State-of-the-Art Reviews
May 3, 2023

Current Status and Future Challenges of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry

Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 28, Issue 3

Abstract

Due to its various advantages, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) has been gaining popularity in masonry construction in recent years, and consequently, numerous studies have been conducted in this area since the mid-1980s. Unfortunately, research progress on this subject does not appear encouraging, which is evident from the lack of specific codes and standards on AAC masonry. As a result, various test data presented in the published literature from nonstandard experiments do not agree with each other and pose challenges for uniform design formulation. Beginning with a critical review of earlier work, this paper highlights the discrepancies and shortcomings of the research studies reported to date. The review aims to address the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies and to help streamline future research. A detailed review of research progress on AAC masonry presented in this paper identifies potential challenges ahead.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.

References

Abdel-Mooty, M., M. El-Kashed, E. Fahmy, M. Abou-Zeid, and M. Haroun. 2011. “Nonlinear modeling of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry wall strengthened using ferrocement sandwich structure.” Mod. Methods Adv. Struct. Eng. Constr. 2011 (1): 911–916. https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_S2-S57-cd.
Abdel-Mooty, M., A. Hendam, E. Fahmy, M. Abou Zeid, and M. Haroun. 2012a. “Experimental evaluation of lightweight AAC masonry wall prisms with ferrocement layers in compression and flexure.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 166 (Jun): 1730–1735. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.166-169.1730.
Abdel-Mooty, M. A. 2013. “Experimental evaluation of the response of ferrocement strengthened lightweight masonry walls to impact loads.” In Research and applications in structural engineering, mechanics and computation, 705–706. London: CRC Press.
Abdel-Mooty, M. N., M. S. El Kashif, E. H. Fahmy, M. N. Abou Zeid, and M. A. Haroun. 2012b. “An experimental study on the flexural behavior of RC composite panels with both AAC and foam cores.” In Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Advances and Trends in Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 323–329. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Acharya, R., and S. R. Shakya. 2008. “Assessment of energy efficiency of a building through the choice of building materials for walls.” In Proc., 8th IOE Graduate Conf., 720–729. Kirtipur, Nepal: Tribhuvan Univ.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2009. Guide for design and construction with autoclaved aerated concrete panels. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Alexanderson, J. 1979. “Relations between structure and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 9 (4): 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(79)90049-8.
Aliabdo, A. A., A. E. M. Abd-Elmoaty, and H. H. Hassan. 2014. “Utilization of crushed clay brick in cellular concrete production.” Alexandria Eng. J. 53 (1): 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2013.11.005.
Al-Mudhaf, H. A., and E. K. Attiogbe. 1996. “Performance of autoclaved aerated-concrete masonry walls in Kuwait.” Mater. Struct. 29 (7): 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02485996.
Andolsun, S. 2006. “Aerated concrete (AAC) and its complementary wall elements: Their compatibility in contemporary and historical wall sections.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Architecture, Middle East Technical Univ.
Argudo, J. F. 2003. “Evaluation and synthesis of experimental data for AAC.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas.
Arslan, M. E., B. Aykanat, S. Subaşı, and M. Maraşlı. 2021. “Cyclic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete block infill walls strengthened by basalt and glass fiber composites.” Eng. Struct. 240 (Jun): 112431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112431.
Asadzadeh, S. A., M. Mohammadi, K. A. Attari, and S. A. Zareei. 2020. “An experimental study on finding prequalified connectors between the wall and steel frame infilled with autoclave-cured aerated concrete blocks.” J. Earthquake Eng. 26 (8): 4085–4104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1822231.
ASCE. 2007. Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for bond strength of mortar to masonry units. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard specification for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard practice for construction and testing of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bansal, D., R. Singh, and R. L. Sawhney. 2014. “Effect of construction materials on embodied energy and cost of buildings-A case study of residential houses in India up to 60 m2 of plinth area.” Energy Build. 69 (Apr): 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.006.
Basha, S. H., and H. B. Kaushik. 2015. “Evaluation of nonlinear material properties of fly-ash brick masonry under compression and shear.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (8): 04014227. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001188.
Basil, A. M., C. Sam-Amobi, C. C. Ugwu, and P. E. Odoh. 2019. “Combating global warming/climate change via reduction of CO2 emission of buildings.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 640 (1): 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/640/1/012016.
Bhoraniya, T. H., and S. P. Purohit. 2020. “Post-yield damping ratio estimation studies for masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 44 (1): 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00342-3.
Bhosale, A., N. P. Zade, R. Davis, and P. Sarkar. 2019. “Experimental investigation of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (7): 04019109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002762.
Bhosale, A., N. P. Zade, P. Sarkar, and R. Davis. 2020. “Mechanical and physical properties of cellular lightweight concrete block masonry.” Constr. Build. Mater. 248 (11): 118621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118621.
Binici, B., E. Canbay, A. Aldemir, I. O. Demirel, U. Uzgan, Z. Eryurtlu, and A. Yakut. 2019. “Seismic behavior and improvement of autoclaved aerated concrete infill walls.” Eng. Struct. 193 (Jun): 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.032.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1972. Methods of test for autoclaved cellular concrete products, Part 5: Determination of compressive strength. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1984. Concrete masonry units, Part 3: Autoclaved cellular aerated concrete blocks. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1985. Code of practice for construction of autoclaved cellular concrete block masonry. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1987. Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced masonry. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Bose, S., and D. C. Rai. 2014. “Behavior of AAC infilled RC frame under lateral loading.” In Proc., 10th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering at Alaska. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Bose, S., and D. C. Rai. 2016. “Lateral load behavior of an open-ground-story RC building with AAC infills in upper stories.” Earthquake Spectra 32 (3): 1653–1674. https://doi.org/10.1193/121413EQS295M.
Cai, L., B. Ma, X. Li, Y. Lv, Z. Liu, and S. Jian. 2016. “Mechanical and hydration characteristics of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) containing iron-tailings: Effect of content and fineness.” Constr. Build. Mater. 128 (10): 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.031.
Cai, Q., B. Ma, J. Jiang, J. Wang, Z. Shao, Y. Hu, and L. Wang. 2021. “Utilization of waste red gypsum in autoclaved aerated concrete preparation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 291 (Jun): 123376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123376.
CCAC (Climate and Clean Air Coalition). 2022. “Mitigating black carbon and other pollutants from brick production, CCAC SECRETARIAT hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme 15 RUE DE MILAN–Paris, France.” Accessed March 27, 2022. https://breathelife2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Fact-Sheet-5-Bricks-FINAL-Digital-May2015.pdf.
Celep, Z. 2005. “Performance of masonry building including AAC products during the 17 August 1999 Marmara earthquake.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Innovation and Development. London: Taylor and Francis.
Celik, O. C. 2016. “Effect of AAC infill walls on structural system dynamics of a concrete building.” J. Earthquake Eng. 20 (5): 738–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1104757.
Chaipanich, A., and P. Chindaprasirt. 2015. “The properties and durability of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry blocks.” In Eco-efficient masonry bricks and blocks, 215–230. Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Cherian, P., S. Palaniappan, D. Menon, and M. P. Anumolu. 2020. “Comparative study of embodied energy of affordable houses made using GFRG and conventional building technologies in India.” Energy Build. 223 (Jun): 110138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110138.
Cherian, P., S. Paul, S. G. Krishna, D. Menon, and A. M. Prasad. 2017. “Mass housing using GFRG panels: A sustainable, rapid and affordable solution.” J. Inst. Eng. Ser. A 98 (1): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-017-0200-8.
Chini, S. A., and T. Brodley. 1993. “Aerated autoclaved concrete.” In Proc., ASCE Construction Congress, 903–912. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Debnath, A., S. V. Singh, and Y. P. Singh. 1995. “Comparative assessment of energy requirements for different types of residential buildings in India.” Energy Build. 23 (2): 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(95)00939-6.
Demir, I., M. K. Ogdu, O. Dogan, and S. Demir. 2021. “Mechanical and physical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete reinforced using carbon fibre of different lengths.” Tehnički Vjesnik 28 (2): 503–508. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20200218194755.
Deng, M., W. Zhang, and S. Yang. 2020. “In-plane seismic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry walls retrofitted with high ductile fiber-reinforced concrete.” Eng. Struct. 219 (Apr): 110854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110854.
de Paula Salgado, I., and F. de Andrade Silva. 2021. “Flexural behavior of sandwich panels combining curauá fiber-reinforced composite layers and autoclaved aerated concrete core.” Constr. Build. Mater. 286 (9): 122890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122890.
de Vekey, R. C., N. J. Bright, K. R. Luckin, and S. K. Arora. 1986. “Research results on autoclaved aerated concrete blockwork.” Struct. Eng. 64 (11): 332–340.
Devi, N. R., P. K. Dhir, and P. Sarkar. 2022. “Influence of strain rate on the mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete.” J. Build. Eng. 57 (13): 104830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104830.
Devi, P. L., and S. Palaniappan. 2018. “Life cycle energy analysis of a low-cost house in India.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res. 15 (4): 256–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2018.1476935.
Doddamani, D., and M. Keshava. 2019. “AAC block masonry with ready mix mortar—An experimental and numerical analysis.” Recent Adv. Struct. Eng. 1 (Jun): 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_55.
Drobiec, Ł., W. Mazur, and T. Rybarczyk. 2022. “Analysis of confined AAC walls under monotonic compression.” Eng. Struct. 253 (Feb): 113756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113756.
European Standard. 2005. Determination of the compressive strength of autoclaved aerated concrete. Ukraine, Europe: CEN.
European Standard. 2011. Specification for masonry units—Part 4: Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units. Ukraine, Europe: CEN.
European Standard. 2016. Prefabricated reinforced components of autoclaved aerated concrete. Ukraine, Europe: CEN.
Ferretti, D., B. Gherri, and E. Michelini. 2018. “Eco-mechanical indexes for sustainability assessment of AAC blocks.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 442 (1): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/442/1/012011.
Ferretti, D., E. Michelini, N. Pongiluppi, and R. Cerioni. 2020. “Damage assessment of autoclaved aerated concrete buildings: Some Italian case studies.” Int. J. Masonry Res. Innov. 5 (2): 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMRI.2020.106323.
Ferretti, D., E. Michelini, and G. Rosati. 2015. “Mechanical characterization of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry subjected to in-plane loading: Experimental investigation and FE modeling.” Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (8): 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.121.
Fouad, F. H. 2007. “Standards for autoclaved aerated concrete promote sustainability.” ASTM Stand. News 35 (3): 34.
Fu, Z. W., and S. H. Zeng. 2012. “Mix ratio test and basic property analysis for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block.” Adv. Mater. Res. 446 (Apr): 508–512. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.446-449.508.
Galman, I. 2016. “Comparison of the effectiveness of superficial strengthening of masonry with two types of GFRP reinforcement.” Procedia Eng. 161 (14): 875–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.737.
Gottfredsen, F. R., H. H. Knutsson, and A. Nielsen. 1997. “Determination of length changes due to moisture variations in autoclaved aerated concrete.” Mater. Struct. 30 (3): 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486386.
Grzyb, K., and R. Jasiński. 2022. “Research on the behavior of stiffening walls in single-storey buildings made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry units.” Materials 15 (20): 7404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207404.
Gupta, A., and P. Debnath. 2021. “Comparing the emerging walling materials to the burnt clay brick.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Architecture, Materials and Construction, 191–203. Berlin: Springer.
Habib, A., H. A. Begum, and E. R. Hafiza. 2015. “Study on production of Aerated concrete block in Bangladesh.” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2 (3): 200–203.
Hamed, E., and O. Rabinovitch. 2010. “Lateral out-of-plane strengthening of masonry walls with composite materials.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (4): 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000093.
Herath, H. M. U. R., and P. B. R. Dissanayake. 2022. Proposing a methodology to identify the optimum mix design of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks in the context of Sri Lanka, 507–517. Berlin: Springer.
Holt, E., and P. Raivio. 2005. “Use of gasification residues in aerated autoclaved concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (4): 796–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.005.
Hu, W., R. D. Neufeld, L. E. Vallejo, C. Kelly, and M. Latona. 1997. “Strength properties of autoclaved cellular concrete with high volume fly-ash.” J. Energy Eng. 123 (2): 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1997)123:2(44).
Huang, Z. M., Y. F. Yuan, and Z. Y. Wen. 2011. “High performance thin-bed dry-mix mortar for autoclaved aerated concrete blocks.” Adv. Mater. Res. 250 (Apr): 540–547. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.250-253.540.
Imran, I., and A. Aryanto. 2008. “Experimental study on the behavior of R/C frames in-filled with lightweight materials subjected to in-plane lateral loads.” In Proc., 11th East Asia-Pacific Conf. on Structural Engineering and Construction. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan Univ.
Islam, S. 2020. “Eco-friendly AAC blocks for construction in smart cities.” In Proc., 3rd Smart Cities Symp. (SCS 2020), 49–53. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology.
Isu, N., H. Ishida, and T. Mitsuda. 1995a. “Influence of quartz particle size on the chemical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete (I) tobermorite formation.” Cem. Concr. Res. 25 (2): 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00003-8.
Isu, N., K. Sasaki, H. Ishida, and T. Mitsuda. 1994. “Mechanical property evolution during autoclaving process of aerated concrete using slag: I, Tobermorite formation and reaction behavior of slag.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77 (8): 2088–2092. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb07101.x.
Isu, N., S. Teramura, H. Ishida, and T. Mitsuda. 1995b. “Influence of quartz particle size on the chemical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete (II) fracture toughness, strength and micropore.” Cem. Concr. Res. 25 (2): 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00004-6.
Jasiński, R. 2019. “Research on the influence of bed joint reinforcement on strength and deformability of masonry shear walls.” Materials 12 (16): 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162543.
Jasiński, R., and Ł. Drobiec. 2016. “Study of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls with horizontal reinforcement under compression and shear.” Procedia Eng. 161 (56): 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.758.
Jasiński, R., Ł. Drobiec, and W. Mazur. 2019. “Validation of selected non-destructive methods for determining the compressive strength of masonry units made of autoclaved aerated concrete.” Materials 12 (3): 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030389.
Jerman, M., M. Keppert, J. Výborný, and R. Černý. 2013. “Hygric, thermal and durability properties of autoclaved aerated concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.036.
Jin, X. L., X. Y. Luo, and Q. L. Meng. 2011. “Effect of equilibrium moisture contents on insulating performance of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks.” Adv. Mater. Res. 216 (Aug): 479–484. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.216.479.
Jos, R., and M. Lukito. 2011. “Influence of water absorption on properties of AAC and CLC lightweight concrete brick.” In Proc., 4th ASEAN Civil Engineering Conf. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Kałuża, M. 2017. “Analysis of in-plane deformation of walls made using AAC blocks strengthened by GFRP mesh.” Procedia Eng. 193 (6): 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.229.
Kałuża, M. 2020. “Effectiveness of shear strengthening of walls made using AAC blocks-laboratory test results.” Arch. Civ. Eng. 66 (2): 33–44. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131794.
Kałuża, M., I. Galman, J. Kubica, and C. Agneloni. 2015. “Diagonal tensile strength of AAC blocks masonry with thin joints superficially strengthened by reinforced using GFRP net plastering.” Key Eng. Mater. 624 (Jun): 363–370. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.624.
Kałuża, M., and J. Kubica. 2019. “The effects of strengthening the AAC walls using glass mesh arranged in different configurations.” Key Eng. Mater. 817 (Jun): 442–449. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.817.442.
Kasapgil, S. M., B. Binici, and E. Canbay. 2021. “Seismic behavior of AAC infill walls insulated with cementitious lightweight panels in reinforced concrete frames.” Eng. Struct. 248 (Apr): 113215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113215.
Kaushik, H. B., D. C. Rai, and S. K. Jain. 2007. “Stress-strain characteristics of clay brick masonry under uniaxial compression.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 19 (9): 728–739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(728).
Khalaf, F. M. 2005. “New test for determination of masonry tensile bond strength.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 17 (6): 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:6(725).
Kubica, J., and I. Galman. 2016. “Superficial strengthening of AAC block masonry using GFRP strips-diagonal compression tests of small wallettes.” In Brick and block masonry, 1691–1698. London: CRC Press.
Kubica, J., and I. Galman. 2017. “Comparison of two ways of AAC block masonry strengthening using CFRP strips-diagonal compression test.” Procedia Eng. 193 (Jan): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.184.
Kumar, R., A. Thakur, and A. Tiwary. 2021. “A comparative study on conventional clay bricks and autoclaved aerated concrete blocks.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 889 (1): 012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012061.
Kunchariyakun, K., S. Asavapisit, and K. Sombatsompop. 2015. “Properties of autoclaved aerated concrete incorporating rice husk ash as partial replacement for fine aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 55 (7): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.021.
Kurama, H., I. B. Topcu, and C. Karakurt. 2009. “Properties of the autoclaved aerated concrete produced from coal bottom ash.” J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 (2): 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.044.
Kus, H., and K. Nygren. 2002. “Microenvironmental characterization of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete.” Build. Res. Inf. 30 (1): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210210122316.
Łaskawiec, K., and P. Woyciechowski. 2018. “Effect of carbonation on the performance of autoclaved aerated concrete.” ce/papers 2 (4): 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.885.
Laurent, J. P., and C. Guerre-Chaley. 1995. “Influence de la teneur en eau et de la température sur la conductivité thermique du béton cellulaire autoclave.” Mater. Struct. 28 (8): 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473166.
Levi, K. P., and A. Raut. 2021. “Embodied energy analysis to understand environmental impact of brick industry in West Godavari region.” Mater. Today Proc. 47: 5338–5344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.061.
Li, Z., L. Chen, Q. Fang, W. Chen, H. Hao, and Y. Zhang. 2017a. “Experimental and numerical study of basalt fiber reinforced polymer strip strengthened autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls under vented gas explosions.” Eng. Struct. 152 (9): 901–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.09.055.
Li, Z., L. Chen, Q. Fang, H. Hao, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, and Q. Bao. 2017b. “Study of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls under vented gas explosions.” Eng. Struct. 141 (3): 444–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.033.
Limbachiya, M. C., and H. Y. Kew. 2004. “Physical properties of low density aircrete products.” Cem. Wapno Beton. 66–69.
Limbachiya, M. C., and J. J. Roberts. 2005. “Autoclaved aerated concrete: Innovation and development.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Liu, Y. S., and G. Q. Li. 2004. “Behavior of steel frames with and without AAC infilled walls subjected to static and cyclic horizontal loads.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Liu, Y. S., and G. Q. Li. 2005. “Experimental and theoretical research on lateral load resistance of steel frames with infilled walls.” J. Build. Struct. 26 (3): 78–84.
Lyu, H., M. Deng, Y. Ma, S. Yang, and Y. Cheng. 2022. “In-plane cyclic tests on strengthening of full-scale autoclaved aerated concrete blocks infilled RC frames using highly ductile concrete (HDC).” J. Build. Eng. 49 (12): 104083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104083.
Maddah, M. M., and S. Eshghi. 2020. “Developing a modified IDA-based methodology for investigation of influencing factors on seismic collapse risk of steel intermediate moment resisting frames.” Earthquakes Struct. 18 (3): 367–377. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.3.367.
Mahboob, M., M. Ali, T. U. Rashid, and R. Hassan. 2021. “Assessment of embodied energy and environmental impact of sustainable building materials and technologies for residential sector.” Eng. Proc. 12 (1): 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021012062.
Mallikarjuna, S. 2017. “Experimental determination of parameters for a micro-modeling based failure criterion for AAC block masonry shear wall.” M-Tech thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology.
Małyszko, L., E. Kowalska, and P. Bilko. 2017. “Splitting tensile behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete: Comparison of different specimens’ results.” Constr. Build. Mater. 157 (Apr): 1190–1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.167.
Markulak, D., I. Radić, and V. Sigmund. 2013. “Cyclic testing of single bay steel frames with various types of masonry infill.” Eng. Struct. 51 (Jan): 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.026.
Matsuno, A., S. Ishizuka, T. L. Nguyen, N. T. Dung, H. G. Nguyen, and K. Kawamoto. 2020. “Comparison of macropore structures and networks of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography.” Geomate J. 19 (71): 160–165. https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.71.9197.
Matsushita, F., Y. Aono, and S. Shibata. 2004. “Microstructure changes in autoclaved aerated concrete during carbonation under working and accelerated conditions.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 2 (1): 121–129. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.2.121.
Matthys, J. H., and R. E. Barnett. 2012. “New masonry product for the US designer emerges-autoclaved aerated concrete.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2004. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Matthys, J. H., and R. L. Nelson. 1999. Structural properties of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry. Masonry: Materials, testing, and applications. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Memari, A. M., A. A. Aghakouchak, M. G. Ashtiany, and M. Tiv. 1999. “Full-scale dynamic testing of a steel frame building during construction.” Eng. Struct. 21 (12): 1115–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00068-6.
Miccoli, L. 2020. “Seismic resistant AAC infill masonry: State-of-the-art and future developments.” Int. J. Masonry Res. Innov. 5 (2): 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMRI.2020.106326.
Milanesi, R. R., P. Morandi, and G. Magenes. 2018a. “Local effects on RC frames induced by AAC masonry infills through FEM simulation of in-plane tests.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 16 (9): 4053–4080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0353-5.
Milanesi, R. R., P. Morandi, G. Magenes, and B. Binici. 2015. “FEM simulation of the experimental response of AAC masonry infills in RC frames.” In Proc., 5th ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Barcelona, Spain: European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences.
Milanesi, R. R., P. Morandi, A. Penna, and G. Magenes. 2018b. “Seismic performance of AAC masonry infill: From traditional systems to innovative solutions.” ce/papers 2 (4): 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.889.
Ming-ke, D., M. Xiang-kun, Z. Wei, and L. Ning. 2021. “Experimental studies on aseismic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls strengthened with HDC.” Eng. Mech. 38 (7): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.6052/j.issn.1000-4750.2020.06.0336.
Mohanta, A., and A. K. Jain. 2014. “Influence of materials and orientations on energy efficiency of a building.” Indian Concr. J. 88 (12): 10–19.
Naji, H. I., M. Mahmood, and H. E. Mohammad. 2019. “Using BIM to propose building alternatives towards lower consumption of electric power in Iraq.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 20 (5): 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00134-0.
Narayanan, N., and K. Ramamurthy. 2000. “Structure and properties of aerated concrete: A review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (5): 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00016-0.
Nizam, R. S., Y. Xiao, T. Zhang, Y. Liu, and C. Zhang. 2017. “Simulating total embodied energy of building products through BIM.” In Proc., Winter Simulation Conf. (WSC), 2394–2404. New York: IEEE.
Oskouei, A. V., and S. Rasouli. 2012. “The study of FRP sheet effectiveness on structural behavioral of AAC blocks.” In Proc., 3rd Asia-Pacific Conf. on FRP in Structures (APFIS2012). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Concrete Institute.
Pachideh, G., and M. Gholhaki. 2019. “Effect of pozzolanic materials on mechanical properties and water absorption of autoclaved aerated concrete.” J. Build. Eng. 26 (6): 100856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100856.
Pawar, A. D. 2021. “A critical study to assess the hurdles in adoption of sustainable walling materials in construction industry.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 795 (1): 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/795/1/012007.
Penna, A., G. Magenes, G. M. Calvi, and A. A. Costa. 2008. “Seismic performance of AAC infill and bearing walls with different reinforcement solutions.” In Proc., 14th Int. Brick and Block Masonry Conf., 13–20. Callaghan, Australia: Univ. of Newcastle.
Penna, A., G. Magenes, A. Rosti, M. Mandirola, and M. Rota. 2016. “Seismic assessment of innovative AAC masonry solutions.” In Proc., 16th Int. Brick and Block Masonry Conf. London: CRC Press.
Penna, A., M. Mandirola, M. Rota, and G. Magenes. 2015. “Experimental assessment of the in-plane lateral capacity of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry walls with flat-truss bed-joint reinforcement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 82 (Feb): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.057.
Pi, T., Z. Du, H. Zhang, and S. Wang. 2021. “Experimental study on basic mechanical properties of core-column non-mortar aerated concrete block Masonry.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 15 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-021-00455-y.
Piekarczyk, A. 2019. “The influence of compressive stress on the load-bearing capacity of masonry subjected to vertical displacements.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 471 (5): 052017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/5/052017.
Qin, S., D. Bowen, L. Ji, and C. Guping. 2011. “Experimental study on seismic performance of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry wall.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE), 2223–2226. New York: IEEE.
Qin, S., X. Yang, J. Lu, and T. Pi. 2016. “Research on the full range stress-strain curve of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry.” In Brick and block masonry, 1831–1838. London: CRC Press.
Radhi, H. 2011. “Viability of autoclaved aerated concrete walls for the residential sector in the United Arab Emirates.” Energy Build. 43 (9): 2086–2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.018.
Raj, A. 2020. “Strength enhancement of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block and its masonry.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati.
Raj, A., A. C. Borsaikia, and U. S. Dixit. 2019. “Compressive and shear bond strengths of grooved AAC blocks and masonry.” Mater. Struct. 52 (6): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1428-8.
Raj, A., A. C. Borsaikia, and U. S. Dixit. 2020a. “Bond strength of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry using various joint materials.” J. Build. Eng. 28 (6): 101039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101039.
Raj, A., A. C. Borsaikia, and U. S. Dixit. 2020b. “Evaluation of mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block and its masonry.” J. Inst. Eng. 101 (2): 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-020-00437-5.
Ravichandran, S. S. 2009. “Design provisions for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) infilled steel moment frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas.
Ravichandran, S. S., and R. E. Klingner. 2012. “Behavior of steel moment frames with autoclaved aerated concrete infills.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (1): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683497.
RILEM Technical Committees 78-MCA and 51-ALC. 1993. Autoclaved aerated concrete–Properties, testing and design. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Rosti, B., A. Omidvar, and N. Monghasemi. 2020. “Optimal insulation thickness of common classic and modern exterior walls in different climate zones of Iran.” J. Build. Eng. 27 (Sep): 100954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100954.
Rubene, S., and M. Vilnitis. 2016. “Impact of porous structure of the AAC material on moisture distribution throughout the cross section of the AAC masonry blocks.” Trans. Heat Mass Trans. 11 (6): 323–334.
Rubene, S., M. Vilnitis, and J. Noviks. 2015a. “Frequency analysis and measurements of moisture content of AAC masonry constructions by EIS.” Procedia Eng. 123 (10): 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.096.
Rubene, S., M. Vilnitis, and J. Noviks. 2015b. “Impact of density and special features of manufacturing process on drying of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry blocks.” In Proc., Technologies Resources Int. Scientific and Practical Conf., 186–192. Rēzekne, Latvia: Ezekne Academy of Technologies.
Rubene, S., M. Vilnitis, and J. Noviks. 2015c. “Impact of external heat insulation on drying process of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry constructions.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 96 (1): 012059. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/96/1/012059.
Rubene, S., M. Vilnītis, and J. Noviks. 2015d. “Impact of masonry joints on detection of humidity distribution in aerated concrete masonry constructions by electric impedance spectrometry measurements.” Int. J. Civ. Archit. Struct. Constr. Eng. 9 (1): 1089–1094. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1337761.
Sahu, A., and M. S. Hazra. 2015. “Augmentation of thermal radiation flux resistance capacity using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks: A sustainable approach.” Key Eng. Mater. 650 (Sep): 114–121. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.650.114.
Schwarz, S., A. Hanaor, and D. Z. Yankelevsky. 2015. “Experimental response of reinforced concrete frames with AAC masonry infill walls to in-plane cyclic loading.” Structures 3 (Sep): 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2015.06.005.
Scopus Database. 2022. “Start exploring, discover the most reliable, relevant, up-to-date research. All in one place.” Accessed February 1, 2022. https://www.scopus.com/search/form.uri?display=basic#basic.
Seddighi, F., G. Pachideh, and S. B. Salimbahrami. 2021. “A study of mechanical and microstructures properties of autoclaved aerated concrete containing nano-graphene.” J. Build. Eng. 43 (5): 103106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103106.
Shukla, A., G. N. Tiwari, and M. S. Sodha. 2009. “Embodied energy analysis of adobe house.” Renewable Energy 34 (3): 755–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.002.
Siddiqui, U. A., H. Sucuoglu, and A. Yakut. 2015. “Seismic performance of gravity-load designed concrete frames infilled with low-strength masonry.” Earthquakes Struct. 8 (1): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.1.019.
Stegmaier, M. 2011. “Influence of carbonation on the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units.” Bauphysik 33 (5): 315–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/bapi.201110785.
Struharova, A. 2013. “Effect chemical grouting method on the protection of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry against water and moisture.” J. Polish Mineral Eng. Soc. 14 (2): 21–23.
Struharova, A. 2014. “Chemical grouting method and its effectiveness for protection of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry.” Adv. Mater. Res. 923 (Jun): 112–116.
Sucuoğlu, H., and U. A. Siddiqui. 2014. “Pseudo-dynamic testing and analytical modeling of AAC infilled RC frames.” J. Earthquake Eng. 18 (8): 1281–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.932723.
Takashima, K., R. Nakamura, H. Iida, T. Minagawa, S. Nakata, T. Hanai, K. Sugimoto, and A. Tasai. 2018a. “Study on in-plane shear behavior and stiffness reduction factor of AAC block masonry walls with openings.” J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 83 (752): 1499–1506. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.83.1499.
Takashima, K., R. Nakamura, S. Nakata, T. Hanai, K. Sugimoto, K. Kusunoki, and A. Tasai. 2018b. “Experimental study on in-plane shear behavior of AAC block masonry walls without openings.” J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 83 (749): 1075–1085. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.83.1075.
Takashima, K., A. Tasai, S. Nakata, R. Nakamura, H. Iida, T. Hanai, and K. Kusunoki. 2019. “Development study for low-rise residential building of masonry walls using AAC blocks.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Workshop on Advanced Materials and Innovative Systems in Structural Engineering, Novel Researches. Istanbul, Turkey: Consulting Engineers Group.
Tanner, J., J. Varela, M. Brightman, U. Cancino, J. Argudo, and R. Klinger. 2004. “Seismic performance and design of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) structural systems.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Tanner, J. E., J. L. Varela, and R. E. Klingner. 2005a. “Design and seismic testing of two-story, full-scale autoclaved aerated concrete assemblage specimen.” ACI Struct. J. 102 (1): 114–119. https://doi.org/10.14359/13536.
Tanner, J. E., J. L. Varela, R. E. Klingner, M. J. Brightman, and U. Cancino. 2005b. “Seismic testing of autoclaved aerated concrete shearwalls: A comprehensive review.” ACI Struct. J. 102 (3): 374–382. https://doi.org/10.14359/14408.
Thakur, A., and S. Kumar. 2022. “Evaluation of cost effectiveness of using autoclave aerated concrete (ACC) blocks in building construction.” Mater. Today Proc. 51: 1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.095.
The Constructor. 2022. “Autoclaved aerated cement blocks (AAC blocks)-properties and advantages.” Accessed February 4, 2022. https://theconstructor.org/building/autoclaved-aerated-cement-blocks-aac-properties-advantages/37211/.
Tian, S., J. Yu, and J. Nie. 2006. “Nonlinear FEM analysis of autoclaved aerated concrete block composite masonry walls.” J. Build. Struct. 27 (suppl.): 336–340.
Todorovic, L., I. O. Demirel, and B. Binici. 2020. “Effect of openings on the seismic response of AAC infilled frames and an innovative method to improve performance.” Int. J. Masonry Res. Innov. 5 (2): 226–247. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMRI.2020.106333.
Tomazevic, T., and M. Gams. 2010. “Seismic behaviour of confined autoclaved aerated concrete masonry buildings: A shaking table study.” Mauerwerk 14 (3): 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/dama.201002047.
Trindade, A. D., G. B. Coelho, and F. M. Henriques. 2021. “Influence of the climatic conditions on the hygrothermal performance of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls.” J. Build. Eng. 33 (Jun): 101578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101578.
Uddin, N., F. Fouad, U. K. Vaidya, A. Khotpal, and J. C. Serrano-Perez. 2006. “Structural characterization of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) panels.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 25 (9): 981–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406065090.
Varela, J. L., J. E. Tanner, and R. E. Klingner. 2006. “Development of seismic force reduction and displacement amplification factors for autoclaved aerated concrete structures.” Earthquake Spectra 22 (1): 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2166034.
Vengala, J., S. Chava, and P. Pydipati. 2022a. “Thermal comfort studies of residential building models in Vijayawada.” In Sustainability trends and challenges in civil engineering, 123–134. Berlin: Springer.
Vengala, J., M. S. Dharek, S. G. Reddy, and M. Mohammad. 2022b. “The effect of roof overlay on thermal comfort behaviour of reduced scaled building models in tropical climate: An Indian case study.” J. Build. Pathol. Rehabil. 7 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-021-00142-1.
Wang, Y., Y. Yao, Y. Wu, and X. Li. 2019. “Technical and economic analysis on masonry materials of exterior walls for building energy conservation.” Revue des Compos. et des Matériaux Avancés 29 (3): 139–143. https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.290302.
Wu, H. G., X. L. Cao, J. Gu, and Y. Zhao. 2012a. “Effect of vertical stress on seismic performance of autoclaved aerated concrete block composite walls with a door opening.” Adv. Mater. Res. 531 (6): 634–637. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.531.634.
Wu, H. G., J. H. Chen, and J. Gu. 2012b. “Influence of the opening’s position on seismic performance of autoclaved aerated concrete composite wall with core columns.” Adv. Mater. Res. 446 (9): 767–770. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.446-449.767.
Wu, H. G., H. L. Luo, and J. Gu. 2012c. “Finite element analysis of horizontal reinforcement ratio’s effect on seismic performance of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry.” Adv. Mater. Res. 413 (5): 326–330. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.413.326.
Wu, H. G., J. Zhao, and J. Gu. 2012d. “Finite element analysis of vertical stress’s effect on seismic performance of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry walls.” Adv. Mater. Res. 368 (Jun): 1010–1013. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1010.
Wu, H. G., J. Zhao, P. C. Ling, Q. S. Miao, and B. Z. Zhou. 2013. Experimental study on the seismic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete block bearing walls with core columns. Beijing: Beijing Univ. of Technology.
Yu, J. H., and T. H. Fei. 2007. “Experimental study on the shear-compression behavior of sand-lime-AAC masonry.” J. Tianjin Univ. Sci. Technol. 40 (8): 983–989.
Yu, J. H., and Q. Sun. 2011. “Research on the failure feature of AAC load bearig block wall based on the quasi-static test.” Adv. Mater. Res. 287 (Jun): 1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.287-290.1121.
Yu, J. H., and S. X. Wu. 2011. “Experimental study on ductility and dissipative capacity of AAC block load bearing walls.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 90 (Jun): 1096–1099. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.90-93.1096.
Yu, J. H., H. M. Xu, and N. N. Yu. 2013. “Seismic and collapse resistant capacity of new light quality concrete bearing masonry.” Adv. Mater. Res. 671 (6): 1429–1434. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.671-674.1429.
Yu, Q., D. Zeng, X. Xu, S. Li, W. Dong, and L. Dai. 2022. “Experimental and numerical investigation of polymer-reinforced and normal autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls under large TNT explosive loads.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 164 (10): 104188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2022.104188.
Zade, N. P., A. Bhosale, P. Sarkar, and R. Davis. 2022. “In-plane seismic response of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frame building.” ACI Struct. J. 119 (2): 45–60. https://doi.org/10.14359/51734329.
Zhang, Y., P. X. Duan, B. S. Jia, and L. Li. 2013. “Study on production of autoclaved aerated concrete by coal gangue fly ash.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 357 (6): 949–954. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.357-360.949.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 28Issue 3August 2023

History

Published online: May 3, 2023
Published in print: Aug 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Oct 3, 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Nikhil P. Zade [email protected]
Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India. Email: [email protected]
Pradip Sarkar [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-5393. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Correlation of Soil Conditions with Seismic Damage of Structures in Craiova, Romania, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 10.1061/PPSCFX.SCENG-1489, 29, 3, (2024).
  • Impact of Moisture Content on the Compressive and Shear Behavior of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17143, 36, 6, (2024).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share