CICTP 2012: Multimodal Transportation Systems—Convenient, Safe, Cost-Effective, Efficient

The rapid growth of passenger cars in Changchun has led to traffic problems. Various transit priority policies have been tried in the city, but none have worked well. Thus, the aim of this research is to provide a quantitative method for making more effective urban transit priority policies, by analyzing the relationship between the behavior of resident trip mode choice and three factors of transit priority policies. An order parameter equation of resident trip mode structure is established based on self-organizing theory. After calculating the value of resident travel time, linear programming is used to find the trip mode rates that maximize travel benefits. In this condition, the value of control variables, namely the solution of the order parameter equation, can be the basis of urban transit priority policy-making.

This paper introduces planning and design of park-and-ride (P&R) facilities in Beijing, China. The procedure to locate new P&R facilities contains two main steps. The first is the selection of P&R candidates for the rail-transit network. These facilities must be constructed within 500 meters of a train station. The second step is to evaluate new P&R facilities and determine specific locations for proposed P&R facilities. Potential analysis is conducted of P&R candidates to determine proper locations and design profiles. This study also considers factors that have a great effect on P&R demand, such as population density, annual household income, accessibility of P&R facilities, distance to downtown, and saved travel time. The objective of this study is to help municipal governments determine the locations and sizes of P&R facilities along rail transit lines that would minimize auto travel and encourage use of public transit. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Scoring Method (ESM) are employed to determine the final rank of P&R candidates.

The lack of adequate parking has become the major bottleneck of urban development. The reason for the inaccuracy of the past parking demand forecasting methods is the incomplete consideration of factors at work, which prevents universal applicability, leads to a large prediction error, and so on. Using survey data, parking demand was divided into labor parking demand, which is affected by employment, and commercial parking demand, which is mainly affected by commercial area parking demand and economic development. The paper introduces the concept of regional development factors, and the parking demand forecast takes full account of the economy, society, transportation, and other levels of development affecting parking demand in different regions. We use development factors to modify the trip attraction model and then apply it to two Chinese districts.

Among existing methods for the evaluation of transportation modes, there is ambiguity due to lacking of objectivity and accuracy of determining the weights of various performance measures. In this paper, fuzzy matter-element model with discrete catastrophe theory is established to solve this problem. On the basis of data quantization with fuzzy-matter element, membership values are calculated with catastrophe evaluation according to the structure of evaluating system as well as relative importance and logical relationship of each index. Then a decision can be made accordingly. In the process of catastrophe evaluation, discrete coefficient is introduced to further improve the objectivity and accuracy of evaluation results. In the end of this paper, a case of transportation mode in Yangtze River corridor is put forward to explain the application of this method, which provides a new approach of synthetic evaluation for transportation modes.

To analyze the operational performance of urban intersections, the degree of complexity was studied for a separate intersection and a road network. Conflict points and the probability of conflict were selected as two parameters, the model of degree of complexity for a separate intersection was developed, and specifications for parameters were provided. Then the study range was extended to the road network: a model of degree of complexity for road network under different density was constructed. Through an example, the model shows that the degree of complexity for a separate intersection increases with the number of lanes and that road network varies little when the volume for single lane is fixed. The results indicate that a high-density road network is more feasible for decreasing traffic conflict, which can be applied to transportation planning.

Activity-based models belong to the third generation of travel demand models, which have received extensive interest in the past three decades. Activity-based modeling of travel demand treats travel as being derived from the demand for activity participation. This paper presents an overview of recent and on-going contributions made by "activity-based approaches" to forecast travel behavior. First, a brief history of two travel demand approaches is introduced. Then, four modeling methods in activity travel analysis are reviewed. On top of that, essential applications of this approach for addressing contemporary policy and planning issues are provided. Finally, some of the directions are highlighted for future development of activity-based analysis.

This paper concentrates on the gender-role based differences in activity frequency in China. Based on the 3656 cases of data collected in the survey of Shangyu, an ordered logistic regression model segmented by gender was developed to evaluate how individual socio-demographics, household characteristics and activity participations affect activities for women and men. The results show that women aged 30-50 make less subsistence than under 30, but difference between the ages of men are not as significant. Men with lower education level have more subsistence activities than women with same level of education. Additionally, both women and men make more subsistence activities if duration time increases but men less so than women. As expected, those results show that different TDM policies should be made aiming at women and men. It will also help to get a deeper understanding of gender difference in activity behavior in developing countries.

This paper mainly focuses on the characteristics of urban low-income residents' travel activities. Data is obtained from a residents' travel survey of Nanjing City (2009) and a specific travel survey of low-income residents in the urban fringe of Nanjing City (2010). Information of each individual's activity participation and trip chains is extracted from the daily travel diary and matched with attributes of the individual and family. Then, two structural equation models are applied to analyze the relationship among individuals' socio-demographics, activity duration, and trip chains of low-income residents and non-low-income residents. 13 socio-demographics attributes are chosen as the exogenous variables, while 8 indices of activity duration and trip chains are selected as the endogenous variables. The result shows that the number of children, age, gender, and educational level of an individual significantly affect the travel behavior of low-income residents. Also, activity participation has greater effects on trip-chaining behaviors of low-income residents than that of non-low-income residents.

Winter Olympics is the most influential comprehensive winter games in the world and it can bring huge social and economic benefits to the host city. Therefore, it is necessary for some Chinese cities which are capable of bidding for Winter Olympics to do some specific traffic planning in advance. In this research, we studied the traffic characteristics and traffic demands during the Winter Olympics. We took Harbin as an example and proposed the traffic planning strategy the bidding cities should take, including Urban Outbound Traffic Planning, Urban Traffic Planning and Local Traffic Planning around the main Gym. It would help to instruct the construction of infrastructures of the cities in cold regions to be prepared for bidding the Winter Olympics.

For travelers with continuously distributed value of time (VOT) in a general transportation network, the user equilibrium (UE) model and system optimization (SO) model can be depicted either in time units or cost units. Under the condition of road pricing, the equivalent conditions between the UE flow pattern and the SO flow pattern are given. Furthermore, we adopt a bi-objective minimization model with fixed travel demand, and identify the Pareto optimal frontier. Because users with different VOTs are observationally indistinguishable and differential tolls on links are difficult to implement in reality, we investigate a pricing scheme with anonymous link tolls to decentralize a Pareto system optimum into user equilibrium.

As urbanization speeds up, highways increasingly take on the function of urban roads. However, if the road is not adapted to land function, the road gradation is irrational. The highway cannot meet traffic demands of non-motorized and pedestrian traffic. In view of this problem, this article introduces a new classification system for roads. The system brings together highways and urban roads in function, considers districts and counties as planning unit, and identifies road-construction patterns and the demand for road net planning based on high-density ("dense") and low-density ("sparse") areas.

There is a variety of passenger transport facilities to choose from when designing a passenger traffic distribution hub with large amount of transfers among various modes of transportation. To provide a "seamless" transfer experience for passengers, this paper proposes a minimum-distance design approach. This approach makes use of sorting graphic and simplified formula method, and chooses the design that minimizes the total transfer distance (defined as number of transfers times average transfer distance) and the total transfer distance of intensive transportation mode (defined as number of transfers of intensive modes times average transfer distance between intensive transport modes). A case study of Zhenjiang to Shanghai High Speed Rail Station demonstrates how sorting graphic and simplified formula method is applied to obtain the optimal layout design.

With rapid economic development and population growth in urban areas, cities are sprawling quickly. The development of satellite cities and new towns has become an important factor in the further growth of cities. In 2004 Beijing initiated a master plan revision and planned 11 new towns in the city's suburban area. Five years after the implementation of the urban Master plan, the process of urban and transport development has provided important references for other cities' new town constructions. Based on the comprehensive travel survey data obtained in 2005 and 2010, this paper studies new town citizens' travel behavior changes over the past five years. Trip rates, trip distribution, travel purpose and mode choice by purpose are presented in details. From the travel behavior changes, we find some challenges in the development of new towns. Firstly, the job-house imbalance results in more cross-district trips between central cities and new towns. Another challenge derives from a non-user-friendly built environment which caused a sharp drop in the usage of bicycle. Finally, recommendations are presented for new town development.

For the last two decades, the private car license plate auction in Shanghai has gradually developed into a major regulatory measure to control the amount of private vehicles. In this paper, we attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy and identify the challenges and problems faced by policymakers. By going through the historical development of this policy, we try to identify both the historical and the current objective of such a policy. We analyze the effectiveness of this policy from two perspectives. From the macroscopic perspective, the policy has been rather effective. According to our estimates, it reduces the annual growth of private car ownership by 30% since 2003. Our microscopic analysis of the auction market reveals that the government's attempt to suppress the plate price by continuously releasing more plates would only have short-term effect on price.

Resident travel survey is the fundamental basis of urban transportation planning, construction and management. With the expansion of city scale and urban development, urban space gradually evolved to a multi-center group development, showing different trends of the residents' trip characteristics. In this paper, an example of Lanzhou City is stated, which is based on the data from travel surveys of Lanzhou in 2009, to get the distribution characteristics of the residents trip with the ribbon group city, and then shows the residents trip characteristics changes of ribbon group city, with the changes of city scale and urban space layout, and represents a certain regularity. Corresponding conclusions in this paper can help for urban development strategies and the design of integrated transport planning and research, also provide a valuable reference to analysis of others city resident trip characteristics.

To learn whether floating parking charges are feasible, we survey traveler's acceptance of different levels of floating parking fees and the significance of fourteen factors that may influence their parking behavior using a Likert scale. SPSS and LISREL software are used to analyze the data collected. The results show that floating parking charges could greatly influence parkers' choice of parking lot and trip mode. We present a five-dimensional model of the fourteen factors that describes optimal floating parking charges.

To learn how to design HOV lanes in urban China, this paper surveys the traffic and road conditions of the typical urban arterial road. Seven combinations of lane functions were designed. VISSIM software was used to simulate average speed, delay, and transport capacity for the seven combinations. The results suggest that it would be most efficient to have one 3+HOV lane or one 3+HOV lane combined with one bus-only lane in a six-lane (including both directions) section of urban arterial road.

Taking all factors into consideration through the analysis of the structure of road network, this study first establishes a road network structure optimization problem based on a logit model with five types of road facilities based on their technical grading levels. This paper also provides the highway network structure analysis on Shandong province in China, and demonstrates the rationality of the road network and the applicability of the model in the province. Finally, this paper puts forward an improvement plan for road network construction in Shandong province.

To research the rationality of the highway network scale, this paper establishes a model to estimate the limits to highway network development. First, it provides analysis of highway network development and introduces a function of highway network development. After that, it establishes a model for highway network development limits and verifies the rationality of this determination method. Finally, it applies this method to highway network development in Shandong Province. The research demonstrates that the limit of the scale of highway network development 1.1 times more than that of the saturated development level. Based on that, the scale of highway network development limits value is calculated. Then we can efficiently define the rationality of the highway network scale.

Highway economic adaptation comprehensive evaluation is commonly used to characterize highway and economic development. The evaluation criteria provide the basis to find out the best strategy for highway development. This paper analyzes the current research situation, and proposes a highway construction and economic development adaptability evaluation model based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A case study on highway construction and economic development in Shandong province demonstrates how fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method can be applied in economic adaptation evaluation of highways. The paper also provides suggestions on what a perfect evaluation method should achieve.

This paper analyzes locations of high-speed railway hubs. The gravity model and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) are used together to determine the service scope of a high-speed railway hub. The hub's service area is divided into the core service area, the important service area, and the outlying service area. Based on the functional requirements of the access road system outside the high-speed railway hub area, three kinds of road network structures in the core service area are identified. The planning points of the access road systems in the important service area and outlying service area are summarized. In light of the functional requirements in the high-speed railway hub area, the layout of the access road is defined. The forms of traffic operation are investigated.

This paper analyses middle-school students. trip characteristics based on data from the 2009 Xiamen resident trip survey. Through statistical description of the differences in trip characteristics between residents and middle-school students, we find that middle-school students travel by bicycle more frequently, their trip distances are shorter, and their trips cluster heavily at a few points of the day (a .tidal phenomenon., where students. busiest trip hours account for 15.91 and 10.36 percentage points more of their total trips than residents). According to a chi.square test, trips made by bicycle are correlated with age (p<0.00001) and gender (p<0.05). Meanwhile, because of their simple trip purposes and short trip distances, walking and bicycling are the most common mode for students, constituting 70.92% of trips within the downtown area.

The difference and relation between mobility and accessibility and their urban transportation system effect were analyzed in this paper. The evaluation pointed out that both mobility and accessibility could improve the system efficiency in transportation planning, but the accessibility orientation could provide better sustainability. Evaluation models of mobility and accessibility were built based on the Dijkstra algorithm. By using a GIS analysis tool, the model was applied to an illustration in Xi'an for verification and instantiation. The conclusion showed that the evaluation model of mobility and accessibility can formulate the unban transportation system's performance briefly and accurately. It was also determined that in different levels of urban space transportation system planning should consider the differences between mobility and accessibility.

Considering the shortcomings of the traditional roadside interview survey, a novel regional O-D survey method is proposed using vehicle license plate recognition techniques. The ArcGIS platform is used to construct regional road networks, and the regional vehicle trajectory is estimated by matching the license plate with the detected sample data in a time series according to a license plate recognition approach. The parameters and unreasonable derived data are processed by pro nearest neighbor clustering and GA. Then the O-D matrix and database can be reached. A case example is carried out using the 2010 Zhejiang province regional road O-D survey database, and analysis of results shows this proposed method has better performance, such as a lower sampling expansion rate and easy application.

The need to preserve historical and cultural heritage adds more pressure to the already limited transportation resources in historic urban areas. The largely mixed motorized and non-motorized traffic not only poses safety concerns but also worsens congestion issues. Bicycle improvement is helpful to improve transportation in historical areas. An effective approach of separating bicycles from motorized traffic is proposed. Taking the old town of Zhenjiang as an example, a survey was conducted in 2008. According to the survey, the necessity and feasibility of separating bicycles from motorized traffic is analyzed. The survey focus includes five aspects: road infrastructure, traffic operations, motorization challenge, bicycle travel demand, the cyclists' acceptable detouring distance and public support. Finally, planning requirements and policies on the development of an independent bicycle network are discussed and proposed. These include concepts and organizational strategies of separating bicycles from motorized traffic, road infrastructure configuration and bicycle transportation technology policies.

Non-motorized modes such as cycling and walking were the main mode of Chinese residents. With the rapid development of China's economy and an increase in its motor vehicles, residents' trip modes may have changed. This paper uses trip survey data from Changsha to analyze the spatial distribution of non-motorized traffic; the distribution of trip purposes; and the ages, incomes, occupations, and car ownership of non-motorized transportation users. The results showed that walking and cycling are still the important means to travel for residents in medium-sized cities, which can aid planning and construction of non-motorized facilities.

During special events such as world expo, short-term travel demand leads to a shortage of parking. Parking/Riding (PR) travel mode is considered to be a good way to relieve congestion. How to optimize a parking price plan is a challenging work, as drivers have different reaction to pricing. In this paper, World Expo parking price optimization model is proposed based on bi-level programming model framework. Multi mode travel model for private mobile is analyzed. Logit-based utility model, which considering driving time, parking fees, bus fees, travel expenses and other major factors, describes the behavior of travelers' choosing parking and it is the lower model of bi-level programming. The upper level model established by considering system total travel time, parking fares and parking capacity constraints. The optimization model is applied in Shanghai World Expo parking planning research. The research indicates that optimal parking fare is able to balance parking demands for different parking lots.

The design of human-based traffic systems should consider resident characteristics, traffic facilities, management techniques, and other aspects. Due to limitations imposed by topography, the road network layout and resident travel characteristics of mountain cities are different from other cities. Based on the characteristics of mountain city traffic systems, this paper discusses key problems of human-based traffic system construction in mountain cities and clarifies how to solve them, such as road network, three-dimensional traffic, walking traffic, and high-efficiency public traffic. This paper looks at the construction of the New Yan'an Northside District human-based traffic system as a concrete example of external connections, three-dimensional traffic, walking systems, traffic management, and other aspects.

Shanghai is in the process of urban redevelopment. In order to reform old downtown and improve living conditions, poor houses are demolished and the government relocates the residents. Usually they are relocated in large-scale residential areas in the periphery of Shanghai. Jinhexincheng is one of them. Data was collected through a random sampling survey. The study is conducted with two main social groups: workers (representing commuters) and the elderly (representing non-commuters). Results show that a large proportion of workers commute across districts while the elderly often travel inside the district. Our logistic regression model is suggesting the most important factor that causes cross-district commuting is education. Mode choice and morning departure time are different between the workers and the aged. Compared to the world average commuting time (40 minutes), Jinhexincheng's commuting time is quite long. The results suggest that transportation planning must consider travel needs of different social groups.

Mountain city has a generally more dispersed urban layout, their type of urban form usually as group, consider the larger non-linear coefficient of the road network, the undulating terrain, the complex geological conditions, the more dead end road, as well as the uneven distribution of urban land use cause traffic distribution different general city. This paper studies the improved method based on the original gravity model in traffic distribution forecasting of mountain group city. From the traffic characteristics of the mountain group city, adding factors of mountain group city in the data analysis and forecasting model of traffic distribution forecasting, and researching the new methods for determining the social adjustment coefficient in gravity model of mountain group city, with the goal of improving traffic distribution forecasting accuracy of mountain group city.

The distance between expressway service areas, the size of expressway service areas, and the economic benefits of service areas are related to pause rate. Pause-rate estimation is a prerequisite of expressway service area planning and design. Based on an investigation of operational status of expressway service areas, the relationship between service-area pause rate and other traffic flow parameters are analyzed. A pause-rate forecast model is provided, which can be used for the construction and improvement of expressway service areas.

Evacuation plans are traditionally based on empirical knowledge and local experience. Many studies are underway to improve and optimize the process of evacuation planning and operations. Therefore, a commonly accepted model to for evacuation is necessary. During the process of an evacuation, we may neglect the fact of risk of exposure(e.g. airborne toxins and radiation). In order to solve the Evacuation planning problem, a evacuation objective formulation is established based on total evacuation time and evacuation distance optimization, and these two parts were combined with disaster risk function which considers time-dependent disaster risk. We use the model to calculate the evacuation routing assignment extension, experimental results show that evacuation plan with system optimal policy can achieve no blocking and minimum network clearance time; therefore it ensures greater safety in the evacuation process.

To improve the service level of the regional tourism transportation network, the characteristics of tourist travel behaviors are analyzed and the morphology of the regional tourism transportation network is presented, the service levels of three regional tourism transportation networks (aviation, railway, and highway) are evaluated using DEA method in Yunnan province. The results show that the characteristics of tourist travel behaviors and the morphology of the tourism transportation network are important indexes of regional tourism transportation network evaluation, and the lower service level of railway network will be enhanced by improving the node reliability, network density and network average speed. Furthermore, according to node distribution and morphology structure of network, the specific layout optimization countermeasures of the regional tourism transportation are proposed.

An effective comprehensive transportation plan is crucial to ensuring the social and economic growth of a region. This plan should be the consequence of the assessment of the current transportation systems. The current transportation plan cannot be used exactly in guiding transportation construction since the current evaluation indexes are isolated from the transportation planning. In order to provide the link between the plan and the evaluation tools, the proposal is to use the balanced scorecard which is proven to keep track of the execution of activities within control and monitor the consequences. In this paper, we built an evaluation index system of comprehensive transportation by using a balanced scorecard to keep track and monitor transportation construction and ensure the construction coincided with the transportation plan. We designed a new method to convert the transportation system strategies into a set of targets and developed evaluation indexes according to the targets.

With the fact that traditional aggregate traffic demand model is unable to meet the requirements of transportation planning, researchers have introduced the disaggregate model into the application on transportation choice behavior modeling. The most two frequently used survey methods providing data for model estimation are RP and SP survey, and each has its advantages as well as disadvantages. A complementation between them used by a joint survey method called SP-off-RP method has been proposed afterwards. An effort is made to improve the survey method of SP-off-RP method. The improved SP-off-RP method is applied to the data collection work supporting a transit mode choice model by conducting an interactive survey on a website. The data is then analyzed in the parameter estimation for the discrete choice model. The results show that this method requires fewer subjects in survey while acquiring more data to obtain a more accurate result.

Major transportation infrastructure includes large hub, transit line, bridge and tunnel in the city. This paper focused on the traffic function ex-post evaluation of these infrastructures and concluded that it would be possible and worthwhile to enhance existing approaches, and suggests a way forward. First of all, some contents and indexes of evaluation were proposed in term of government, operator and user respectively, based on the lessons from foreign cases. Some qualitatively and quantitatively combined methods were put forward as well. The results have reference meaning to traffic planning of similar project and provide the authorities with valuable evidence to inform future scheme development and decision-making.

Understanding the real-time traffic information concerning the best routes from commuters' location to their destination is a requirement in most citizens' daily lives. While the intersection in arterial road is the key part of the road network and providing time-dependent delay information for arterial intersections seems more desirable. Although efficient algorithmic based on Floating Car Data (FCD) exist, an accurate and reliable method to estimate OD matrix at the intersection is missing. A novel OD estimation method is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the complex connection of links and increasing the uncertain in data caused by low sampling rate GPS points. Experiments on observation analysis, schedule route analysis and comparing analysis indicate that the new method is both reasonable and practical.

In recent years, left-turn waiting areas were increasingly used to improve traffic efficiency at signalized intersections in China. This paper evaluated the operational impacts of left-turn waiting areas at dual left-turn lanes at signalized intersections. An analytical model was proposed to estimate the capacity of dual left-turn lanes with waiting areas. Based on the data collected at 12 sites in Nanjing, cross-sectional analysis were conducted to compare the start-up lost time and saturation headways of left-turn passenger cars under four scenarios. The results indicated that outside left-turn lanes provide slightly lower. For both the inside and outside left-turn lanes, the use of left-turn waiting areas did not significantly affect the saturation headways of left-turn passenger cars behind the stop bar. It was found that left-turn waiting areas increased capacity of dual left-turn lanes and the capacity gains would increase with the increase in the size of the left-turn waiting areas.

Economic zone is a large opening and complicated system. However, traditional study on the transportation development strategy cannot predict exactly the effect of the strategy. System Dynamics, as a laboratory of strategy and policy, can be used to check the application results of different strategies. This paper analyses the cause-and-effect relationships among economic level, transportation supply and transportation demand in economic zone. Based on the system flow graph and structural equations, the therein parameters and variables are determined. Then the system dynamics model of transportation in economic zone is built. Taking the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic zone as an example, the practicability and validity of the model are tested by simulation analysis. Finally, the scientificness and reliability of the transportation development strategy in economic zone are improved according to the different strategies tests by the system dynamics model.

In order to make a scientific prediction of highway resistance, traffic density k instead of traffic q of BPR function is applied to calculate the new road resistance function. Three forms of the road resistance function form are studied including the traffic state of smooth to the traffic state of congested. The improved road resistance function models are obtained under the smooth, crowded and jam conditions, and the highway parameters are respectively graded demarcated. The result shows the improved BPR function model is suitable for highway of level 4 or above. The parameter value of the BPR improved model which calibrated by the measured data in highway is superior; value recommended by the U.S. federal highway bureau is more conform to China's highway traffic operation.

This paper has proposed a multi-agent cellular automaton model to study traffic flow in a rectangle Manhattan-like urban system, in which street parking along the roadside is allowed. It is shown that the system exhibits three different states, i.e., the moving state in which the flow rate increases with the density almost linearly, the saturation state in which the flow rate only slightly changes with density, and the global deadlock state in which no vehicle can move. Influence of length-width ratio of the system as well as the advanced traffic information system (ATIS) has been investigated. It is found that the fluxes of the saturation state remarkably decrease when the system becomes longer and narrower; Moreover, ATIS always benefits the system. However, the benefit of ATIS is limited as the system becomes longer and narrower. In the parameter range considered in this paper, a square system with ATIS performs the best. It is expected that our work could be useful for urban planning.

More than 3000 taxis are used as the source to collect Floating Car Data (FCD). Ten samples with different sample sizes are taken at random from all the taxis. Average travel speeds of probe cars in an urban road network are calculated through these 10 samples. A nonparametric test is used to analyze the differences among the results calculated through the samples. Conclusion shows that average travel speed in a road network calculated by FCD under different samples is relatively stable. There are no significant differences among each sample.

Based on summing-up the time-setting models about multi-phase setting of signal intersection, by using optimization theory, this paper has set up signal setting optimization models which based on vehicle average delay minimum. Each phase remains time equal and each phase remains time balance. By using a real intersection's geometry and traffic flow data, the paper has set up phase time with the above models, studied the results and evaluated these models.

Container shipping is a major part of freight transportation in urban areas. Due to the different logistics modes, same port container throughput may lead to large differences in not only traffic volume within the city road network but the impact of urban transportation. This paper will classify the transportation mode from goods sourcing destinations to ports according to logistical processes. Truck trips produced by a twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) on urban road system of various modes are also analyzed. This is the way to calculate the total trips by using port container throughput data. In the end, Tianjin Port was used as an example having a variety of logistic modes. Quantitative analysis was used to determine the relationship between the port container throughput and the truck trips produced on the road, to verify the accuracy practicability of this method.

Key features of Beijing's urban expressways include a short distance between on-ramp and off-ramp, large traffic flow and high ratio of short-distance vehicles. An expressway control strategy should be based on these features. Accordingly, we selected three different sites on the Beijing Ring Road where the distance between on-ramp and off-ramp is about 300m. For each site we shot traffic videos on different dates and times including peak and non-peak hour sites. From the videos, we extracted traffic data, such as traffic flow, density and lane-changing behaviors. On the basis of these data, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of flow-density and lane-changing frequency. Finally, we compare the three sites and identify their common features. This will provide support for a future control strategy study on Beijing expressways.

Based on the survey data of three signalized intersections with exclusive triple left-turn lane and with outside trap lane in Beijing, traffic flow characteristics of left-turns are studied by using statistical methods. It shows that the discharge headway and saturation flow rate of exclusive triple left-turn lane with outside trap lane divides into two stages when the discharge time of vehicles in the left-turn bay is less than the left-turn green time. This problem is uncharted in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). This research analyzes the effects of relationship between the length of left-turn bay and green time on the left-turn capacity. A theoretic model for left-turn capacity is developed by considering this characteristic. The developed capacity model will be validated on the basis of VISSIM simulations of a real-world signalized intersection. And the results demonstrate that the proposed capacity models well estimate the left-turn capacity at signalized intersections in the case, which the length of left-turn bay and green time is not well optimized and well reflect the capacity loss due to the transitional area bottleneck.

Freeway toll station plays an important role in Chinese expressway system, and the construction and application of ETC lane has become more and more widely. Since the flow of ETC lane traffic is uninterrupted, and it has little change in speed; the existing queuing theory is no longer fit the study of ETC lane traffic capacity. Meanwhile, uninterrupted traffic flow theory cannot describe ETC lane traffic characteristics. By field observations of traffic flow characteristics of each vehicle type in ETC lane, unusual vehicles that often emerging at the present stage is classified as one type. This paper adopts service time to determine its passenger car equivalent (PCE), and to establish ETC lane traffic capacity calculation under the influence of unusual vehicles by using the MGK vehicle queuing model. The result of this approach can provide basis of ETC lane planning, design and operational management.

This paper aims at modeling Cumulative Prospect Value (CPV)-based static network equilibrium by incorporating the cumulative prospect theory to evaluate the commuters' risk perception on arrival time. In a network with travel time uncertainty, arrival time is vital in determining the travelers' route choice behavior. With this consideration, in this study, we formulate an arrival time perceived value to score the possible impact of arrival time on the perceived values for different routes. The evaluation for a given route depends on the travelers' cumulative perceived value, which is assume as a synthetic outcome in terms of the total travel gain, mean travel cost and the arrival time perceived value. We then formulate a generalized CPV-based equilibrium condition similar to that for user equilibrium. Conditions for existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium formulation were examined. Finally, a numerical example with normal travel time distribution is conducted.

Based on video processing technology, this paper proposes a spatial-temporal Markov random field method. This method can track the position changes of vehicles queue tail and head at intersections in real time, which accurately describes the formation and dissipation of the queue. When the tracking algorithm is used, first we decided on an allocation of an initial label. Then through the spatial-temporal Markov random field, we refined and optimized the label's allocation. In the refining process, the algorithm should consider the piece's relation between time and space, and the Markov model can be used, and then a label can be assigned to a piece. Experimental results show the accuracy rate is more than 92% by real-time tracking of tail and head positions under varying weather conditions and levels of illumination.

Multi-phase controlling can separate the traffic flow that pass through the plane intersection with time, eliminate or reduce the transportation conflict of intersection. The increase in the number of phase makes the signal cycle and loss time longer. It also increases the traffic delays in the plane intersection and aggravates the congestion during the rush hours. By set the changeable car-ways, increasing the utilization of the car-ways of intersection, the above-mentioned contradiction can be solved. For this purpose, besides adding the moving backward stop line of the changeable car-ways of the intersections, the setting and control methods of the traffic lights at the intersection must be improved and adjusted accordingly. At the same time, in reality, according to the geometric properties and the actual traffic flow of the plane intersection, more than one changeable car-way can be set to achieve the maximum utilization rate of car-ways in plane intersection.

Urban expressway in Beijing, Shanghai and other metropolises in China are facing serious traffic congestion during peak hours, especially in the exit ramp which connects the saturated main line section of expressway with the major intersection of ground road network. This research paper is obtaining a better understanding of traffic flow characteristics in the exit ramp weaving area between expressway and ground road. Based on the large-scale of measured data, the vehicle arriving frequency, speed distribution in exit ramp and the variability of turn ration in downstream intersection were achieved, so as to establish the optimal management model for the weaving area. From statistical result, it can be found that the traffic flow characteristics of exit ramp are closely related to the space-time factors. By using microscopic traffic simulation tool, the running characteristics and capacity of exit ramp weaving area under different traffic controlling methods were analyzed in this paper.

Traffic flow state identification is an important foundation for intelligent traffic management and traveler information service systems. By analyzing traffic flow data of expressways and arterial roads in Beijing through following models, such as single quadratic parabola model, segmented traffic flow model and so on, this paper studied the thresholds to identify the traffic state of expressways and arterial roads in Beijing. The results show that it is feasible to use travel speeds for identifying the traffic flow state.

The function of traffic impedance has been one of the key topics in traffic distribution and safety studies. There are two parts included in urban arterial road traffic impedance. One is on road sections, while the other is on intersections. Traditionally, road sections and intersections were considered as independent road facilities in the analysis of traffic impedance. However, the method is not useful for impedance analysis of the whole road network and has negative effects on the accuracy of traffic distribution. The paper summarizes the factors affecting the traffic impedance on urban arterial roads and signalized intersections. Based on the analysis of the data of urban road sections and intersections, a comprehensive model on urban traffic impedance is proposed using a linear regression method. Finally, the specific model is determined on the basis of data collection.

This paper, combining with the on-ramp metering principle and goals, theoretically analyzed the importance of effective on-ramp metering as to improve the efficiency and service level of the freeway system. Then three control processes of timing control, merging control and no control are expounded in detail. By using VISSIM simulation tool, the curve figures of the relationship among different traffic parameters are given for the entrance ramp that does not have enough queuing space. The paper also compared the advantages of the three control strategies. Finally, regarding of the limited ramp capacity, some other supplementary measures to alleviate the congestion are put forward.

The goal of this study is to research on pedestrians of mid-block crosswalks controlled by push-button signal. According to the psychological analysis of the crossing pedestrians under the push-button signal, it was found that crossing psychology of pedestrians under this mode is different from the fixed-time and no signal mode. Data were collected from one typical mid-block crosswalk controlled by push-button signal. Analysis on the data showed that the demand of pedestrians when crossing the street from time and space is different. The statistics theory was used to get the arrival law of pedestrian. It demonstrated that the arrival law obeyed the negative binomial distribution. Based on the survey, we knew that pedestrian speed varied with the different time of pedestrian green lights. After analysis on the signal timing of the investigated crosswalk, we knew that the timing had great impacts on pedestrians' behavior.

In order to save footprints of elevated road and ramp and improve the overall traffic elevated road feature, a design steel viaduct of looping bi-directional traffic is proposed. The lane next to the side is set to ramp up and down; in order to reduce the interference of double-enter and surface transportation, a dual entrance is proposed to import and export of even and odd numbers distinguish, increase the distance of the entrance to balance traffic load, reducing the 50% blocking probability and ramp construction. Another scenario is that upper and lower layer design loop of one-way traffic, balance the city's traffic load, the combination of multiple loops for one-way traffic dual relationship; perfect double connection traffic and intersections, constitute a complete transportation network. Cities can set the cycle double traffic trunk road network. Steel viaduct for environmentally friendly buildings, can migrate more suitable for future development of old town.

This paper provides empirical observations and measurements on highway traffic breakdown using discrete wavelet transform for revealing some important features related to breakdown activation and recovery process during transitions from free-flow traffic to congested states. The method effectively distinguishes useful breakdown information from nonlinear and nonstationary speed time series. Comparatively, the analysis of loop detector data from two highways (I80-W in Berkeley, CA, U.S. and G6-S in Beijing, China) shows that the wavelet-based energy approach enables effective identification of traffic breakdown occurrence time, recovery time, state transition time, and congested speed. Observations show that I80-W performs longer transition time and recovery time in traffic breakdown than G6-S, from which it is inferred that traffic breakdown occurs and recovers more abruptly on G6-S. The empirical study has important implications for understanding the breakdown process and statistical characteristics of traffic state transitions.

The study on the traffic impact of highway accident plays an important role in highway incident management. The paper aims to analyze the accumulation and dissipation process of an accident upstream on a two-lane highway by applying the shockwave theory. According to the number of impacted lanes, the clear-up time, and the upstream traffic flow, a mathematical model named highway traffic accident impact model (HTAIM) is established. Comparing numerical models analysis with professional microscopic traffic simulation software under the same traffic conditions, the deviation turns out to be smaller than other previous models. The results show that the model is proper and efficient for analyzing the impact of traffic accidents on upstream flow.

At present, traffic jams and the atmospheric environment have become worse and worse in Jinan City. In this paper, we adopt traffic simulation method and try to find out an effective solution for these problems by optimizing the signal timing schemes. The road section near the east gate of Baotu Spring was taken as an example, and a series of field measurements were conducted on this section to obtain some parameters as the input for TSIS software. The parameters, such as average traveling speed, the vehicle emissions, the average fuel consumption and the traffic delay, were taken as the optimal objects. Some reasonable timing schemes were recommended for signal controlling. On the basis of TSIS, we quantitatively analyze the improvement of the above parameters. The optimal scheme can increase the average speed of vehicles in the road section by 24%, decrease the average control delay by 25%, reduce the overall fuel consumption by 17%, and CO emission by 7%, and the simulation result is then validated.

The stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) traffic assignment model integrates the concepts of random assignment and Wardrop equilibrium, and it makes the assignment results more reasonable. The conventional Logit-based SUE model is explicitly built upon path flow variables, which encumbers its large-scale applications and further theoretical analyses. In this paper, a link-based SUE traffic assignment model with link capacity constraints is developed by using the network equilibrium modeling approach. The solution equivalence and uniqueness of the proposed model are rigorously proved. An efficient solution algorithm is also proposed to obtain the equilibrium solution. Numerical results indicate that the proposed link-based SUE model can reflect the real route choice behavior of travelers more reasonable and also facilitate the algorithmic development and further theoretical analyses.

The main road of Wuhan - Wuluo Road - is the research object, and the paper studies its traffic operations. Based on an infrastructure and traffic volume survey of the main intersections of Wuluo Road, we analyze the road's traffic organization. Using the theory of traffic organization optimization, the paper starts with the perspectives of traffic channelization, traffic phase, traffic signal and collaborative optimization. The authors propose the traffic organization optimizing program for Wuluo Road's main intersections, including hardware (road infrastructure) and software (traffic control), such as traffic channelization design, traffic signal control design and grade-separated junction design at the intersections. With the collaborative control of all intersections, optimization of the whole road can be achieved.

In order to promote business in commercial districts and create a safer and more secure and friendly environment for the pedestrians in downtown, Hangzhou Government has proposed that Yan'an Road and Huansha Road be reconverted to two-way traffic in central business districts (CBD). Prior to the reconversion it is necessary to estimate traffic impacts for different flow configuration scenarios. This can provide a basis for the design and plan of traffic organization. This paper presents an approach based on VISSIM to estimate the traffic impacts of different flow configuration scenarios. The existing configuration scenario was simulated using the Static Decision of routes with network entry volume, traffic composition and turning percentage at intersections. The future configuration scenarios were simulated using the Dynamic Assignment of Routes with network entry volume, traffic composition and origin-destination (OD) matrices. The proposed approach was used to estimate traffic impacts of Yan'an Road and Huansha Road converted to two-way traffic. Results indicated that speed reduced and intersection delays and stops increased in the two-way configurations. The findings suggest that the two-way configuration scenario could be desirable with careful design and planning.

In China, many freeways were upgraded from ordinary roads, and these upgraded freeways have some unique safety characteristics. Limited by terrain, geology, hydrology and other conditions, it's difficult to improve the alignment for upgraded freeways and all the freeway design elements. First, the paper analyzes the relationship between alignment elements and safety, and chooses the key horizontal and vertical influencing elements. Then, the paper builds the upgraded freeway safety evaluation model with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based Fuzzy Mathematics. Finally, the paper applies the evaluation model to Yan(Yan Tai)—Wei(Wei Hai) freeway to analyze its safety.

With the features of large capacity, faster speeds, and convenience, urban rail transit becomes the first choice for large cities to solve traffic congestion. Under network operations and "a ticket transfer" of urban rail transit, passengers can choose different paths between two stations; although, due to passenger flow crowding, and different train plans in lines, travel time of paths between the same OD changes greatly over time. Therefore, calculating the theoretical travel time of paths between each OD reasonably and accurately has important practical significance, which is useful to guide passenger flow, optimize train operation plans, and improve the level of management. In this paper, the actual travel time of passengers was statistically analyzed using historical passenger data of a single path with no transfers along with the corresponding train plans, and the boarding regularity of passengers at each station. This method is expected calculate travel time of each path at given time according to train timetables. Finally, an example is given using data from Beijing's Subway system.

A cellular automaton (CA) model is widely used in traffic flow modeling for its simplicity, but a single-lane one cannot model the realistic traffic. The STCA model is a classical two-lane CA model and has studied the mixed traffic including fast cars and slow ones. However, it leaves much to be desired. To improve this model, the H-STCA model considers the honk effect and the A-STCA model takes aggressive lane-changing behaviors into account. In this paper, we propose a new symmetric two-lane CA model considering the turn signal effect (T-STCA) and present the results of a detailed simulation comparing the four models. It is shown that the new T-STCA model can illustrate the lane-changing or overtaking process in several consecutive time steps. Instead, the three models only portray the process in one time step. Moreover, the "plugs" dissolve quickly as the following sequence: T-STCA >H-STCA >A-STCA >STCA.

In the last 10 years, coherent flow remains a hot topic because of its importance and controversial nature. Many explanations have been proposed to account for the existence of coherent flow. One of the explanations states that coherent states can be caused by competitive interactions between lorries and cars. In this paper, we carried out simulations to check the relation between lorries and coherent flows in two popular pieces of traffic simulation software, VISSIM and TransModeler. The simulation results show that the coherent flows engendered by different software have some differences.

Pedestrians' motion is principally driven by self-organized processes, which based on local interactions among pedestrians. Up to 70% of people walk in groups, including friends, families. In addition to in-group interplay, the environmental constraints also significantly affect pedestrians' patterns. In this study, the merchandise street is newly considered in the conventional social force model; where communicative crowd motion occurs under the impact of stores. The members consequently form a trade-off between communicating with other team members and browsing stores on street side. The empirical walking patterns are observed in the model. The 2-member walking line will not be perpendicular to the street when the member closer to store dangling after. In 3-member or 4-member group, if the strength of internal communication is low, the small-scale separately moving clusters emerge. Our results suggest that the collective behavior restricting by environment becomes more interesting but follows the simple kinetic rules.

The method of successive averages (MSA) is the most widely used algorithm for solving the stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) problem. It avoids the step size optimization subproblem by using a predetermined step size sequence. However, as is known, its convergence in the latter iterations is quite slow. In this study, we develop an adaptive adjusting scheme to enhance the computational efficiency of the MSA. The features of the proposed scheme are twofold: (1) The step size is adjusted according to the current and previous iterative solutions. Thus, the iterative information is more fully used to determine the step size. In contrast, the step sizes in the MSA are independent of the iterative information. In addition, the step size sequences from the proposed adaptive adjusting scheme satisfy the Blum theorem, which guarantees its convergence. (2) Similar the MSA, the objective function is not used in this scheme, making it useful for solving other more advanced forms of traffic assignment problems (e.g., variational inequality, fixed point problem). Finally, numerical examples on several large-size realistic networks are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

A speed profile, which is defined as the speed spatial distribution along a roadway facility, is a very important factor for assessing the geometric design, operations, and safety of a roadway facility. Because of the complicated lane change and deceleration maneuvers within freeway exit sections, the speed profile along a freeway exit ramp is a typical nonlinear function of ramp configuration, geometric design, traffic volume, and other factors. This study developed speed profile models for freeway exit ramps using Support Vector Regression (SVR), a novel statistical learning algorithm based on the structural risk minimization theory. Two SVR models, ε-SVR and ν-SVR, were developed and tested in this study. Compared to traditional regression models, the SVR models can improve the prediction accuracy in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) for predicting the speed profile along a freeway exit ramp.

Based on the analysis method of bus arrival time distribution from the departure station to the bus stop under the impact of an intersection signal, the expected capacity of road traffic near two different types of bus stops, including the curbside stop and the harbor bus stop, is obtained separately by using the proposed method. Also, a variety of factors that impact the actual road traffic capacity near bus stops are analyzed. The results show that the actual capacity of the road segment near the bus stop fluctuates with time, regularly in a cycle style, and the main factors include the departure frequency of the bus, variance of road travel time, the bus's dwelling time at the bus stop and the type of bus stop, all of which affect actual road traffic capacity near the bus stop. The road capacity near the bus stop can be released effectively by some measures, such as adjusting the departure interval times between buses at the terminal, and reforming the type of bus stop, etc.

Multi-resolution traffic flow schemes, coupling microscopic (vehicle based), mesoscopic (cell based) and macroscopic (flow based) representations of traffic flow may be a useful tool to better understand and utilize the relationships between the various types of representation. The paper introduces some Multi-Resolution Modeling (MRM) approaches, the Wiedemann model and the VISSIM system. In addition, a mathematical model of meso-dynamic simulation of traffic flow is derived and then solved by using the numerical method of explicit upwind scheme. This paper designs the framework of Traffic Multi-Resolution Simulation System (TMRSS) using MRM theory and develops an integrated architecture among different simulation models. Next, the paper implements the hybrid scheme of both models using C++. Finally, simulation results show that the hybrid scheme can keep the results consistent between the meso-model and the Wiedemann model. It proves that the architecture and the mixed model are available in TMRSS.

Urban interchanges contain both saturated traffic flow and unsaturated traffic flow. Their traffic characteristics are significantly different from signalized intersections and unsignalized intersections. On the foundation of iterative observation and research of traffic flow characteristics of a Beijing cloverleaf interchange, this paper puts forward a study on urban cloverleaf interchanges. Traffic flow at urban interchanges is unique; combining actual data and calibration, researchers used the VISSIM simulation model to calculate the capacity of the Anhua Bridge. The capacity of the whole interchange is analyzed by simulation experiments, and the relationship between the whole interchange capacity and the turning vehicle proportions is put forward; with the increase of turning vehicle proportions, the whole traffic capacity of the interchange decreases constantly. The conclusion can be used for decision-making on planning, design, and management.

In this paper, a new dynamic macroscopic model different from the Payne model is considered to solve the freeway control problem by means of simulations. Firstly, both ramp metering and variable speed limits are taken into account to aim at minimizing the total time spent. Secondly, to show the diverse suppressing results for shock wave by using VSL measures, three typical situations are taken into account. And then figures are put out to provide the result that in various traffic situations, the impacts of VSL may show large differences.

There are two main urban transport analysis methods: the micro analysis and the macro analysis. Macro analysis primarily discusses the system composition from the perspective of system long terms and overall optimization, which mainly provides scientific planning for decision-makers. However, the micro analysis mainly analyzes the three parameters such as flow, speed, and density of traffic flow. Urban transport is a complex technical engineering system with strong sociality. Therefore, the two methods should be closely linked and mutually restrained. This paper makes an effort on this linkage. Firstly, speed is selected as the connecting parameter of micro-macro level planning. Then, the paper introduces the detailed steps of parameter calibration between travel time and traffic demand increments based on VISUM. It also illustrates this concept with a real integrated traffic and transportation planning program of Madrid, Spain. Finally, feasibility and practicality of this idea and can be drawn from the results.

Based on the KKW (Kerner-Klenov-Wolf) cellular automata model, average energy dissipation (ED) of mixed traffic flow is investigated by considering two factors: mixed ratio and initial traffic condition. Vehicles are classified into two types, car and heavy goods vehicle (HGV), and the mixed ratio is the percentage of HGV. The results of numerical simulations with periodic boundary conditions show that the ED will increase as the mixed ratio increases. However, the KKW model, a model in the framework of three-phase traffic theory which differs significantly from the NaSch-type models, can reproduce various traffic states and phase transitions observed in real traffic. As a result, some complex changes of the ED such as data mutation and two-dimension (2D) distribution will start with the occurrences of these traffic states and phase transitions. Moreover, different initial traffic conditions will lead to different trends of the ED due to the introduction of the slow-to-start rule in the KKW model.

Solving the problems of intersections is the crux of urban traffic. Installing traffic control signal reasonably can improve traffic capacity, reducing traffic conflicts. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices stipulates the warrants of various signal, which are widely cited by other countries. Our country basically adopt American standard. However, the difference of traffic condition between china and America causes this warrant is limited greatly in concrete application, hence, this paper proceeds further study on traffic signal warrant according to our national condition. Aiming at unsignalized intersections with equal right-of-way which is widely used in China, the paper discusses a new traffic signal warrant for unsignalized intersections with equal right-of-way by analyzing the relationship of vehicle volume and delay. The new traffic signal warrant proposed by the paper enriches the traffic planning theory, not only the theoretical significance, but also the practical value in engineering.

The reasonable route set is defined as a set of all paths which drivers may be selected from in a specific OD pair. This is a necessary link in traffic assignments and it is also an important determining factor for traffic management and control. So there is interest in algorithms that can deliver multi-paths that may be reasonable. In this paper, an efficient Astar-based algorithm is designed to elect such route set. Compared with conventional Dijkstra-based one, it runs faster and gets suboptimal results in the early stage of calculation. A numerical example demonstrates the operation of the algorithm.

Studies have shown that the indicator "time to collision" (abbreviated as TTC) can be used to judge whether a following car is safe for drivers. By collecting data relating to behavioral driving characteristics under real road traffic conditions, we found that the distributions of TTC for different kinds of drivers are quite different: novice drivers accounted for a smaller proportion of TTC values during a smaller time range than experienced drivers did. Combined with the slow-to-start rule and safe stopping time, an improved NaSch cellular automata model of traffic flow emphasizing safe driving behavior is presented, by considering the distributions of TTC. The results of the numerical simulation show that the improved model can reproduce metastability, hysteresis and phase-separation phenomena observed in real traffic. Furthermore, the probability of sudden deceleration is reduced significantly and vehicles are evenly distributed on the road compared with the NaSch model.

This study analyzed the necessity of truck management on freeways during the holidays. It focused specifically on the mechanical properties of large trucks, the majority of which are currently overloaded, and drivers' non-standard driving behavior and fatigue while driving. In China, trucks have become one of the most important factors hindering freeway operation efficiency and safety. This is obvious through vehicles queuing in the upgrade, congestion in toll stations and service areas, and increased traffic incidents. Based on several field investigations of freeways in Guangdong province during the holidays as well as statistical analysis and traffic simulation, truck management strategies for freeways are proposed according to the traffic demand management theory. Vehicle travel time and delay comparisons of different truck diversion strategies are analyzed. These strategies are proven to be beneficial in improving the service level of freeways and of the operating efficiency of the entire highway network.

Based on the field investigation and data analysis, this study identifies the general traffic problems in the old downtown areas that the county cities are facing. These issues include the concentrated traffic demand and the unreasonable regional traffic organization, as well as the inadequate traffic facilities or parking lots, and the disorder of traffic system. Focusing on the actual problems of Chengde, a county city in north China, the paper proposes feasible methods and plans of engineering optimization design for the downtown area traffic. This design is optimal when the road space and traffic facilities are limited. It implements three of the following strategies including the regional traffic organization optimization, modification of key intersections and reconstruction of major road segments. Finally, the study establishes an optimization design methodology and provides possible countermeasures to upgrade the transport systems of old downtown area of county cities.

Traditionally, a signalized intersection capacity can't be discussed without putting signal timing into consideration. In general, signal timing includes determination of cycle length, number of phases, green interval, yellow time and all red. A result capacity varies with changing of parameters in signal timing. This is the traditional way of estimating capacity, named timing-based capacity calculation approach. However, at the planning stage, if planners or decision makers want to find out the future conditions of the network they have planned, they need to evaluate the performance in terms of v/c ratio because of undetermined capacity of intersection. A new concept of so-called "equilibrium-right-of-way based capacity" is introduced in this paper to overcome this difficulty. This capacity is purely based on the geometrics of an intersection (number of lane and lane allocation) rather than the signalization. The purpose for introducing this concept is to assume capacity of an intersection to be a sole value when the geometrics of the intersection are set. Uniqueness of capacity for interrupted flow facility should be the key of capacity studies. With this concept, capacity formula based upon the equilibrium-right-of-way is developed to estimate the capacity of signalized intersections. The result from this study is great significance for the development of capacity analysis, particularly for the interrupted flow facilities.

With the rapid development of the aviation industry and the continual increase of air traffic flow in China, air traffic controllers are facing tremendous pressure to maintain a safe, orderly and rapid flow of air traffic. Study in ATC sector capacity assessment is an important research field in air traffic management. Airspace management and air traffic service units should carry out airspace capacity assessment in a scientific way, and make efforts to meet air traffic demands during normal and peak hours. This paper studies en route sector capacity assessment under procedure control, and it attempts to establish an en route control sector capacity assessment model based on a mathematical modeling method. It tries to calculate the theoretical capacity of an en route control sector according to the flight level crossing ratio. Air traffic control is closely related to the safety and expedition of aircraft operation. In air traffic management, airspace is divided into air traffic control sectors. Air traffic controllers are crucial for the safe operation of aircraft in certain airspace. The number of aircraft is rapidly increasing in China; therefore, determining airspace capacity is essential to reducing increasing airspace pressure and ensuring flight safety. In this paper, we develop an en route sector capacity assessment model. When calculating en route capacity, the authors take two cases into consideration: capacity with and without flight level crossing. Taking route sector structure into consideration, the authors study the correlation between selected routes and their respective share of traffic flow to get an estimated en route sector capacity value.

Roundabouts have been used successfully throughout the world and are being used increasingly in China in recent years. The primary objective of this study is to identify if the current Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) capacity estimation method can be used to estimate capacity of modern roundabouts in China. To achieve this objective, data was collected from one modern roundabout in Nanjing area in China. Based on the field measured data, we estimated the critical headway and follow-up headway using the Siegloch method. With the estimated critical headway and follow-up headway, the HCM model was used to estimate capacity of the selected roundabout. A linear regression model was also developed based on the field data. The models were tested against the capacity measured in the field. Capacity estimation results of the HCM model and the linear regression model were compared. Model validation results showed that the calibrated HCM model yielded a MAPE of 15.7% while the regression model yielded a MAPE of 11.6%. The results suggest that the HCM model provides reasonable capacity estimates for roundabouts in China after crucial parameters are calibrated.

The turning movement proportions (TMP) of urban road intersections play an important role in traffic planning, signalized intersection traffic control, and O-D estimation. This study analyzes a great deal of turning movement real data and adopts a MATLAB linear programming (NP) based approach with assort and range constraint equations to estimate the turning movement of intersections. Application of the NP based approach through a case study in Shanghai shows estimation results are in good agreement with field collected data. As a comparison, the NP model shows higher consistency with real data than Maximum Entropy Model or Furness Model.

Based on the kinesiology principle of the relationship between distance, speed, time and accelerated velocity or drag acceleration, the analysis of possible safety problems of car-following driving and human physiological uncomfortable for urgent starting or braking, this paper builds the model of comfortable car speed and car-following distance on urban flat & straight road and simulates car speed of different driving patterns.

During the construction of urban intelligent transportation application systems, problems about information sharing and function collaboration are widespread. This paper details the architecture of intelligent transportation application systems in Nanjing, and analyzes its role in promoting the integration of the city's intelligent transportation infrastructure. Both the construction mode of this architecture and the solution for the problems that may exist in the architecture is also discussed.

High unemployment, languid economic growth and growing urbanization make transport's role in driving growth more important than ever. Problems relating to congestion, the environment and safety, as well as opportunities presented by growing data and smarter consumers, must be addressed to help support job creation and growth. The intelligent transportation systems (ITS) industry is helping build transport systems that address these issues. Based on historic data from the economy and transportation, this paper studies the qualitative analysis for the interaction system which is composed of regional societal economy, traffic, and transportation. Firstly, the correlations among every index are analyzed by the increasing rate curves. Secondly, the evidence outlined in this paper clearly demonstrates the numerous benefits smarter and more intelligent transportation systems can offer. In the end, we give some advice to the government, cities, and the ITS industry, so as to sustain and enhance the benefits from ITS.

Traffic parameters are the basis of traffic flow research. Video-based traffic parameter extraction, which can provide large amounts of information at a relatively lower cost, has attracted great interest in recent years. In this paper, we propose an improved vehicle tracking algorithm to automatically extract traffic parameters over a long-distance urban freeway section from a monocular traffic image sequence. The algorithm can overcome the limitation of occlusions and omissions. It includes background estimation, target segment, vehicle tracking and parameter collection. Test results show the robustness and effectiveness of the algorithm: over 95% of the vehicles can be extracted from the video accurately.

Traffic signals with count-down display unit at signalized intersections have been widely used, reflecting a human oriented principle. However, the inconsistency between traffic efficiency and safety should be taken into account. The paper summarizes the types and characteristics of count-down signal lights, analyzed pedestrian's choice behavior by field observations, videos and questionnaires. At last, it concludes with pedestrians' preferences and demands regarding count-down signal lights. We hope it will give support for a better use of count-down signals at signalized intersection.

The behavior control of a driver's route choice aims at the balance of traffic volume of a road network. Intervention with information during the route choice behavior process can reduce the freedom of route choice and lead to special behavior results. Based on the present situation, this article analyzes the generating way of centralized route guidance under the conditions of the internet of things. It discusses the track results for the simple and complex route when the vehicle follows centralized guidance, with the conclusion that centralized route guidance has closed-loop verifiable advantages over simulation and comparison methods. The technology of internet of things collects vehicles' operation dates dynamically, provides the foundation for centralized guidance, and makes traffic behavior control possible.

Data from a License Plate Recognition (LPR) system provides us essential operating information of traveling vehicles. This paper attempts to address the urban commuting pattern through data obtained from a license plate recognition system in Beijing. The spatial and temporal distribution of commuting trips and variation characteristics will be analyzed according to data processing. We hope that it will give a support to the study of commuting behaviors and the applications of data from LPR.

A gray clustering analysis based on traffic state assessment model is proposed in this paper, in which the traffic states are divided into four gray types: free, slight congestion, congestion and serious congestion. According to the methodology proposed in this paper, the whitening function of three traffic parameters, including volume, speed and occupancy corresponding to each gray type, is used to calculate membership of each parameter and then synthesize the clustering coefficient of each gray cluster. Finally, the best classification results are further computed. Special cases are used to check the methodology by collecting traffic data of Beijing. The case study shows that it is effective to identify the traffic state by gray clustering analysis, which can be objectively verified by the gray coefficient entropy in the model. As a result, the subjectivity of manual discrimination and influence of sample noise are reduced. The methodology provides basic information for traffic management decision making.

In the emergency evacuation condition of an urban road network, desmic traffic congestion phenomenon may appear in grouped intersections. Aimed at achieving reasonable distribution and orderly operation of evacuation flow, this paper came up with an active traffic control method of congestion prevention in response to oversaturated intersections' traffic tide. First, we predict oversaturated intersections' traffic tide based on traffic flow which is calculated using the user equilibrium dynamic traffic assignment model (UE-DTA). Second, based on traffic flow calculated from system optimal dynamic traffic assignment model (SO-DTA), we find critical congestion routes that may cause desmic traffic congestion of grouped intersections, and select the recommended bypass routes which can be used to receive partial traffic flow from critical congestion routes. Third, we take the minimal gap between expected network traffic and system optimal traffic as an objective to calculate the optimal pre-diversion volumes from critical congestion routes to recommended bypass routes in the short term. Developing trend of oversaturated intersection group can be reserved via the active diversion of congestion routes' flow in advance.

The paper validates an improved adaptive Kalman filter model (AKFM) for short-term traffic flow prediction on intersections in Shanghai, China. In this field, much research has been conducted in developed countries. However, less work has been done in China, a typical developing country, particularly dealing with the realtime prediction method with mixed traffic flow characteristics. This paper studies the adaptive mechanism method of time-window and the state transition parameters for improved model in detail, and carries out the characteristic and predictability analysis of the traffic flow volume using the detector data of an intersection in Shanghai, China. In addition, this paper has implemented the improved adaptive model in C++ and simulation results show it is effective, stable and self-adaptive. The findings of this study provide some useful insights into the short-term traffic flow prediction in urban intersections or other similar intersections in China.

Fast-moving vehicles and complex road environments impose some new requirements on wireless access systems in vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication systems. Fast moving vehicles should establish connections with roadside equipment in a very short time for safety applications as well as non-safety communication and multi-media services. IEEE 802.11p, improved from IEEE 802.11 standard for solving wireless communication problems between vehicles and roadside equipment, serves as a promising wireless access protocol dedicatedly used in vehicular environment. In this paper, an overview of IEEE 802.11p has been made and its access strategy has been studied from the media access control (MAC) layer to the physical (PHY) layer in detail.

Pseudolite aided all parameters weighted least squares (PAAPWLS) data fusion method is proposed to improve multi-aircraft inertial positioning accuracy. The data fusion system was mainly composed of the inter-flight data link, inertial navigation system (INS) and one pseudolite. The data link performed two functions: real-time communication and mutual ranging between aircrafts. INS provided position data. The pseudolite receiver outputted distances between aircrafts and the pseudolite. The PAAPWLS algorithm was applied to data fusion in order to estimate the multi-aircraft inertial position errors when the aircrafts fly across the pseudolite. Simulation results show that the method works effectively and the position error can be improved to less than 40m (1σ) with the help of the method.

Traffic control signals with count-down display units have been widely used in cities. Using count-down traffic control signals can make the traffic participants follow the changes of traffic situations and adjust their driving behavior to the changes in real time. Researching the applicability of count-down signals has a very important significance. In this paper, based on the field survey data, a comparative analysis of start-up lost time and the conflict phenomenon of drivers at the end of green signals has been made under both count-down and non-count-down signal control. Furthermore, a systematic summary about the advantages and disadvantages of count-down signals will be given. The conclusion indicates that the start-up lost time of count-down signals is smaller, and the conflict types are fewer while the consequence of this is more serious.

By analyzing evaluation indicators of the sections service level and the intersection service level, and using traffic flow theory to convert the different evaluation indicators, this research gave a unified service level indicator, referred to domestic and international experience, and presented a division way of the road network service level. According to the concept of time-space consumption, this research also created a road network capacity model under the constraint of service level. In addition, this research gave a numerical example to test the road network relational model of road network service level and capacity.

This paper studies the road toll policy, and builds a road data model toll management. Road interchanges and road sections are abstracted into nodes and route segments in this model. Topological relationships between nodes and route segments are established. Various charging parameters are expressed as network properties of each element to get a universal and efficient highway network model. Model storage and hierarchical structure is described and a program implementation is also given.

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of a left-turn-waiting-zone (LWZ) at signalized intersections with separate left turn phases based on a simulation. Besides the normally used one-lane-left-turn-waiting-zone (OLWZ), a novel design method, multi-lane-left-turn-waiting-zone (MLWZ) was proposed. To evaluate the effectiveness of LWZ and MLWZ, this study has also conducted extensive simulation experiments. The experimental results show that various factors could influence operational efficiency of a waiting zone, including the volumes of left-turn movement, the numbers of lanes in a left-turn waiting zone, and the green time ratio of turning left traffic flow, with respect to the lane capacity, the average vehicle delay, the average number of stops, fuel consumption and emissions. Compared with LWZ, the MLWZ can improve total performance under different situations. The results of this study offer a basis for traffic practitioners, researchers, and authorities to design and assess design of MLWZ for intersections with separate left turn phases.

Floating car data is usually used in inner-city roads, but is less used in inter-city highways in China. This paper focuses on FCD processing models for inter-city highways based on road network analysis and processing models for toll stations, service areas and long-distance tunnels. The paper also addresses the accuracy verification methods for real-time traffic conditions of highways. It is certified that the accuracy is very high for over 85 percent after numerous sample data was tested.

According to the existing research of OD estimation, this article proposed a verification experiment based on DynaCHINA. The article mainly includes the basic principles, algorithm analysis, OD estimation process of DynaCHINA, and a case study in detail. With Paramics simulation experiment, every section's flow of the network can be accessed, and used as the input section flow in the DynaCHINA experiment. Using DynaCHINA, the OD estimation matrices can be acquired, and compared with the actual OD matrices. The evaluation of experimental results proved the feasibility and practicability of OD estimation, and estimation accuracy based on DynaCHINA .

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a two-stage fuzzy logic traffic signal controller with online optimization for an isolated intersection. The controller is designed to be adaptive to real-time traffic demands and has the following two critical features: (1) designing a two-stage fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy controller uses strategic and tactical vehicle loop detectors, placed respectively upstream and at the stop-line of the intersection on each approach, to measure approach arrival flows and estimate queues. This data is used to decide whether to extend or terminate the current signal phase. These decisions are made using the proposed two-stage fuzzy logic procedure. (2) Developing an adaptive optimization framework of fuzzy controller to adjust fuzzy membership functions and controller rules with on-line learning. This study models the performance index of average delays based on traffic status identification, and at regular time intervals, employs a hybrid genetic algorithm to efficiently yield the reliable solution through reappearance of statistical traffic flow. The performance of this controller is compared to those of fixed-time, actuated, classic fuzzy and two-stage fuzzy controller for different traffic conditions.

Because of being affected by atmospheric ionospheric, GPS positioning signal has a greater error which causes that present vehicle navigation and positioning to have poor accuracy. This paper presents a method for improving positioning accuracy, i.e. the combined ionospheric delay correction model V-BP. Using this model of ionospheric correction can greatly improve vehicle navigation and positioning accuracy, meet a variety of vehicle localization needs, and is of profound significance for automatic vehicle surveillance identification, vehicle command and control, and emergency response. Finally, this paper provides a prospect for the development of vehicle navigation and positioning in the correction model.

The traditional model of intersection signal timing only takes vehicle delay into consideration. But with the rapid growth of vehicle ownership in cities, vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected the urban air quality, especially in intersections of frequency-dependent driving conditions, motor vehicle emissions are doubled. This paper proposes a vehicle emission calculation model of urban road intersections driving conditions which is based on in-depth analysis of the relationship of vehicular traffic parameters and vehicle emissions. Meanwhile, by combining with analysis of intersection vehicle delay, urban road intersection signal timing models of balance between delay and emissions is established in this paper. Finally, through instance validation, the model can not only keep intersection vehicle delay at a low level, but also effectively reduces vehicle emissions.

For freeway merge areas, ramp metering used to be considered a panacea to increase capacity and minimize the conflict of the area. Because of the absolute priority of freeway mainline, however, the vehicles on ramp have a hard joining the traffic flow on the mainline when the volume of the freeway is very high. Therefore, the driver on the ramp may be compelled to merge and then this type of behavior disturbs the freeway traffic, and it can even bring about freeway disorder and congestion. In order to conquer this problem, this paper puts forward a new method to alternate the right of way between the two conflicting traffic flows. By signal control, like multi-phase signal intersection, mutual disturbances can be eliminated. Likewise, it can enhance traffic safety and dynamically adapt to the traffic demand of a merge area in comparison to the conventional ramp metering.

Present studies on urban road traffic state identification usually set road segments and connected intersections as an entirety. However, traffic flow on road segments and intersections has significantly different characteristics, so it may cause identification error when implementing the same identification criterion. This paper divides road segments and intersections respectively into small units for the purpose of traffic state differential identification. Then, statistical analysis is used to compare the different characteristics of traffic flow between road segments and intersections, during the process, real floating car data of Nanjing is used. The outcome clearly shows the differences and proves that differential identification is needed. Also it contributes to the making of different identification criterion: median speed and ratio of maximum queue length to unit's length are used as the indexes of state identification respectively for road segments and intersections. A case study is conducted to prove the feasibility of the identification method, and the conclusion is that differential traffic state identification can better reflect a real traffic flow state and largely reduce identification errors.

For the current situation of urban road reconstruction in China, this paper proposes a single intersection multi-segment timer traffic signal controller based on a single-chip microcomputer with a GPS timing function. The system receives time from the GPS satellite, and uses solar panels for a power supply, so the multi-controller could run simultaneously without connections, greatly reducing the cost. The use of segmented design within the system could set multiple time periods with different parameters in order to meet real-time traffic flow changes. The signal controller software is equipped with a password lock and short-circuit protection. After testing, the GPS module and signal controller had good integration and stable operation. This program had a high practical significance and application value.

Road passenger transport warning systems were built using the early warning theory. It helped to enrich management means and methods of the road passenger transport industry, and improved the correctness and pertinence of macroscopic decisions. It also promoted healthy and fast development of roads for the passenger transport industry. The impact factors of road passenger transport are analyzed in this paper, and an evaluation system and its limits are constructed with scientific, systematic, feasibility and effectiveness principles. The warning score is estimated based on the Entropy theory and its trends are forecasted based on GM (1,1) model. The Fujian Province is carried out via empirical research as an example. The result shows that the early warning model works, and can provide evidence for guiding and regulating the development of the road passenger transport industry.

The paper brings forward a BP neural network model to forecast the real-time accuracy degree of estimated link average travel time based on data fusion method, and four variables (link average density, traffic volume, link average travel time based on floating car data, and floating car sampling size) are taken as input variables. Among these four variables, link average density and traffic volume can be obtained by loop detectors from SCATS, while link average travel time and floating car sampling size can be acquired with FCD. Then the reasons why those four variables are chosen are given with the support of statistical analysis. The model consists of three parts, the initial data generated module, data fusion module based on BP network and results analysis module. At last, an arterial road in Hangzhou is chosen as object link, 400 groups of data is being utilized to verify the model, and the results prove to be very satisfactory.

Regulatory signs are the most important facility for conveying traffic laws or regulations to road users. At nighttime, the effect of regulatory signs is utterly dependent on retro-reflective sheeting. In the natural environment and real traffic conditions, retro-reflective sheeting is affected by diversified components and retro-reflectivity will continuously deteriorate. When retro-reflectivity decreases to a certain level, the visibility of traffic signs will fail to achieve the needs of road users. To obtain the deterioration characteristics of Regulatory signs, researchers took continuous observation of 120 guide signs put in the test square over twelve years (1998-2010). According to the data, the researchers got the deterioration curve of the Coefficient of Retro-reflection, furthermore, the researchers built a mathematical model containing a linear mathematic model, a second-order polynomial model and a cubic curve regression model. This research shows that normally the second-order polynomial model and cubic curve regression model have better fitting than the contained linear mathematic model. The mathematical model can be considered the basis of researching the guide signs sheeting deterioration characteristic and Life cycle. This research will give reference to Chinese traffic sign maintenance.

Surface transportation in the U.S. is constantly threatened by the capricious character of weather. Improving the quality and accessibility of road and weather information may benefit a wide spectrum of weather data users. This paper presents a case study known as the proof-of-concept WeatherShare, an integrated, user-friendly surface transportation weather system for northern California. The goal of WeatherShare is to streamline and integrate currently available road weather data into one single source easily accessible by incident responders and potentially the traveling public, including those from Caltrans Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS), California Data Exchange Center, National Weather Service, among other providers in the region. To guide the system design and development, a Concept of Operations (ConOps) was developed to: 1) document the existing system; 2) identify the high-level needs to be addressed; 3) provide a conceptual overview of the desired system; 4) define users and operational scenarios of the proposed system; 5) present operational impacts of the proposed system; and 6) analyze advantages of the proposed system. This work demonstrates an innovative approach to developing a regional pilot weather information system, in which a systems engineering approach was used to incorporate stakeholder input and feedback throughout the iterative development process.

It has been proposed that the current design of on-board navigation systems may not be appropriate for the older driver. The aim of this paper is to find out whether the navigation system is adaptive for older people or not. Based on the driving simulator with surveyed traffic information, a range of driver behavior measures was collected, including visual glance data, driving errors, navigation errors, and driving workload. Results show that both younger and older drivers benefited from navigation order provided by the on-board navigation equipment. Only glance durations had significant differences between older and younger drivers. For older drivers, auditory information could bring much more benefit than visual display. The visual display should be designed to be easy to see and to understand before being used.

Oriented to address abnormal traffic condition, such as adverse weather and traffic incidents, the Highway Network Intelligent Coordinated Information Dissemination Model based on VMS is proposed. This model contains two sub-models. The first is the traffic spatial impact range forecast model under abnormal traffic condition, which is established based on the traffic flow assignment model and traffic wave theory so as to provide selection criterions for VMS in highway network. In this sub-model, the impacts of different traffic organization strategies on equilibrium assignment theory are considered. Another model is the regional coordinated information generating model, which provides the regional dissemination strategies according to VMS classification based on VMS's function, position, and impact range of abnormal traffic condition. In this model, the VMS intelligent selection and the VMS coordinated information auto-generation could be achieved by providing efficient decisions to support a highway's network regional operation and management.

Aiming at characteristics of complexity, nonlinearity, and uncertainty of the actual traffic flow, a new traffic prediction approach is proposed. Firstly, wavelet analysis is used to decompose traffic flow into several different frequencies which are more stable than the original traffic flow. Then, the BP Neural Network is used to forecast the coefficients. An improved Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the BP Neural Network in this step. Finally, the detected traffic data is used to simulate and test the precision of the prediction model. The simulation results show that the new method is better than the neural network prediction model based on wavelet analysis and genetic neural network prediction model based on wavelet analysis. The new model is suitable for both real-time prediction of short-term traffic flow.

This paper investigates different design of traffic responsive signal control system. The control system aims to balance traffic density over a signalized road network through minimizing queue sizes on the links. For real time applications, the system has to operate quickly with reasonable degree of accuracy. This study investigates the fidelity of traffic model that we need for real time control operations. We focus on feedback type control, and compare two different systems developed respectively by the deterministic queuing model (DDQ) and Gazis' store-and-forward model (SFM). The difference between the two traffic models is that deterministic queuing model updates the traffic estimates every second, while the store-and-forward adopts a `quasi-steady state' approximation and only updates the traffic estimates every signal cycle. The proposed system design will be evaluated by simulation and results are discussed. The study will provide insight on developing effective real-time urban traffic control system.

Weather conditions may have significant impact on traffic flow. Under adverse weather, traffic speed reduces and congestion emerges. The joint effects of adverse weather and recurring traffic congestion throughout the day may lead to more unpredictable travel time. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of adverse weather on traffic speed and travel time reliability in various highways. Weather data collected from Road Weather Information System (RWIS) Environmental Sensor Stations (ESS) and speed data collected by INRIX are applied. Data for various highway classifications and different time periods are selected to conduct the comparative analysis. Travel time reliability is measured by the buffer index. It was found that adverse weather reduces traffic speed and leads to less travel time reliability. The extent of influence varies with precipitation intensity. The results may assist transportation agencies for traffic management and travelers for trip planning under adverse weather.

Traditional vehicle collision avoidance relies only on braking by the following vehicle in order to avoid an accident. If the distance between the two vehicles is insufficient, a crash cannot be avoided solely by the following vehicle braking. To solve the problem, this paper presents a cooperative and active collision avoidance (CACA) algorithm based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication, which can help collision avoidance in the situation of insufficient distance between two vehicles through acceleration of the preceding vehicle and braking of the following vehicle. This paper created a longitudinal cooperative control model and analyzed cooperative control strategies under vehicle-to-vehicle communication. By simulation of the model in Matlab/Simulink, the result shows the CACA system can avoid some crashes in difficult situations.

In order to set up the development and test platform for a cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS), we proposed a novel CVIS simulator system based on wireless network technology and a vehicle positioning device. There are two parts in the proposed simulator system, one is an in-vehicle simulator system to simulate the in-vehicle devices, and the other is an on-ground simulator system to simulate ground traffic infrastructure, GPS and other vehicles. The typical applications and key technologies are introduced in this paper. The proposed simulator system, which provided a user-friendly developing environment, will save engineers significant development time and cost. We have finished schematic design, and an in-vehicle terminal simulator is used in our development platform.

In recent years, research on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) was done to solve many traffic problems. Considering the problem of traffic safety at blind crossing, a vehicle collision warning system based on Internet-Connected Vehicles was proposed in order to prevent a vehicle collision before it occurs. Internet-Connected Vehicles plays an important role in realizing the next generation ITS. Under Internet-Connected Vehicles environment, the vehicles install communication equipments and can exchange their driving information, including their position, velocity, heading angle and so on. On this basis, physical and logical frameworks of the collision warning system were designed after analyzing the system function. Then time to collision (TTC) was introduced to judge the vehicle collision and a judgment algorithm was proposed based on inter-vehicle communication. Furthermore, time to avoidance (TTA) was introduced to be compared with TTC in order to define the severity of collision and the system could alert the driver according to the level of danger. Finally, the simulation was carried out and results proved that the warning algorithm of the system is effective to give the an driver alert.

This paper proposed a vehicle-to-vehicle communication unit deployment method for vehicle infrastructure integration applications. One major technical challenge addressed in this paper is to achieve short delay communications between vehicls in various road situations. On-board information transmission unit (OBITU) is regarded as the ultimate carrier of information interaction in VANETs. We present the architecture of OBITU based on the analysis of standardization developments about DSRC and several related projects worldwide. A design solution and realization methods of physical layer technology are discussed in detail. A protocol of transport layer based on non-IP method, Communications, Air-interface, Long and Medium range Fast (CALM Fast) protocol, is used. The design approach has the potential for easy deployment while supporting DSRC standards.

Vehicle collision at blind crossings is always a critical problem. While many kinds of methods have been proposed to improve intersection safety in the past, the rate of intersection accidents has not significantly changed. With the development of wireless communication technology, vehicular networks that communicate with each other have innovative applications in traffic safety and congestion. On the basis of Internet-Connected Vehicles, this paper puts forward a vehicle collision avoidance algorithm. After analyzing vehicle collision scenarios at intersections, the vehicle detection methods are discussed and vehicle collision avoidance algorithms are proposed. Finally, simulation studies are carried out and the results prove that the proposed cooperative collision avoidance algorithms under Internet-Connected Vehicles environment can provide a smooth trajectory for each vehicle moving in the vicinity of the crossing without a collision.

In order to set up the test platform for CVIS (cooperative vehicle infrastructure system), we propose an integrated test system on-ground. With this system, the data collected from the test vehicle will be processed and sent to the other terminals by the engineering data pre-processing unit, at the same time, some forms, curves and images will be displayed respectively in the display terminals, which include a vehicle display terminal, a GPS display terminal, a traffic flow display terminal, a real-time road conditions display terminal, etc. In addition, some environment simulation data can be sent to the test vehicle by the test console.

Vehicles pass unsignalized intersections based on drivers' judgments of collision risk, which often cause traffic conflict. The vehicle-vehicle communication technology can provide a new way to reduce the collision risk at unsignalized intersections. The object of this paper is to propose a vehicle-vehicle conflict detection algorithm and criterions of risk severity judgment based on the vehicle-vehicle information interaction. By using sensors and communication device, vehicles can get their own and other's status information. Trajectories of vehicles predicted by supposed that vehicles keep moving with current motion state. Predicted trajectories are used to judge whether conflicts exist. Time to collision is applied to determine the severity of conflict. The simulation results show that proposed method is feasible.

Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System (CVIS) will bring a more precise control of drivers' car-following behavior and benefit traffic flow stability and efficiency. In order to reflect the influence of CVIS on drivers' behavior, a car-following experimental suggestion system has been built. The experimental system t utilizes different colors as indicators to make suggestions. A car-following model is established in this paper by analyzing drivers' car-following behavior in CVIS. Additionally, the stability of the car-following behavior simulated by the car-following model is compared with the traditional Wiedemann74 model. According to the comparison, the car-following suggestion provided by CVIS can effectively improve the stability of traffic flow. If the experimental data is more complete, the degree of accepting the car-following suggestion of different drivers will be demarcated more precisely.

Probe data available in Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) can greatly improve the accuracy of a traffic control strategy in urban areas. In this paper, we first analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics. The characteristic parameter: data generation frequency and Onboard Equipment (OBE) market penetration ratio were refined. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of offline and online real time adaptive traffic control strategies in different traffic demand scenarios on the two parameters were done. Finally, suggested minimal values of the two parameters above were given to satisfy accuracy requirement of different traffic control strategies, which give good reference for VII popularization for traffic control systems in the future.

Lane detection is a crucial issue for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) as well as for autonomous vehicle guidance functions and it is required to have high real-time performance and reliability to avoid lane departure. Taking the curve road as the main interest field, this paper presents a 3D curve lane model to detect, track and reconstruct real roads based on stereovision. The stereovision algorithm defines the 3D curve lane as the vertical and horizontal clothoid, which allows elimination of the common assumption: rectilinear lane, flat road or constant pitch angle. To accurately detect and match the curve lane, this paper proposes an improved real-time ROI setup algorithm. The successive detection results are used to estimate the lane model parameters through Kalman filtering. The experiments show that the algorithm proposed has good real-time performance and robustness.

Lane marking identification is one of the key technologies in an intelligent vehicle vision system. To effectively segment the lane marking is significant for the recognition of the lane marking. Based on the target of the lane segmentation, combined with the characteristics of the road images, the interference effects of noise on the segmentation are studied, and an improved image segmentation algorithm based on the Otsu method is presented. The algorithm is used for each line of image to calculate the Otsu threshold value, and then the threshold is amended. Finally, four images are used to test the improved algorithm, and the results are compared with the results of the Otsu method. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm can remove more noise in lane marking segmentation, has robust, strong adaptive capacity and segmentation results are improved.

Accurate and real-time vehicle positioning, especially at the lane level, is essential for many of the applications of cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS), which is a prospective trend of future intelligent transportation systems. Integration of on-board sensors, a digital road map database and support from V2V communication is critical to maximize the benefits to achieve lane-level precision for specific applications, in particular collision avoidance for traffic safety assurance. In this paper, design of the lane-level positioning based vehicle collision avoidance system (VCAS) is presented, the issue of multi-sensor fusion filtering is discussed, and then the vehicle collision avoidance strategy for unsignalized intersections is detailed and analyzed. Practical road map measurements are employed to build scenarios with simulated vehicle trajectories, by which simulations are carried out to evaluate impacts of positioning and communication qualities for the proposed VCAS scheme and solutions. The simulation results demonstrate the capabilities of vehicle safety assurance and efficiency improvement for specific cooperative vehicle infrastructure system applications.

It has been proved that speed guidance strategy could improve traffic safety and reduce fuel consumption effectively. There have been a large number of speed guidance experiments and practical applications in some developed countries, such as Britain, Germany, and America. The development of three guidance methods' research at home and abroad is introduced in this paper, they are group speed guidance, speed guidance with driver assistance system, and dynamic speed guidance. Then three experiment methods are summarized. Finally, the development trend of speed guidance in VII is presented.

Because of a vehicle's high mobility and obstacle influences, the problem of network segmentation becomes more serious, and routing problems in vehicle networks become more complicated. This causes an increase of network load for maintaining topological information in a highly mobile environment. Network coding technologies can improve network performance of vehicle networks in term of higher output, reliability, and robustness. These networks aim to satisfy the requirements of smart multi-vehicle cooperative systems for real time, reliability, and distributed collaborative properties at typical traffic scenes. This paper focuses on studying methods of outage probability analysis. A new mobile dynamic relay selection strategy based on network coding is proposed. Finally, this paper evaluates the feasibility and reliability of the scheme presented through experimental results.

Existing works about relay selection in Vehicle Cooperative Communication (VCC) network assume that only relay nodes move around while source nodes and destination nodes are static. However, in the practical VCC network, source nodes and destination nodes are also mobile. To address this limitation, this paper considers the mobility of source and destination nodes, and designs a new mobile relay selection scheme, which targets at reducing system outage probability and increasing diversity gain and system capacity. In this paper, first, we utilize the Weibull fading channel model to analyze channel characteristics in the mobile environment. Secondly, a relay selection scheme is designed to improve the network performance. Finally, the performances of the mobile relay selection scheme by simulations were evaluated. Simulation results show that the selection scheme effectively reduces outage probability, and increases system capacity to achieve integrity of the well-organized system.

A novel inter-vehicle communication prototype system is proposed. First, related inter-vehicle communication systems around the world are introduced. Then, a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) based inter-vehicle communication system is presented from a viewpoint of object-oriented architecture, which mainly consisting of a vehicle-vehicle communication module, a message management module, and a positioning information module; all these modules, as well as their interfaces, are described. Finally, an inter-vehicle communication prototype system based on WAVE technology was conducted at Tongji University to show the feasibility of the proposed system. Three vehicles were deployed in a field test, and each vehicle was equipped with on-board equipment such as GPS and an inter-vehicle communication function with 5.8 GHz designated short-range communications (DSRC) designed for dedicated use in the prototype system. The test results indicate that this inter-vehicle system is ready for expanded research.

Urban traffic control technology has experienced signal based traffic control traffic flow based on traffic control stage. However, due to information technology constraints, existing traffic control technology in addressing urban congestion and emissions has not achieved the desired results. Considering the future of intelligent transportation technology, this paper proposed a novel traffic approach which considers a traveler's trip intention. The traffic control system collects travelers' intentions and preferences through Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure technology. Dynamic traffic signal control and guidance information are optimized according to a regional traffic coordination control algorithm. This paper discusses the importance, necessity and feasibility of implementing urban Traffic Control considering a travelers' trip intention. The system framework and key technology of the issue are also discussed.

To increase the availability of automated highway vehicles with ACC systems in complex road conditions, such as gradient, curve, and some adverse weather like rain, fog and snow, this paper proposed a new intelligent speed control approach which considers the gradient road when a vehicle cruises. The vehicle longitudinal control system mainly incorporates throttle angle and brake torque as inputs and velocity of the vehicle as output. By regulating the velocity fitting in with the slopes of the road, several unnecessary actions of acceleration and brakes will be reduced, which improves driving safety and comfort. The vehicle longitudinal dynamics model is established, which contains traction force, aerodynamic force, rolling resistance and road slope. According to the desired slope of the road, it is considered the implementation of velocity tracking and reference velocity. The nonlinear properties of vehicle parameter uncertainties are considered together with road slopes. The vehicle control system is designed by using a Backstepping control method. The simulation results in a Matlab indication of the proposed speed control approach considering road gradients have good performance in speed tracking.

Based on 2009 resident travel survey data from the city of Jinan, this paper analyzes public transit travel time and spatial characteristics from the perspective of travel behavior; establishes a public transit choice behavior model that draws on existing models, theories, and methods; studies factors of public transit travel behavior; and discusses how to encourage people to stop driving cars and start riding buses. The results can provide the basis for urban transport planning and public transit management decision-making, for improving the urban public transport split rate, and for easing the pressure on urban traffic.

With the increase of cars in China, urban traffic congestion is becoming a serious problem, especially during the morning and evening rush hours. In order to ease congestion, commuting by bus has been proposed as a feasible alternative. In order to better facilitate travel by bus, we analyzed the commuter travel behavior of Tiantongyuan community in Beijing. Based on revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP), travel choice behavior can be obtained with the actual commuter travel conditions and the commuter travel behavior in different combinations of the two factors--travel time and travel cost. A binary logit model (BL model) has been developed based on SP data, and with this future traffic patterns or policy measures can be predicted.

On the basis of analyzing information contained in existing bus GPS and IC data in Beijing, we propose a method for integrating data of bus GPS and IC card data. Using this method, the present paper analyzes the operation and passenger information of one Beijing bus line, including major passenger flow indices such as station passenger flow, line passenger flow, and sectional passenger flow.

With continued growth in the demand for urban transportation, developing public transportation has become a major means to improving the traffic environment. In order to attract more residents to public transport, the introduction of feeder bus between large residential areas and the subway may improve the overall level of service. This paper considers the special function and role of the feeder bus to the conventional ones (the "evaluation index"), and analyzes two levels of bus routes and bus stops. At the same time, we introduce two new concepts which are "degree of site deviation" and "residents' detour factor". Finally, we established an evaluation system that combines with AHP for the feeder bus. The research put forth in this paper provides a scientific basis for optimizing feeder bus routes and sites.

This paper discusses the fundamental framework of simulation system based on a super-microscopic simulation software, named Commuter. A large amount of field data of passengers in terminals is collected, and with these data a series of passenger parameters in the simulation models are calibrated. It is shown that the calibrated models are much more realistic in the phenomenon of passenger gathering, passing and dissipating, and quantitative indices reveal the necessity of the parameters calibration of passenger simulation models in terminals.

Electric bicycles have become more popular because of their high speed, high convenience, low cost and low energy consumption. According to the traffic administrative department , the number of electric bicycles is increasing, at the same time, the number of the traffic accidents involving electric bicycles is also incresing. This paper examines how to prevent traffic accidents incvolvings electric bicycles. We can use planning and management to prevent traffic accidents involving electric bicycles and manage measures are discussed which can improve electric bicycle traffic safety.

Based on the resort-specific, unconventional and tidal traffic characteristics, this study used gravity model method to analyze the relationship between traffic characteristics and land use with the combination of the practical experiences of urban TOD development process. The paper broke the internal layout of the community of traditional mode of TOD, and built a new resort community TOD mode. Moreover, the study of land use included the resort-type TOD, along its transit corridors and around stations at the medium and micro level, and proposed a resort public transportation development pattern and layout scheme which resort-type TOD community as planning unit. Finally Xi'an Lintong Tourism and Leisure Resort is taken as an example to validate.

Mitigating the congestion level on platforms can contribute to passengers' boarding efficiency and ensuring normal operation order and security of stations. With passenger saturation describing the congestion level on platform and by analyzing the constitution of dwelling passengers on each railway platform and its distribution characteristics regarding trains' arrival-departure time, a train arrival-departure time, coordination optimization model of urban railway transit network was established with minimizing the total transferring time among all rail lines as well as the maximum passenger saturation level on platform as the optimization objects. It was followed by a solving algorithm based on genetic algorithm to realize the efficient coordination of train arrival-departure time to each connecting lines at transfer station. Analysis of a numerical example demonstrated that this method can not only efficiently reduce dwell passengers on each platform during high peak period, but also effectively mitigate passenger saturation on platform at transfer stations.

The overwhelming objective of terminal design is to maximize the various demands of passengers, which means people-oriented design. Thus, it is important to conduct in-depth studies on the characteristics and behaviors of passengers in terminals, which are highly dependent on their psychology. All people are both rationally and irrationally complex, so are the passengers in terminals. This paper reveals the group psychology, loss aversion psychology, expectation psychology and anchor psychology of passengers in terminals through a comprehensive questionnaire survey. The focus of this paper is on the group and anchor psychologies of passengers, and a series of operational management suggestions are proposed based on the characteristics and behaviors revealed.

Xiamen's BRT system combines elevated, tunnel, surface and other lanes forms to provide the highest level of BRT dedicated lanes in China. The first phase of the BRT system increases the feeder system, using the following six major components: dedicated lanes, specialized stations, buses, network lines, enhanced passenger services, and intelligent management. This paper analyzes the BRT passenger flow characteristics based on the IC card records of Xiamen's BRT. These main findings of this study were, Xiamen's BRT passenger flow volume had been doubled in less than two years, 20% of which was made up by the feeder system. In addition, the elevated lanes of the BRT have been adopted in the downtown area, which attracts more short distance trips and saves the trip duration due to the high running speed.

In China, most cities do not utilize the function of public transportation priority development sufficiently. However, a good coordination between current public transportation development and urban development is the foundation to promote public transportation development. This paper introduces analyzing procedures of coordination between public transportation pattern and urban development, and uses the concept of a deviation coefficient to build a coordinate evaluation model between them, aiming to improve urban public transportation. By coordinating evaluation of Beijing public transportation pattern and urban development in 2011, and then recommending public transport priority development pattern of different sizes cities. It can provide quantitative reference to adjust and plan patterns for the city decision-making departments.

Presently, the development of the city doesn't pay enough attention to building bus stations. Fund raising has some difficulty; it is an obstacle to the development of public transport. Through the analysis of the shortcomings of the traditional investment and financing way, puts forward to bus station investment and financing system reform. From the domestic and foreign experience, determine the direction of the reform. According to the actual situation, combined with "people-oriented" concept, gradually completing the investment and financing system of marketization reform. Base on the model of investment of urban infrastructure, this paper discusses the characteristics of various models, analysis and comparison for bus station of the investment and financing mode, find suitable ways with the situation of China of the investment and financing methods, for the success of the bus station construction provided protection.

It is increasingly important to research women's travel behavior as female commuters increasingly play a significant role in transit systems. Working women show different travel characteristics in commute travel versus women who work in their households. In the process of suburbanization, the imbalance of public transit service and new travel demands adds to women commuters' burden. A study was conducted to research the gender differences in commute trips in public transit mode in metropolitan, China. A questionnaire and a depth interview were carried out in Shanghai to collect commuters' trip characteristics, commuters' satisfaction with public transit and the commute costs' influence on commuter's life quality. This paper found out and analyzed these gender differences and correlation relationship in commute travel. Then suggestions for improvement were proposed in different respects to meet women commuters' unique demands, such as transport policy making, public transit service supply and residential community improvement.

One dimension ordered sample clustering is the popular method of bus passenger flow time-dividing, which identifies the range of the every time based on the different of bus passenger flow during adjacent times. It can compare the volume of passenger flow, but cannot describe the difference of passenger flow space distribution. So a reductive dimension algorithm of two dimensional ordered sample clustering problem is constructed in this paper under the condition of no changing the factual meaning of clustering; meanwhile a bus passenger flow time-dividing method is established based on two dimensional volume-distribution similarities. There is a conclusion from comparative analysis of the calculation example that more improvements are obtained in calculation efficiency and in time-dividing result with the two dimensional time-dividing method. It is effective to enhance data processing efficiency and reliability of bus passenger flow.

Intersection bus lanes have an important impact on both vehicle and passenger delay. By establishing a mathematical and traffic simulation model this study analyzes vehicle total delay, vehicle average delay, passenger total delay, and passenger average delay under different bus lane settings at a particular intersection. In order to compare the impact of different bus lane settings, VISSIM is applied to simulate the traffic flow based on the traffic investigation data of the intersection at Wuyi Avenue, Chaoyang Road and Xiaoyang Road in Changsha China. The simulation results show that buses get better driving priority in terms of both time and space, and that vehicle delay and passenger delay of mixed vehicle and bus also decrease when a bus lane and indented bus priority approach are adopted at the intersection. This experiment also provides a theoretical foundation for setting reasonable bus lanes and improving the traffic situation.

Priority to the development of urban public transportation has proven to be an effective way to improve resource utilization and alleviation of traffic congestion. However, the implementation effect of the "transit priority strategy" in the majority of Chinese cities has not been significant for many years. For this reason there is an urgent need to enhance the competitiveness of public transportation to attract more passengers. This paper is going to establish an evaluation index system for urban public transportation competitiveness based on the analysis of factors affecting travel mode choice. The weight of each index is determined using AHP. A comprehensive evaluation of the public transportation competitiveness is then made through the use of extension method based on matter-element model. Finally, the rationality of the evaluation index and the validity of the model are proven through a case study.

Centripetal motorized traffic demand in historic urban areas has been significantly increasing due to urbanization and motorization development. Solutions to meet the traffic demand are also mainly constrained by the heritage road network and regional cultural conservation. Hence, it is suggested that by adopting a "Park and Ride" transportation plan in historic cities can reduce the traffic demand. This paper firstly analyzes the relationships between park and ride facilities hierarchy and the urban spatial structure. Ways of historical cities exposition based on urban spatial structure are then discussed, followed by a proposal of park and ride facilities hierarchical structure in historic cities. This paper finally looks at park and ride facility function, layout requirements and its public transit service demand, respectively.

The scientific determination of bus headway is very important for bus transit in rural areas. The problem of setting bus headway on a transit network under deterministic conditions with time varying demand for service and operation cost is formulated as a mathematical programming problem. This paper first proposes a bus headway problem by taking into account the operators' profit and passengers' cost. It proceeds to develop a multi-objective optimization model for the proposed problem, which aims to minimize the social cost in terms of waiting time, inconvenience due to crowding in the bus, and operation cost. The genetic algorithm is subsequently designed to solve this optimization model. Finally, a numerical example based on a real route in Wujin city of China is carried out to demonstrate the strength of this optimization model. The results show that the model and the algorithm are feasible and effective.

A multi-resolution simulation of the cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system is of great significance for traffic-simulation research. An HLA-based framework and simulation models for the cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system are constructed. The HLA/RTI management mechanism can realize transparent data transmission and shield the tedious details of the underlying information interaction. Then this paper focuses on multi-resolution modeling (MRM) of the cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system and analyzes in detail aggregation and disaggregation theory as well as assistance in the MRM. Different MRM methods that apply to subsystems in the train control system are considered in accordance with hierarchical concerns and features of the cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system as being multi-node and distributed.

Traffic congestion is a challenge to urban management, and the number of motor vehicles is key to the solution. Taking Beijing as an example, this paper analyzes the relationship between the number of city vehicles and motor vehicle speed and figures out the maximum urban carrying capacity, which is of great significance to city planning. Beijing has a maximum carrying capacity of 6×106 vehicles.

In order to analyze the traffic flow performance of a road with and without the implementation of a bus-lane more accurately, this paper introduces a basic road speed model and its applicability. Then we modified the model's formulation of car and bus by considering different traffic parameters such as car volume, bus volume, and bus-to-car ratio. We also put forth the methods used for coefficient calibration. We collected the empirical data from two three-lane, one-way road sections with and without a bus lane to calibrate the modified road speed models respectively. Comparing the different speeds between the traffic flow with and without bus lane implementation, we obtained the result that the speed varied for two distinct intervals: one with no difference and one with increased difference as the road traffic volume (saturation) changed. Furthermore, the time utility models were set up to describe the traffic volume condition of setting a bus lane. The conclusion shows that the traffic volume is lower than the traditional standard when the proportion of buses is low and vice versa. Therefore, identifying the proportion of traffic within the composition of public transportation would help refine the analysis of setting a bus lane.

In this paper, a new model is proposed to describe the phenomena of the excessive lateral vibration induced by pedestrians walking on a flexible footbridge. The lateral vibration of footbridges is considered, in most existing literature, to be caused by the directly lateral forces induced by crowds on the footbridge. However, the vertical vibration of the mass centre of human bodies may also affect its lateral vibration because of the internal resonant between lateral and vertical modes. The lateral vibration of most footbridges is like a restricted pendulum, and the vertical vibration of human bodies excites the footbridge to vibrate laterally in a way of parametric excitation. Our model was obtained by taking into account the parametric excitation between pedestrians and the footbridge. The model shows that when the number of pedestrians walking on the footbridge reaches a threshold, the equilibrium position of lateral vibration of the footbridge loses its stability and the amplitude of the lateral vibration increases rapidly very quickly, which coincides with the observations of the London Millennium Bridge.

This study investigated the delay caused by passengers at bus rapid transit (BRT) station, which has heavy volume in China. Data from 379 BRT stations was collected at BRT line 1 and BRT line 2 in Jinan city in 2010 and 2011. Hypothesizing each passenger getting on or off takes fixed time when the density of passengers in BRT is fixed, and there is retardation for the time as the density rises up, relationship models were proposed. Parameters were estimated by regression from 320 survey data, and the model was tested from other 59 data. Preliminary results indicate that: (1) There is a linear relationship between berthing time and the number of passengers getting on or off; (2) The time for each passenger getting on is longer than getting off; (3) When the density of passengers in BRT increases, the retardation for each passenger getting on will rise.

In order to improve the operational efficiency and optimize the setting of bus stations, the efficiency evaluation model of bus stations based on data envelopment analysis method was established. Using the data obtained from ten typical bus stations in Beijing, the relative operational efficiency of the ten stations was obtained. Furthermore, the input redundant and output deficiency ratio were calculated, and the reason of the low-efficiency bus stations was diagnosed, which helps in distinguishing the key factors that influence the operational efficiency. Suggestions for bus stations optimization were given in the end. Case Study showed high applicability of data envelopment analysis in efficiency evaluation for bus stations, which provides a new thinking for the optimization of public traffic net and the setting of bus stations.

Urban public transport is closely related to socio-economy. In order to analyze the adaptability of urban public transport and socio-economy, the evaluation index of adaptability was constructed on the condition of the scientific and reasonable principles of selecting indicators. Then, the weight of each index was calculated by AHP method. Through the introduction of grey correlation, the evaluation method that weighted grey incidence degree for the adaptability of urban public transport was put forward. Finally, this paper took the public transportation development of Xi'an City and Xian-Yang City as examples. Thus, the application of this method was illustrated in the adaptability evaluation of urban public transport. The results showed that this method had a better application prospects for its reasonable model and simple calculation.

In an urban transit system, stops are connected with transit routes. The way of transit route deployment makes the connectivity different from one system to another. This paper proposes a measurement of stop connectivity within a specified transit network. Based on T-matrix model, each stop may be assigned a value to indicate its connectivity status within the transit network. An initial connectivity matrix is built to indicate the transit route structure. There are two basic approaches to build such connectivity matrix, one regards all stops along a route as connected, and the other assumes that only adjacent stops along a route are regarded as connected. A T-matrix may be calculated based on these two types of connectivity matrices. From the T-matrix, each stop will be assigned a T-value, indicating its strength of connectivity within the transit route network. This paper explores how T-values are different based on the above two-connectivity matrix. A case study in Wuhan, China has been implemented, in which the existing and planned transit route network are evaluated and compared. The connectivity measurement may indicate the most important stops in a transit network, as well as the connectivity effectiveness of the whole transit system.

In order to reduce bus delay at intersections, this paper proposed three types of two-phase bus signal priority strategy on intersection based on Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure, which includes green extension, red truncation and phases insertion. The delay triangle was used to analyze and infer the formulation of intersection delay variation. By taking two-phase signal control intersection as an example, the author calculated intersection's delay under unsaturated and saturated traffic conditions, and turned out to be that the strategies had positive impact.

Based on the conception of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and sustainable development, this study aims to establish a GIS-based model for integrating land use development along transit corridors. The purpose of the model is to optimize and integrate the development of land use and public transit. Considered factors include accessibility measurement, economic benefit, environment impact and transit. Based on these factors, the integrated model is composed of four sub-objectives, taking the situation of the Chinese city into account. A TOPSIS approach is designed to integrate the four sub-objectives. An optimization modeling software (Lingo) is used to build and solve the linear programming models. A loose-coupling approach was applied to integrate basic data in ArcGIS and modeling results from Lingo. Preliminary results will be presented, and restrictions of application are discussed.

This paper analyzes and models the metro passengers' modal choice when they have to take a vertical shift where escalators and stairways are available at the same time. Data is collected via photography based RP surveys in four typical stations of Shanghai Metro. A series of binary Logistic regression models are specified and estimated indicating that personal characteristics (i.e., gender, age), trip characteristics (i.e., with/without luggage/child, departure day of week and time of day) and facility conditions (i.e., station, walking direction and distance, length of queue for escalators) influence the passengers' choice. The qualitative and quantitative findings could be used to predict the passenger flow in a more accurate way.

The level of urban transit priority development is an important indicator which measures urban transport development, and plays an important role in the formulation of traffic policies and measures. In this paper, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the weights of the factors which reflect actual levels of the urban transit priority development (UTPD). Based on the above factor set and evaluation set, quantitative research could be made with reference to the proposed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model in order to make a comprehensive evaluation on UTPD. Experts' advices and factors' weights are both fully considered in the process of evaluation. Finally, Nanjing UTPD is chosen as a case study. The results reveal that the proposed model could particularly reflect the evaluation process in which multi-factors are involved as well as the actual level of UTPD is reflected.

As the rapid development of urbanization in China, the travel demand between the city and its surrounding areas has also increased rapidly. In order to achieve the equalization of public service, many actives have been taken by the government in many Chinese cities, especially the construction of the integrated urban and rural public transport. According to the differences between the travel demands and public transport development conditions in different areas, it is still unknown that whether the integrated public transport is feasible for all the cities or not. Based on the analysis of economic development level, along with the travel demand and the road condition in Shijiazhuang City, a summary about the implementing conditions of the integrated urban and rural public transport is proposed afterwards, which provide some suggestions for other cities when considering about public transport planning.

Park and Ride is a transport management method to encourage drivers to park their car near metro stations and transfer to rail transit to enter the central areas of the city. This method is proved to be an effective way to increase the utilization rate of public transportation. Under this concept, Bike and Ride is also adopted by many cities. However, during Shanghai Expo, some of the newly built PR parking lots lied idle, which presented an unsuccessful experience for P&R. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate how to plan and build related facilities scientifically and reasonably and to make an effective management to alleviate traffic congestion in the central areas of the city. In this paper, the factors that influence whether people will choose park and ride or not, including travelers' individual properties, family attributes, trip characteristics, transfer services, and etc., are analyzed by behavior investigation in some typical park and ride stations in Shanghai. Based on this, a disaggregate model of the choice behavior of park and ride is established, which quantitatively analyzes the impact of trip characteristics and transfer services on the choice behavior of park and ride. The results will provide reference for the effect assessment of the park and ride system and the improvement of its planning and management.

Given the complex traffic factors and strong mobility of a transit vehicles, it is difficult to predict its travel time with the conventional prediction models. The emphasis of this research effort is to improve the adaptability of the Kalman filter model with regard to transit bus travel time prediction. In order to resolve the filter divergence and calculated divergence in the prediction process, an adaptive fading Kalman filter algorithm is put forward in this paper. Compared with the conventional Kalman filter prediction model, a "forgotten factor" is added to the adaptive fading Kalman filter algorithm to restrain the influence of the old data on the filter. Furthermore, it can correct the predictive value and the model parameters with the latest measured value, hence higher adaptability and predictive accuracy. Finally, the GPS data of transit vehicles in the city of Yichun is used in the paper to verify the effectiveness of the new model. The results reveal that the adaptive fading Kalman filter algorithm is more effective than the conventional one. It performs better in terms of convergence and dynamic adaptability, implying a brighter application prospect.

With the growth of traffic congestion, public transportation has been a trend in transportation. In China, the research on the management of system configurations for public traffic in the big cities is mature, but many medium and small cities lack that management. This article focuses on establishing an evaluation system for public transportation from the view of policy assessment methods, infrastructure level and public transportation services, a proposed index, methodologies, and standards and implementation processes. These methods are used to assess the levels of system configuration for public transportation. The paper also provides objective assessment methods for the management of system configuration of public traffic in medium and small cities. Additionally, it brings forward a basis to assess and manage the public transportation development of medium and small cities for management departments of public transportation.

The widely used bus smart cards in big cities have produced vast volume of data which has the potential to provide urban passengers' Origin-Destination (OD) flow information. Yet there exists a main difficulty when determining the original location of each passenger in single ticket bus lines, in which people only need to swipe card once. This paper proposed a novel method to determine the original location by calculating both stop-line spatial relationship and card data association. The algorithm mainly adopts proper passenger travel patterns derived from months of historical data with more than 10 million records per day. In the final part of paper, the efficiency and accuracy of this method was demonstrated.

The evaluation methods of the line network plan scheme combine the framework design of line network scheme with assessment decisions, and are used to determine whether a planning scheme is reasonable and practical. Gray correlation degree and TOPPSIS are two common methods of urban rail transit network evaluation. In the present paper, a method for evaluation of urban rail transit network has been developed. A combinational evaluation model based on gray correlation degree and TOPPSIS is proposed. This combinational evaluation model makes use of the advantages of both methods and is applied in an evaluation of the Shijiazhuang urban rail transit network. The results show that it is feasible to use the combinational evaluation model to evaluate an urban rail transit network.

This paper introduces a simulation system for real-world control problems during high-speed railway train operation, based on a semi-physical model of scale miniatures of railway lines, stations, and sections, signals and trains. This paper also designs a control command set based on the LocoNet-Protocol, puts forward an algorithm which translates train operation to a control command, builds an integrated model of high-speed train operation and control. The system could verify the principal parameters of high-speed train operation, and analyzes safety performances of high-speed railway. It can also simulate a whole transportation plan of a high-speed railway in off-line mode.

For China's urban rail transport network operation status, this paper established a comprehensive evaluation index system. Given the interdependence and feedback between the evaluation indexes, this paper established an evaluation system of urban rail transport network operation based on ANP. Finally, the paper used Super Decision software for case studies and validation for the model effectiveness and feasibility.

It is crucial for the railway industry to increase the train speed to keep its market share and gain more profit in the modern society. However, the train-track interaction changes greatly with the increasing of speed under the same track condition. Both field test and simulation by software of the vehicle's behavior are conducted in the route section where the plane curve and the vertical curve overlapped. The following indices were studied: the wheel-rail vertical force, wheel-rail lateral force, derailment coefficient, and reduction rate of wheel load. The results indicate that though the two groups of data obtained from field test and simulation are different, they are in the same magnitude range. They have the same pattern though there are some differences in the values. Two purposes have been achieved through the field test. Not only it verified the validity of the alignment parameters, but also proved the accuracy of the simulation.

An accessibility-based approach is presented in this paper to explore the impact of intercity rail transit system planning on regional development. The impact of three typical accessibility variables—transportation, population and economic accessibilities—are considered in the approach. The global rail transit scope planning models are developed by using the regression technique to correlate the sizes of 254 regional intercity rail transit systems in different countries in the world. These scope models are used for estimating intercity rail transit size for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China. Spatial distributions of the three accessibilities are compared at each node in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The developed method has been proven helpful to understanding the gap between transport supply and potential travel demand and the suitability of each node to alignment of each rail transit route through the PRD region case study.

The appropriate selection of city rail transit network schemes is an important precondition of effective implementation of rail transit planning. First, 11 indices, such as network scale, passenger flow, ticket revenue, and so on, are selected from three aspects of network function, traffic function, and economic evaluation on the basis of an analysis of city rail transit network evaluation methods, multi-objective characteristics for evaluation, and scientific decision-making importance. Second, evaluation indices of city rail transit network planning schemes are taken as the index set of factors, and planning schemes are taken as the domain set to establish an evaluation matrix that is standardized by [0,1] linear transformation. Weights of influence parameters are determined by AHP and entropy, which consider expert knowledge and experience and information implicated in the data. Third, a weighted standardized decision-making matrix is built up through a standardized decision-making matrix and parameter weight, and selection of planning schemes is determined by calculating the close degree of the schemes and the ideal schemes, which are determined by TOPSIS in operational research. Finally, empirical analysis shows that the model is scientific and effective.

With the rapid development of urban rail transit (URT), the ambiguous lifespan of ex post evaluation projects is in great need of change. This paper defines the lifespan of ex post evaluation and reviews the existing literatures and some foreign practices. Additionally, combining the characteristics of URT projects in China and some relevant references on ex post evaluation, we put forward several suggestions with regard to the lifespan of URT ex post evaluation determination as well as a proposal for the trail implementation lifespan.

In recent years, accompanied by the Xi'an city spatial expansion and the increase of private cars, city center traffic congestion and parking problems are becoming more and more serious. This Article Combined with Xi'an subway line that is currently under construction. Puts forward the xi'an P&R parking interchanging system, And the use of a logit model established parking interchanging probability selection model. Finally by using the model prediction P&R xi'an transfer amount, Provides the basis for xi'an establish P&R facilities in the future.

High-speed railway passenger dedicated lines have become the main direction of railway network research all around the world. The ticket pricing of these lines is one of the central issues in order to maximize the profits and the utilization of the high-speed railway system. In this paper, combined with the current situation of China's high-speed railway, a mathematical model of the market share of the railway system is analyzed with the help of the Box-Cox Logit model. Based on this model, a multi-extremal model of a dynamic ticket pricing method is then introduced, which suggests the ticket quantity and how much the ticket price can be discounted. This model is then tested in a Matlab simulation by taking the Jinghu passenger dedicated line as an example. The results show that the dynamic ticket pricing can attract more passengers and consequently improve the railway system income.

In urban rail transit, the train plan directly influences passenger's travel cost, thus it affects the passenger travel demand. According to current planning and operation for urban rail transit, the train plan consists of train formation, train operation period, and train numbers in each train routing. On the basis of analyzing passengers' general travel cost, the passenger elastic demand function is established, then passenger's travel behaviors come down to the distribution of user equilibrium with elastic demands and capacity constraints. According to the relationship between passengers and the operator and on the basis of analyzing related cost, benefits, and constraints of the train plan, a multi-objective bi-level programming model is put forward, and the optimal algorithm based on the simulated annealing algorithm is designed. The instance of Changsha metro line 2 shows that the method can provide results with high efficiency.

In recent years, the development of urban rail transit offers us a series of advantages, while the security issues like traffic accidents are cause for concern. Therefore, in order to prevent accidents, improve the capacity of handling emergency accidents, and reduce harm because of safety accidents, establishing a safety management mode for the operation of urban rail transit has become the priority in operation management of urban rail transit. First, the paper analyses accidents, problems, and the present situation of urban rail traffic operation management. Second, the paper analyses the influencing factors of safe operations from the point of the system. Finally, the paper structures a dynamic management system and puts forward some management measures and suggestions.

As high-speed railway (HSR) in China has experienced rapid development in recent years; China has entered a high-speed rail era. Thus, it's interesting and necessary to investigate the intercity passengers' travel behavior before and after the introduction of high-speed rail. Taking Beijing-Tianjin intercity high-speed rail for example, this paper starts from the basis of 1666 passenger surveys collected in Beijing South Railway Station in April 2011. The before-and-after data demonstrate how intercity travel behavior has changed with the introduction of high-speed rail. Specifically, shifts in four travel behavior variables (intercity mode split, trip activity, round-trip frequency, and round-trip return time) are analyzed. Several striking shifts are apparent. Firstly, Beijing-Tianjin intercity high-speed rail has mainly attracted passengers who selected conventional rail previously. Then, passengers' trip activities have changed from single to multiple trips. Finally, there is a considerable increase in round-trip frequency and a decrease in round-trip return time.

After the formation of urban rail transport network, in order to the implementation of the "One-Ticket Transfer", the rail traffic automatic fare collection (AFC) liquidation management center must be established, to which the passenger flow information statistics and ticketing fare clearing, and the core of the passenger flow distribution lies in how to solve the problem of the distribution. Combining with the train operation plan and actual passengers travel time, Decision-making problems for passengers travel path, the related passenger flow distribution simulation system and model are designed and developed. Finally, the effectiveness are proved through B city urban rail transit network actual passenger flow distribution simulation and the decision-making basis are provided for ticket fare clearing.

Efficiency is not proportional to civilization in traffic. In Shanghai, the "Stand Right, Walk Left" escalator policy at mass transit stations is promoted for both civilization and efficiency purpose but not well adopted yet. The paper proves that the policy is civilized but not efficient. It proposes a mathematical model and calculates the conveying capacity and evacuating time of the escalator under the policy. The method considers the mutual restraint of the following factors: the depth of a foot step, velocity of the escalator, passengers' arriving rate and walking speed, and the buffer distance between adjacent passengers. According the calculation, the "Stand Right, Walk Left" police reduced the delivery efficiency of the escalator. The paper also studies further on the failure conditions of the policy, and proposes the applicable conditions of the policy at mass transit stations to implement the policy rationally.

The paper first introduces the construction background of China high speed railways. Then necessity of traffic connection between newly-built high speed railway and existing railway in china is analyzed. Furthermore, combined with conveyance of long distance passenger flow, basic patterns of traffic connection of different type of railways are put forward. Finally based on present situation of traffic connection between newly-built high speed railway and existing railway in China, certain countermeasures of rational traffic connection are proposed.

To determine the main influence factors from numerous risk monitoring indicators about civil aviation safety, the online civil aviation risk non-linear model was developed by using the resource optimizing neural network method. The risk model inputs are risk monitoring indicators about civil aviation safety, and the output is a composite safety index of assessment of China's civil aviation industry safety. Numerical computation software was programmed based on this model. The agreement of the perception data of the computation software with the actual data of the composite safety index indicates that using the resource optimizing neural network method is correct. By using numerical computation software, the main risk monitoring indicators are obtained by the sensitivity analysis method based on the results of the civil aviation risk non-linear model, which provide quantification reference for reducing civil aviation safety risk.

According to dynamic capacity assessment in sector flow management work, this paper defines the sector dynamic capacity concept and the assessment key, analyzes the airspace dynamic density concept, establishes the improved dynamic density assessment model, and bases a model to assess the sector dynamic capacity method. An example confirms the practicality and validity of the result in the tactical stage of flow management.

This paper, by emphasizing the work habits of civil aviation area radar controllers and the personnel quality requirements demanded by this industry, for the first time, analyzes performance evaluations for radar control from the factors of separation, coordination, control judgment, methods and procedures, energy savings and emission reduction, communications, and equipment. On the basis of the analysis, a comprehensive performance evaluation method was developed, and a mathematical model for evaluation indexes and a mathematical weight coefficient were established after obtaining professional opinions. By using this method to analyze the results of 37 radar controllers who attended the 3rd On-the-Job Professional Skills Contest for China's civil aviation air traffic management, the research results indicate that this method could accurately measure air traffic control quality and would improve air traffic control safety and its efficiency for air traffic management.

Airport gate assignment is the process of appointing a gate for the arrival or departure of a flight and ensuring that the flight is on schedule. Assigning the airport gate with high efficiency is a key task among airport ground business. As the core of airport operation, aircraft gate assignment is known as a rather complicated combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, we consider the over-constrained Airport Gate Assignment Problem where the number of flights exceeds the number of gates available, and where the objective is to minimize the overall variance of slack time. According to the intrinsic characteristics of the objective function itself, we design a meta-heuristic method and simulated annealing to solve the problem. Finally, illustrative examples show the validity of the proposed approach.

It is essential for the air transport to ensure the safe and efficient operation. Therefore, the robustness of the study to improve the whole network reliability of aviation is of great significant. This paper put forward aviation network robustness metrics and built the state equation of the node. The aviation network equilibrium is also determined. The dynamic relationship between the partial node pinning control, and controlled the number of nodes and the feedback gain overall cost minimum standards was also explored. Consequently, the pinning control is proved ensure aviation network high robustness. Based to the existing Chinese aviation network, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other cities are using pinning control. It is recommended that by using the number of nodes and the feedback gain, pining control is a relatively reasonable scheme.

For analysis after a flight, flight trajectories can be obtained using civil flight airborne data by integral approximation and corrected by latitude and longitude transformation. Geometric altitude can be used as flight trajectory altitude for the first time in flight playback. For flight dynamic playback in a three-dimensional scene, a program was designed that can display the change of flight trajectories and gestures. The program demonstration indicates that this method can make flight playback precise, fluent, and easy to observe and analyze and can be used for flight inspection and research after a flight.

This paper introduces the concept of safety culture and focuses on the construction of a safety culture in civil aviation air traffic control (ATC). From the perspective of the impact of human factors on aviation operation and the development of safety management systems, the necessity of cultivating a safety culture in ATC is emphasized. Three methods are provided to achieve this: holding more culture activities, paying more attention to the psychological health of air traffic controllers, and implementing new technologies to protect air traffic controllers.

This paper applies the genetic algorithm with hybrid encoding to optimize airspace sectorization. First, an airspace weighted-graph model is established based on controller workload and by the analysis of airspace static structure data and airspace complexity. Then, based on the established model, a hybrid encoding method, i.e., integer code and float code, is presented to optimize the airspace sectorization and its boundary. Combined with constraints on sector, the population is initialized and the mutation operator is constructed so that only valid individuals are generated, which, accordingly, can improve the convergence speed of algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the North China airspace, and the simulation results further validate the useableness of our method.

The main contribution of this paper is to establish a new method to evaluate air traffic controller workloads in real time and more accurately, which is different from the traditional methods based on aircraft count or complexity matrixes. First, the relationship between air traffic control complexity (ATCC) factors and the control actions of controllers is depicted by a dynamic matrix. Second, the task-load, the total time spent on all the control actions to control a flying aircraft that intends to change its flight altitude because of an ATCC factor, is measured based on the above-mentioned relationship. Last, the workload of ATCs is calculated by adding up the task-loads caused by all factors of every aircraft in a given time. In addition, an example is given, and the results show better performance in comparison with the two traditional methods.

Lateral Flight Technical Error (FTE) becomes the main component of Total System Error (TSE) in Performance Based Navigation (PBN) as Navigation System Error (NSE) is dramatically reduced by satellite navigation augmentation systems. Among the factors influencing lateral FTE, turbulence is one of the most important factors because it presents throughout the flight. However, under turbulence disturbance with the same intensity, the lateral FTE of different controllers with the same aerodynamic model is not investigated, which is important for the understanding and reduction of the lateral FTE. In order to study this problem, MIMO (Multi-In-Multi-Output) lateral track control systems using LQG/LTR and H≏-synthesis are designed. Both the results of a lateral FTE estimation model and simulation results reveal that different controllers would cause unequal lateral FTE, and the standard deviation of lateral FTE corresponding to a lateral track control system based on H≏-synthesis is smaller than that corresponding to a lateral track control system based on LQG/LTR. This is perhaps because of the better disturbance rejection performance of H≏-synthesis controller.

In this paper, a new method for airspace sectorization is proposed based on a weighted graph spectral bisection algorithm. An undirected graph model is first constructed, which accurately represents airports, waypoints, and air routes; accordingly. The sectorization problem is described as a graph partitioning problem. Then, a Voronoi diagram is built in which the sites represent vertexes of the graph, workload of treated cells are computed, and the treated Voronoi diagram is abstracted as a weighted graph that is divided into sub-graphs based on the algorithm. The Voronoi cells corresponding to the vertexes of each subgraph are combined together to form sectors. Lastly, the algorithm is applied to sectorization of the airspace of North China. The results show that the sectors computed by the algorithm satisfy not only workload balance and minimum coordination workload constraints, but also the constraints such as convexity, connectivity, and minimum distance. The performance of a simulation validates the feasibility of the algorithm.

Airport privatisation and commercialisation have led to airports no longer being regarded as mere infrastructure providers rather than profit-making enterprises. As a consequence of this shift in the airport business model, `to be or not to be' is rapidly becoming the strategic choice for regional airports. In the United Kingdom (UK) the development and diversification of the non-aeronautical sector is becoming an extremely desirable survival technique for regional airports to counter any potential threats. In addition to the use of relevant case studies this research interviews several senior Airport Commercial Managers, of both international airport Groups and regional airports in the UK, in relation to the development and success of airport non-aeronautical activities. The different strands of the non-aeronautical sector are discussed and analysed in this paper. The comparative analysis of International Gateways and regional airports is also conducted.

The arrival of the High-Speed Train (HST) in China over the last five years has had the effect of liberalising Chinese air carriers. However, Air Transport (AT) and the High-Speed Train (HST) are as yet unmeasured in relation to other market forces. This preliminary study is focused on travel time, airline and rail fares. The travel time and fare comparison analysis between AT and HST is based on three different types of routes: short, medium and long-haul journeys. Three Chinese routes and three European routes have been chosen for this comparative study. The results show that the most realistic competitive model is in medium haul city pair. Good competitive model, offering better journey times for a higher price is in Long haul city pair. Europe's city-transport access is much better than China.

Previous quantitative methods for the forecasting of grain logistics demand did not express the dynamic relationship among the factors involved. In this paper, a research on the forecasting of grain logistics demand is explored based on the methods of system dynamics. Researches on the dynamic relationship between the factors involved in grain logistics demand, grain logistics supply, the logistics price, the level of economic development, the degree of market opening, the price policy and logistics investment etc. will provide a new method for the dynamic forecasting of grain logistics demand.

International logistics information platform distributes information across countries with complicated businesses and various data sources. It is very difficult to combine many businesses into one. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the improvement in operating efficiency, safety and security of the movement of goods to partners with international logistics through the construction of an information platform. Web technologies that improve data and message transmissions facilitating business transactions from one end of the logistics to the other end play a prominent role. Based on service oriented architecture (SOA) and Web service, the paper presents a system architecture and implementations program of a distributed data exchange platform in a heterogeneous environment. The paper also analyzes and designs the business, and function architecture of the system. The function modules of the international logistics information platform are constructed to improve the level and efficiency of international logistics services significantly.

This paper defined the connotation of logistics network delay, put forward measures on the basis of the logistics network delays and diffusion process in various changes in the parameters of the system analysis, proposed the delay in the logistics network diffusion method for determining the critical values. This study can decrease the delay of the diffusion and transmission loss, reply as soon as possible to the logistics network normal function, and have certain theoretical significance and practical values.

With the improvement of citizens' income and living standards, demand for fresh food is increasing. These increases require the rapid development of urban cool chains to meet demand. This paper analyzes the special nature of the cool chain as a part of the distribution process, and its present problems in China. It then establishes an optimization model based on the lowest comprehensive cost spent in distribution. The model can provide a reference for effective distribution through urban cool chains.

Detailing and introducing time concepts into the process of cold chain distribution may increase the complexity of process models based on Petri nets and cause state explosion problems. Simple Petri net analysis methods could not meet the analysis requirements of complex cold chain distribution systems. Classic PN formalism is extended with color and time features (Timed Colored Petri Nets). A cold chain distribution model based on TCPN is presented for understanding the operational conditions of cold chain distribution processes. Graph reductions, such as the sequence rule, parallel rule, selection rule, and circulation rule, these rules are used to verify the correctness of the TCPN cold chain distribution model by reducing a complicated model in step by step fashion.

This paper applies capability maturity model (CMM) in the establishment of emergency logistics capability maturity model (EL-CMM). Emergency logistics capability maturity is divided into five stages: initial, developing, defined, managed, and optimizing. The varying emergency logistics management characteristics and the key logistics activities in five stages are also described in EL-CMM. In the paper, the maturities of each emergency logistics sub-capability are determined by Cauchy type membership function and synthesized by the hierarchy variable weight decision-making model. This method overcomes the weakness of constant weight decision-making model, which can not reflect the equilibrium and incentive between emergency logistics sub-capabilities, and offers a new method for measuring emergency logistics capability maturity.

In this paper, we investigate order quantity decisions with coordination in the supply chain against demand and delivery time uncertainty. The quantity flexibility contract is introduced, which allows for the retailer to purchase a lesser quantity in case of late delivery. The retailer will compensate the manufacturer for the loss by keeping a certain proportion in stock longer and the manufacturer, in turn, will put forward reasonable wholesale and return prices in coordination with the retailer. We find that such a contract not only can coordinate the manufacturer and the retailer to act in the best interest of the channel, but also can be independent of demand distribution. Furthermore, it is flexible enough to arbitrarily allocate the profit of the system between the members. The profit allocation follows the rule of that higher risk tends to generate more profit.

The demands and features of biomass power plant have been investigated and analyzed by several researchers. However, the procedures and information flows of supply logistics in biomass power plants still require analysis. In this paper, we put forward a multi-objective model for vehicle scheduling, which is used in biomass power plant supply chains. In addition, a related algorithm for use in uncertain environments is provided. An efficiency plan with the lowest calculated transportation costs will be proposed.

Drop and pull transport has been widely used in developed countries. The advantage in energy saving and efficiency in transportation for this transport method are widely recognizable. However, there are some obstacles which hinder the popularization of drop and pull transport in China. This paper mainly discusses the difference between China and abroad, such as the diversity of tractors and trailers, vehicle management system, station yard building and theoretical research, operation organization and scheduling. In the end, this paper puts forward to the solution to eliminate these gaps which hinder adoption of this method in China.

It is challenging for the transportation industry to balance transport costs and carbon emissions. However, intermodal transport is viewed as a modal which can effectively improve transportation capacity and reduce carbon emissions. The aim of this research is to explore the combination of mega intermodal freight trains (MIFTs) and Mega Intermodal Hubs (MIHs) to reduce carbon emissions and improve the efficiency of transport systems. This research analyses the environmental impacts of intermodal freight transport networks through comparing the carbon emissions of different transport modes: road, railway, inland waterways, and short-sea shipping. This research applied the hub-and-spoke network concept to develop intermodal freight network and optimise the location of mega intermodal hubs for the intermodal freight transport network from the north of China to the midlands of China.

Reliable communications and spatial connection are essential to critical operations. A reclamation area close to Kaohsiung coastal plants was proposed for replacing the 1990s-established international airport. An alternative is suggested to reliably connect new runways with the original terminal by (underground) passages, offering airport development flexibilities and neighboring plants' operational justices. To assure services and security, optimal-degree spider-web networks are prototyped in the surveillance-control networks along these and city critical passages to benefit coping with detection-unavailability, radio interference. The inherent radial-ring road configuration of Kaohsiung and other cities is mathematically evidenced having connecting robustness. Such configurations can offer integrated response capabilities even if two paths being attached with the surveillance-control networks are destroyed. Hence, including radio frequency identification (RFID) applications, the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) linked as the aforementioned surveillance-control network along roads can provide more reliable mobile business (m-business), tourism development, and logistic services incorporated with multi-modal transportation.

The influence of the driver's physiological and psychological characteristics on traffic safety is mainly represented as driver's tendency. Previous research about the driver's tendency mostly focused on the influence on traffic safety and the driver's psychological characteristics from a relative static and macroscopic perspective. In this paper, the Multi-Sensor Real-time Information Gathering Systems and the car-following experiments are designed to collect dynamic information about driver's behavior, vehicle state, traffic environment, etc., to compute driver's tendency. The data is divided into groups and ran through BP Neural Networks to obtain the correct classification rate for estimation. The characteristics of driver's tendency are extracted from a great number of samples through the Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Method.

Aside from accidents caused by pedestrian signal violation, crashes between pedestrians and turning vehicles also happen frequently. At most signalized intersections in China, pedestrians are released together with the parallel right-turn vehicles, which results in frequent conflicts between the pedestrians and the turning vehicles. An empirical study has been carried out at three typical crosswalks at signalized intersections in Shanghai. It has been found pedestrians yield twice as often as right-turning vehicles. Based on a Pearson correlation analysis, the key factors of pedestrian yielding behavior are identified, which includes the existence of a pedestrian group, group population, crossing direction, disturbance of non-motorized vehicles, the volume of right-turn vehicles, the distance to the conflict point of pedestrians, and the time difference between pedestrians and right-turn vehicles arriving at the conflict point. A binary logistic regression model has been developed for the pedestrian's yielding decision, followed by an elasticity analysis of influencing factors.

In densely urbanized areas with intensive land uses, traffic calming is a vital safety countermeasure to avoid violation of permitted speed-limits in hazardous areas such as: un-signalized at grade intersections and upstream of surface pedestrian-crossings at or nearby densely land-uses. Previous research showed that speed calming is done by horizontal or vertical deflections. Horizontal deflections in road alignment could be achieved through narrowing carriageway width, adopting horizontal alignment to prevent over speed, etc. while vertical deflections in road alignment could be achieved through instillation of speed humps upstream to the required speed calming or temporary work-zones locations. This paper focuses on determining actual traffic performance up and down streams of speed calming countermeasures using vertical deflections in road alignment to study the influence of their physical and geometric characteristics on traffic performance, in terms of speed profile and also to extract some guidelines for their most suitable locations.

The identification of hazardous segments is always the first step of a safety improvement program. However, the existing hazardous identification methods, such as the Crash Frequency method and the Empirical Bayes method, have a shortcoming in common: the process of road segmentation. The primary objective of this paper is to propose a new hazardous identification method based on the Kernel Density Estimation, in which the process of road segmentation is avoided and crash data is used in a new way. Crash data is collected on rural highways in Yangjiang in Guangdong and simulated data is generated from the crash data. The new method is compared with two commonly used hazardous segments identification methods using the simulated crash data. Quantitative evaluation tests proposed by prior researchers are used in the study of comparisons. There are two benefits of the new method: increasing the identification consistency and reducing false identification.

When traffic accidents are analyzed and recognized through the use of the multiple factors analysis method, the influence of uncertainty can be sorted and recognized. This method can better reveal the further reason of traffic accidents other than single statistical analysis methods. Rough sets can effectively analyze inaccuracies, inconsistent and incomplete data and discover underlying rules based on the data. This method has simple procedure of calculation and can find order of traffic accident causes, which are helpful in developing traffic safety policies. This paper introduces how to use rough sets for analyzing traffic accidents. Then the presented method is utilized to analyze the serious national traffic accidents data and western mountains traffic accidents data. The analysis results in drawing order of traffic accident reasons.

In this paper, we proposed to use a driving motion capture system to capture and interpret driving motion for a better understanding of driving behavior, which is crucial to highway traffic safety. The impetus of this research is triggered by the prevalent success of a motion capture system in other disciplines, such as computer 3D animation, bio-mechanics and athletic sports analysis. Driving motion capturing is a process of recording and tracking drivers' body movements, obtaining their motion parameters in a three-dimensional space. The established driving motion database created through this capturing system can be used to analyze the impacts of human fatigue and alcohol on driving performance under varying traffic conditions.

Incidents reduce the capacity of highway, seriously disturb traffic operations, and sometimes easily lead to secondary accidents, especially in situations where traffic volume is heavy. In this research, the characteristics of traffic incidents are analyzed with detailed incident records collected from freeways during various holidays. Accident characteristics, such as accident frequency, severity, accident type, and causes, show different patterns from those of ordinary time. This study finds that traffic volume and accident rate have an exponential relationship when traffic volume is heavy during the holidays. The distribution of accident duration is a left skewed bell-shape curve and P-P probability plot shows that the accident duration distribution follows a lognormal distribution. The findings of this research are beneficial to freeway safety management and traffic control during holidays. They also provide good references for accident prediction and prevention.

Road safety audit is gradually developed by the practice of road design and operation, and it is regarded as one of the important methods for effectively preventing and reducing traffic accidents. Carrying out safety route alternatives and large-scale structures alternatives at the preliminary design stage, people are able to convert passive safety audit into active one as well as increase the road's safety quality for the entire life cycle. However, in the previous preliminary design, the emphasis of methods and parameters were put on the quantities, project cost, traffic capacity and other aspects, the degree of attention on safety was limited. Equipped with a lot of engineering practice, the authors find that the safety indirect benefit can be measured by score on the safety audit checklist, and the direct benefit by construction fees. Based on the idea, the paper proposes a safety route alternative method based on cost-benefit ratio. By case study the authors prove that the proposed method can select the best proposal regard to safety aspect, and provide design reference and basis for selecting alternatives at the highway preliminary design stage.

The Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China issued Guidelines for the Safety Audit of Highways (JTG/T B05-2004). In the seven years' practice, the highway safety audit has gained recognition and acceptance. Rich experience has been accumulated in a large number of engineering practices. None the less, with the development of safety science and state-of-art safety concepts, many problems appear in practice. The purpose of the paper is to analyze in detail existing problems based on a questionnaire survey and to offer highway safety audit suggestions for management policy, which will be of great help to government administrative departments in policymaking.

Taking a bus as the object, the finite element model of the bus and the numerical simulation environment of its rollover impact is established. In an LS-DYNA environment, according to the ECE R66 equivalent authentication method, the impact of bus rollover is studied by solving the presented model in numerical simulations. Energy transfer, dissipation, and the energy absorption effect of the main structure and residual space are also analyzed. By comparing impact results from the presented model with the results of a simulation analysis, the study verified the effectiveness of the presented finite element bus model. The results show that the proposed rollover impact model of a bus and the computer simulation analysis method reflect the status of real vehicle rollover impact, which has practical value in engineering applications.

In order to optimize management systems of traffic accidents, including shifting from `subsequent punishment' to `prior restraint' and changing the `emergency management' to `normality management', a `prior restraint' risk evaluation method was proposed based on the AHP-TOPSIS-RSR, which was the integration of AHP, TOPSIS and RSR innovatively. Then the risk evaluation model of expressway traffic safety was constructed and applied to the risk evaluation of YONGWU expressway traffic safety in China. The result indicates that the evaluated road segment has a high risk grade, which is consistent with the practical condition. The method in this paper can be applied to the safety risk of expressways and determine the risk grade. This moves the state-of-art of traffic accident management forward and provides the scientific basis for expressway traffic safety risk management.

To solve the problem of identifying black spots in intersections, this paper first comprehensively analyzes the current domestic identification methods of black spots. Based on the literature review, the concept of black spots is redefined by considering the actual situation of city roads. Then an identification method of black spots in intersections of city roadways based on a traffic conflict technique is presented and demonstrated. The paper ascertains the Poisson distribution of traffic flow by comparing various models of traffic flow. Finally, this paper constructs the identification model of black spots in intersections, introduces the ratio of traffic conflict and mixed passenger car units (TC/MPCU) as an index, and draws up the identification standards. Thus, the identification method of black spots in intersections of city roadways is proposed based on the traffic conflict technique. Through validation, this method could fairly represent the actual safety conditions of city roads by using the collected data.

With the rapid development of social economy, traffic demand rises quickly; with transportation safety becoming a hot topic. Scholars often research the security of a certain transportation mode rather than a comparative study of several modes, and there is no good method to complete the analysis. Firstly, a comparative study of passenger transportation safety is put forward in this paper from four aspects, including the people, vehicles, traffic facilities, and environmental factors, including an analysis of several evaluation criteria. Then, multiple criteria decision method is applied to evaluate passenger transportation safety which includes aviation, railway, road, and water transport. Finally, after a comprehensive analysis, the evaluation of passenger transportation safety is given in this paper.

The technical grade of mountainous rural highway is usually low and there are a lot of roadside safety problems such as too many dangerous road sections and lacking of security facilities. So, the safety of roadsides is to be improved urgently. In terms of traffic engineering facilities, this paper put forward an index system for roadside safety assessment. The index system includes road alignment, subgrade and pavement, side slope, roadside danger, state of the slope toe, and road safety facilities. Meanwhile, a safety assessment model was established by applying a weighted analysis. The model can be used to estimate the safety state of roadsides in mountainous rural areas. According to the results of estimation, the rank of roadside safety level was obtained, and this provided the foundation for determining ways to improve the roadside.

According to road alignment and spatial geometric properties, this article adopts the spatial curvature of the expressway as an objective index, and the NASA - TLX scale of drivers as a subjective index. In order to address the fuzziness and the randomness of road safety problem, this article constructs the road safety cloud model of subjectivity and objectivity by applying of the clustering method and cloud generator algorithm. The case study shows that the model corresponds with reality, which can be applied in the linear evaluation of expressways for future reference.

The threat to expressway safety is uncertain and polytrophic. To enhance the pertinence and protective effect of the `prior restraint' measure, the sensitivity of expressway traffic safety risk factors was analyzed. The analysis was based on orthogonal array testing where the object function was the risk efficiency, enabling us to arrange the major and minor relationship of risk factors, and then determine the sensitivity risk factors. Our experiment shows that the major and minor relationship of risk factors based on sensitivity analysis is accurate and in correspondence with the actual traffic conditions on the YONGWU expressway. In addition, safety precautions focused on sensitivity factors have a positive effect on traffic safety. We provide a scientific basis for specific traffic safety risk management through sensitivity analysis.

Rubber speed control-hump is widely used because it is simple and effective. However, there is no specific design specification in the actual application which resulting in a lot of potential safety hazards and noise pollution. Different geometric design of speed control-hump will bring different effects of deceleration and noise. This paper mainly analyzes the deceleration mechanism of the speed control-hump. The DYNA software is used to simulate the vehicles with different speeds through the different height and width of the speed control-hump, concluding a variety of circumstances which involve the deceleration and vibration of the vehicles. By comparing the results, an optimal design can be obtained which achieves the deceleration and reduces the noise as much as possible. It provides a scientific and quantitative reference to set the speed control-hump.

The impact of cell phone use on driving performance has been widely known yet is carried out to varying degrees under different driving conditions. 40 participants whose ages ranged from 23 to 25 took part in experiments on both highway and urban roads using a driving simulator. The experiment was carried out under five different conditions: 1) no call; 2) different phone types (hand-held or hands-free); 3) different conversation contents (casual or cognitive); 4) dialing; 5) texting messages. Driving performance indices such as speed maintenance, lane keeping, pedal force and displacement were monitored and analyzed. A reliability model of cell phone use under different driving conditions was established for the comprehensive analysis of different factors on driving performance. Results indicated that driving reliability decreased significantly despite the phone type and conversation content as the time of cell phone use increased, and frequent short-time cell phone conversation was more dangerous.

Certain accident impact factors are often hidden in statistical models due to over-dispersion of traffic accident data. Given the limitations of the traditional statistical model to solve over-dispersion data, a random-parameters negative binomial (NB) regression model was applied to capture the heterogeneity of data distribution so as to identify factors that explain grievous road traffic accidents. Using 7-year data from grievous accidents in China, this paper carried out a simulated calculation of the proposed model. The empirical results show that compared to a fixed-parameters NB regression model, random-parameters models are quite enough to characterize the uncertainty of the accident and can greatly improve the validity of the empirical results.

In China, guaranteeing traffic safety in township sections of arterial highways is an urgent and difficult problem. The study summarized in the present paper discusses a different type of safety guarantee technology based on traffic safety diagnosis and focused on existing conditions of the highway. The method first analyzes potential traffic safety problems of an arterial highway, and then designs a suitable traffic safety diagnosis table. Engineers can apply the diagnosis table to field surveys and score according to the significance and severity of the problem. The problems are then ranked according to weight in order to establish a priority order of the problems to be solved. Improvement countermeasures are offered based on that order, applying benefit-cost-ratio to rank and optimize those improvements. An arterial highway in Shanxi is improved with the guarantee technology. The approach is useful and feasible in China, and may change traditional ideas about traffic safety.

Investigations indicate that direct-left-turns (DLT) at signalized intersections create many conflicts and disturbances. A U-turn is a traffic organization method to improve the safety of the left turning vehicles. There are two forms of U-turns, depending on the location of U-turn bay. This paper researches the optimal location of the U-turn bay, taking a typical signalized intersection as an example, and compares the effectiveness of the two cases. Based on the microscopic traffic simulation software TSIS, this paper makes a contrast of the Travel Time Total, Speed Average, as well as Speed Variance of the two forms of U-turn. According to the analytical and simulation results, it can be found that the U-turn is more effective than the DLT, and the First form is more prominent in increasing the speed average and lowering the speed variance in the particular situation tested.

Freeway tunnel safety has drawn attention from safety researchers in recent years after several severe tunnel accidents occurred. It is perceived that freeway tunnel safety contains two aspects: tunnel safety during the construction period and freeway tunnel operation risks for tunnels that have opened to traffic. To better investigate the freeway tunnel operation risk, it is crucial to know the actual causative factors of tunnel accidents both quantitatively and qualitatively. A lack of adequate quantitative analysis of tunnel accidents in China has been a problem. This research introduces quantitative causative analysis into tunnel accidents analysis. Tunnel accident data collected from three consecutive tunnels at Shaoguan section of the G4 Freeway from 2003.2-2004.1 are analyzed via fault tree analysis. Causative factors for selected freeway tunnel accidents, specifically rear-end accidents in this case study, are therefore grouped and quantified. Results of our analysis indicate that human factors are mathematically shown to contribute most significantly in triggering rear-end tunnel accidents. Other causative factors related to the tunnel environment and vehicular malfunctions are also quantified and ranked. Therefore, a series of recommendations targeting the most critical weak points within the tunnel operation system are raised.

To rapidly and accurately locate eyeson a multi-pose face under natural lighting usinggaze tracking, a method of eye detection using a combination ofthe skin color and the AdaBoost algorithm is proposed. Eye-geometry constraints are adopted, andYCbCr color space and the HSU skin-color model are used. Since the brightness of an object in YCbCr chromatic space can be rapidly detected, the skin-color model first gets a crude face location.The AdaBoost algorithm then detects the eyes and face to finish the face location and eye location. Using a rotation method to locate multi-angle eyes, the accurate eye position is obtained. Experimental results show that the method not only efficiently calculates eye and face location but also the rotated face angle.

To study the passing ability of the double semitrailer road train (B-Train) on highways, we have built the B-Train model and the highway model using TruckSim. Based on an optimal driver preview control model, we analyzed the speed influence on the passing ability of the B-Train when running from a straight road to a curve. The result shows the B-Train's speed range when passing the highway curve with a limited safe turning radius.

Intelligent space was established in the highway area in order to detect vehicles and their state information using multi-sensor information fusion. A vehicle location and speed detection method with fixed cameras was proposed by applying Pin-hole imaging model and the principle of Coordinate Transformation; vehicle state information of multi-sensors was fused by the decision method of basic belief function, on the basis of D-S evidence theory in feature-level fusion. Finally, a data acquisition experiment of vehicle state information was carried out by using multi-sensor combination of fixed cameras and ground magnetic induction loops. Then, the collected vehicle state information of these two kinds of sensors was fused and analyzed. Results showed that the accuracy of this fusion method is 5% higher than the fixed cameras. Therefore, the information fusion can reduce the uncertainty of each sensor effectively and improve the detection accuracy of the vehicle state information in highway intelligent space.

The traffic situation at unsignalized intersections with mixed traffic is complicated. Drivers need to pay attention to information from multiple sources. Gaze points can reflect regions of interest to drivers and are the basis for analyzing drivers' behavior at unsignalized intersections with mixed traffic. The eye tracking device, Smart Eye, is used to record drivers' gaze points when vehicle across intersections. The data shows that when there are no moving objects at an intersection, drivers spend most of their time gazing on the road; when there are moving objects at intersection, their fixation time on the road reduces, and part of their fixation time is divided to moving objects; the reduction of the fixation time on road approximately equals the fixation time on moving objects. We conclude that moving objects are a key factor for drivers to pay more attention to when they move across unsignalized intersection with mixed traffic.

This paper researched the impact of left shoulder width on driving behavior. In this study, virtual driving scenarios of different left shoulder widths were calibrated using virtual driving simulation technology, and driving process data (speed, acceleration, vehicle location, and lateral displacement) were collected using the supporting data acquisition system. First, the influence of the left shoulder on driving indicators was analyzed. Then the indicators which were sensitive to the changes of left shoulder width were selected for evaluating the trends. According to the analysis of the collected data, the standard deviation of speed and lateral displacement were determined to analyze the characteristics of the left shoulder width impact on driving behavior.

The driver's tendency recognition has a great significance for researching of the driver-assistance systems, especially active security warning systems. The car-following model is a basic model of traffic flow micro-simulation. On the basis of the optimal control theory, car-following model is established through analyzing information perception and operation decision. The experiment data from different types of driver's tendency are inputted respectively to the car-following models which consider or disregard driver's tendency. Traffic flow parameters from microscopic stimulation results are compared with the data of road experiments to verify the driver's tendency dynamic recognition model. Results show that the established model of driver's tendency is reasonable and feasible.

Compared to traffic accidents on sections of open road, the consequences of traffic accidents are worse in a tunnel, especially for a long tunnel. In order to improve the safety performance of long tunnels in China, the effects of geometric alignments of long tunnel entrance on average speed and speed difference for passenger vehicles and trucks, as well as the heart rate increment of drivers, are analyzed using statistical analysis and regression method. The research results show that the effects of geometric alignments on average speed and speed difference at the tunnel entrance section for passenger vehicles is relatively small and the effect on average speed and speed difference for trucks is relatively large. The combined influence of the horizontal and vertical alignment of tunnel entrance on heart rate increment of drivers is deterministic. Based on research findings on the speed difference of vehicles and heart rate increment of drivers, consistency evaluation methods and corresponding evaluation criteria for long tunnel entrance section are proposed. These methods are helpful in optimizing geometric design of long tunnel entrance sections.

The impact of environmental factors on driving behaviors is generally qualitative as it is hard to be quantified. To determine to what extent environmental factor impacts driving behaviors, 30 drivers were selected to participate in a dynamic spatial distance experiment as per the principles of typological psychology. The study showed that different drivers had same distance perception variation pattern, with the human factor being removed. During the driving process, the space between the vehicle and the obstacle ahead was a zone with borders. The time to contact the border decreased as the vehicle speed increased, and it was influenced by the subjective judgment of collision possibility. The driver generally expected that the time to contact the border would increase. With a constant vehicle speed, the perceived distance would be reduced to adapt to the judgment of driver; with the same spatial distance, perception distance rapidly decreased to adapt to the vehicle speed increase. The above rule functions to meet the demand of driving safety.

Owing to the complexity of factors influencing controllability and stability of tractor-semitrailers, the simulation models of truck combinations are established with TruckSim. Based on a single lane-change test and orthogonal experimental design, the influence of main factors on vehicle safety is simulated. These factors are ranked according to their significance. At the same time, the relationship between the magnitude of factors and evaluation indexes is also investigated. Through selecting sets of appropriate factors and levels, parametric optimization is performed. Match analysis results show that suspension stiffness, wheelbase of tractor, center-of-gravity (CG) height of pay mass, CG height of tractor and distance between CG of semitrailer sprung mass (unloaded) and coupling pin have a remarkable influence on stability. The results and methods may provide references for research on tractor-semitrailers stability design and parameters match in safety considerations.

In order to reduce the loss of highway transportation caused by frequent natural disasters, it is necessary to carry out the study on the location planning method of emergency rescue sites against natural disasters of the regional highway network. First, the functional requirement and location factors of emergency rescue sites are introduced. Then the location planning of the highway emergency rescue site is analyzed in terms of four aspects, including customers, facilities, space and measurement. Second, the optimized location model is built on the base of minimizing construction costs and disaster losses. Finally, the location planning method has been applied to the Hangzhou highway network, and the economic and social benefits are obvious.

Vehicle speed, one of the most important elements of traffic, has a tremendous impact on safety and efficiency of arterial highway. The appropriate measures of speed management ensure vehicles drive in an orderly and safe manner as well as increasing traffic efficiency and maximizing utilization of arterial highway resources. This paper analyzes the characteristics and scope of speed-limiting application types, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of methods of setting speed-limiting value are discussed, and some issues on developing and implementing speed management program on arterial highway are explored. Finally, the improved speed management program is presented with a sample section in of Shang-San expressway, and. On the basis of analyzing the effects of implementing exiting speed management measures, an improved speed management program is presented, and a suggestion is made to evaluate the speed management program of a sample section in order to guarantee the practicality of the program.

This article introduces the application of the ant colony algorithm to the selection of emergency rescue paths in unexpected public accidents. The authors synthesize ant colony algorithm theory and the ant density model with real-world path selection scenarios. The authors optimize path selection for actual road features which improves rescue efficiency and may reduce casualties. The simulation results of the different scale nodes show that this algorithm is effective one to solve the optimal path problem during emergency rescue.

Mosaic technology is widely used in traffic surveillance. In this paper, we propose a fast video mosaic algorithm based on optimal homography matrix. First, we extract characteristic feature points using SURF method. Second, we match corresponding feature points using NN (Nearest Neighbor) and RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) method. Third, we calculate the optimal homography matrix using the normalized covariance correlation of the overlapped area between corresponding video frames. Lastly, we obtain the mosaic video image using the optimal homography matrix. Experiments in traffic video surveillance show that our algorithm can meet the needs of real-time requirements with processing speed per frame about 40 ms in average. It is more robust, has higher accuracy, has lower computational complexity, and has faster operational speed. So, it has value in both theoretical research and practical application.

Using a driving simulator with virtual reality capability, a traffic safety assessment of a selected road section was conducted. The simulation scene was constructed using the Multigen Creator three-dimensional software and Vega drive program. MFC was used for Vega-based secondary development of the simulation scene to facilitate real-time interaction between the scene and external equipment in the driving behavior test. A synchronous driver psychology and behavior recording system was used for collecting physiological, psychological, and driving behavior data. A numerical assessment of the collected data was conducted for each evaluation level of the driving safety systems. The driving safety evaluation value was obtained for specific road traffic environments based on step analysis and fuzzy evaluation methods. An ultimate urban driving behavior safety score value of 79.3335 was obtained. The score indicated that, during the driving process, drivers were in good condition and the overall road situation was good.

The biggest difference between highway landscape and other general landscape is that the viewpoint of the main viewers is in a state of high speed. High speed requires a high safety landscape. This paper starts from dynamic vision; uses the methods of documentary research, questionnaire survey and SD method; and analyzes the security requirements of drivers and passengers. From the safety point of view, the research emphasizes dynamic highway landscape design, including the landscape coverage area, form factor, spatial sequence, landscape infrastructure and planting design.