Hydrodynamic Mechanisms and Pathways of Potential Navigation Channel Shoaling by Nearby Parallel Islands

As the demand for transcontinental commerce has increased over the past century, navigation channels have been maintained at increasingly greater depths to continue access of deep draft vessels to inland ports. Over time, these deep navigation channels require routine dredging to counteract the gradual processes of sedimentary accumulation, known as shoaling, that can enter the channel from terrestrial or oceanic sources through natural (e.g., tides, streamflow, runoff) or anthropogenic (e.g., vessel wake) processes. To limit the cost of moving the dredged material to upland or offshore storage facilities and to prevent long-term sediment loss from the system, the material can instead be reused locally to build marsh or island habitats. While the various environmental impacts of keeping and reusing the material within the sourcing embayment have been investigated at length, the hydrodynamic impacts of large-scale within-embayment placements have previously been understudied, particularly regarding potential changes to navigation channel shoaling. In this work, we use numerical models to investigate how channel-parallel linear island features may modify sediment transport mechanisms and pathways, and discuss long-term shoaling implications. Based on the various tested channel and embayment geometries, taken from nautical charts detailing the evolving topobathymetric history of Lake Calcasieu and the Calcasieu Shipping Channel (Louisiana, USA), linear and near-continuous islands are shown to have the potential to increase sedimentation in the channel by altering both local hydrodynamics around the islands and estuarine-scale tidal dynamics. However, the degree to which the islands are continuous (i.e., number and size of gaps between islands) and the dominant forcing factors (i.e., tidally driven versus wind-driven circulation) are shown to limit the increase in shoaling likelihood by island presence.