Adjusting Radial Surveys

Three possibilities are investigated in order to determine quantitative estimates of point variance-covariance estimates, when the points are located by the radial technique. The necessary equations are presented for unique propagation, averaging, and rigorous least squares formulation. A specific example is considered and numerical and graphical results are given. It is concluded that, for the example considered, an adjustment of any type may not be necessary. If an adjustment is considered necessary, it is recommended that two independent data sets be taken from a single control point, and the relatively simple averaging technique be used for an adjustment