well as the architecture of open sources, are introduced. As an example, the process of developing the hyperpath algorithm is illustrated. This paper may be useful for those who would like to customize GIS-based transportation analyzing tools by themselves for various purposes.

Variable message signs display traffic information of the road network which is composed of several adjacent downstream nodes and roads, and the composition of the road network is static. The authors considered factors such as real-time road speed, historical road speed, real-time volume, and important functions and connectivity. This helped establish a model for selecting and displaying the road network composition dynamically. According to an evaluation function, the authors decided when the road network structure should be changed. The authors proposed a specific algorithm to realize the model suitably.

Due to the low penetration rate and random routes of floating cars, the traffic state derived by the floating car system could not cover all the links of the road network, which has a great impact on the performance of dynamic traffic management and information applications. In this paper, the state of link which has the float car passing through is obtained by the float car system. For the link without passing through by the float car, a tensor form that can encode spatial and temporal correlation simultaneously is introduced to modeling the traffic state for the first time. Then, the traffic state of links without passing through by floating cars is completed by the tensor completion method which can well mines the multi-mode correlations of traffic state tensor model. In the experiment, the simulated data are used to evaluate the completion strategy in the tensor framework and the results show that the proposed strategy tends to deliver high-quality solutions.

This paper presents an agent-based approach to evaluating the economic effects of a parking guidance information (PGI) system by modeling drivers' behavior under different parking guidance conditions with and without PGI. An agent-based model (ABM) is established to explicitly capture car-following behavior and driver searching behavior under the condition of knowing the characteristics of alternatives and receiving information by the PGI system. The parking search process is modeled by using the MNL model. The study may be regarded as one of the few studies to integrate multi-agent activities of parking choice process, Poisson distribution, GIS, and a detailed traffic micro-simulation for economic evaluation with and without the PGI system. The simulation results of the number of lost agents and the average search time of all agents can be applied to evaluate the economic benefit of the PGI system.

This paper presents a personification of an autonomous vehicle control strategy to accomplish curved path tracking, including three levels: curve fitting, curve discretization, and designing tracking controller. Bezier curve fitting is used to fit the path generated by RRT to create a smooth path. The purpose of discretization is to discrete the curve into points, and the Douglas-Peucker algorithm widely used in the GIS field is employed to discrete the curve intoaset of lines. Controller design is on the basis of abstractions of the human decision thinking; a P controller combined with a PD controller mimics human driving behavior. Simulation results show that: the strategy on the condition of low speed (1-10m/s) demonstrates good speed robustness and tracking accuracy.

An inclined contact surface design for interrogators with easy-pick gaps has been developed. Compared with the curved, plate, and pallet surfaces, the performance of the inclined contact surface has been investigated in the calculated electromagnetic configurations and experimental results. It is found that the inclined contact surface has enhanced reliability of data writing. Through experimental and theoretical analysis, the enhanced reliability is considered to be the combined result of the energy coupling configurations and the depressed material contacts effect.

This study investigates the risk factors associated with crash occurrence at arterial roads of the city of Beijing, China. By using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) modeling technique with Negative Binomial link function, statistical relationships are established to relate crash risk to a variety of factors related to geometric design, traffic control and other traffic-related characteristics. Four-year crash records for 130.6-km road segments are employed to calibrate the models. Results show that, for arterial roads with heavier traffic volume, more road lanes and higher speed limits tend to have more crashes. Medians are helpful in reducing crash risk. Moreover, higher crash risks are generally associated with road segments with higher side access density.

An automated vehicle is capable of maintaining a constant distance with the preceding vehicle as long as these two vehicles are in the same lane. On the contrary, for manual vehicles, the spacing of adjacent vehicles cannot be kept as a constant due to drivers' inaccuracy in perceptions and reactions. So, we expect the introduction of automated vehicles will increase the capacity of traffic flow. In this paper, we first study the spacing distributions of manual traffic and mixed manual/automated traffic. Then, based on the link between spacing distributions and fundamental diagrams, we show that the traffic flow rate will increase in mixed traffic, as compared to pure manual traffic. The sensitivity of the capacity with respect to the percent of automated vehicles is also investigated.

This paper puts forward a BRT space speed guidance model within a VII environment. First of all, a dwell time prediction model and travel time prediction model are demonstrated. Secondly, speed guidance models are introduced according to three different conditions. Finally, the models are simulated respectively, and compared with the unguided condition. The models proposed can significantly improve the efficiency of the BRT system and can be widely accepted by drivers.

Aiming at problems such as unpunctuality and long delays at intersections for public transportation, this paper introduces the dynamic speed guidance theory into the field of intelligent bus control. The paper puts forward two kinds of bus speed guidance strategies within the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) environment, which is based on a different signal state at the moment that the bus arrives at the downstream intersection. By applying VISSIM secondary development, we test the speed guidance strategies and evaluate the bus operation with evaluation indexes compared with the situation without speed guidance. The results show that the two kinds of speed guidance strategies are both effective and are able to greatly reduce the bus stopping rate, as well as decrease delay times and fuel consumption.

Vehicles' speeds significantly contribute to traffic management. Therefore, efforts are needed to collect speeds effectively, conveniently and cheaply. This study attempted to find a novel approach by considering both GPS and cellular networks to collect vehicles' speeds. According to the concept of the approach, the software used in mobile terminals was developed for speed collection. Pilot experiments have been conducted to validate the software. Results show a good regression relationship (R² = 0.964) between speeds collected by mobile terminals installed the software and those by calibrated driving recorders mounted in vehicles. The RMSE of 1.846km/h also confirms the excellence of the approach. Future challenges and possible solutions are recommended for further development of this novel approach.

In the light that floating car data (FCD) in real operations are of low sampling rate, a delay estimation method at intersections based on low-sampling-rate floating car data is proposed. This study analyzes running state differences of vehicles on different road units, delimits the affected area of an intersection and expedites travel speed of a vehicle on a specific road, using two nearest GPS points outside the affected area to calculate time stamps of a vehicle entering and leaving the affected area. Taking Guangzhou as a case study, a typical intersection is chosen to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Extensive experimental results have demonstrated the better potential of low-sampling-rate FCD in delay estimation, with 85% of calculating results within 10s in terms of absolute error.

The subway is an important transportation mode in large cities. Subway operators need travel behavior data of subway passengers to improve their service level. In this paper, a traffic collection method based on wireless communication technology is reviewed and compared. A method to derive information from cell-ID and HO data based on the special settlement of underground mobile communication base stations is proposed. The passenger volume and travel time - in both the subway network and subway station - can be drawn, which will support the operation management and travel navigation.

In a traditional tunnel lighting system, there exists some problems, such as poor adaptability to environment changes in brightness and a serious waste of power. In this paper, Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) is adopted in a Tunnel LED Lighting control system. Meanwhile, stepless and reliable dimming control can be achieved. We present a new design ofa LED tunnel lighting intelligent control system that is mainly composed of a monitoring computer, a tunnel monitoring main controller, a DALI master controller and a DALI slave controller based on tunnel lighting energy-saving control strategy. The frame structure of software and hardware is given, and the paper describes in detail the design idea and realization method of the controllers. What's more, every component is compared and filtered carefully so that the tunnel lighting system is reasonable and smooth. The performance results show that the control system not only ensures operation safety of the tunnel, but also achieves remote and stepless dimming control.

Emergency vehicles play an important role in emergency rescue. In this paper, the use of the Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure System in an emergency vehicle preemption control field is described and a preemption control method for emergency vehicles is established. In the study, the model of the preemption control method was proposed to estimate travel time of emergency vehicles and further realized a decision-making assistant method. In addition, a variety of simulations was conducted and the Taicang Speedy Ambulance First-aid Emergency Rescue Operation Supporting (SAFER) System was established. Verification results show that the preemption strategies for emergency vehicles reduce the travel time of emergency vehicles by more than 50%.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Weibo on travel choice behavior. The involved data were obtained from a stated preference questionnaire survey conducted both in Nanjing and on the internet. The personal attributes, the travel attributes and the Weibo attributes were concluded. Three BL models under three kinds of traffic information issued by Weibo were conducted to analyze the interrelationship between travel choice behavior and its influencing factors. The estimation results showed that the personal attributes had very different effects on travel choice behavior. Along with the comprehensiveness of the traffic information released by Weibo, the effects of personal attributes gradually weakened, while the effects of travel attributes became stronger. The contents of the traffic information released by Weibo had a great impact on travel choice behavior. These findings have important meanings to establish an efficient traffic guidance system with multitudinous modes.

Heavy vehicles have significant impact on the traffic performance of freeways. The passenger car unit (PCU) is a common measure used for freeway design and analysis. With the availability of a huge amount of empirical traffic data, investigations on the determination of the PCUs are feasible. This paper uses the simple linear density-speed function to estimate the capacities and investigate the relationship between capacities and the percentage of heavy vehicles. Empirical traffic data from five locations from the Outer Ring in Shanghai have been utilized for the analyses. The results show that the PCU value decreases with the rising percentage of heavy vehicles when the percentage of heavy vehicles is larger than 20%. In cases where the percentage of heavy vehicles is smaller than 20%, the PCU could be either increasing or decreasing, and is strongly dependent on the capacity that is estimated when there are no heavy vehicles in the traffic.

Due to the limitations of several different kinds of detectors currently in use, typical ways to estimate travel time on urban streets - based on the data collected by only one source - are no longer suitable. Moreover, traditional methods of estimating travel time based on all vehicle types on urban streets are unable to provide specific travel times to travelers. This paper aims at providing a model based on data fusion of multisource data to estimate travel times of different vehicle types on urban streets. A weighting calculation that fuses data collected by loop detectors and floating cars is used to build a travel time estimation model for urban road links. The aforementioned fusion method is verified by the simulation software VISSIM. The simulation results lead to the conclusion that this travel time estimation model performs better than the estimation model based on only loop detector or floating car data. The relative error (RE) of travel time is within the range of 10% to 20%. Limitations of the proposed method are also discussed in this paper.

This paper presents the application of a grafted decision tree for traffic incident detection. The detection performance is evaluated by the criteria, including: (1) detection rate; (2) false alarm rate; (3) mean time to detection; (4) classification rate; and, (5) the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic. Different from the general decision tree, a grafted decision tree model is able to increase the probability of rightly classifying instances that fall outside the areas covered by the training data set. The detection performance of the grafted decision tree was compared to radical basis function neural networks (RBFNN) and multilayer feed forward neural networks (MLFNN) which yielded superior incident detection performance in the previous studies. The experimental results indicate that the grafted decision tree is competitive with RBFNN and MLFNN.

Missing traffic data are inevitable due to detector or communication malfunctions which adversely affect the performance of intelligent transportation systems and make the requirement of missing traffic data imputation more important. In this paper, a novel method based on tensor completion is proposed to estimate the missing traffic data. Compared with previous tensor-based methods, systematic variations encoded with total variation are used to mine the traffic intrinsic properties. By minimizing the total variation norm, the approach can keep the systematic variations of traffic volume while inheriting the advantage of mining the multi-dimensional correlations of traffic data from the tensor pattern. Experimental results on PeMS database show the proposed method achieves a better imputation performance than the state-of-the-art missing traffic data imputation approaches.

Ramp metering is one of the most important parts of freeway traffic control. In this paper, a prediction method based on a nonlinear model is adopted to avoid rapid congestion and big-scale spreading and to predicatively control neighboring ramp traffic volume at congested road sections. Simulated results show that this method has maintained stable vehicle flow of the main line. It not only effectively avoids spreading of traffic congestion, but also maintains a smooth ramp regulation rate.

An autonomous platoon makes use of collaborative driving techniques which will be capable of increasing traffic density and safety effectively. This paper proposes a platoon cooperation framework consisting of two sub-layers. The upper (collaboration) layer defines the platoon collaboration maneuvers and implements the maneuver switching. The lower (control) layer executes the final control instructions for each member vehicle of the platoon, taking the output of the upper layer as its control parameters. Finite state machines are used to model the collaboration process and form the basis on which the state switching flows of collaboration control are implemented. A simulative platoon composed of several intelligent model cars has been established. Experiments on the longitudinal control of a platoon were conducted in this model vehicle simulation environment. The results show that the proposed control logic is sufficiently effective for the longitudinal platoon collaborative maneuvers - including merging, separating and following - to be executed and switched smoothly.

As the next generation of information service develops, its role in determining the future of transportation information service systems is becoming more and more significant. Service dissemination methods of traffic information are transferring from Websites, calling centers, roadside VMS, and other traditional approaches to cellphones, PADs, and other Mobile Internet devices. This paper analyzed the increasing demand for traffic information service in typical urban areas through the characteristics of economic, demographic, vehicle ownership, and trip feature in the city of Beijing, China. In addition, the significant increasing trend of Mobile Internet device popularizing rate was investigated with respect to Mobile Internet devices, Mobile Internet users, and mobile applications (APPs). Results indicated that personalized traffic information services based on Mobile Internet devices were following an explosive growth trend. Also, it was believed that the mobile APP was going to be the core approach in the future traffic information service system.

Traffic condition reliability is very important for developing a robust transportation management and control system and travel time variability. It has been investigated extensively over the past several years. In this paper - targeting providing more insight into traffic variability - traffic speed variability is investigated and modeled. In this paper, using traffic speed variability has been computed as the variance of vehicle speeds at a fixed time interval. Then, the traffic speed variance series is modeled using the classical time series models. Real time traffic data that was collected from loop detectors installed on the roadway systems in the United Kingdom has been used for this purpose. Finally, traffic speed variances are predicted in a real-time fashion using the Kalman filter approach constructed from the time series model. Empirical results showed that traffic speed variability can be modeled and predicted reliably.

Pedestrian-vehicle conflict can reflect potential hazard in mixed traffic. Automatic pedestrian-vehicle conflict detection algorithms can provide both real-time warning information to traffic users and collect data for further analysis. This paper proposes a method to automatically classify different traffic users and to detect pedestrian-vehicle conflict using video data. A mixed Gauss-based background differencing algorithm is used to detect a foreground target. The speed and area parameters are used to classify traffic objects. A tracking algorithm based on multi-feature fusion is designed to track classified objects. The notion of pedestrian-vehicle conflict is adjusted for video-based detection, and a pedestrian-vehicle conflict video detection model is designed. In total, 117 pedestrian-vehicle conflicts are collected. The results show that the proposed method can correctly detect about 80.3% of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. Further research will focus on the improvement of the object extraction algorithm, and more mixed traffic scenes will be tested based on this proposed method.

Four principles of qualification tests are formulated based on 2013 The Future Challenge - Intelligent Vehicles and Beyond (FC' 2013) qualification test purposes. To ensure that vehicle technology can meet the requirements of race and guarantee safety of vehicle operation, ten areas of basic information are proposed for vehicle verification requirements. Test purpose, equipment, conditions, and content are presented in accordance with relevant national standards. Results of FC' 2013 are formulated by testing reliability of E-stop, braking performance, minimum controlled distance and maximum controlled distance. Through analyzing the data of braking distance, the current technology level of China's intelligent vehicles is presented and some specific recommendations are given for improving qualification testing. The results can provide technical support and useful reference for the development of intelligent vehicle test technology.

A method and detection system of unmanned vehicle wireless remote emergency braking performance are developed based on high-precision GPS and wireless communications to achieve unmanned vehicle wireless remote emergency braking performance detection. This system consists of hardware and software systems. The hardware system consists of GPS and wireless transceiver modules, and an unmanned vehicle and a referee vehicle are connected through wireless signals. This can measure GPS data of the unmanned and referee vehicles. The software system is used for data collection, data processing, and analysis. Braking time, braking distance, brake lag time, and other parameters can be analyzed and calculated by testing and processing GPS data. By analyzing road tests and comparing verification tests, the device realizes the unmanned vehicle wireless emergency brake braking response time and braking distance evaluation functions. The results can protect the operation reliability of unmanned vehicles and improve unmanned vehicle driving safety.

Taxi drivers are very familiar with the traffic status of urban road networks and often try to make more profit; so, they prefer to choose a more sensible route in the operating process. In this paper, we study the route choice characteristics of taxi drivers. First, we calculate driving distances and operating income and select two groups of high-income and low-income driver samples through GPS data, which are derived from more than 2,000 taxis in Shenzhen City. Then, we extract driving tracks of the two groups of samples and compare their actual paths with the minimum travel time path and the robust optimal path in terms of theory and analyze their travel time reliability. We find that the high-income drivers can make full use of traffic status and find a faster and more reliable route in urban road networks.

The application of floating car detection technology is one of the basic data collection methods for the traffic information system. The quality of data from floating car detection is affected by many factors, including the floating car sample quantity, distribution, the sampling period, the way to divide road and data cleaning method. These factors are crucial for the reliability of collected data. Data collected by floating car technology is comprehensive and flexible, including travel time, speed, distance, queue length and other parameters, of which the application of travel time is the most common. Besides, incident detection through the integrated use of multiple traffic parameters is efficient to improve the level of traffic management.

In this paper, we propose a self-organization approach to the framework of the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) for future Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and apply a programming language, named "Modelica", to implement the Transportation Cyber-Physical System (CPS-T). First, we divide the physical units of ITS into six layers by analyzing their functions in this system. Furthermore, based on the control objectives, a self-organization approach is given with the help of a dynamic weighed directed graph and the distributed hierarchical control theory. Finally, we illustrate the feasibility by applying the programming language - named "Modelica" - to the modeling and simulation of CPS-T.

Freeway mainline and ramp flows interact at weaving segments. During traffic peaks, drivers' intensive weaving maneuvers yield frequent interferences between vehicles, which disturb flow and reduce freeway capacity and safety. Thus, effective freeway operation strategies require weaving capacity estimations to assess real-time traffic states. Generally, existing weaving capacity estimation methods are classified as theoretical or empirical. However, some of the parameters adopted in these existing methods are insufficient as inputs for freeway operation. This study aimed to fill that gap. The study began with a determination of all of the possible weaving parameters that may be used in traffic control. Then, a micro-simulation model was calibrated with field data to replicate the capacity of a two-sided weaving segment. With the calibrated micro-simulation model, a sensitivity analysis was systematically performed to determine the weaving parameters' potential impact on weaving capacity. The results showed that the simulated weaving segment capacity is highly sensitive to speed, while the variations in bottleneck capacity reductions are sensitive to traffic flow rates and their proportions. Finally, an empirical model for capacity estimation was established based on the sensitivity analysis results. The developed model could be applied to dynamic freeway operation strategies to accurately estimate traffic states.

Since the city traffic system is becoming more and more complex, the traffic data is increasingly larger as well. However, the problem of data quality is always the focus of traffic information researchers. Identification and modification of real-time traffic data has been the most basic and critical part in the intelligent transportation system. Through researching the large number of data, we divided the original data from detector into: (1) correct data; (2) irregular time-point data; (3) inaccurate detection data; (4) missing data; and, (5) event data. For the latter four abnormal data, we have been continuously exploring and improving the accuracy of modification methods. An interpolation algorithm is used to gain the function values of a specified missing value by a successive approximation method with a high-order polynomial and implemented by using a successive approximation of multiple linear combinations. The paper selects an improved interpolation algorithm to correct the traffic data and design an experiment to verify the method.

In recent years, with the accelerated pace of urbanization and the increasing traffic demand, urban traffic issues are becoming grave. Traffic management gradually tends towards intelligence. An Intelligent Transportation System, as an effective way to solve traffic problems, has become the future development trend of road traffic and a symbol of advancement of the modern city. Through analyzing the organizations, institutions, construction, and operation mode for urban ITS development, this article aims to explore the suitable mechanisms for the construction and operation of an urban Intelligent Transportation System. Moreover, this article introduces related factors - such as the policy, talent, technology, and funds - for giving protection to the smooth conduct of the Intelligent Transportation System.

With the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), traffic data collection systems that include license plate regulation (LPR) have updated dramatically. The license plate data can now cover a large number of license plates and their corresponding spatial-temporal information. This paper summarizes how to mine traffic characteristics from the perspectives of both single detectors and multiple detectors. The case study was performed in Shenzhen, China with data from 2009 and 2013; preprocessing and algorithmic computation was completed. The research makes some contrasting analyses - including both traffic volumes and trip information - making the study practical for the analysis of urban traffic characteristics while offering a new analysis method.

Recently, vehicular-based highway safety applications have been paid much attention and are of great interest to governments and management authorities. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) uses cars as mobile nodes in a MANET to create a mobile network. A VANET provides a potential and promising solution to vehicular safety. Multi-hop broadcasting schemes are particularly preferred in a VANET to disseminate time-sensitive safety warning information to all potentially influenced nodes. However, broadcasting may lead to frequent contention and serious collisions and cause broadcast storms among adjacent nodes. In order to reduce broadcast storm, this paper proposes an optimal forwarder selection scheme to:(1) minimize the number of rebroadcasting nodes, and (2) guarantee fast and efficient safety warning information dissemination towards potentially influenced nodes. The proposed forwarder selection scheme is based on the analytic hierarchy process. The criteria include inter-vehicular lateral and longitudinal distances, vehicular communication ranges, and traffic density. The AHP-based forwarder selection model is established and the model's validity is verified mathematically in this paper.

This paper represents a brand new method of studying the information of vehicles in a running state on the road. Firstly, modeling the road background by the process of updating the backgrounds of the video images of the continuously running vehicles on the road, the initial video image data of vehicles in a running state are obtained. Secondly, a new method which combines the simplified profile morphological operations with the band filter is then suggested to eliminate the vehicular shadows on the video images. Thirdly, a vehicular position-tracking algorithm is proposed to identify the positions of different vehicles in a running state via the resulted foreground video image data. After that, the continuous speed and acceleration rate information of running vehicles is obtained by applying the weighted window regression approach. All the trajectory curves on the time-space coordinates for all vehicles running on all lanes of the road of concern are therefore obtained.

The high-efficiency operation of an urban public transport system is increasingly based on advanced management and techniques. With the development and application of intelligent transportation technology, more information is available to and used by urban bus operators. The smart card has become citizens' most popular transaction mode on public transportation systems. It provides a source of a massive amount of continuous and dynamic information regarding the travel behavior of public transit users. Most smart card data is stored in the boarding information when the passengers board, but no alighting information is stored. Boarding stops can be estimated by matching the transaction data and GPS data of the bus. In order |to make good use of the smart card data and analyze citizens' bus travel behavior, we propose an Alighting Stop Inference Model. Based on the assumption of urban bus travel chain closure, by considering the Euclidean distances between the next transit's boarding stop and the possible alighting stops of the current transaction trip, the most likely alighting stop would be given if the model's condition is satisfied. On this basis, we propose a method of determining the transfer behavior in BRT channel and estimating the alighting stop with transfer behavior in BRT. Thus, we obtain the OD information of passenger flow among public transit lines of Guangzhou city.

In recent years, the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication system has attracted much more attention, as it can improve traffic safety and efficiency. The research of handover technology of wireless access in the vehicular environment based on IEEE 802.11p is one of the key technologies of the V2I communication system. It plays an important role in improving highway traffic efficiency and reducing road accidents. However, because of long transmission delay and high packet loss rate, original handover technology is not suitable for the V2I communication consisting of fast-moving vehicles in a highway environment. A new fast handover process has been proposed for the special requirements of V2I wireless communication in a highway environment. Verilog HDL language has been used to develop each receiving module, decision module, and sending module in the fast handover process and has been downloaded to the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware for testing.

With the development of the economy and society, with the size of small and mid-sized cities constantly expanding, and the number of vehicles becoming more and more, urban transport is developing rapidly. However, in these cities, the traffic disorder phenomena are ubiquitous, mainly manifested in the overlap and conflict between motor vehicle traffic flow, non-motor-vehicle flow and pedestrian traffic flow. Moreover, the traffic flow of small and mid-sized cities changes very quickly; rush hours are very concentrated, but relatively short-lived. A very large gap exists between the use of roads in the different time periods. The mature traffic signal control system found in big cities is hard to apply in small and mid-sized cities because of these traffic characteristics. This article presents a signal control optimization method based on traffic characteristics of small and mid-sized cities. The key technologies include:(1) the signal control of non-motorized vehicles and of pedestrians in intersections and (2) Multi-objective control of traffic flow. These technologies can solve signal control problems of small and mid-sized cities and improve the operating efficiency in urban traffic.

Identifying traffic patterns of intersections accurately can provide technical support to optimize signal control schemes and realize intelligent control. The traffic patterns of intersections were defined from a qualitative point. Then, the identification parameters were reduced - based on the rough set theory - to search the minimum set of parameters used to characterize the feature of traffic patterns. Through combining fuzzy inference system and artificial network organically, a traffic pattern recognition model of intersections was constructed based on the fuzzy neural network, which has been used as a fuzzy recognizer in this paper. Finally, the paper simulated an intersection in Jinan by the simulation platform of VISSIM as the research object to analyze the recognition accuracy of the model comparatively. The results of experiments show that the model can recognize traffic patterns precisely, such as free traffic flow, steady traffic flow (tolerable delay), close to unstable traffic flow, unstable traffic flow and compulsory traffic flow.

A loop detector is commonly used in detecting traffic states (flow, density, and speed). However, a loop detector's location and detection interval will have an influence on obtaining the traffic state. This paper proposes a method for generating the traffic state in a loop detector's mechanism based on the unique traffic flow (vehicular trajectories). In this paper, vehicular trajectories were first achieved based on vehicle space and time information obtained from a VISSIM model. Then, vehicle total travel time and distance were calculated in each detective space-time region. Finally, based on Edie's equation, the traffic state (flow, density and speed) was achieved. The proposed traffic state generation method was tested on Interstate 894, and a typical traffic flow fundamental diagram was successfully obtained. Compared with other methods, the proposed method can easily test the influence of loop detector settlement on traffic state accuracy.

This paper focuses on travel mode recognition based on Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Networks using the characters extracted from travel trace information collected by smartphone. First, we analyzed the characters of travel mode to find out what the key parameters are to divide the two kinds of travel mode by using the F-score method in order to make up the character vectors to recognize different travel modes. Eventually, a classifier of the RBF-based Neural Network can be established. This Neural Network is trained by travel mode samples extracted from travel trace data in Dalian. For comparison, BP Neural Networks are used. The result shows that the recognition accuracy rate of RBF Neural Network is better than BP Neural Network, and suggests that the RBF Neural Network has a better recognition performance.

This paper proposed a bi-objective model for the two-echelon capacitated logistics centers' location problem. The target of the model is to choose facilities to open from the capacitated potential locations and to determine how to assign the customers to the opened facilities. The objectives consist of minimum logistics activities costs (including the fixed cost of the logistics center and transportation costs) and transit time considering the capacity and crowded conditions of the roads. The ε restriction method is used to get the Pareto solutions of this bi-objective optimization model. The case study shows the applicability of the model in decision programming.

In China, specialized financial convoy companies are responsible for convoy currency for all bank branches in their cities. This paper treats financial convoy problems as TDVRP since it has some extraordinary characteristics that need to be taken into account: (1) very tight time window; and (2) urban road traffic conditions during peak hours in the morning and afternoon. The objective function is to minimize total cost. Firstly, we propose a modified evolutionary strategy, then prove its effectiveness on Solomon's benchmark of static VRPTW, and apply it to the TDVRP model with certain modifications. We also provide results of situations in which we only consider the time-dependent travel time of secondary roads (for example, arterial roads). In the end, we conduct a case study on V Company's financial convoy service in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen, China. The results show that our migration operator, together with evolutionary strategy, is effective in handling these problems.

In the context of the rapid development of China's high-speed railway (HSR) network and the booming express market, it is necessary to introduce effective ways to increase HSR revenue and improve express service with lower cost and less harm to the environment. This paper presents an innovative HSR express business model and proposes several implementation methods. The necessity and feasibility of this service is analyzed and AHP is used to illustrate the advantages of HSR express.

Commerce and trade circulation industry (CTCI) has a double character of providing services for both producers and consumers. This paper, using the input-output approach, reports on research on the character and industry association of CTCI of Zhejiang Province from the point of producer services. The research shows that CTCI is important to the producers operating, while the linkage between them is weak, and that CTCI is capital intensive and its tax burden is heavy. At the same time, it has a typical character of bottleneck because of its stronger supply impetus to the national economy than other industries. Some suggestions based on the research are given at the end of the paper.

This research is mainly concerned with a quantitative analysis study of the freight transport system co-evolution mechanism issue. The freight system has evolved from the coexistence and spontaneous adjustment of a variety of modes of transport, to become the multimodal transport organization. Through analysis, we start with a brief introduction of the connotation of cooperative evolution of the freight system. Then, we propose a co-evolution theory to test the freight system co-evolution mechanism. An additional discussion of order parameter model is also provided. We end the study with the conclusion freight system mileage as order parameter. We identified in our research that the order parameter model results reflected a freight system synergy and random fluctuation, which is the freight system mileage. What is more, the freight system mileage dominates the co-evolution of the freight system, and construction investment comes second. In the end, we can confirm that the freight system evolution approach is the unity of gradual change and mutation.

This paper is intended to analyze the most important things in inventory:the optimal policy and the carbon emission. The classical EOQ model combined with the traditional perishable inventory model is considered in the environment of low-carbon economics. An inflationary model for perishable items with shortages is developed and a searching technique to find the unique optimal replenishment schedule is proposed. The numerical example and sensitivity analysis are given for further illustration. Under a low-carbon environment, mathematical models are built to calculate the carbon emission and its cost for the inventory.

This paper studies the scientific, quantitative, beforehand, and comprehensive evaluation method for railway station freight safety. Based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and fault tree theory, a railway freight safety evaluation index system was established. By use of the theory of fuzzy mathematics, a railway station freight safety evaluation model was constructed, and freight safety status was evaluated comprehensively and quantitatively. Taking the example of a train operation depot of the Nanchang Railway Bureau, empirical analysis, comprehensive system safety, and quality evaluation were done. Then, the paper analyzes the weak links of station safety work and puts forward corresponding opinions and suggestions.

Hinterland accessibility is one of the determinants used to measure how a port competes in a multi-port gateway region. The interplay between port and hinterland receives a lot of attention from academia. In this paper, we discuss how peripheral ports exist and compete with gateway ports in a region. We then build a regression model between hinterland and peripheral ports in the European Hamburg-Le Havre range to get an in-depth look at how peripheral ports interact with hinterland. In conclusion, we propose an inland construction and optimized logistics node design to enhance the connectivity between ports and hinterland

Since location and route problems are of equal importance to the cold chain logistics, it is necessary to consider the location and route optimization comprehensively for the benefit of the overall system. In this paper, an optimal location-routing model considered temperature variation among sensitive products for cold chain distribution centers is designed, with the objective function to minimize the overall expenses. As a solution method, a hybrid genetic algorithm-tabu search is proposed, which is applied to location-routing optimization utilizing an efficient integer index encoding and its appropriate parameters. The algorithm, verified by an illustrative example with certain scale data, is revealed to be feasible and effective, which finally identifies and prioritizes potential alternatives for continuous improvement.

Based on the analysis of the coping strategy for the suppliers under supply disruption, a combinatorial optimization model for resilient supply chain is presented. Employing genetic algorithms with hybrid coding of 0-1 encoding and floating-point coding, the solution method is proposed and a simulation experiment is earned out to verify its feasibility The results show that the proposed model is available to provide decision support for the enterprises to cope with supply disruptions effectively.

This paper evaluates container transportation using a tracing system. The full containers that have arrived at a port must be transported by railway or road transportation. The main objective of this study is to construct an optimal railway service network for container operations. The current study analyzes two cases. The first case concerns a tracing system taking into account a time planning horizon. The second case focuses on one operating day. The objective function minimizes total logistics cost of transported containers, taking into account all information on them. The logistics costs studied here concern transportation:(1) loading and unloading costs: (2) train forming and train sorting costs: (3) container storage cost; and, (4) auxiliary costs during train movement. Finally, we add constraints such as:(1) origin terminal, train-forming and train-sorting station storage capacity constraints; (2) train-stopping plan constraints; and (3) container redistribution and inventory constraints. This study indicates the effectiveness of models with a small number of origin and destination.

To solve the revenue management-based overbooking problem of railway cargo transport, an overbooking model - with minimization of the expected total cost as the optimization objective - is established by considering the influences of the empty wagon distribution on overbooking and the optimal quantity of overbooking is obtained. Considering that the distributing rate of arrival is difficult to precisely evaluate in the actual production, the model is optimized by using the mini-max approach to systematically mitigate the sensitivity of the overbooking policy to the forecast error when only the expectation and variance of distribution is known. Then, the robust quantity of overbooking is obtained and some fundamental properties are given. Finally, a numerical example shows the robustness and the validity of the presented method.

The safety of cargo in transportation is very important to drivers and logistic enterprise companies. Many countries and organizations (communities) have published the road cargo lashing calculation methods or cargo lashing guide. This paper introduces the calculating principle, the selection of acceleration for stable and unstable cargo, and the computing methods of typical lashing in major countries. Also, this paper enumerates the guideline for cargo securing in different countries. It builds the typical lashing model with ADAMS and stimulates it with the actual acceleration acquired at the Dingyuan proving grounds. The results show that the minimum lashing force can guarantee the safety of pallet cargo when the loaded vehicle is running on ordinary highways at normal speeds in China.

A new variant of the full truckload vehicle routing problem is studied. In this problem there is more than one delivery point corresponding to the same pickup point, and one order is allowed to be served several times by the same vehicle or different vehicles. For the orders which cannot be assigned because of resource constraints, the logistics company outsources them to other logistics companies at a certain cost. To maximize its profits, a logistics company decides what is to be transported by private fleet and what is to be outsourced. The mathematical model is constructed for the problem. Since the problem is NP-hard and it is difficult to solve the large-scale problems with an exact algorithm, a hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed. Computational results show the effectiveness of the hybrid genetic algorithm.

Study of the Highway Freight Hub and related problems is a key entry point for propelling the construction of integrated transportation and modern logistics by the transport industry in China. The author carried out an in-depth analysis on the concept, development process, and pattern classification of the highway freight hubs and, accordingly, put forward the relevant public policy recommendations.

This paper presents a simple method to evaluate the seismic stability of L-shaped retaining walls in the framework of the kinematic approach of upper bound theorem. It can predict the positions of two slip surfaces once the seismic acceleration threshold for slide is exceeded. Based on the wall-soil system collapse mechanism, the equation for expressing critical limit-equilibrium state was employed to define yield acceleration factor which contains two variables. Case study and comparative analysis show that: (1) the critical yield acceleration factor is smaller than the M-O formula and NSPPS method; and (2) the angle between the two surfaces is equal to 90°-ø.

More and more engineers have been attracted by the technology for strengthening existing prestressed concrete, cable-stayed bridges. The status and new development of this technology are comprehensively summarized together with the practical experience and achievements of strengthening engineering in recent years in China. The characteristics and realization of the ways of many strengthening techniques are described and future trends for use of these techniques are identified. Engineering application and practice has shown Stay Cable Replacement is a key technique to prolong the service life of an existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge, and External Bonding and Enlarging Cross-section are often adopted in the strengthening projects. Recently developed techniques are Replacement of Closure Segment and Replacement of Tension Rocker Bearing Cables at Subsidiary Piers. Advances in strengthening technology for existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges have important and far-reaching significance in promoting the service level of existing long-span bridges and ensuring their safe and sustainable operation.

As a common distress in asphalt pavements, rutting is a primary influencing factor in cases of hydroplaning on rainy days. During hydroplaning events, steering stability performance of vehicles is drastically reduced. Based on analysis of the lateral stability and the steering stability of vehicles traveling on the water's surface while hydroplaning, this paper presents a theoretical analysis for rutting length and depth severity classification. Through creation of a vehicle dynamics model and the use of CarSim, the theoretical variations of lateral offset and lateral acceleration under different speeds were simulated. Through this analysis, it was found that when a vehicle's speed exceeds 80 km/h, the lateral offset and lateral acceleration of the vehicle will increase noticeably and will exceed the safety threshold. In addition, for a given rutting scenario, an interaction effect among rutting depth, rutting length, and vehicle speed is also apparent. Ultimately, a vehicle's lateral offset and lateral acceleration under different rutting depths are recommended for use as factors/indicators of rutting length.

This paper talks about the basic practical requirements for pavement maintenance of Liaoning Province in northeast China. This paper presents research involving asphalt pavement distress of six natural districts, and then analyses the types, characteristics and causes of pavement distress that exist in ordinary roads and freeways in different areas. Finally, it compares the two kinds of highways. The statistically analytical results would be regarded as the important reference for pavement maintenance systems.

Cement concrete pavement in China has been researched both domestically and internationally. Engineering costs, life cycle cost benefits, and social economic benefits of asphalt pavement, common plain concrete pavement, concrete pavement with welded steel fabric, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement are compared and analyzed. Cement concrete pavement reinforced welded steel fabric is low cost, has few maintenance costs, and has long life cycle characteristics. An analysis of the environmental impacts, particularly energy consumption during construction and environmental protection, of asphalt and cement concretes was conducted. Cement concrete pavement is environmentally safe with respect to carbon, and is a sustainable pavement. A case study analyzing various expressways and tunnels of various lengths in the Shanxi Province can be used as the basis of development of reinforced cement pavement in China.

Subgrade soils are very important materials for supporting highways. Current AASHTO pavement design procedures recommend the resilient modulus (Mr) of subgrade soils for pavement design and analysis. It is well known that resilient modulus of subgrade soils is not only dependent to in-situ state of stresses, moisture contents and compaction ratio, but it is also site-specific. The primary objective of this study is to calibrate the resilient modulus (Mr) model of Shanxi, China subgrade soils recommended by Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) using repeated load triaxial (RTL) testing data. A total of 135 resilient modulus data were obtained using the GDS dynamic triaxial testing system. Calibration results show that parameters k₁, k₂, and k₃ in MEPDG resilient modulus model are .642, .212, and -.906, respectively.

Subgrade soils are very important materials to support highways. Current AASHTO pavement design procedures recommend the resilient modulus (Mr) of subgrade soils or pavement design and analysis. The primary objective of this study is to conduct numerical simulations of the resilient modulus of subgrade sandy soils under repeated triaxial loading conditions using a two-dimensional discrete elements code, e.g., particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). A stress-controlled loading scheme is designed in 2D-DEM simulations. A total of 15 loading sequences, which are composed of different combinations of confining and deviatoric stress, are applied to a generated sample. Research results show that simulated Mr is in good agreement with the real RTL laboratory testing. It is concluded that 2D-DEM is a promising tool for simulation of resilient modulus of granular materials.

Based on the index of aggregate homogeneity, the effects of asphalt-aggregate ratios and compaction efforts on the horizontal aggregate homogeneity in asphalt mixtures were investigated. Meanwhile, using a two-dimensional indirect tensile test (IDT) model of asphalt mixtures, established by means of a finite element method (FEM), the effects were analyzed from the viewpoint of numerical simulation and the obtained results were verified by an actual IDT. Results show that the horizontal aggregate homogeneity in asphalt mixtures is best with the optimum asphalt-aggregate ratio. With an increase in compaction effort, the horizontal aggregate homogeneity in asphalt mixtures improves, and there is an obvious relationship between variations in IDT mechanical parameters and horizontal aggregate homogeneity in asphalt mixtures. The greater the variation coefficient of mechanical parameters is, the worse the horizontal aggregate homogeneity is, and vice versa.

The long-term performances of micro-surfacing rut-filling vary widely and the related research is inadequate. A special full-scale testing section was constructed as the representative expressway type of Chinese semi-rigid pavement structure, and the accelerated pavement testing facility MLS66 was adopted to simulate the 150kN heavy vehicle axle load with lateral distribution. The high temperature condition was achieved by the special heat radiation devices. Micro-surfacing rut-filling was overlaid on the representative structure loaded by about 400,000 axle load number, and then undertook another about 300,000 axle load number. The testing results indicate that the rutting development after the micro-surfacing experiences the compaction phase, transition phase and stability phase. The corresponding Rutting Depth and Rutting Compaction Area decreases with load number, presenting the trend from significant increasing to final constant. The Permeability Coefficient is not sensitive to the load number and the Texture Depth stays at the acceptable level with the increasing of load number. It is concluded that the micro-surfacing is effective for delaying the rutting and maintaining the adequate surface functions, but is not a useful technology to cure the rutting resulted for the heavy traffic condition.

The representative model of the uneven supporting area of the foundation was determined based on the summaries of the distribution features, geometry features, and mechanical features of uneven supporting areas. Based on the model analysis of the finite element software ABAQUS, the maximum tension stress of the concrete board with the critical load site following concrete board thickness, foundation modulus, and void radius was analyzed. Then, the regression formula with multi-parameters was arrived at through regression analysis. Using the aforementioned regression formula and fatigue fracture critical state formula, the formula of the remaining life of the concrete board with uneven supporting of the foundation was deduced. Then, the uneven supporting of the foundation was evaluated from the view of life reduction. Finally, the harmfulness evaluation method of uneven supporting of the foundation to cement concrete pavement from the perspective of the life reduction was proposed, and examples are also given to illustrate the method. The research results show that:(1) the uneven supporting of the foundation could be simulated by the conical void element model with the situation of longitudinal edge central section;( 2) there was a significant regression relationship among the maximum tension stress of the concrete board, concrete board thickness, foundation modulus, and void radius; and, (3) reduction of fatigue life of the cement concrete pavement could be used as evaluation standards of harmfulness of uneven support of the foundation.

To deal with the problem of the position of a dowel bar in rigid pavement existed deviation, double-layer pavement structure model considering interlayer contact status was established. The effect of the deviation of the three-dimensional position - such as, horizontal angle, vertical angle and embedded depth - on joint load-transfer capacity was analyzed. The prediction model of the load-transfer capacity considering the dowel bar position deviation was established by ternary nonlinear regression. The load correction factor and its range were also proposed. After verification by FWD testing, this prediction model can reflect joint load transfer capacity well when the dowel position deviated. There was little effect of the dowel bar's horizontal angle on the joint load-transfer coefficient. On the contrary, the joint load-transfer coefficient was almost linearly decreased with its vertical angle increase. The coefficient was reduced by approximately 12% when the vertical angle was 15°. Meanwhile, the load-transfer coefficient reached its maximum when the dowel bar was embedded in the middle of the surface. It would decline either upward or downward positions. Especially, it would reduce by 10% when the position went downwards 2 cm.

Based on the comprehensive effects of phosphogypsum on properties of cement, the phosphogypsum was used to develop an anti-cracking agent with citric acid as an auxiliary set retarder. This anti-cracking agent was added into the cement-stabilized base materials to apply the Continuous Construction Method (CCM). On one hand, an anti-cracking agent prolongs the initial setting time of the base materials to 8-10 hours to guarantee that the asphalt mixture is being paved and compacted before the cement-stabilized materials hardened. On the other hand, micro-expansion substances generated from the pozzolanic reaction between the cement-treated materials and an anti-cracking agent contribute to reducing the porosity of the cement-treated base and the contraction space for drying shrinkage and temperature shrinkage. Strength, setting time, and dry shrinkage were used as the evaluation indicators in laboratory tests to determine the suitable dosage of the addition agent. The anti-cracking mechanism was analyzed from the microscopic perspective by the scanning electronic microscope.

In order to optimize the base parameters of a road, the effect of base modulus, thickness and interlayer contact status between slab and base upon maximum stress of slab bottom and base bottom, shear stress between slab and base, warping of slab was calculated using Ever FE 2.25. The results showed that:(1) the interlayer contact status had great influence on slab stress and warping; and (2) slab bottom stress decreased and slab warping increased while bonding status weakened. Base modulus was the key factor affecting base stress. Base bottom stress increased when its modulus increased, and it would decrease when bonding status weakened. Interlayer shear stress occurred mainly at slab edge, and it would decrease when bonding status weakened.

Rutting on a road directly impacts the road's smoothness and can create hazardous driving conditions, posing a serious threat to traffic safety. At present, depth has been the only indicator to evaluate the serious degree of rutting and is widely used at home and abroad. However, this single rutting depth indicator, which carries limited information, is unable to fully reflect the characteristics of the rutting morphology, making it difficult to evaluate the influence of rutting on traffic safety effectively. This paper puts forward multi-dimensional indicators considering travel safety via analyzing rutting cross-sectional morphology by the data measured through a 13-sensor rut bar. An evaluation model combining Grey-AHP is established and the results of onsite rutting data show that multi-dimensional indicators give a true and rational evaluation of rutting's impact on travel safety.

The frequent appearance of early distresses greatly shortens pavement life span. Setting dowels at joints can improve load transfer capacity effectively. In order to study the effects of dowels on a slab's mechanical responses, a 3D FE model is built to quantify the variation in displacement and stress. Results show that dowels can balance displacement and stress in adjacent slabs. The stress ratio of the indirectly-loaded slab to the directly-loaded slab is increased from 73.258% to 89.228%, and the maximum displacement difference is reduced by nearly 50%. The maximum principle stress on the directly-loaded slab is reduced by 9.724%, and the maximum displacement is reduced by 6.691% due to the dowels. Dowels also improve the load transfer efficiency to an acceptable level, which guarantees good pavement performance and long road life span.

To prevent reflective cracking of asphalt pavement in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, stabilized rubber modified asphalt (SRMA) was developed with Karamay No. 90 petroleum asphalt and Kuqa No. 60 petroleum asphalt. Lab test results show better storage stability and workable performance than traditional AR, and similar performance with SBS modified asphalt commonly used in Xinjiang. A sand anti-fracture (SAF) mixture was designed with developed SRMA as a stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI) of asphalt pavement. Engineering properties - including high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance, moisture stability and fatigue performance, and mechanical properties - were laboratory evaluated and analyzed. Results show good performance of SAF mixture with SRMA as SAMI. SAF mixture with SRMA designed in this paper has been applied as SAMI in expressway construction engineering of Xinjiang in 2013, and the long-term performance is still been under observation.

This study was initiated with an objective to address the rheological properties of the short-term aged foamed Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) binders modified with Nano-sized Hydrated Lime (NHL). NHL material was fabricated with two particle sizes of 50 nanometers (nm) and 100nm. Regular Hydrated Lime (RHL) also was used in this study to address the effectiveness of the newly fabricated material, NHL, in comparison to the traditionally used hydrated lime material (i.e., RHL). The Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) technique was employed to study the dispersion and deagglomeration of NHL particles into the admixture. To accomplish the objective of this study, the frequency sweep test - using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) machine - was performed to measure the complex shear modulus of short-term aged binders. The overall results reveal that the usage of NHL could be an effective way over RHL to enhance the rheological properties of the asphalt binder.

Significant changes in vehicle loads - particularly the rapid increase in traffic flow and the large-scale emergence of heavy trucks - have occurred in China due to the development of the automobile industry and transportation within the past two decades. However, the codes used in China are relatively old and there are no explicit formulations for calculating the fatigue of components with specific loading patterns, loading values, and fatigue stress amplitudes. In this study, ten representative vehicle types were obtained from traffic flow data collected on an urban expressway in a logistics zone using weight-in-motion system, and the fatigue load spectrum was studied. Based on the axle weight and axle space of ten representative vehicle types, six equivalent vehicle models were established using the equivalent fatigue damage theory and a simplified fatigue vehicle load spectrum was developed for urban expressway bridges.

Several bridges that passed through a fault surface fracture zone were seriously damaged or fully collapsed in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, 1999 Duzce earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In this paper, all previous seismic examples of the bridges that passed through the fault surface fracture zone were outlined comprehensively, and their destruction causes were analyzed in detail. In addition, conclusions were drawn from earthquake damage surveys and bridge design recommendations were obtained from aspects of earthquake-resistant design philosophy, structural form and resistance measures, all of which can be a reference for revision of the relevant part of the current code.

Through the study on the tendency of expressway expansion, the paper progressively analyses expressway reconstruction schemes from macro levels of highway net optimization and micro levels of comparison with construction and expansion. It provides the frame for determiningtheExpressway Expansion plan by use of the AHP-fuzzy method to provide a quantized objective basis for subjective decision on expressway expansion.

Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflections were collected from four in-service pavements in Shanghai. Moduli backcalculated with MODULUS 6.0 from all sites were used to develop the temperature correction factor. For validation purposes, moduli were obtained from a newly reconstructed pavement. Resilient moduli conducted with MTS 810 were used to verify the correction factor. There is a good exponential relationship between the pavement layer modulus and the asphalt layer temperature. The temperature correction factor in Shanghai is proposed. Comparisons with other reported temperature correction factors show satisfying agreement. The maximal difference error for two correction factors is 6.788% at temperatures lower than 20°C. The differences between corrected moduli and measured moduli tested in August and December are 712MPa and 1503MPa, respectively. The discrepancies between two moduli are due to the FWD test time and test site, and the mechanic states of the field and laboratory test.

Along with increasing traffic, rutting has become a main type of damage to asphalt pavement. High-modulus asphalt can probably solve this problem because of its strong anti-rutting ability and high complex modulus. PR PLASTS (PR.S), rock asphalt, and 15/25# are the three kinds of high-modulus asphalt. In this paper, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) is used to test fatigue properties. The results shown that, at given conditions, the fatigue performance of PR.S is better than rock asphalt and 15/25# is the worst. Nevertheless, when compared with A-70# and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), they are all worse. By analyzing the influence factors of fatigue performance, the results show that the larger the strain is, the shorter the fatigue life is, and they are double-log related. In a certain temperature range, fatigue performance gets better when the temperature gets higher in the strain-controlled loading mode; and, it is the same with the loading frequency. Furthermore, TFOT can severely reduce the fatigue performance of asphalt binder.

This paper investigates a bituminous mixture modified by two different modifying technologies: the internal modifying and the external modifying. Two kinds of bitumen modifiers (Sasobit, SBS) and two kinds of mixture modifiers (PRI, ExM) have been selected using AC-13C normal asphalt mixture as a reference. Through laboratory tests, the pavement performance of these four kinds of modified asphalt mixtures (SBS, Sasobit, PRI, and ExM) is studied, including the rutting stability, the capacity of anti-crack at low temperature, and the Marshall stability after immergence in water. The effect of different modifying technologies on asphalt pavement performance is clarified in the paper. It indicates that the pavement performance of the external modified asphalt mixture is significantly better than the internal modified technology based on the test results. The external additive ExM is proved with promising application prospects. The application of external modifying technology is fully recommended due to its better performance.

The tunnel construction aims to improve the road grade and achieve high-speed, fast, and safe mobility. Tunnels are critical in the development of modern road transportation systems. In this paper, the Changping tunnel project in Hubei Guzhu Freeway is used as an example to help explore the NATM tunnel monitoring measurement applications for a better understanding of principles and features of NATM. How to choose the best method for construction is investigated while comparing with other construction methods including combined surface subsidence, vault sink, surrounding convergence field measurement work, understand the need for tunnel monitoring, purpose, meaning, content, methods, and field measurement data collection, collation and analysis. Through on-site monitoring measurement data analysis, forecasting, and information feedback, we can make the use of safe and stable function regression coefficients derived rock tunnel to guide the construction site.

With the wide application of communication technology, geographic information technology and data processing technique in the transportation system, it gains increasing attention to get the real-time information so as to make the travelers able to determine the departure time more accurately and select the path with the shortest travel time in the public transport system. This paper presents a dynamic public transport transfer algorithm based on multi-source, real-time information. Firstly, it reduces the complexity of the algorithm by merging nearby bus stations. Then, it introduces the improved Dijkstra algorithm and line transfer, matrix-based algorithm, which can greatly improve computing speeds. Finally, by analyzing the factors affecting travelling based on GPS, GIS and data of an IC card, it gives different weights to the transfer plans and selects the optimal transfer plan to provide to the users.

This paper proposes a new method for evaluating equity of bus spatial availability. The objective of using equity is to quantify and evaluate how bus service is distributed among population and employment locations, with the goal of significantly enhancing policy analysis. The essence of the measure is quantifying service supply satisfaction to traffic demand. In the demand portion, K-Means Clustering Analysis is conducted to determine the degree of traffic demand, while the level of bus spatial coverage is modified by street connectivity and practical bus-serviced area, in terms of supply. The method is then applied to the planned bus skeleton network of Changxing Center Area. The results of the case study suggest the DSI is effective and could be a useful reference to help decision-makers analyze and optimize the distribution of bus service in a more equitable manner.

Generating a very efficient solution of traffic signal control through the collection road infrastructure data of high-density road network areas, the operational data of the public transport system and the operational data of the social transport system to make sure the largest social transportation and the highest efficiency of traffic under the premise of those public transport vehicles within high-density road network is possible using the Green Wave. This signal control scheme has long red and green phases. During the green light of lateral traffic signals within the high-density grid network, this scheme is able to ensure that the public transportation vehicles travelling transversely can get through all the signalized intersections between the two sites, under whose premise to achieve the highest efficiency of social traffic. During the green light of longitudinal traffic signals, the highest efficiency of public vehicles and social transportation can be satisfied, as well. Adopting this signal control scheme at all the signalized intersections within high-density road network areas can improve the traffic efficiency of public and social transportation systems greatly in high-density road network districts.

In the background of today's urban mass transit system, the proper and effective optimal model of the departing interval is very important to optimize the dispatching scheme and improve bus service. This paper explores the problem of determining the optimal bus departure plan and provides a model for the optimal departing interval of transit on the condition that different lines of transit have a partial run on the same part of a line. In this part, benefits for both operators and passengers are taken into consideration. This work demonstrates how to make bus service more attractive by using two simultaneous objectives:(1) minimize passenger waiting time and operating costs; and, (2) distance between buses and service level are constraints. In addition, an analytical solution to the optimal bus timetable is derived for the case of traffic congestion during rush hour. Finally, the proposed adaptive strategy was validated by illustrating an example in Nanjing, China.

One BRT station usually includes several berths. Dwell time of BRT vehicles in one berth is the interval between opening the door to closing the door. It is one of the key components of BRT stop time in a station area, which consists of open and close time and boarding time. It is important and significant for both travel time prediction and BRT intersection control to research berth dwell time. Up to now, most dwell time models were presented by European and American scholars based on regular buses. These models described dwell time as a linear combination of the number of boarding passengers and alighting passengers. This paper will research berth dwell time in high passenger demand. Firstly, Urumqi BRT car survey data were analyzed. Then a two-layer statistical analysis was used to explore the relationship between berth dwell time and its influencing factors. The berth dwell time model presented was the function of the number of boarding and alighting passengers, passengers on vehicles, collinear lines and the door situations. According to the expression, there are several meaningful conclusions:(1) the relationship between berth dwell time and boarding and alighting passengers is non-linear; (2) the order of incidence degree of berth dwell time are boarding passengers, alighting passengers, passengers on vehicles, collinear lines, combining factors of boarding and alighting passengers and the key door (which is the latest closing door); and, (3) the collinear factor only works while the number of boarding passengers is less than a certain size.

Bus green-wave signal control refers to the design of green wave band in accord with the running and operation characteristics of the city bus in order to reduce bus delays at the intersection. Bus green-wave signal control is usually combined with bus lane or bus-only approaches. However, due to the limitation of city road resources, bus lane or bus-only approaches cannot be set in every intersection. Without bus lane or bus-only approaches, buses will be mixed with other traffic in intersections. Therefore, bus queuing delays need to be considered when implementing bus green-wave signal control in such an intersection. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop a method to design bus green-wave band on the basis of the MAXBAND model, considering the effects of intersection saturation and bus queuing delays. This study will expand the application range of bus greenwave.

Urban public transportation networks have different characteristics in terms of topological structure. This paper analyzes complex public transportation network characteristics in Guilin such as the network degree distribution, clustering coefficient, and average path length. Suggestions for optimizing the Guilin public transportation network based on application of TRANSCAD software are provided in order to reduce the number of transfers and make travel times/path lengths as short as possible. This paper shows how the degree distribution of the Guilin public transportation network fits to an exponential distribution. Additionally, the degree distribution of the public transportation network demonstrates the characteristics of preferential growth of a scale-free network. This study also shows the Guilin public transportation network has a large clustering coefficient and small average path length, both of which are typical small-world network features.

The coordinated operations of urban rail and bus systems are an important part of an integrated mass transit system. This paper takes the transfer system, consisting of rail and bus, as the research object. The costs of the system, including enterprise cost and passenger cost, are analyzed. Taking headway as the optimization variable, we analyze its impact on passengers and the relationship between it and system cost. Considering transportation efficiency, a schedule coordination model between urban rail and bus is established. Its aim is to minimize the total cost (consisting of enterprise cost and passenger cost) and maximize transportation efficiency by optimizing transit schedule parameters. At the same time, a solution is proposed to the optimal model. The validity of the model is verified by an empirical analysis. The result shows that the implementation of schedule coordination can increase the enterprise operation efficiency and benefit of passengers.

TEX Rail, the next passenger rail service coming to the Dallas-Fort Worth region, is a 27-mile commuter rail project being developed by the Fort Worth Transportation Authority (The T). Funding sources for implementation of the TEX Rail include a mix of federal and local funds. In order to request a Full Funding Grant Agreement (FFGA) from Federal Transit Administration (FTA) for 50% of the total capital cost (including certain financing costs), this project must undergo evaluation by the FTA New Starts process throughout the project development process. The project is evaluated according to a variety of criteria such as mobility improvements, environmental benefits, congestion relief, cost-effectiveness, operating efficiencies, transit support land use, and local financial capacity. This paper details the evaluation process of TEX Rail project by applying Dallas-Fort worth Regional Travel Demand Model which evaluates the impact of each aspect. The Model results, including alternative-based estimates, current/future year forecast, linked/unlinked trips estimates, are required for calculations of major evaluation criteria. Mobility improvements are evaluated as the total number of linked trips. Environmental benefits and congestion relief are computed based on the change in vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and vehicle hours traveled (VHT) resulting from implementation of the proposed project. Cost-effectiveness measure is the annual capital and operating and maintenance cost per trip on the project.

Information signs are designed and displayed in the multi-modal systems to help travelers obtain needed information effectively and to facilitate their travel in the Comprehensive Transport Hub (CTH). It is quite often observed that travellers have wayfinding problems in hubs since the CTH nowadays is characterized by multi-levels, large scales, and complexity. For guiding travellers in their wayfinding processes, directional information signs are designed and displayed as the most important signs in the information systems. This paper mainly establishes an approach for the design of directional information signs for multi-modal travel in CTH. The utility value is used to optimize the priority of dissemination of the directional information. Information is gradated into three levels according to its coverage. A numerical example is illustrated to verify the proposed approach. This paper provides the basic knowledge that could be used in the design of the multimodal travel information signs in CTH.

When passenger flow distribution in time-space is not homogeneous, it easily causes too high or too low loading operation at some road segments, which will seriously affect the bus company benefits and the service level. So, the change of passenger flow and spatial average loading ratio should both be considered in a model. Under the optimization strategy of different optimal objectives for different routes and different time intervals, a bus stop is selected as key location for coordination and an average departure interval model is established with the goal of maximal comprehensive benefit of the bus network. It can balance the service level at all bus stops and improve the bus company benefit. On the other hand, the optimization strategy of this model depends on time-varying characteristics of passenger flow, which can satisfy the requirement of intelligent dispatching.

The National Maglev Technology R&D Center (NMTC) has been doing research on low-speed maglev technologies since 2005. The Shanghai low-speed maglev test line was built in July 2006 with a total length of 2.0 kilometers. During the layout of the test line, situations that may arise in engineering practice were taken into account. For the guideway system, different types of structures for the main line and the vehicle maintenance line, of different spans, were produced and erected. From 2006 to 2010, numerous tests have been systematically conducted on the line, covering all sub-systems. According to experiences from the Shanghai high-speed maglev line, dynamic response of the guideway structure may have a great influence on the stable running of a maglev vehicle. During these tests, dynamic responses of different types of girders and track skeletons wee recorded and analyzed, including accelerations, displacements and stresses. The responses of different parts of the guideway switch were also taken in order to make evaluations and find its weakness to guide further optimization. Through these analyses, some instructive suggestions for the design of guideway structures were acquired.

Structural safety of subway tunnels plays an important role in safety control of an urban railway system. In order to reduce construction risks and improve construction efficiency and underground space usage, a large-diameter shield tunnel is used in subway systems. Shield tunnel safety is closely related to cross-section deformation. However, existing studies mainly concentrate on conventional-diameter tunnels and the influence of operation load on cross-section deformation is rarely conducted. By establishing a Vehicle-Track-Tunnel-Soil coupled dynamic model, this paper discusses the impact of operation load on cross-section deformation of a large-diameter shield tunnel. Results show the vertical and horizontal deformation reciprocally correspond to each other, both have obvious correspondence with load spectrum, and there exists accumulation. The splaying amount of segment joints at the haunch of the tunnel is studied. The results may be of some help to safety control work in subway systems.

A comprehensive objective model, including a departure interval optimization model and a smooth transition model, was proposed to complete public transit departure schedules. Departure interval optimization models based on average passenger flow and maximum sectional passenger flow were constructed separately. The optimizing objective of the former model is maximizing transit capacity to fit travel demands, while the latter is minimizing the operation cost of the public transit company, ensuring a profit of passengers. To smooth the departure intervals, improve transit capacity and provide quality service as much as possible, the smooth transition model was built based on a departure interval optimization model. The comprehensive objective model was the integer programming model, so branch and bound algorithm was selected to solve the model. The comprehensive objective model is supposed to work out optimum analyses of departure intervals for en effective bus dispatching system. Public transit line 101 Road in Jinan is used to verify the model as a living example. The model was found to effectively improve the operational efficiency of public transport, and it has a good practicability.

From the perspective of a user feature, this paper analyzes individual characteristics and family characteristics of users based on the survey in the current public bicycle system in suburban areas. The research results show the usage features are different in different user groups. The usage modes of the public bicycle system are grouped by cluster analysis into two modes, Transfer Mode Group (TMG) and No Transfer Mode Group (NTMG). TMG is mostly used for transfer with other public transport modes, but NTMG is mostly used singly. This paper concludes with the user transportation feature of two groups about service position, trip purpose, and the use of time and frequency.

Research on low-speed maglev technology has been conducted for more than thirty years in China. After years of efforts to bring it into operation, decision-makers of Beijing's government made up their minds to initiate the building of the S1 line at the end of last year. The feasibility study of Urban Transit Line 8, adopting this system in Shenzhen city, is also near completion. Undoubtedly, a low-speed maglev system is very promising for its lower noise, better climbing capacity and ability to negotiate smaller radius curves as compared with a wheel-rail system. However, there are still many challenges with regard to using this system in densely built urban areas due to the lack of space for system arrangement. Based on experiences from the Tobu Kyuryo low-speed line, the Shanghai high-speed maglev line and low-speed maglev test line, this work summarized problems to be solved for a low-speed maglev system to build a more "compact" system in such areas. This study was concerned with continuing system optimization - including the selection of guideway structures, the strategy for vehicle stopping, and inspection and maintenance which determine the configuration of facilities - in order to increase the efficiency of space and land use.

This paper develops a theoretical mathematical model based on the mean demand of boarding and exiting per unit length along a bus corridor to decrease the travel time of transit travelers. The solution procedure of the proposed model is also presented. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model, research on a real transit corridor in Foshan City, China was conducted. Analysis of the results shows that the boarding and exiting times were influenced most by the location of bus stops. Arranging bus stops based on equilibrium distribution of passenger flow can minimize the boarding and exiting time.

The complex properties of an urban public transport network rise from its intrinsic evolutional mechanism. Three models are established which are, respectively, a public transport stop network, a transfer network and a transport line network. An analysis of the basic network characteristics of these models - including degree and degree distribution, average path length and clustering coefficient - is completed. Moreover, this paper puts forward a method for searching for the public transport network Hub node. This method not only combines the global efficiency and local efficiency, but also provides a quantitative index of how to improve the public transport network robustness and fragility. Finally, this paper looks at the public transportation network of Guilin City and confirms the effectiveness and practicability of this method.

A lifting and sliding mechanical parking system with combined drive of hydraulic cylinder and pulley block has the advantages of multiple layers, fast lifting speed, steady operation and low cost. In the present study, we investigated the structure and operation features of the lifting equipment of vehicle plates in a mechanical car parking garage. We calculated the energy and time consumption of vehicle plates when the plates declined and lifted vehicles at different speeds. To ensure the operation efficiency of the garage, and to effectively reduce the energy consumption of the plate lifting equipment, the reasonable operation speeds of vehicle plates at various levels were determined, and the structure parameters and key operation parameters of plate lifting equipment were decided. Our study provides scientific basis for the lifting equipment design of vehicle plates in a high-speed multi-layer lifting and sliding mechanical parking garage.

With the widespread use of the Smart Card Automatic Fare Collection System, most public transit passengers pay by smart cards. In this paper, we use four consecutive weeks' smart card data of Shenzhen to analyze passenger travel behavior. Traditionally, we divide transit passengers into adult, student, and senior citizen groups, according to the empirical predictions of social economics without considering user travel behavior, which is poor efficiency. After analyzing transit passenger daily travel behavior features, we propose a method to classify users into different types based on weekly boarding frequency. This can reflect a much more accurate and meaningful understanding of transit travel demand. Furthermore, we give a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the stability of different transit passenger groups based on their weekly boarding frequency, travel time, trip route, and transaction amount. This research can help public transit providers find their most important customers and make effective policy to meet passenger needs.

Passengers' information need is the start of their information seeking and retrieving inside the large multi-modal transport hub. The users' information demands are uncertain and dynamic. Different transfer modes produce different transfer flow lines, and the information demands in the flow lines vary in different time and place. The method of principal component analysis is used in this study to investigate the information attention degree of different groups of people, combining their information needs degree. The utility function is used to analyze the dissemination utility of different information in specific regions. It is found that the dissemination utility of traffic information maximizes at the beginning and the end of the flow lines, while the utility of guiding information maximizes at the mid-point of the flow lines. The priority levels of information dissemination in different regions are useful in guiding a large-scale integrated transport hub internal information system.

Firstly, this paper analyzes the details of bus operating characteristics at bus stops in affected areas. Further, key influencing factors of the capacity at bus stops are given, which include the number of boarding passengers, bus dwell time, clearance time, coefficient of variation of dwell times, and failure rate. In addition, this paper formulates the capacity model of the bus stops based on the regression fit method. Based on field data collected from typical bus stops in urban areas of Shanghai, quantitative research has been done to calibrate key parameters of the computing model. Also, some recommended values of key parameters are given according to the measured data. The results verified the accuracy of the model.

Policy analysts have not paid much attention to a Park-and-Ride (P&R) facility suitability model that is tailored for a small-sized MPO. This paper proposes and describes such a model. The proposed model has two phases, and each phase requires different input data and generates different information of interest to MPO staff. Phase 1 produces information that allows MPO staff to narrow down to a few suitable areas to site the P&R lots. Phase 2 generates information to identify a manageable number of suitable parcels within the suitable areas that are most suitable for P&R lots. This model was implemented in a small-sized MPO in Iowa and proved to be effective.

Ridership is a significant indicator of the operation status of an urban metro network. This paper analyzes the distribution of daily ridership in a week and the influencing factors by using a regression model of average daily ridership in a week built by daily ridership of Xi'an Metro. The impact degree of every factor is quantified. In the end, major holidays are found to have the greatest impact on the distribution of daily ridership in a week.

The public transportation system is an integral part of the urban transport system and plays a positive role in promoting the development ot the city's economic and cultural undertakings. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the urban public transportation system in accordance with the scale of urban development and other modes of transport. This paper proposed a method of bus transit network optimization based on microscopic simulation software. Taking the Linhe District of Bayannur as an example, according to the surveyed data, the paper uses the microscopic simulation software VISSIM to simulate and analyze the current situation through the evaluation file of the software and then optimized the network. By analyzing the simulation results before and after optimization, we illustrate that after the transit network optimization, the buses' average queue length decreases obviously and the load factor of each section achieves a good level. Using microscopic traffic simulation software to simulate can intuitively and vividly reflect the optimization effect. It not only provides technical means for transit network optimization, but also provides an important reference for mass transit network optimization and solving the problem of traffic congestion.

Bus bay stops at signal-controlled intersections may cause greater delays compared to on-line bus stops. By using a traffic flow model and wave theory, this study established the delay model to estimate the bus delay in bus bay stops at a non-saturated signalized intersection to provide the mathematical expressions of bus delays. The results show that bus delays along bus bays are closely related to signal timing scenarios, traffic flow characteristics, as well as arrival and service features of buses.

The purpose of this study is to improve the bus passenger flow distribution model to more accurately reflect the real world situation. From July 2008 to June 2013, in each season, during peak period and hollow, passenger waiting time was surveyed in Changchun Jinhua and Lanzhou. Six cities, with the number of bus routes ranging from 14 to 153, were included in this study. Experimental data was analyzed applying the wavelet theory and mathematical statistics. In other case studies, the distributing pattern of passengers' waiting time and the limit time of passengers for waiting was researched. These times are interrelated with the actual headway mainly, and are also influenced by the waiting environment and peak period. The conclusion seeks to improve the precision of the bus passenger flow distribution model.

With the improvement of people's living standard and the propelling of urbanization, the number of private cars is increasing rapidly, the state of urban congestion is increasing seriously, and giving priority to the development of public transport has become the consensus of city managers, academia, and the public. In view of this, the paper starts with a quantitative analysis of travel time for a variety of different combinations of different travel modes, especially private car and public transport (such as bus and subway). Then, it analyzes the key factors that affect the choice of travel mode and comprehensive public transport hub siting. Based on the above, the paper establishes a model for public transport hub siting and then demonstrates it with Beijing.

With the continued development of accelerated urbanization and the rapid growth of urban population, public transport priority is not only an effective measure to ease urban traffic congestion, but also a requirement of improving the urban living environment and promoting sustainable urban development. How to increase the attractiveness and service level of public transport becomes an important issue. In this paper, an investigation is done to analyze the influencing factors of public transport attractiveness. A binary Logit model is established to evaluate the importance level of the factors affecting their public transport choice under conditions of different travel distances, which can provide basis for relevant government departments to enhance or improve the service quality of public transport. The results show that either the influence factors of trips with different distances (long distance, middle distance, and short distance) or the impact extent are not the same.

Developing transit is a very useful way to realize urban sustainable development and solve the problem of traffic jams and pollution. Among many elements contributing to transit development, transit management plays an important role in ensuring a successful transit implementation. This paper uses the enterprise management model as a substitute to study the relationship among transit management subjects, objects, and management organizations, to gain further insight into transit management. It then proposes a definition and the content of transit management from a macroscopic perspective. Transit management consists of three parts: the philosophy of transit management, which is the guideline of the whole system; organizational management, which reflects the relationship between management agencies, namely the structure of government departments; and regulation, which focuses on policies and institutions. Legislation and policy of transit management support the whole management system, on both basic and detailed levels. Finally, an analysis of existing problems in transit management is conducted, and puts forward corresponding recommendations and countermeasures are suggested.

There may be a deviation of the original and terminal stations of urban rail transit when the passenger flow forecast is done in the view of the whole network. In order to amend the results of passenger flow of the original and terminal stations of urban rail transit, this paper classifies the original and terminal stations into 4 types: foreign hub, link with city suburb, link with satellite city and link with another city. Then, it summarizes the current operating situation of the original and terminal stations of the No. 1 subway line and the No. 2 subway line in Xi'an. Finally, it summarizes the characteristics of every type of the original and terminal stations of urban lines. It provides insight for future research on the passenger flow forecast.

Commuting travel is the main part of urban resident travel, and bus travel accounts for the highest percentage among all travel modes. The development and application of intelligent transport systems provide the necessary data foundation for bus operation monitoring and characteristic analysis. First, this paper proposes a model for calculating bus travel speeds on a commuting corridor. Then, a method of analyzing spatial-temporal distribution characteristics is established to extract the multi-dimensional features of bus travel speed, including road class, time period, and spatial location. Finally, the paper takes actual bus travel speed data of 15 main commuting corridors in Beijing as a case study. The results show that, with bus lanes, bus travel speed would increase 18.2 percent. The bus travel speed calculation model and spatial-temporal distribution characteristic analysis method reveal the micro-characteristics of bus operation on commuting corridors. They can provide support to make and implement bus optimization plans.

In general, urban rail transit passenger flow tends to be forecasted based on the established planning information. In the rapid process of urban development, however, the actual passenger flow volume probably fluctuates due to the changes of many external circumstances, which may result in a negative effect on the transport efficiency of urban rail transit systems. This paper aims to select evaluation indexes about the influence factors of passenger flow deviation and establish an index system according to AHP. In the meantime, the degrees of influence on the indexes are separately confirmed. Then, the actual influence which the factors exert on the state of operation of Xi'an metro line 2 is evaluated by the fuzzy evaluation method as an example, and is contrasted with the predicted data in the engineering feasibility study stage to verify the result above. The goal of this paper is to be of value in planning metro lines in Xi'an or in other cities.

For an integrated public transport system, metro feeder buses become a key commuter transport mode connecting the suburban residential center and main transit lines in many Chinese mega cities. As the feeder bus is usually operated at a lower frequency relative to the metro, the transfer impedance may be restrained. In this study, we attempt to design a timetable for a metro feeder bus route. Two timetable designs - static and dynamic - are proposed. In the static timetable design, it is assumed that the metro train service is frequent and maintains an even headway, while the feeder bus service is infrequent and the bus headway is an integer multiple of the metro train headway. The bus headway is determined based on the fleet size (and or bus round trip time) constraint. Furthermore, considering that metro and bus arrival times are deterministic, the offset between metro train arrival and bus departure times is set to be equal to transfer walk time. The dynamic design approach considers the static timetable and further improves on it to minimize transfer wait time based on average weekly train specific transfer volume data. The dynamic design problem is solved by the proposed algorithm which can transform multi-variable, unconstrained optimization into a sequence of single variable search.

Understanding travel behavior of public transit users, especially special populations, is essential for the planning and management of urban public transit facilities and services. The wide use of automated fare collection systems makes it possible to gain large amounts of data on the usage of public transit. Based on smart card data for Suzhou, this paper analyzed travel behavior of special populations who are physiologically and psychologically different from other populations, such as the elderly, students and disabled. This paper starts with a detailed discussion of the structure of smart card data and presents a series of data pre-processing methods. After data cleaning, descriptive statistics and clustering were used for travel behavior analysis. The results show that behavioral characteristics not only differ between the special and general populations, but also vary among the elderly, disabled and students.

Urban population is the main form of promoting the development of new urbanization currently. Building an integrated urban transport group is beneficial in leading the urban agglomeration economies and helpful in the rapid integration of the industry. The intercity bus is one of the important ways for urban agglomerations to organize, which is essential to fill the gap in intercity passenger transportation in the region. It plays an important role in providing the "bus" intercity travel services. This paper starts from the view of the new urbanization of the characteristics connotation, analyzing the travel characteristics by the urban agglomeration, the definition of intercity buses, features and discussing the sustainable development model, which is aimed at integrating development of intercity bus break barriers to protect their healthy development.

The passenger transport hub is often regarded as the key node in a comprehensive transport network. Its humanization design has turned into a nodus and a point of interest. The paper innovates to propose a theory model of interaction among the four elements (F-E-B-P) and then categorizes spaces in a passenger transport hub into five types:station space, transfer space, traffic space, service space and commercial space. On the basis of FEPB analysis on each functional space, the main points of humanization design are put forward separately. This paper presents a FEPB analysis model and explores the basic theory of humanization design of passenger transport hubs, which offers a useful reference for further planning and design of a passenger transport hub.

Based on the layout of urban functionality, the hierarchical structure of a transportation network and the characteristics of passenger trips, this paper analyzed the characteristics of bus lines. By introducing the concept of bus line segments, a method to efficiently design bus transit networks was proposed. Considering the benefits of passengers and operators, a bi-level programming model dedicated to the planning of public transit networks was established. An annealing algorithm was proposed to solve this bi-level programming model. In this annealing algorithm, the neighborhood search technique, which includes seven bus line adjustment methods and two frequency adjustment methods, was employed. The neighborhood search was based on the extracted bus line segments and the transit flow solved by transit assignment model based on strategy equilibrium. The use of bus line segments improves the efficiency of the optimization of the public transit network.

The maximum number of assembling passengers is an important index for the design and operation of a railway passenger hub. On the basis of the characteristics and defects of existing methods, a relatively accurate passenger arrival distribution was achieved using the actual assembling and dissipating process of passengers and the differences of passenger wait time for different types of trains. By applying queuing theory, intensive analysis was made on passengers' queuing process at the entrance where the tickets are checked. Next, the expectation in the transient state of the system was discussed under the circumstances of different passenger assembling and dissipating rates. Last, the calculation model on the maximum number of assembling passengers was put forward. The instance analysis and comparison with existing methods prove that the calculation results of the model conform to the facts and have a higher accuracy.

With the rapid expansion of the High-Speed Rail (HSR) network in China and endorsement of the Transit-First policies from the government. China now witnesses the booming of multimodal transit facilities. On the other hand, architects are lacking in real-world experience of handling "mass transit-oriented" facilities involving complex vehicular/pedestrian movements and an effective "way-finding" system. Typical opportunities and challenges facing project management teams and stakeholders are summarized in this paper. Stakeholder-oriented collaborative mechanisms are proposed which focus on communication and mutual understanding. Examples are given to demonstrate how such a mechanism is utilized in transportation analysis of the HSR design. Suggestions are proposed for an HSR project management team - as well as stakeholders - to further enhance the collaboration and how to adapt international experiences to local conditions and characteristics. Through an integrated design process, both the technical and management skills of the multi-disciplinary team are brought up to a new level.

This article describes the development of the new generation switch controlling system (SCS) for high-speed maglev, as well as the new solutions for the problems found in the current SCS. The last ten years of operation and maintenance have shown that the current SCS on the Shanghai maglev demonstration line is safe, effective and available. Meanwhile, some disadvantages at certain circumstances were also discovered. Based on these disadvantages, NMTC and SMTDC developed a new generation of SCS for further engineering applications. Compared with the current one, the new SCS is more intelligent and humanized in such aspects as: hardware crossing redundant control logic, complex diagnostic information classification logic, and in-field switch-initializing operation logic. This new intelligent logic greatly improves the availability and maintainability of the switch. It also lays the foundation for the usage and maintenance of a large number of switches in future.

Combining the connotation of the brand sustainable growth ability, as well as the characteristics of railway freight products, we analyzed influencing factors of the brand-sustainable growth force of a railway freight train and used the Analysis Hierarchy Process, Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (AHP-FCE) method to evaluate the brand sustainable growth force of a 10,000-ton train, which validates science and comprehensiveness of the evaluation index system that has been built. According to the evaluation results, this paper puts forward some measures to improve the brand sustainable growth ability of a 10.000-ton train.

Examining a combination of brand sustainable growth ability and characteristics of railway passenger transport products, we analyzed factors that influence brand sustainable growth within railway passenger transport. The article establishes an evaluation index system and uses the analysis hierarchy process, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (AHP-FCE) method to evaluate the brand sustainable growth of the Changsha-Beijing West Z17/18 train. This case study validates the scientific nature and comprehensiveness of the evaluation index system that was built. Finally, according to the evaluation results, this paper proposes some measures to improve the brand sustainable growth ability of the Z17/18 brand-name train.

This paper briefly introduces the current status of the domestic metro and signal systems, putting forward the urgency of research on the service life of signal equipment. The paper defines the concept of service life and its four types: physical life, economic life, technical life, and depreciation life. In terms of metro signal equipment, the paper works out four evaluation strategies fortheservice life and provides a brief summary.

For train speeds between 25 and 155 mph, rolling noise is the primary source of railway noise. Rolling noise levels depend highly on the roughness in the wheel/rail contact area. In this paper, the characteristics of wheel and rail surface roughness were studied by field tests in the Shanghai rapid transit system. The results showed that the maximum amplitude roughness for wheel tread is about 30 μm, and for rail head it can reach 0.78 mm. Therefore, the rail head roughness plays a large role in wheel/rail interaction. The maximum rail head roughness level at the contact area is about 15 dB higher than one at a non-contact area. The state of the wheels' roughness deteriorates more as mileage increases. It can also be seen that the rail head roughness in contact areas falls in the range of 0.125~1m, while the range for roughness at non-contact areas falls between 0.1~2m. The roughness range of wheels with 20,000 and 80,000 km fall between 0.05 ~ 0.5m and 0.125 ~ 0.5m, respectively.

Urban rail transit fare strategies include fare structures and fare levels. Fare structures are divided into flat fare and graduated fares. We propose a rail transit line fare strategy model based on an operating plan under elastic demand, and the optimization of fare levels under various fare structures is comprehensively considered. The objective function is to maximize social profits, containing passenger flow demand and the benefits of operation enterprises. A simulated annealing algorithm is designed based on the model's features. Taking the Changsha Metro Line 2 as an example, we get optimal and practical fare strategies of various fare structures. Based on the comprehensive analysis of optimal strategies, the recommended fare schemes are given.

Advances in urban rail transit over the years have led it to become one of the most popular public transportation modes in many large cities of China. However, the planning and design stages of construction neglect to give adequate consideration to the demand of operation. This paper analyzes problems at the stages of planning, design, and operation through a case study with Shanghai Metro, focusing on network organization and train operation organization. Then, a proposal is presented involving tasks and sub-tasks to help coordinate the planning and design stages and to bring in the train operation organization due to their knowledge on issues such as passenger traffic organization, emergency evacuation, and network organization. This information is presented clearly in tabular form for ease of use. Ultimately, this research provides a theoretical basis for the involvement of urban rail transit operators in the planning and design stages, as well as for their guidance on any follow-up work.

To guarantee the safety of train operations, a method based on RSSI for preventing train collisions is proposed in this paper. The main hardware is train on-board readers installed at both ends of the train. The reader of the following train receives the signal transmitted ceaselessly by the front one. Utilizing the loss of signal power is a reliable way of measuring the distance by the propagation loss model of radio waves in the free space. To reduce the fluctuation negative effects of ranging, a correction algorithm is proposed to calculate the distance between two successive trains. When the measured distance is under the minimum threshold value, alarms will be given to prevent collisions. Experiments were conducted to verify the correction method. The result shows that the error rate decreases and the accuracy is improved.

Taking the locomotive running time between goods operation sites as weights, wagons' placing-in and taking-out problems can be regarded as a single machine scheduling problem 1| p_ij | C_ij, which can be transformed into a shortest cycle problem of Hamilton graph whose relaxation problem is assignment problem. Firstly, we use a Hungarian algorithm to calculate the optimal solution of the assignment problem. Then, we provide a Broken-circle and Connection method to find the available order of placing-in and taking-out wagons. The complexity of the algorithm is O(n²). Extensive problems - such as placing-in and transferring combined or taking-out and transferring combined, placing-in and taking-out combined, placing-in, transferring and taking-out combined - can also be resolved with the modified model and algorithm. Finally, an instance is given to illustrate the model and the algorithm's reliability and efficiency.

Current problems of transportation organization are raised after analyzing the situation of the Jin-Shan suburban railway (JSR) operation. Suburban passenger characteristics are analyzed through a large number of questionnaires. Next, based on influence factors - such as passenger volume, fixed equipment, and train scheme method - the train scheme and operation plan are optimized in the condition of collinear running trains. Finally, the effect of an optimized operation plan is analyzed.

This study analyzed the influence factors of urban rail train operations. Then, the multi-objective optimization model was built based on the matching capacity and needs, maximum profits, and comfort levels of passengers from the view of energy conservation. An improved genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. The results are helpful in implementing fast-slow operation modes for rail transit enterprises, improving the efficiency of transit operations, reducing operating costs, and improving the levels of service. A solution is presented to balance the morning-evening peak periods and off- peak periods.

Product strategy is an essential factor for China railway to succeed in the competitive freight market. In order to better meet the characteristics of high value-added freight demand, this paper proposes to operate railway high-end freight product which is operated like the railway passenger train. A bi-level programming model is constructed to provide a method for railway high-end freight product positioning on service properties, based on co-benefits of railway freight enterprises and shippers. Finally, a numerical example shows the rationality and effectiveness of this method.

With the rapid development of high-speed railway, selections for passengers' travel plans have become more diversified. To satisfy the travel demand for passengers with various time values, it is necessary to conduct research with respect to a passenger flow assignment model. This paper designs a local transfer network comprised of five kinds of network arcs according to the rail train timetable and establishes an enhanced impedance function for each arc taking into consideration the effect of congestion. Following the first principle of Wardrop, an enhanced rail passenger flow assignment model of multi-class user equilibrium is built based on various time values of different railway passengers, which is solved by the gradient projection algorithm. A simple example of Xi'an - Zhengzhou - Wuhan - Guangzhou, designed via rail train timetable, validates the model and algorithm with model parameters calibrated to standard values.

An efficient and inexpensive dependent task scheduling algorithm is proposed in this paper which is based on a Directed Acyclic Graph. Firstly, the task prioritizes estimates from bottom to top. Secondly, top-bottom task priority estimate is based on the results of the first estimate; while adding a priority to be more explicit of the estimates of the tasked priority, the key tasks can be performed as early as possible and can effectively shorten a scheduling length while optimizing the dependent tasks execution costs in the cloud. Experimental results show compared algorithms of HEFT. CPOP, and DPS with OADTS. It increased by 10 % in terms of time efficiency and the execution costs decreased by 7%, which is an efficient and inexpensive scheduling method for dependent tasks in the cloud environment.

With the development of urban rail transit, a trend of parking trains and maintenance vehicles separately has emerged. Because of its convenience and the relatively small area it occupies, transfer tables are typically utilized to transfer vehicles from one track to the other track in the maintenance base. In order to improve the maintenance function of the Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line, exclusive parking tracks for maintenance vehicles, which are parallel to the existing ones, need to be added to the existing infrastructure. Transfer tables are typically characterized as running safely and steadily while maintenance vehicles ride atop the rail. As the vehicles transfer between different tracks, it ensures that maglev trains pass through it smoothly when located in the existing track. In this paper, the scheme of the transfer table is introduced.

Focusing on the Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line (shortened to Demonstration Line), this article describes the maintenance management demand characteristics of the Maglev Transportation System. It presents the Demonstration Line's maintenance management and application structure and the main functional modules of the maintenance management system (shorted as MMS). It discusses the importance of an MMS to support the Demonstration Line's safe, reliable, and economic operation and the important development of an enterprise assets management system application. It also introduces the MMS development and successful MMS implementation experiences in the Demonstration Line.

Many advantages exist in the use of the sea-rail intermodal transport. These include, but are not limited to, large capacities, low costs, and all-weather transport. For this reason, conducting research on sea-rail transport organization problems related to its feasibility in China is important. The aim of this research is to introduce potential development plans using sea-rail container liner trains in main ports as well as analyzing operating conditions and the factors influencing the operation scheme. This paper studies existing problems of the operation scheme and discusses the causes of these problems. Finally, several optimization strategies and suggestions will be presented.

A maintenance management system is designed and developed to accommodate maglev system's maintenance management in the preliminary stage of construction of the Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line. With preparations for implementation of the system before the first maglev train is implemented, the commissioning and maintenance of maglev trains are supported during the period of construction. At present, the maintenance management system has been fully used for decades to achieve remarkable results in the maintenance management and material management. This paper introduces diagnosis interface, scheduled maintenance, work order management and performance evaluation in the entire process of scheduled maintenance of maglev trains in order to conduct the key analysis of the system's application in scheduled maintenance management.

Focusing on mass transit, this paper points out demand characteristics and processing mode of the active repair for the mass transit system. It introduces the technical support of the active repair, presents basic frame and main function of the rail transit predictive maintenance management system (PMMS), analyzes the general situation of the Chinese market, PMMS's demand situation and the target market for PMMS, carries out competitive advantage analysis for PMMS, and discusses the business model of PMMS. It is expected that this paper could share with the readers in organization management the active repair for mass transit company construction management information system, the market application of PMMS and references.

The passing capacities of turning-back stations are more likely to be weak. Many scholars have researched the characteristics of train turning-back - mostly using an analytical method - without any simulated measures. In this paper, three cellular automaton models are proposed to simulate the train turning-back in different modes. The simulated results demonstrate that the proposed models can well describe the train's movement of turning-back in any mode. With the investigation of the space-time diagram and speed-time diagram for the train movement, we concluded that the passing capacity of front-station turning-back mode is larger than the back-station turning-back mode, though it has a lower level of safety.

The precast floating slab has a great advantage over the conventional floating slab in construction. However, the different structural form will affect the mechanical characteristics. The precast floating slab is experimented with in the static load test. Then, the static strength and displacement characteristics are statistically analyzed by the related standards and the structural damage situation is systematically concluded to provide a reference for developing methods to optimize the mechanical properties. Results show that the displacement of the precast floating short slab meets the actual requirements. The damage situation of precast slab has some primary rules:(1) the concrete cracks occur in the four corners firstly, then in the middle of the slab and, finally. near the fasteners; and (2). the growth rate of the crack width is slow at first and then faster and faster, subsequently.

In the geometry of China's expressway design - due to there being no specific length regulations for near-maximum slope in the Specifications as well as the designers' lack of experience - there are many long and near-maximum slopes (LNMS) on expressways in flat and rolling terrains. LNMS means a longitudinal slope which is under the limited gradient but over the limited slope length, such as where the length of a slope with a 2.9% grade exceeds 900 m. Such places are usually accident black-spots on expressways. In order to analyze the causes of accidents on those sections, data are collected at the LNMS sections of the Nanjing-Hangzhou Expressway, which is a typical case. Based on analysis of 5 years' of accident data and on simulation study, this paper presents several effective improvement measures for LNMS of expressways in flat and rolling terrains based on safety considerations. Through VISSM simulation experiments, changes in the operating speed of vehicles are contrasted and analyzed before and after adding the improvement measures. The simulation results show that the safety situation of LNMS is greatly improved after adding the improvement measures, especially setting up climbing lane measures.

In consideration of the constraint of the advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) detecting accuracy and the time delay of information feedback systems, a novel approach named "graded-information feedback strategy" is proposed and applied into a two-route scenario. The approach adopts the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm to classify road traffic conditions based on flux, mean velocity, and density. Real-time traffic conditions on each route could be evaluated by the preceding cluster centers. Results of the evaluation would be displayed on variable message signs to guide the successors at the entrance to make reasonable route choices. Meanwhile, a cellular automaton model is adopted to investigate the correlation between efficiency of the two-route systems, number of clustering, and travelers' route choice behavior. Compared with the conventional strategies, the simulation shows that the innovative information feedback strategy can evidently improve utilization efficiency of road networks.

In transportation networks, traffic sensors are used to monitor the operation of transportation systems. A multi-objective detector location optimization is proposed. Four components are included in the objective function:(1) to cover more origin-demand pairs; (2) to obtain the maximum traffic data; (3) to maximize the gain of travel time error, and (4) to maximize the gain of travel time predication. This problem is solved by applying a distance-based, multi-objective, evolution algorithm. Numerical experiments are conducted on a small simulated network and Sioux-Falls network, respectively. An analysis about the obtained Pareto frontier is done. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the approach.

In this paper, a new kind of timing design method of green wave intersection is proposed based on the theory used in green wave design. Also in this paper, a new kind of evaluation method of green wave design is put forward. Proven by practical examples, both methods are proven to be useful and effective.

Traffic situations have a great deal of spatial relationship based on the characteristics of the road network and the continuity of traffic flow. The relationship between the elementsof the network can be better understood with the spatial assembling characteristics of the traffic condition, which facilitates the transportation operation, management and prediction to some extent. This paper focuses on the spatial relationship between traffic conditions of the road sections of expressways in Shanghai based on the field data collected by loop inductors. Then, the Eigen value matrix of real traffic flow is calculatedand the probability distributions of these values are analyzed. With the study mentioned above, road groups (which exist in some spatial relationships) can be classified by random matrix theory. Furthermore, two training models are compared. Training data of the first model is generated from the road groups with identified spatial relationship by least square support vector machines, based on which the traffic condition is predicted. The other model functions are based on the upstream and downstream transects of the predicted road sections. This paper draws the eventual conclusion that taking spatial relation into account will definitely improve the accuracy of prediction.

Within the physical structure of the highway network, the key segments are significant for both the resistance against emergency and operational efficiency. Based on the Graph Theory and Network Theory, this paper proposes a new method for identifying key nodes in highway networks. First, a benefit function was estimated for each node with weights of GDP, mileage, and capacity. A benefit indicator was calculated, which represented the partial importance of each node. Second, weighted betweenness was estimated for describing the general importance throughout the whole network. After that, the overall importance for each node was calculated by finding weighted averages for both partial and general importance. Finally, a verification of the new method was conducted with a highway network among five eastern provinces and cities in China. The results indicated that the overall importance estimated by this method matched with the reality.

Based on the traffic flow data detected by Remote Traffic Microwave System of the urban expressway, after integrating detected data of two minutes into data of five minutes, and transforming detected occupancy information to density parameter by using the average vehicle length index, a comparative analysis to the traffic flow operation time-space characteristics for different time-sessions, different lanes and different detectors will be studied. And by the Van-Aerde model, the traffic model parameters of different lanes and sections will be calibrated for further study. The research can provide scientific basis and data support for the layout, design, operation, management and evaluation of expressway.

This paper mainly discusses the calculation of the bi-direction green wave band for signal-controlled intersections, overcoming the complexity of conditional algorithms. Based on the principle of conditional extremum, the existence of the maximum bi-direction green wave band is illustrated in the situation of boundary conditions. Different algorithms have been studied separately for situations while the green wave band is spreading. According to the shift and conversion of the offset, a method is worked out on the time-space diagrams of signal-controlled intersections which can access the max width of the bi-directional green wave band easily and conveniently. The algorithm shown in the paper is applied to several cases, and its practicability, applicability, and operability are measured.

Existing ramp metering strategies mainly focus either on local control applications or on the coordination of ramp metering along the corridor. There appears to be a lack of effective indicators for identifying the control timing and evaluating the effects of ramp metering. Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD), describing the relationship between productions and vehicle accumulations in a traffic network, is useful in representing the traffic states of a traffic network. Traffic breakdown is a stochastic phenomenon and can be used for analyzing the instability of traffic flows. This paper proposes a novel performance indicator, namely the traffic performance index (TPI), for determining the control timing of ramp metering on urban freeway corridors based on the MFD and traffic breakdowns. It is found that the determination of the control timing of ramp metering on urban freeway corridors should consider the tradeoff between the network accumulations and the stability of traffic flows. It also shows that there exists a critical value of TPI, at which the network production is high and the traffic flows are relatively stable.

The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is a world-class sea channel, and this research analyzed the level of service and capacity of the toll plaza of this bridge. The delay and queue length under two different charging methods - namely, Manual Toll Collection (MTC) and Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) - in different volume forecast years were analyzed with a traffic simulation method. Based on the operation indicators, the levels of service in different traffic demands of the toll plaza were evaluated. Furthermore, the capacities of the toll lane combinations of MTC and ETC were calculated using theoretical formulas, and toll lane allocation under different traffic demands was recommended. This research can provide a useful reference to management for decision making.

A real-time optimization system for traffic signal timing was designed in order to achieve an optimal effect. The system is distributed in the intersection and gets real-time traffic data from the signal controller via Ethernet. This paper mainly designs and implements the hardware and software of the system, analyzes an intersection with four-phase and builds a model, and uses the genetic algorithm to optimize the traffic timing plan. The practical results show that the system can give the optimal solution timely and decrease the average delay per vehicle.

This study presents a methodology to design the traffic organization program in an expressway reconstruction project. Based on the analysis of current traffic volume and traffic direction flow, an integrated traffic organization program combining on-site traffic organization and multi-media traffic organization was put forward. The first phase of Xiangtan to Leiyang Expressway project in Hunan. China was taken as a case study. Results revealed that the proposed method was effective and valid in maintaining the traffic diversion smoothly, orderly and safely.

Identifying network bottlenecks effectively is foundational work for improving network traffic conditions and preventing traffic congestion. In this paper, a congestion propagation model of urban traffic network is proposed based on a route choice model concerning travel information. The proposed models include a traffic assignment model which describes flow propagation on links, and a route choice model which represents link flow influenced by travel information. The proposed model is employed in simulating network traffic congestion propagation and congestion bottleneck identification under different traffic demands in Nguyen-Dupius network. The impact of information on the network performance are determined by comparing the results of simulation with-information to without-information. The simulation results show that a continual increase of traffic demand is an immediate factor in network congestion bottleneck emergence. However, traffic conditions with information provision is better than without information. Meanwhile, information provision can ameliorate the existing traffic conditions depending upon the level of congestion.

As a solution to the safety issues caused by a dilemma zone, multi-point advance detection schemes are typically used at high-speed signalized intersections to provide dilemma zone protection. Among many multi-point advance detection schemes, the Winston-Salem configuration, the SSITE configuration, the Beirele configuration, and the Bonneson configuration are among the most widely used schemes in the US. This paper aims at evaluating the four detection schemes with regards to their safety and operational performances using the state-of-the-art dynamical dilemma zone model, a dilemma zone hazard model, and VISSIM micro-simulation platform. Particularly, the calibrated Dilemma Conflict Potential (DCP) model was used to replace the traditional "Number of Vehicles in Dilemma Zone" as the surrogate safety performance measure. When coupled with the dynamical dilemma zone model, the DCP model provides a more accurate dilemma hazard estimation, which cannot be achieved via the traditional dilemma zone model and safety estimation methods. The evaluation revealed that the Bonneson Configuration is the safest scheme among the four evaluated schemes. However, the excellent safety performance is at the cost of relatively higher delays. Importantly, the evaluation results provide analytical information for practitioners in selecting the appropriate dilemma zone protection method for addressing safety issues at high-speed signalized intersections.

Pedestrians usually cross the road at mid-block locations in India because of the ease and convenience of reaching their destination as compared to intersection locations. It is important to evaluate the pedestrian gap acceptance behavior at mid-block locations because of inadequate vehicular gaps under mixed traffic conditions, which translates into the pedestrian road crossing behavior. The present study examines the pedestrian gap acceptance behavior by employing an artificial neural network (ANN) model for understanding the decision-making process of pedestrians (i.e., acceptance or rejection of vehicular gaps at a mid-block location). From the results, it has been found that the pedestrian rolling gap, frequency of attempt, vehicular gap size, pedestrian speed change condition and vehicle speed have major roles in pedestrian gap acceptance. These results can lead to a better design of pedestrian crossing facilities where adequate gaps are not available in vehicular flow at mid-block crosswalk locations.

The rapid development of intelligent transportation has broken through the constraints of tradition with manual investigation as a main resource. On the basis of analyzing various data characteristics obtained through FCD, RFID, coil and video, the research concludes their applicability in road traffic design evaluation. This research resolves the association between traffic conditions and design through exploring the long-time, accumulated, multi-source, all-day-round, real-time data. Then, at the micro level, the evaluation method of elements including intersections, segments and bus station facilities in traffic design are studied employing multi-source data. On the basis of data analysis, the study examines the causes of traffic problems from the aspect of traffic design and supports decision on ameliorating design and management in transportation. In the end, data from a typical urban road is used as a case study.

With the rapid increase in the number of private cars, problems such as traffic jams and irregular parking have become a common phenomenon on the roads of the fragile communities' microcirculation. This article aims at solving the problems existing in communities' microcirculation in Jinan. Contraposing the details of community roads, we first give the definition and three basic principles of micro-reform. Then, we propose four methods for micro-reform as follows:(1) managing congestion with blocking; (2) managing parking with blocking; (3) managing retrogradation with coordination; and, (4) seeking smooth traffic by detour. We use Community Qilishan, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, and Sunshine City as case studies.

The disparity between parking supply and demand has become increasingly prominent with the recent, rapid development of the social economy. As this affects city development, it is very important to find a solution for this parking problem. Taking the Wujiang District as an example, this paper evaluates the district's current parking situation and identifies the existing problems. Then, parking management measures - which can be summarized as "Division, Construction, Adjust, and Share," - are proposed as a solution to the district's urban parking problems.

Braess links affect the performance of a road network. It is very important to detect and identify Braess links for improving the efficiency of the transportation network. Existing methods identifying Braess links include:traffic distribution, structure identification and traffic features identification. The first two methods have issues with bad maneuverability, while the traffic feature in the third method was often chosen inappropriately. This study addresses these issues by conducting experiments to detect the traffic features of Braess links in an experimental setting that resembles a real road network with multi-OD pairs, non-linear congestion costs and two-way links. The experimental process includes eliminating links, taking U-E and O-S traffic distributions and varying demands. The minimum saturation rate was found as a notable feature for a Braess link. The cause of this phenomenon was explained. The study provides a practical way for optimizing the design of road networks.

To effectively alleviate regional congestion in urban road networks brought about by special events or random disturbances, traffic control measures are used to improve the spatial distribution of traffic. This paper focuses on controlling traffic subareas and proposes adjustment strategies for boundary intersections' signal control plans using a Blocking-Discharging method. To overcome the unfavorable factors of conventional control methods, fuzzy control technology is used and an adjustment of the green ratio is selected as the output variable. This serves as an effective solution for optimization at the regional level and leads to further guidance for signal control at the next level. The approach proposed is verified using a road network model of Beijing Olympic Park as a simulation example. It was found that the implementation of Blocking-Discharging strategies has improved traffic conditions of the target subarea, and the integrated use of both strategies is most effective.

The Expressway is an important infrastructure to provide services for automotive transportation. With the rapid development of China's economy and society, the early part of expressways - showing traffic congestion, decrease in the level of service and other issues - expressway expansion has become an important and urgent task in our country. From the background and necessity of expressway expansion, this article analyzes the basic principles of expressway expansion, proposes the expressway expansion mode, and gives the relevant recommendations.

The safety and capacity of road intersections with the permissive left-turn phase are influenced significantly by gap acceptance of left-turners. This study aims at modeling driver's tradeoff between time benefit and traffic conflict risk in gap acceptance at signalized intersections in China. A modeling approach for gap acceptance behavior was proposed based on the Risk Homeostasis Theory and Utility Theory. A video survey was conducted at a typical two-phase controlled intersection in Shanghai and eventually 122 left-turners and 538 related gaps in the opposite through traffic were obtained. Various binary logistic models were then developed to explore the influencing factors of gap acceptance. Results showed that the potential time to wait for an acceptable gap in the opposite through traffic, namely "time-to-wait", affected gap acceptance behavior more significantly than the time that the left-turner already waited, namely "already-waited-time". In addition, the weight ratio of time benefit - indicated by the time-to-wait - and traffic conflict risk - indicated by the post-encroachment time at the conflict point when a left-turner crossing the opposite through traffic - was found to be 1:67 when a left-turner is making a decision to cross or not. The impact of such tradeoff on the capacity of left-turning traffic was also extensively discussed in this study.

The follow-up time is an important parameter for estimating the entry capacity of roundabouts. However, its variability and contributing factors have long been ignored in the literature. In this study, 171 follow-up samples and contributing factors (traffic volume, vehicle position, waiting vehicles behind, vehicle type, and drivers' gender) are collected at a roundabout in Pacific Pines, Australia. It is found that the follow-up time is indeed significantly affected by traffic volume, waiting vehicles behind, vehicle type, and drivers' gender. In order to establish the relationship between follow-up time and its contributing factors, an inverse Gaussian regression model is further developed. This relationship could be applied to estimate the entry capacities by taking into account the variability of follow-up samples. According to the model, the traffic volume and vehicle types are the most important contributing factors.

To adapt the time-varying traffic at the intersection, the concept of a variable lane is proposed, which allows the dynamic change of the lane function to make full use of the spatial resource of the intersection. In this paper, an integrated model is developed to optimize lane use and signal timings for isolated signalized intersections with variable lanes. Aiming to minimize the intersection delay, the proposed binary-mixed integer nonlinear model can optimally allocate the time-space resources of an intersection. To illustrate the application of the model, an example is designed and analyzed. Compared to just optimizing the signal timings, the proposed method yields better results in terms of minimizing the intersection delay. The variable lane will influence the average delay per vehicle on different approaches and for different lane groups to varying degrees. The maximum degree of saturation in the model may affect the model results and should be carefully set.

The deformity intersection that consists of five or more approaches is often difficult to optimize as its conflict points include more than just the crossing. This paper introduces a method that reduces conflict points through improving channelization and signal timing based on existing traffic volume and organization. In addition, based on the method above, this paper introduces a complete optimized case. In the case, the authors applied VISSIM to build a simulation model and output evaluation index. The result indicates that this optimized program has a clear improvement on traveling times, queue length, and delays as compared to the current program. In conclusion, the optimized methods are acceptable and, therefore, can be applied to other optimized programs of deformity intersections.

This paper takes the bridge of the A7 block in the national freeway (Ganzhou to Chongyi) as an example. According to its practical statistical data, the material properties and deterministic parameters are treated as random variables. The distribution function and statistical parameters of the random variables are concluded through a large number of numerical simulations. The ultimate limit state equation is derived by strictly adhering to the load and capacity formula requirements in Chinese highway bridge design specifications. The reliability index for flexural capacity is calculated with the Monte Carlo method and the sensitivity analysis of key parameters is carried out. Additionally, the suggestions for construction quality control are given out.

Over the years, the understanding of capacity is the maximum number of vehicles through a road section in a unit of time for vehicles in free organization in certain road and environmental conditions. However, when vehicles in free organization are at signalized intersections, vehicles that are transferring can cause delay. Other parameters, such as vehicle headway and speed, fall far below the desired level to allow actual efficiency and cause a much lower level than the ideal, such that the potential intersection capacity is not fully realized. By controlling vehicles through intersections by some intelligent means, shrinking the headway, and increasing speed under the premise of ensuring safety, intersection capacity and traffic efficiency can be enhanced. Through modeling analysis, this paper discusses a control strategy that can significantly reduce average lane delay by more than 20%, greatly enhancing the ideal saturation flow of the intersections by more than 8 times.

With the rapid development of information technology and an increasing amount of information, the guidance information system, significantly, has been provided with the self-organization condition. In the case where the road environment involves drivers with self-awareness, the self-organization form of traffic flow is particularly prominent. Starting from the effect of self-organization characteristics on the drivers' decision-making, this study - through interview surveys and questionnaire surveys - analyzes the inherent impact and regularity between traffic guidance information and driving decisions. It explores the dissemination process of guidance information and its complex, nonlinear, constrained relationships under the self-organization behavior form of traffic flow, through which it provides a theoretical basis for the strategy-making of guidance information with the self-organization impact of traffic flow and provides theoretical support for ensuring effectiveness on the release of traffic guidance information.

Ice and snow are common in the south of China and have quite a large effect on the signalized intersection traffic capacity. From the angle of signal control of signalized intersections, the paper studies the optimization methods of signal cycle time, green split and yellow light time. Taking the queue length under ice and snowfall conditions as the judging criteria, this paper introduces the judgment matrix needed to be optimized at the signalized intersection to identify the optimization scheme of cycle time and green light time in signal timing under ice and snowfall conditions. Meanwhile, this paper makes the empirical research based on the data of typical intersections - Songshan Road-Huaihe Road and Hongqi Road-Huaihe Road in Harbin - and the results show that the optimized signalized intersection traffic capacity under ice and snowfall conditions have been improved.

The road model is the basis of the entire city's traffic simulation system and plays an important role in the simulation of traffic flow. However, with the rapid development of the city, the original model has become insufficient for accurately describing the delicate and complex road system. This paper carefully analyzes the characteristics of road networks and the advantages of network simulation. On the basis of the original road node-segment model, it analyzes the node and the new characteristics of roads, putting forward a new aggregation node model and description method of lanes which can exactly simulate the junction parameters and path forms of the real world. The implications are a significant savings in data storage space, improved operational efficiency, and enhanced robustness of the system. This lays the foundation for visual simulation of traffic flow and traffic management, which has broad application prospects.

The traffic system is a complex system that is composed of many factors, such as people, vehicles, roads, and the environment. Traffic perturbation is an important reason for breaking the stability of traffic system, as well as causing traffic congestion and other traffic problems. Based on the Molecular Dynamics theory and according to the Lyapunov stability judgment method, this paper conducts a stability analysis for traffic flow and establishes a model which regards traffic flow under the state of uniform synchronous flow as the study object and takes the comprehensive function of people, vehicles, roads, environment and other factors into consideration. Applying the vehicle trajectory graph and basic status of traffic flow, the dynamic evolution process of traffic perturbation in the actual traffic flow under various factors is analyzed.

Based on the macroscopic characteristics of pedestrian flow, a unidirectional pedestrian flow dynamical model is developed. The model parameters are calibrated in this paper using survey data. Combining the particle filter algorithm with the pedestrian flow dynamical model, the state estimator of unidirectional pedestrian flow has been built, and it has been validated with a case study. The result indicates that the state of unidirectional pedestrian flow could be well estimated using a particle filter algorithm.

Using the Network Theory, comparisons were made with node degree distributions, betweennesses, shortest path lengths, and clustering coefficients of the provincial Expressway network and Trunk Highway network consisting partly of the Expressway System and the National Highway System in the same province. Based on structural characteristics of networks, this paper focused on comparing vulnerabilities between the provincial Expressway and Trunk Highway network. In addition, destructive experiments focusing on edge betweenness were conducted, while reactions and reliabilities from the Expressway Network and Trunk Highway Network were observed. Results showed that when 15% of all segments were damaged or blocked, the general efficiency of the Expressway System reduced to half of normal, which meant the whole system almost stopped running. On the other hand, this situation would occur when 25% of segments were damaged or blocked in the Trunk Highway Network, and this indicated the Trunk Highway Network had higher reliability than the Expressway System.

An intersection plays a key role in an urban road network. Conflict between pedestrians and motor vehicles turning right is an important factor that affects the intersection operating efficiency. Evaluation methods for intersections whose indicators are pedestrians' level of service meet a more "people-oriented" concept of traffic design. This paper studies the traditional model which is pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles crossing the street alone, and studies setting the right-turn channelization island mode. The authors, through surveying, chose representation of pedestrian characteristics, violation probability, waiting time, and speed to cross against the oncoming right-turning motor vehicle. These were integrated into the objective function, flow, and speed of right-turning vehicles, and were selected as the main independent variables to do a binary linear regression. Finally, we get design conditions whose indicators are comprehensive traffic volume and speed of right-turning vehicles. Supplemented by an instance of inspection, at last, this study has a guiding role for the intersection traffic design mode.

The Technical Standard of Highway Engineering of China regulates that 8-lane freeways should provide a 2.5-meter-width inside shoulder. While several freeways in China (such as Shanghai-Nanjing Freeway, Shenyang-Dalian Freeway, and Guangzhou-Foshan Freeway) just completed widening to eight lanes, there were no inside hard shoulders set and none are wider than a 0.75-meter marginal strip. In this study, the relationship between vehicle speed and inner lateral clearance was analyzed. Through field investigation, vehicle speed and inner lateral clearance of the innermost lanes were collected. Statistical analysis was carried out and regression analysis was adopted to develop the relational model between the two parameters. Then, a linear model was proposed. After conducting revision of the model by considering the practical factors, the model can be applied to calculate the inside shoulder width. Finally, the recommended values of inside shoulder width were given. This study is aimed at providing a theoretical basis for setting the width of inside shoulders of multi-lane freeways.

Large turning radian and heavy weights make the truck a special traffic component. Because of its unique character, a truck is more likely to be involved in a traffic crash. Traffic flow conditions before a crash occurrence have been studied by several researchers in this field. However, the crash is always considered as an entirety which does not care about the type. This paper focuses on investigating and comparing different traffic states associated with truck-involved crashes on the freeway. Matched case-control is used to conduct the data collection. K-means is selected to do the traffic states classification and a conditional logistic regression model is adopted to compare the different traffic states associated with truck-involved crash risk. The findings tell that the free-flow condition, both upstream and downstream, is the most secured traffic state and is consistent with former conclusions when the crash was considered as an entirety. However, for a truck-involved crash, the most dangerous state is no longer the one with free upstream and congested downstream, but rather both congested flows upstream and downstream. The results of this study fill up the research gap in this field and lead the work into more detailed scale.

This research proposes a new methodology and develops its implementation algorithm that utilizes Fuzzy Dynamic Programming (FDP) to provide adaptive signal control of two closely-spaced intersections in response to real-time traffic fluctuations. A characteristic feature of this new approach is that the uncertainties and imprecision in vehicle detection, forecasted traffic arrivals, discharge and resulting delay and other performance measures can be taken into account by the fuzzy set theory. It makes the approach superior to the conventional deterministic method and more efficient than stochastic methods. Consequently, the algorithm would be appropriate for real-time implementation. The problem is formulated in a decision network to find the optimal phase sequencing and phase duration that minimizes a pre-specified performance measure (such as delay or queue length) over a finite horizon. The optimization process is based on advanced vehicle information obtained from loop detectors set back a certain distance from the stop-line. Vehicle trajectories - from their detection till their arrival at the stop-line - are modeled at the microscopic level and described in fuzzy sets. The simulation results have exhibited that the DP algorithm is superior to PASSER III and TRANSYT-7F in handling demand fluctuations for medium- to high-flow scenarios when the field demand is increased from the one used in off-line optimization.

Based on the Traffic-Flow Wave Theory, a traffic flow wave model applicable to urban road incident congestion is proposed in this paper. The model is based on the discrete characteristics of urban congestion traffic flow and is derived from a Velocity-Density linear model. The queuing and dissipation of incident congestion is analyzed based on the new model - both on the existence of traffic controlling measures and on situations without traffic controlling measures - in which the influence from traffic controlling measures is described as interference wave. The results showed that the correct traffic controlling measures could avoid "Domino" phenomenon, prevent the congestion drifting, and reduce the queuing and delay-time.

Travel time is one of the most important indexes to describe freeway traffic conditions, and the spatial and temporal variation of traffic conditions can support operational decision-making for administrators and trip-planning for travelers. The closed toll system of the freeway in China contains a large amount of travel information (e.g., vehicle type, entry/exit station, and entry/exit time), and the toll data can be used to estimate the route travel time directly (i.e., exit time minus entry time). Compared to the route travel time, single segment (i.e. the mainline between two adjacent toll stations) travel time represents the spatial variation of traffic conditions more accurately. With a short time interval (e.g. 15 minutes), single segment travel time is also good at describing the temporal variation of traffic conditions. However, single segment travel time estimation is always unreliable when only using the adjacent toll stations' data due to the insufficient data with finer resolution. This study proposed a method to solve this problem by using toll information from all vehicles that pass through the single segment. A case study on the Huning Freeway, which is the busiest freeway in Jiangsu province, is used to validate the method. A total of 74,684 toll data records in four hours was used after quality control and data filtering. The results demonstrated the spatial and temporal variation of traffic conditions in 15-minute time intervals for the 274-km-long freeway, and the location and duration of congestion were precisely identified. Biased estimation results are discussed and improvement is proposed. The method will contribute to a better understanding of freeway traffic condition variations without additional monitoring facilities.

Critical gap and follow-up time are required parameters for studying stop sign-controlled intersections. These two parameters depend on the geometric conditions of intersections, the direction of traffic, the position of the intersection, and other conditions. It is important to determine the value of critical gap and follow-up time at a stop sign-controlled intersection under the current different conditions. This paper applied the Raff method to determine the critical gap and follow-up time for stop sign-controlled intersections in Shanghai under different conditions.

With the dramatic increase of the number of electric bicycles (hereinafter referred to as e-bikes), its safety receives more and more attention. One of the main clinical manifestations is red light violation resulting from a wrong stop & go decision during a signal change interval. Which have important effects on e-bikes during the yellow light decision-making process? How much is the impact of a flashing green light to e-bikes' decision-making process? In order to solve these problems, this research sets up the stop & pass decision model and discusses the impact of a flashing green light to the decision process. Analysis results show that the potential time is a critical factor for the decision-making process and a flashing green light can lead to earlier decisions. The flashing green light can provide more time for e-bikes to accelerate through the intersections, but evokes more aggressive behaviors though, obviously, it can reduce the option area.

Although some characteristics of physiological signals under different emotions have been studied previously, the differences in electroencephalograms (EEG) between normal driving and angry driving are generally unknown. Moreover, motorists from different countries may have different EEG characteristics because of their different customs, lifestyles, and cultures. Because of this, it is believed that the traffic environment and driving behaviors in China are very different from those in developed countries. Therefore, a study of a motorist's EEG characteristics under angry driving conditions is necessary and beneficial for better understanding the impacts of aggressive driving on traffic safety in China, where "road rage" is common. This study is different from traditional laboratory simulation experiments because ten professional drivers were recruited to drive along a real and particularly busy route in Wuhan. The EEG data and driver anger level scale (reported by the driver himself) were recorded. Study results show that the amplitude of the EEG signal is significantly bigger under angry driving conditions. Furthermore, the mean value of frequency percentage of β waves is significantly larger under angry driving conditions than the value under normal driving conditions. Finally, the mean value of the frequency percentage of δ waves is much smaller under angry driving conditions than the value under normal driving conditions. The results can provide an effective method to distinguish between angry driving and normal driving, which can then provide theoretical support for designing emotion recognition equipment in the future.

As traffic-related work zone crashes continue to increase across the nation, the safety of road users and workers has become a top priority for transportation agencies. This study compared three different temporary control countermeasures and three different traffic channelizing devices by using a simplified traffic conflict model to evaluate their effectiveness. This simplified conflict model used "stoplight up" and "headlight up" combined with traffic volume and passenger car percentage. The study found that the use of a flashing vehicle combined with flagger is the most effective. The level speed limit double transition (60m—60m— 60m) is better than the other two measures. In addition, the results suggest that a simplified traffic conflict model can be used to evaluate safety in a short-term work zone. This research can provide references for work zone organization, traffic speed monitoring, and safety evaluation of work zones.

High-speed photography is an indispensable part of train component crash tests. It is used to analyze sequence images of a train component crash, and the accuracy of the analysis for data is essential for later research. The aim of this study is to propose a new methodology - the high-speed photography 3-dimensional (3D) analysis method - which can be used to investigate the train component crash dynamic response. The 3D analysis method requires images of the same object taken synchronously from multiple directions/cameras. The images" sequence of each direction is calculated to 2D data that are reconstructed to 3D data for analysis. Compared with the real result, the result of a high-speed photography image sequence 3D analysis has a difference deformation of 1.91%. Compared with the result of a ground velocity testing system, the result has a 1.17% difference in initial crash velocity. Compared with an acceleration sensor, acceleration changes are basically identical in the crash process. The high-speed photography sequence image motion 3D analysis method, compared with the 2D analysis method, which is more accurate and real, makes up for various errors and defects.

Eighty percent of driving information is obtained through vision when a driver is driving a car. The dynamic visual field information is closely linked to the driver's speed-controlling behavior. A video of the dynamic visual field, and information regarding speed when a car is running on the highway in mountainous areas are obtained by a multi-functional device which integrates the function of video collection, GPS positioning and recorded speed. Two sections of the entire road are chosen for this experiment. The road information, which is regarded as a dynamic parameter, is extracted from the video. The SPSS software is introduced and analyzes the correlation between the road area in the driver's dynamic visual field and the driving speed. The results show that the driver's dynamic visual field and driving speed have a positive correlation. When the driver's visual field becomes wider, the driving speed increases. It can be concluded that the driver's speed-controlling behavior and his dynamic visual field have a certain relationship.

The signaling system is a key system for ensuring the safety and efficiency of rail transit. The products of signaling systems and their states of usage directly affect the safety and quality of rail transit operations. In the aspect of operations and maintenance, this paper puts forward a safety assessment method based on the risk analysis of operational urban rail transit signaling systems. The authors, through collecting and analyzing the statistics of the operation data, give an instance of the application of a safety assessment in Shangha's urban rail transit.

In order to overcome the uncertain throw distance problem in vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction, the relationship between the flight-phase distance and the impact velocity was studied. A useful equation was given which can be used for evaluating the minimum value of the impact velocity when the accident happened on a flat road. The equation was validated through comparison with other scholars' research and simulation results obtained from the Pc-Crash. The study on the relationship between the flight-phase distance and the impact velocity will be a good supplement to existing vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction methods.

Vehicle speed has a complex relationship with driving safety. Numerous factors affect the vehicle speed; among these factors, the geometric design has an extreme influence on the vehicle speed, especially in the segments with a combination of horizontal and vertical. This study attempts to analyze the speed in combined segments. The combination of horizontal curve and downslope segment was selected as the research object. Furthermore, this type of segment was divided into three parts - the approach transition curve, circle curve and departure transition curve - while this study only focused on the circle curve part. The Tongji 8DOF Driving Simulator was used for data collection. In this study, linear regression models were established for speed consistency of circle curve sections. The influence of adjacent segments was considered simultaneously. The models showed that the slope, curvature, radius and length had a significant influence on vehicle speed.

An adaptive cruise control (ACC) strategy with high user acceptance should have similar driving behavior characteristics as the human drivers and meet the expectations of users. In this paper, we proposed a framework of ACC strategy based on the four longitudinal driving modes of the Wiedemann psychophysical model (i.e.,free driving, approaching, following, and emergency). In order to improve user acceptance, the expectations of an ACC user in each mode were discussed and the control strategy of each mode was designed accordingly. Finally, the effect of mixing ACC vehicles with manually driven vehicles was explored in VIS SIM. The results showed that, with the increase of market penetration of ACC vehicles, the average time of delay and average times of stops, as well as the length of queue, were reduced notably and the traffic flow was improved to a great extent, especially when the traffic flow was saturated.

This study fully addressed the modifiable areal unit problem (i.e., MAUP) that was well known in geography, but generally ignored by safety analysts. The basic issue of MAUP was introduced first. Then, four potential strategies -(1) using disaggregate data as possible; (2) capturing spatial non-stationarity; (3) designing optimal zoning systems, and; (4)conducting sensitivity analysis to report the scope and magnitude of MAUP - were proposed and illustrated to deal with the problem in an integrated way, followed by the future research directions suggested in the end. As model building and calibration activities are not independent of zone design, the MAUP should not only be addressed from the perspective of statistical analysis, but also needs a geographical solution. Specifically, in traffic safety, more efforts are desired to calibrate the state-of-the-art modeling technique at various levels of data aggregation based on spatial homogeneity in traffic safety, transport characteristics, and demographic factors.

Signalized intersections, as an integral part of the road traffic system, are also where pedestrian behavior is most responsible for pedestrian crashes. Road safety studies have traditionally leaned more heavily toward motorist behavior and vehicular characteristics. However, in order to better understand the mechanisms of pedestrian crashes and better protect pedestrians, the study of pedestrian crossing behavior should also be emphasized. Through observational data collection and the use of statistical analysis methods, this paper analyzes pedestrian safety at signalized intersections based on the study of four pedestrian crossing behavioral characteristics, including:(1) pedestrian walking speed; (2) gap acceptance; (3) visual gaze and field of vision; and (4)pedestrian delay. The focuses and findings of this paper can serve to complement, to a small extent, existing pedestrian safety studies which are more vehicle and motorist inclined, and bring about new ideas for future exploration.

The paper aims to overcome the shortcomings caused in the method of restitution coefficient and the method of combining the effective crash velocity with the momentum conservation in order to compute the vehicle velocity. It also aims to make the reconstruction results of the car rear-end collision conform more closely to the situation. By analyzing the car crash process and the data collected through crash testing, we put forward a kind of velocity curve equation and deceleration curve equation in the vehicle crash process. We also modified the curve equations by simulated annealing arithmetic. We then established the model of monorail degree of freedom and solved the car movement track equations in the way of the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. In the end, we constructed an algorithm using the software PC-Crash to verify its reliability.

Human factors have been recognized as the main causes of maritime accidents. In order to reduce the occurrences of accidents and improve levels of prevention, this paper analyzes and predicts the combination patterns of human factors. Firstly, a human factors analysis system for maritime accidents is developed. Its prototype is HFACS, and it is in line with the core concept of the Swiss Cheese Model. Secondly, human factors are quantified by using binary numbers to obtain a factors matrix on the basis of history dates. Then, the main combination patterns are picked up by matrix transformation and use of the clustering method. Thirdly, Bootstrap is introduced to predict the main combination patterns in the future. The results are in accordance with actual values. Finally, several advantages and limitations of this research for maritime safety are discussed and concluded in this paper.

A total of 569 truck crashes of the China In-depth Accident Study (CIDAS) database were analyzed for this study. These included crashes between trucks and passenger vehicles, crashes between two trucks, and crashes between trucks and vulnerable road users. These crashes were analyzed in depth, including the number of accidents, injuries and deaths, and injury parts. The following standards were also discussed:(1) motor vehicles and trailers - lateral protection requirements; (2) commercial vehicles - front underrun protection requirements; (3) motor vehicles and trailers - rear underrun protection requirements;and, (4) the protection of occupants of the cab of a commercial vehicle.

To determine recognition sight for the main line restricted exit of an expressway, this paper used the car theory and ergonomic principles to analyze recognition sight of different design speeds for the main line restricted exit. The paper proposed recognition sight of the main line restricted exit with different design speeds for the ramp and main line. The results showed that, for the new expressway, the exit of the main line should avoid the use of threshold of recognition sight. For the existing expressway, when the exits of the expressway were limited by the terrain and position, the exit located in the main line restricted place and the exit of the expressway should have been strengthened by security measures to ensure the safety of the main line restricted exit for the expressway.

The intense economic growth experienced by Brazil in recent decades and its consequent explosive motorization process have generated an undesirable impact - the increasing and unbroken trend in road traffic fatalities. In order to contribute to a road safety diagnosis, this study presents a research on two main available indicators in Brazil:mortality rate (represented by fatalities per inhabitants) and fatality rate (represented by two sub-indicators; i.e., fatalities per vehicle and fatalities per vehicle kilometers traveled). These indicators were aggregated into a composite indicator (CI) through a multiple layer data envelopment analysis CI model (ML DEA-CI), in which the optimum combination of indicators' weights is searched for each decision-making unit (DMU), in this case, the 27 Brazilian states (BR-27). The composite indicator represents the road safety performance on which a ranking of states can be made. As a result, valuable differences associated to DMU's socio-economic attributes were outlined after calibrating the model.

This study investigates the relative performance of older drivers at the individual level, based on specific measures of functional and driving abilities. To do so, 55 participants (ages 70 years and above) completed tests of an assessment battery of psychological and physical aspects as well as knowledge of road signs. Moreover, they took a driving simulator test in which specific driving situations (known to cause difficulties for older drivers) were included. To evaluate the overall performance of each driver, all the above information was combined by using the concept of composite indicators. The technique of data envelopment analysis (which is an optimization model for measuring the relative performance of a set of units or drivers in this study) was employed. The model output distinguishes the best performers from under-performing drivers and helps in guiding future development of training interventions tailored to each individual by specifically targeting those functions that are (mostly) impaired.

To explore the critical walking space requirement for collision avoidance under the normal walking conditions, the characteristics of behavior for collision avoidance were studied through controlled experiments. It is revealed that, to avoid a standing person, the average critical walking space is about 2 m² per person. The average critical walking space requirement for avoiding the opposite moving pedestrian is about 2.64 m² per person. Furthermore, females need more walking space for collision avoidance than males. The critical walking space is mainly determined by the characteristics of pedestrians themselves in low density (a free walking condition), under which condition there is no significant relationship between the pedestrian's speed and walking space for collision avoidance.

Traffic safety is one of the most important goals for roadway design and traffic system operations. Collision hotspot identification serves as a major fundamental component for traffic safety performance measurements. With identified collision hotspots, limited resources can be better allocated to improve roadway safety. There has been a significant amount of studies on collision hotspots identification over the past decades. However, most studies only considered crash counts as the sole roadway safety performance indicator. In this study, a new cluster-based method is proposed to quantify roadway safety conditions. This method is able to incorporate more heterogeneous safety-related factors for clustering, such as crash fatality, injuries, and average collision duration. Compared with the prevailing Empirical Bayes methods, our cluster-based method demonstrates its improved accuracy and efficiency, and can be easily implemented in practice.

A structure optimization algorithm for developing an artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting crash injury severity has been proposed in this study to improve its generalization capacity Two-vehicle crash records in 2006 from the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (DHSMV) have been collected in order to demonstrate the proposed method and to compare it with a traditional statistical model - an ordered logit (OL) model. According to the results, both the trained and optimized ANN models outperform the OL model in terms of predictive accuracy, which again displays its great potential for modeling crash injury severity. Although the accuracy of the training and testing dataset are equivalent in the trained and optimized ANN models in the case study, 33 of 210 connections in the trained ANN model have been deleted by the optimization algorithm. The computational burden of prediction has been reduced, which indicates the optimized ANN model to be a good alternative for crash injury severity analysis.

Adverse weather conditions, like haze, have been found to have significant impacts on traffic flow operations. Recently, a weather condition with serious haze has occurred in Eastern China. It is characterized by low visibility with the haze condition. Traffic flows were severely affected, resulting in many severe traffic accidents and traffic jams. This paper utilizes the high fidelity Tongji Driving Simulator to investigate the impacts of the haze weather condition on driving behaviors. The parameters in the model of describing the driving behavior are studied, which include the desired speed, the maximum desired acceleration/deceleration rates, and the mean acceleration/deceleration rates. Experiments with 15 participants are carried out. The results show that the haze weather condition has a significant impact on the desired speed, the maximum desired acceleration/deceleration rates, and the mean acceleration/deceleration rates. An important finding is that the heterogeneities among drivers in their desired speeds decrease substantially with the reductions in visibility during the haze weather condition.

More and more complicated driving environments and vehicle interactions have caused more and more crashes in China. This paper presents a method to analyze fundamental attributes for severe crashes on mountainous highways using clustering techniques. Firstly, the relationship between traffic accidents and driver behavior was discussed. Secondly, traffic accident data were collected and classified according to different crash types. Thirdly, cluster techniques were used to analyze the data and driver behavior. The results illustrated that there were four key driver behavior factors contributing to crashes on mountainous roads. These typical driver behavior factors could be used to develop effective countermeasures against traffic crashes for various scenarios in different driving environments.

This study developed a safety evaluation model of freeway traffic safety facilities based on grey entropy weight clustering. Firstly, a safety evaluation system of freeway traffic safety facility was proposed which includes six aspects. Then, whitenization weight function was defined and weights of indexes were determined by the entropy theory. The grey entropy clustering coefficient was calculated and the safety level of a freeway traffic safety facility was evaluated afterwards. Finally, a case study of a 5.5-km segment of the Yun-Luo freeway was conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the model.

With the increasingly serious traffic safety situation in China, it is both necessary and urgent to conduct transportation safety planning in order to improve the safety of residents during their travel. The transportation safety planning process involves developing transportation safety strategies, setting goals, establishing traffic safety performance measures, exploring quantitative analysis techniques, and providing safety improvement measures. To date, little attention has been paid to the urban traffic safety planning in China, while the United States has accumulated a wealth of experience in the matter. This paper investigated the traffic safety planning methods in the United States and analyzed the roles that agencies at the federal, state, and metropolitan level play in the process of traffic safety planning. The paper also summarized the areas of emphasis in traffic safety planning in five metropolitan areas. Basic processes for developing traffic safety plans and integrating safety planning into comprehensive transportation planning are also presented. Additionally, the latest traffic safety analysis technologies were investigated. Based on the current status of traffic safety in China, suggestions for development of a transportation safety plan are proposed.

This study investigated the nighttime crash characteristics at local collectors. The multinomial logit model (MNL) was selected to estimate the contributing factors to different injury outcomes for nighttime crashes. The latest six-year crash data (2005-2010) were obtained from the Florida Crash Annual Report (CAR) System. Five injury level outcomes - no injury, possible injury, non-incapacitating injury, capacitating injury, and fatal injury - were considered. A total of 824 crashes was observed in local collectors. Five explanatory variables - posted speed limit, lighting, single vehicle, truck/bus, and age - are significant at a 95% confidence level. Street light presence is the most significant factor to the injury outcome at local collectors. A single vehicle crash could significantly increase the possibility of all injury outcomes compared to a multi-vehicle crash. The odds ratios suggest that having street lights could reduce the relative risk of suffering incapacitating injury or fatal injury at local collectors.

Driving fatigue is an important cause of traffic accidents. Numerous researchers have investigated the relationship between fatigue and eye indicators. Most research focuses solely on comparing eye indicators between awake and fatigue. However, driver fatigue is a gradually accumulated procedure, and different fatigue states have different indicators and different effects on driving safety. This study was undertaken to find the rules of eye indicators changing when the driver was under different fatigue. Based on the Tongji 8 degree-of-freedom (DoF) Driving Simulator, 15 eye indicator samples were collected using the Smart Eye. The driver's fatigue was divided into five levels, including:awake, mild fatigue, moderate fatigue, severe fatigue and extreme fatigue. The results showed that all eye indicators increased slightly before the driver enters a mild fatigue state. However, at a level of severe fatigue, the percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS), variable coefficient of pupil diameter and blink duration increased significantly, but blink frequency decreased slightly.

Increasing numbers of novice drivers, traffic congestion, and a mixed traffic environment result in increased "road rage" among Chinese drivers each year. Reducing the impact of road rage on traffic safety is imperative. This study designs and proposes a Driving Anger Behavior Scale (DABS) for the first time in China to explore the driving behaviors of angry drivers. Factor analysis showed that the 29 anger expression items collected can be decomposed into the following five categories of anger expression: Operating Frequency, Operation Fierceness, Assault People, Assault Objects, and Self-Regulation. The statistical analysis of questionnaires shows that driving anger will frequently lead to driver distraction, lapses in vehicle control, and impulsive driving. Angry drivers tend to change vehicle operations more frequently, quicker, and with more force, and with the number of aggressive behaviors increasing significantly. A significant correlation is also found between angry driving and age, daily driving hours, monthly income, and vehicle type.

This paper proposes a methodology to investigate the relationship between Vehicle Bumping at Bridge-Head (VBBH) and traffic safety. First, a quantitative model of bridge-head step height and deceleration has been established. Next, the impact of VBBH on traffic safety is divided into three levels based on deceleration. We obtained the value range of step height corresponding to each impact level with different driving speeds. The results show that, without the approach slab, the impact of VBBH on traffic safety is closely related with the step height and driving speed. With the same step height, the impact is more obvious as the driving speed increases. With a speed of 100 km/h, a significant impact on traffic safety will appear if the step height is more than 1.97 cm. Appropriate measures, such as speed limit or setting approach slab, must be taken with a step height more than 4.52 cm, which has a serious impact.

The chevron alignment sign is an important element of curve delineation devices. It mainly allows for better visibility when approaching a curve and provides positive guidance while navigating through a curve. However, little research has been conducted in China to study its effects on drivers' stress. This current study, based on a driving simulator experiment, focused on testing the effectiveness of chevron alignment signs on driver stress. Meanwhile, researchers also tested to see whether the function of chevron signs on driver nervousness was affected by curve roadway geometry (i.e., curve direction and curve radius). Thirty drivers participated in the experiment. Heart rate data and their subjective feelings were collected through an AKF2 dynamic multi-parameter physiological recorder and through their verbal reports, respectively. The scenarios used in this experiment consisted of twelve different horizontal curves with combinations of chevrons presence, curve radius and curve direction. The results showed that drivers' stress tended to be at a lower level in a sharp radius curve. Thus, their heart rate was relatively low when chevrons were presented and the drivers' perceived safe speed was higher. However, with an increase in the curve radius, the result was opposite. Therefore, the effect of chevrons was significant in a sharp curve and decreased with an increase in the curve radius.

In contrast to the traditional crash prediction approach that incorporates crash modification factors into a basic prediction model to better fit the observed crash data, this article provides a new prospective that integrates driving behavior in prediction and generates prediction from the road stretch itself. Speed behavior is chosen as the objective driving behavior for its accessibility and significance in reflection of how drivers react to their driving environment. A 42.67-km stretch of Portuguese road investigated in this study was divided into three road section types:straight sections, single curves and curved segments. Prediction was made from classification focused on relations among road features, speed-related parameters and observed crash frequencies. The results indicate that considering speed behavior is useful and leads to improved prediction. This exploration provides a tool for local road safety prediction in the future.

With the rapid development of the motorized city, the old open communities built in the 1980s are faced with insufficient parking spaces and accident-prone status. To protect the peaceful, livable, and humane residential environment, this paper uses a semi-enclosed management mode in transport, closes part of the channels, keeps the main channels, restricts vehicles passing closed entrances, and permits pedestrians and non-motor vehicles to pass. The vehicles that are "passable" allow the pedestrians to be "accessible" to achieve the purpose of separation of people and vehicles.

The scope of this paper is to depict the different modeling approaches used to simulate pedestrian evacuations. It involves several evacuation models, each of them using different simulation methods. Three main modeling elements account for the variations in the software output. These elements are related to:(a) the modeling method; (b) robustness of fire conditions input parameters during calibration; and, (c) the user's experience and understanding in applying appropriate safety factors when using only one model. Understanding these differences in assumptions will help the user determine which software program is appropriate for a given study.

It is widely recognized that driving anger plays a major role in road safety. Many studies have been carried out in this field, and the significance of incentive factors of driving anger - in terms of driver's personal characteristics (e.g., sex or education) and external environment (e.g., interaction among drivers and obstruction) - has been proven. Questionnaire surveys and simulation experiments are used as the basis for those studies, but such methods make the studies very unrealistic. In this study, 22 licensed drivers were hired to drive along a specified route in Wuhan, China. Physiological data and drivers' reported driving anger and observed driving behavior are used to study the ranking of the contribution of various incentive factors to and their causal relationship with driving anger. Study results show that the following top three factors result in about three quarters of driving anger:(1) red traffic lights, (2) congestion, and (3) offensive hogging behavior of surrounding vehicles. Further, statistical analyses show that the p-values from the Somers-d test applied to red light waiting times and congestion duration, and from the F-test to hogging behavior are very small (< 0.02) and, thus, indicate that they have a significant impact on the level of driving anger. In general, this study contributes to this field by using both self-reported data and in-cabin observations to study the ranking of incentive factors and their causal relationship with driving anger in a typical driving environment in China. Study results can be useful for traffic operation and management agencies in China to improve their level of service in order to effectively reduce road rage.

During traffic accidents, the driver automatic alarm decision-making optimization model needs to take into account factors of driver stimulation and task clutter as well as processes of coordinate reaction behavior. In the past, a simulation step was chosen with 1 second. This ignored the influence of lagging driver automatic alarm decision-making response time, which impacts simulation accuracy of driver automatic alarm behavior. Meanwhile, on account of imprecision of clock scanning, the ability of a driver's behavior simulation model is weakened in a dynamic traffic accident scene. Also, it brought on the results which only considered macroscopic affect information in traffic accidents and influence of relatively static road signs in the past. If we want to raise the simulation precision of driver automatic alarm behavior, we must reduce clock scanning time.

Setting a suitable safety barrier in the road is important in helping prevent traffic accidents, especially serious traffic accidents. The present research involving a safety barrier considers the vehicle and barrier as rigid bodies to determine the maximum impact force of the barrier upon impact. This can simplify the collision process, which creates a large discrepancy with the real collision. This may cause the design of the barrier to be unreasonable. The direct impacting test, according to the finite element theory, will be used to investigate the collision process. The objective is to measure the impact force of the barrier by its dynamic equation upon impact. The results will play an important role in improving the structure of the highway safety barrier and aiding the design of a new safety barrier in China.

The unreasonable design of the traffic guidance system in the underground parking lot will lead to traffic congestion and traffic accidents to a certain extent. According to the author's knowledge, there is little research on this topic. This study proposes a design method of traffic guidance system in the underground parking lot through studying of the visual driving environment and the driving adaptability in the underground parking lot considering three aspects:(1) the color choice of traffic guidance facilities; (2) the arrangement of the sign information; and, (3) the setting of the sign location. The effect of different patterns of traffic guidance system design was analyzed by a questionnaire survey and an experimental study on driving visibility and adaptability. It is found that the visual comfortableness of traffic signs with blue background color and white foreground color are the best, in which the information can be easily distinguished by the drivers. Through the questionnaire survey, a conclusion can be drawn that the visual comfortableness and visibility of drivers are best when the sign information is arranged in order of left, straight and right for the driving direction. In addition, the drivers can also recognize the exit information most easily to get out of the parking lot as soon as possible under this circumstance. Through analysis and calculation, the requirements to set the traffic signs and markings are concluded. Finally, results of this study have been applied to an underground parking lot of an urban complex. As a result, the operating efficiency and the driving safety of the underground parking lot is increased.

As the principal part of urban passenger transportation, urban public traffic is closely related to passenger safety. The behavior of bus drivers, who are the most direct participants to bus safety behavior, largely determines the safety level of bus services. It's important to identify risky behavior effectively. This paper extracts seven eigenfactors from four kinds of typical risky behavior (poor driving stability, fatigue driving, poor startup and braking stability, and improper operation at bus station) by analyzing the data provided by the Jinan Public Transportation Company. Risky driving behavior has been identified respectively with the methods of combination clustering analysis and single character clustering analysis. The results show that clustering analysis can effectively identify risky driving behavior and combination analysis has a higher identification rate.

The Safety Evaluation index system helps management identity potential safety hazards. Compared with the sound index system for road safety evaluation, bus station safety evaluation needs further elaboration. This study analyzes the influences of traffic participants, roadway characteristics, and traffic flow characteristics on the safety of a harbor-shaped bus station, and carries out 14 groups' experiments. These experiments were performed at a typical harbor-shaped bus station in Wuhan, China. Based on this data, the correlation analyzed the passenger-bus conflict number, the vehicle-bus conflict number, the non-motorized vehicle-bus conflict number, and the number of waiting people was carried out. Then, the safety evaluation index system of the harbor-shaped bus stations was proposed in view of high correlation vehicle factors and some road static factors.

A safety evaluation method of highway alignment based on a driving simulator study is proposed to provide support for improving highway design before its construction. A comprehensive evaluation index system, both subjective and objective, is established. There are three indices - including vehicle running characteristic, driver psychological and physiological reaction and subjective safety evaluation. Evaluation criteria and scoring rules for each index are listed and explained, which are used to evaluate the alignments of the highway. Vehicle running characteristics are extracted by the driving simulator experiments, such as speed, acceleration and lateral deviation. With the eye tracker and cardiotachometer, the distribution of eye fixation and heart rate are also obtained during the experiment. The subjective safety evaluation of the road was gained from the questionnaires, including evaluation of agreeableness, comfort and consistency. Finally, it was applied to an actual highway design in Hunan province. The safety level of the road was calculated based on Analytic Hierarchy Model (AHM) method in order to identify the sections with potential security problems. The feasibility and validity of the method are verified.