Noncontact Operational Modal Analysis of a High-Rise Building Based on an Interferometric Radar System and Combined Modal Estimation Scheme
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 4
Abstract
The dynamic characteristics of large-scale civil structures are generally evaluated by performing operational modal analysis based on ambient vibration records measured by contact sensors, e.g., accelerometers. However, owing to accessibility restrictions, it is sometimes inconvenient to conduct dynamic response measurements by contact sensors. Therefore, there is a need to adopt noncontact measurement technologies for monitoring the dynamic performance of civil structures. On the other hand, only response records are available for operational modal analysis on account of the unknown nature of ambient excitations, which may lead to uncertainties in modal estimates, particularly damping estimates. In this regard, this paper adopts a combined method consisting of modal decoupling, natural excitation technology, and an eigensystem realization algorithm to perform high-accuracy modal identification with uncertainty quantification. Through numerical simulation study of a frame structure, the accuracy and effectiveness of the combined method for identifying structural modal parameters are verified. Then, taking advantage of noncontact simultaneous multipoint measurements by an interferometric radar system and the combined modal estimation scheme, the noncontact operational modal analysis strategy is utilized to evaluate structural dynamic characteristics of a supertall building after experiencing a sudden vibration event that attracted considerable concern from the public. The purpose of this study is to provide a practical and reliable means of conducting modal estimation with uncertainty quantification from a single measurement and suggest a noncontact modal analysis strategy for structures with difficulty installing contact sensors.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The work described in this paper was fully supported by grants from the Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (Project Nos. SGDX2020110309300301 and JCYJ20220818101201003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 51978593 and 52278538), and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. CityU 11204020).
References
Astroza, R., H. Ebrahimian, J. P. Conte, J. I. Restrepo, and T. C. Hutchinson. 2022. “Statistical analysis of the modal properties of a seismically-damaged five-story RC building identified using ambient vibration data.” J. Build. Eng. 52 (Jul): 104411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104411.
Bajrić, A., J. Høgsberg, and F. Rüdinger. 2018. “Evaluation of damping estimates by automated operational modal analysis for offshore wind turbine tower vibrations.” Renewable Energy 116 (Part B): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.043.
Brincker, R., and C. E. Ventura. 2015. Introduction to operational modal analysis. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Brossault, M. A., P. Roux, and P. Guéguen. 2018. “The fluctuation-dissipation theorem used as a proxy for damping variations in real engineering structures.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.012.
Chang, M., and S. N. Pakzad. 2013. “Modified natural excitation technique for stochastic modal identification.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (10): 1753–1762. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000559.
Chiang, D. Y., and C. S. Lin. 2008. “Identification of modal parameters from nonstationary ambient vibration data using correlation technique.” AIAA J. 46 (11): 2752–2759. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.34272.
Cimellaro, G. P., S. Piantà, and A. De Stefano. 2012. “Output-only modal identification of ancient L’Aquila city hall and civic tower.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (4): 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000494.
Damadipour, M., and R. Tarinejad. 2021. “Seismic modal identification using a new approach based on weighted transmissibility.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (7): 2049–2074. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3435.
El-Kafafy, M., T. De Troyer, and P. Guillaume. 2014. “Fast maximum-likelihood identification of modal parameters with uncertainty intervals: A modal model formulation with enhanced residual term.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 48 (1–2): 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.02.011.
Feng, Z. Q., B. Zhao, X. G. Hua, and Z. Q. Chen. 2019. “Enhanced EMD-RDT method for output-only ambient modal identification of structures.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 32 (4): 04019046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001034.
Gentile, C., and G. Bernardini. 2010. “An interferometric radar for non-contact measurement of deflections on civil engineering structures: Laboratory and full-scale tests.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 6 (5): 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470903068557.
Greś, S., M. Döhler, P. Andersen, and L. Mevel. 2021. “Uncertainty quantification for the modal phase collinearity of complex mode shapes.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 152 (May): 107436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107436.
Guo, Y. L. 2015. “Nonstationary system identification techniques.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Notre Dame.
Guo, Y. L., A. Kareem, Y. Q. Ni, and W. Y. Liao. 2012. “Performance evaluation of Canton Tower under winds based on full-scale data.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 104–106 (May–Jul): 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.04.001.
Hwang, D., S. Kim, and H. K. Kim. 2021. “Long-term damping characteristics of twin cable-stayed bridge under environmental and operational variations.” J. Bridge Eng. 26 (9): 04021062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001761.
Kim, S., and H. K. Kim. 2017. “Damping identification of bridges under nonstationary ambient vibration.” Engineering 3 (6): 839–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2017.11.002.
Kim, S., K. Y. Park, H. K. Kim, and H. S. Lee. 2020. “Damping estimates from reconstructed displacement for low-frequency dominant structures.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 136 (Feb): 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.106533.
Kordkheili, S. H., S. M. Massouleh, S. Hajirezayi, and H. Bahai. 2018. “Experimental identification of closely spaced modes using NExT-ERA.” J. Sound Vib. 412 (Jan): 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2017.09.038.
Li, Q. S., Y. H. He, K. Zhou, X. L. Han, Y. C. He, and Z. R. Shu. 2018. “Structural health monitoring for a 600 m high skyscraper.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 27 (12): e1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1490.
Lin, C. S. 2016. “Ambient modal identification using non-stationary correlation technique.” Arch. Appl. Mech. 86 (8): 1449–1464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-016-1128-6.
Liu, Y. M., and Y. Bao. 2021. “Review of electromagnetic waves-based distance measurement technologies for remote monitoring of civil engineering structures.” Measurement 176 (May): 109193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109193.
Mahmood, S. F., N. Haritos, E. Gad, and L. Zhang. 2014. “A multi-reference-based mode selection approach for the implementation of NExT-ERA in modal-based damage detection.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 21 (8): 1137–1153. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1638.
Maizuar, M., L. H. Zhang, S. Miramini, and P. Mendis. 2017. “Detecting structural damage to bridge girders using radar interferometry and computational modeling.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 24 (10): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1985.
Nayeri, R. D., S. F. Masri, and A. G. Chassiakos. 2007. “Application of structural health monitoring techniques to track structural changes in a retrofitted building based on ambient vibration.” J. Eng. Mech. 133 (12): 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:12(1311).
Nazari, M., and S. M. Sakhaei. 2018. “Variational mode extraction: A new efficient method to derive respiratory signals from ECG.” IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf. 22 (4): 1059–1067. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2017.2734074.
Negulescu, C., G. Luzi, M. Crosetto, D. Raucoules, A. Roullé, D. Monfort, L. Pujades, B. Colas, and T. Dewez. 2013. “Comparison of seismometer and radar measurements for the modal identification of civil engineering structures.” Eng. Struct. 51 (Jun): 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.005.
Pan, C. D., X. J. Ye, and L. Mei. 2021. “Improved automatic operational modal analysis method and application to large-scale bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 26 (8): 04021051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001756.
Pang, B., M. Nazari, and G. Tang. 2022. “Recursive variational mode extraction and its application in rolling bearing fault diagnosis.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 165 (Feb): 108321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108321.
Pereira, S., E. Reynders, F. Magalhaes, A. Cunha, and J. P. Gomes. 2020. “The role of modal parameters uncertainty estimation in automated modal identification, modal tracking and data normalization.” Eng. Struct. 224 (Dec): 111208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111208.
Pridham, B. A., and J. C. Wilson. 2003. “A study of damping errors in correlation-driven stochastic realizations using short data sets.” Probab. Eng. Mech. 18 (1): 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-8920(02)00042-5.
Rainieri, C., and G. Fabbrocino. 2014. Operational modal analysis of civil engineering structures. New York: Springer.
Reynders, E. 2012. “System identification methods for (operational) modal analysis: Review and comparison.” Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 19 (1): 51–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-012-9069-x.
Reynders, E., R. Pintelon, and G. De Roeck. 2008. “Uncertainty bounds on modal parameters obtained from stochastic subspace identification.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 22 (4): 948–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.10.009.
Siringoringo, D. M., and Y. Fujino. 2008. “System identification of suspension bridge from ambient vibration response.” Eng. Struct. 30 (2): 462–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.03.004.
Siringoringo, D. M., and Y. Fujino. 2009. “Noncontact operational modal analysis of structural members by laser Doppler vibrometer.” Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 24 (4): 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2008.00585.x.
Sofi, M., E. Lumantarna, P. A. Mendis, C. Duffield, and A. Rajabifard. 2017. “Assessment of a pedestrian bridge dynamics using interferometric radar system IBIS-FS.” Procedia Eng. 188 (1): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.454.
Sofi, M., E. Lumantarna, A. Zhong, P. A. Mendis, C. Duffield, and R. Barnes. 2018. “Determining dynamic characteristics of high-rise buildings using interferometric radar system.” Eng. Struct. 164 (Jun): 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.084.
Su, J. Z., Y. Xia, and S. Weng. 2020. “Review on field monitoring of high-rise structures.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 27 (12): e2629. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2629.
Su, L., X. Huang, J. Q. Zhang, and J. M. LaFave. 2021. “Engineering performance of two analytical methodologies for estimating modal parameter uncertainty for structures.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 28 (7): e2752. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2752.
Sun, M. M., and Q. S. Li. 2022. “Evaluation of modal properties of high-rise buildings under severe typhoon conditions using correlation function-based modal identification methods.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 229 (Oct): 105140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105140.
Sun, M. M., Q. S. Li, and X. L. Han. 2022. “Investigation of long-term modal properties of a supertall building under environmental and operational variations.” J. Build. Eng. 62 (Dec): 105439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105439.
Tarpø, M., T. Friis, P. Olsen, C. Georgakis, and R. Brincker. 2019. “Automated reduction of statistical errors in the estimated correlation function matrix for operational modal analysis.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 132 (Oct): 790–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.07.024.
Tarpø, M., C. Georgakis, A. Brandt, and R. Brincker. 2020. “Experimental determination of structural damping of a full-scale building with and without tuned liquid dampers.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 28 (3): e2676. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2676.
Wan, J. W., Q. S. Li, X. L. Han, and K. Xu. 2022. “Investigation of structural responses and dynamic characteristics of a supertall building during Typhoon Kompasu.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 230 (Nov): 105209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105209.
Xu, K., Q. S. Li, K. Zhou, X. L. Han, and J. W. Wan. 2023. “Modal identification of 38 supertall buildings and establishment of predictive models.” J. Struct. Eng. 149 (4): 04023017. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11907.
Yan, B. F., A. Miyamoto, and E. Brühwiler. 2006. “Wavelet transform-based modal parameter identification considering uncertainty.” J. Sound Vib. 291 (1–2): 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2005.06.005.
Ye, X. J., P. L. Huang, C. D. Pan, and L. Mei. 2021. “Innovative stabilization diagram for automated structural modal identification based on ERA and hierarchical cluster analysis.” J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 11 (5): 1355–1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00514-8.
Yun, D. K., D. Kim, M. Kim, S. G. Bae, J. W. Choi, H. B. Shim, T. Hong, D. E. Lee, and H. S. Park. 2021. “Field measurements for identification of modal parameters for high-rise buildings under construction or in use.” Autom. Constr. 121 (Jan): 103446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103446.
Zhang, F. L., C. E. Ventura, H. B. Xiong, W. S. Lu, Y. X. Pan, and J. X. Cao. 2018. “Evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of a super tall building using data from ambient vibration and shake table tests by a Bayesian approach.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 25 (4): e2121. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2121.
Zhang, G. W., J. H. Ma, Z. Chen, and R. R. Wang. 2014. “Automated eigensystem realisation algorithm for operational modal analysis.” J. Sound Vib. 333 (15): 3550–3563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.03.024.
Zhao, W. J., G. W. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2020. “Cable force estimation of a long-span cable-stayed bridge with microwave interferometric radar.” Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 35 (12): 1419–1433. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12557.
Zhou, K., and Q. S. Li. 2021. “Reliability analysis of damping estimation by random decrement technique for high-rise buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (5): 1251–1270. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3396.
Zini, G., M. Betti, and G. Bartoli. 2022. “A quality-based automated procedure for operational modal analysis.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 164 (Feb): 108173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108173.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 21, 2023
Accepted: Nov 28, 2023
Published online: Feb 9, 2024
Published in print: Apr 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jul 9, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.