Abstract
Motivated by the magnitude of discrepancies that are typically encountered in blind analysis contests between numerical model predictions and test data, a methodology is presented to incorporate modeling uncertainties in the assessment of capacity-designed steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) under earthquake loading. Sources of modeling uncertainties are identified in order to define a set of variables that control the seismic response of steel MRFs. For each variable, statistical distributions that rely on experimental databases are deduced. Special attention is paid to the truncation limits to enable the generation of individual parameter samples that have an actual physical meaning. Besides strength modification factors for various steel grades, distributions are offered for the parameters that are used to model wide-flange (composite) beams, steel hollow structural section columns and damping. Both intracomponent and intercomponent interdependencies are explicitly discussed in an attempt to propose correlation coefficients that comply with the current design philosophy and construction sequence. Although the focus is strictly on collapse of capacity-designed steel MRFs, the proposed methodology can be utilized to examine less severe limit states and/or existing structures where capacity-design principles do not necessarily apply. A 4-story steel MRF, tested full-scale at the E-Defense facility to collapse, is employed as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. It is shown that although the steel MRF examined is insensitive to modeling uncertainties regarding both collapse and story mechanism prediction, local response parameters can vary considerably versus the ones observed during the test. Through a parametric investigation on the strong-column-weak-beam (SCWB) ratio, the parameters that have an impact on the associated predictions are identified. Implications for capacity design, collapse capacity and residual drift are also discussed, highlighting the benefits that higher SCWB ratios can have on seismic response.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research has been cofunded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 754462, a Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship, and an EPFL internal grant. This financial support is gratefully acknowledged. The author would also like to thank Dimitrios Lignos for providing the E-Defense test data, the structural component databases, as well as guidance on a number of topics covered in this paper, and Andronikos Skiadopoulos for developing and validating the OpenSees model.
References
AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan). 2010. Recommendation for limit state design of steel structures. 3rd ed. Tokyo: AIJ.
AISC (American Institute for Steel Construction). 2016. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341-16. Chicago: AISC.
Akcelyan, S., D. G. Lignos, T. Hikino, and M. Nakashima. 2016. “Evaluation of simplified and state-of-the-art analysis procedures for steel frame buildings equipped with supplemental damping devices based on E-Defense full-scale shake table tests.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (6): 04016024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001474.
AWS (American Welding Society). 2016. Structural welding code-seismic supplement. AWS D1.8/D1.8M:2016. Miami: AWS.
AWS (American Welding Society). 2020. Structural welding code-steel. AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020. Miami: AWS.
Bakalis, K., and D. Vamvatsikos. 2018. “Seismic fragility functions via nonlinear response history analysis.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (10): 04018181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002141.
Baker, J. W. 2015. “Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (1): 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M.
Bernal, D., M. Döhler, S. M. Kojidi, K. Kwan, and Y. Liu. 2015. “First mode damping ratios for buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (1): 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1193/101812EQS311M.
Bosco, M., E. Mangiameli, and P. P. Rossi. 2023. “Influence of uncertainties on the seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 205 (Jan): 107811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2023.107811.
Braconi, A., et al. 2013. Optimising the seismic performance of steel and steel-concrete structures by standardising material quality control (OPUS). Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Castro, J. M., A. Y. Elghazouli, and B. A. Izzuddin. 2005. “Modelling of the panel zone in steel and composite moment frames.” Eng. Struct. 27 (1): 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.09.008.
Celarec, D., and M. Dolšek. 2013. “The impact of modelling uncertainties on the seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete frame buildings.” Eng. Struct. 52 (Jul): 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.02.036.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance–Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. EN 1998-1:2004. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2018. Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures–Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures. EN1090-2:2018. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cheng, C.-T., C.-F. Chan, and L.-L. Chung. 2007. “Seismic behavior of steel beams and CFT column moment-resisting connections with floor slabs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 63 (11): 1479–1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.01.014.
Cornell, C. A., F. Jalayer, R. O. Hamburger, and D. Foutch. 2002. “Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC Federal Emergency Management Agency steel moment frame guidelines.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (4): 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:4(526).
Cornell, C. A., and H. Krawinkler. 2000. “Progress and challenges in seismic performance assessment.” PEER Center News 3 (2): 1–4.
Cruz, C., and E. Miranda. 2021a. “Damping ratios of the first mode for the seismic analysis of buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (1): 04020300. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002873.
Cruz, C., and E. Miranda. 2021b. “Insights into damping ratios in buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (3): 916–934. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3356.
Dastmalchi, S., and H. V. Burton. 2021. “Effect of modeling uncertainty on multi-limit state performance of controlled rocking steel braced frames.” J. Build. Eng. 39 (Jul): 102308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102308.
de Castro e Sousa, A., Y. Suzuki, and D. Lignos. 2020. “Consistency in solving the inverse problem of the Voce-Chaboche constitutive model for plastic straining.” J. Eng. Mech. 146 (9): 04020097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001839.
Deierlein, G. G., and A. Zsarnóczay. 2019. State-of-art in computational simulation for natural hazards. Richmond, CA: Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure SimCenter.
Der Kiureghian, A., and O. Ditlevsen. 2009. “Aleatory or epistemic? Does it matter?” Struct. Saf. 31 (2): 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.020.
Dolsek, M. 2009. “Incremental dynamic analysis with consideration of modeling uncertainties.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (6): 805–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.869.
El Jisr, H., A. Elkady, and D. G. Lignos. 2019. “Composite steel beam database for seismic design and performance assessment of composite-steel moment-resisting frame systems.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (6): 3015–3039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00564-w.
El Jisr, H., A. Elkady, and D. G. Lignos. 2020. “Hysteretic behavior of moment-resisting frames considering slab restraint and framing action.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (8): 04020145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002696.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2014. “Modeling of the composite action in fully restrained beam-to-column connections: Implications in the seismic design and collapse capacity of steel special moment frames.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (13): 1935–1954. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2430.
Elkady, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2015. “Effect of gravity framing on the overstrength and collapse capacity of steel frame buildings with perimeter special moment frames.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (8): 1289–1307. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2519.
Esposito, R., F. Messali, G. J. P. Ravenshorst, H. R. Schipper, and J. G. Rots. 2019. “Seismic assessment of a lab-tested two-storey unreinforced masonry Dutch terraced house.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (8): 4601–4623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00572-w.
FEMA. 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Fragiadakis, M., D. Vamvatsikos, and M. Papadrakakis. 2006. “Evaluation of the influence of vertical irregularities on the seismic performance of a nine-storey steel frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (12): 1489–1509. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.591.
Fujisawa, K., Y. Ichinohe, M. Sugimoto, and M. Sonoda. 2017. “Statistical study on mechanical properties and chemical compositions of SN steels.” In Proc., Summary of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 699–700. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Furtado, A., H. Rodrigues, A. Arêde, H. Varum, M. Grubišić, and T. K. Šipoš. 2018. “Prediction of the earthquake response of a three-storey infilled RC structure.” Eng. Struct. 171 (Sep): 214–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.054.
Ghahari, S. F., F. Abazarsa, and E. Taciroglu. 2019. “Identification of soil-structure systems.” In Seismic structural health monitoring. springer tracts in civil engineering, edited by M. Limongelli and M. Çelebi, 139–167. Berlin: Springer.
Gokkaya, B. U., J. W. Baker, and G. G. Deierlein. 2016. “Quantifying the impacts of modeling uncertainties on the seismic drift demands and collapse risk of buildings with implications on seismic design checks.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 45 (10): 1661–1683. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2740.
Gokkaya, B. U., J. W. Baker, and G. G. Deierlein. 2017. “Estimation and impacts of model parameter correlation for seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete structures.” Struct. Saf. 69 (2017): 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2017.07.005.
Gunay, S., F. Hu, K. M. Mosalam, A. Nema, J. I. Restrepo, and J. Baker. 2020. Blind prediction of shaking table tests of a new bridge bent design. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Hartloper, A. R. 2016. “Updates to the ASCE-41-13 nonlinear modelling provisions for performance-based seismic assessment of new and existing steel moment resisting frames.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ.
Hikino, T., M. Ohsaki, K. Kasai, M. Tada, and M. Nakashima. 2010. “Summary of blind analysis contest for full-scale four-story steel building and evaluation of accuracy of numerical analysis.” J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 75 (655): 1717–1726.
Hwang, S.-H., and D. G. Lignos. 2017. “Effect of modeling assumptions on the earthquake-induced losses and collapse risk of steel-frame buildings with special concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000185.
Ibarra, L. F., R. A. Medina, and H. Krawinkler. 2005. “Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 34 (12): 1489–1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.495.
Idota, H., L. Guan, and K. Yamazaki. 2009. “Statistical correlation of steel members for system reliability analysis.” In Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR). London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Jalayer, F., and C. A. Cornell. 2009. “Alternative non-linear demand estimation methods for probability–Based seismic assessments.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (8): 951–972. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.876.
Jalayer, F., and H. Ebrahimian. 2020. “Seismic reliability assessment and the nonergodicity in the modelling parameter uncertainties.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (5): 434–457. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3247.
Kanvinde, A. 2017. “Predicting fracture in civil engineering steel structures: State of the art.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (3): 03116001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001704.
Kazantzi, A. K., T. D. Righiniotis, and M. K. Chryssanthopoulos. 2008. “Fragility and hazard analysis of a welded steel moment resisting frame.” J. Earthquake Eng. 12 (4): 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701512993.
Kazantzi, A. K., and D. Vamvatsikos. 2015. “Intensity measure selection for vulnerability studies of building classes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (15): 2677–2694. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2603.
Kazantzi, A. K., D. Vamvatsikos, and D. G. Lignos. 2014. “Seismic performance of a steel moment-resisting frame subject to strength and ductility uncertainty.” Eng. Struct. 78 (2014): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.044.
Kohrangi, M., K. Bakalis, G. Triantafyllou, D. Vamvatsikos, and P. Bazzurro. 2023. “Hazard consistent record selection procedures accounting for horizontal and vertical components of the ground motion: Application to liquid storage tanks.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 52 (4): 1232–1251. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3813.
Krawinkler, H. 1978. “Shear in beam-column joints in seismic design of steel frames.” Eng. J. 15 (3): 82–91.
Lachanas, C. G., and D. Vamvatsikos. 2021. “Model type effects on the estimated seismic response of a 20-story steel moment resisting frame.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (6): 04021078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003010.
Liel, A. B., C. B. Haselton, G. G. Deierlein, and J. W. Baker. 2009. “Incorporating modeling uncertainties in the assessment of seismic collapse risk of buildings.” Struct. Saf. 31 (2): 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.002.
Lignos, D. G. 2008. “Sidesway collapse of deteriorating structural systems under seismic excitations.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Lignos, D. G. 2012. “Modelling and experimental validation of a full scale 5-Story steel building equipped with triple friction pendulum bearings: E-Defense blind analysis competition.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Urban Earthquake Engineering/4th Asia Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Lignos, D. G., A. R. Hartloper, A. Elkady, G. G. Deierlein, and R. Hamburger. 2019. “Proposed updates to the ASCE 41 nonlinear modeling parameters for wide-flange steel columns in support of performance-based seismic engineering.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (9): 04019083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002353.
Lignos, D. G., T. Hikino, Y. Matsuoka, and M. Nakashima. 2013. “Collapse assessment of steel moment frames based on E-Defense full-scale shake table collapse tests.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (1): 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000608.
Lignos, D. G., and H. Krawinkler. 2011. “Deterioration modeling of steel components in support of collapse prediction of steel moment frames under earthquake loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (11): 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000376.
Lignos, D. G., and H. Krawinkler. 2013. “Development and utilization of structural component databases for performance-based earthquake engineering.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (8): 1382–1394. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000646.
Lin, T., C. B. Haselton, and J. W. Baker. 2013a. “Conditional spectrum-based ground motion selection. Part I: Hazard consistency for risk-based assessments.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (12): 1847–1865. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2301.
Lin, T., C. B. Haselton, and J. W. Baker. 2013b. “Conditional spectrum-based ground motion selection. Part II: Intensity-based assessments and evaluation of alternative target spectra.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (12): 1867–1884. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2303.
Liu, J. 2016. “Updates to expected yield stress and tensile strength ratios for determination of expected member capacity in the 2016 AISC seismic provisions.” Eng. J. 53 (Jun): 215–228.
Liu, J., R. Sabelli, R. L. Brockenbrough, and T. P. Fraser. 2007. “Expected yield stress and tensile strength ratios for determination of expected member capacity in the 2005 AISC seismic provisions.” Eng. J. 44 (1): 15–26.
Macedo, L., and J. M. Castro. 2021. “Collapse performance assessment of steel moment frames designed to Eurocode 8.” Eng. Failure Anal. 126 (Aug): 105445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105445.
Massey, F. J. 1951. “The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit.” J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 46 (253): 68. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1951.10500769.
Mckay, M. D., R. J. Beckman, and W. J. Conover. 2000. “A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code.” Technometrics 42 (1): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.2000.10485979.
McKenna, F. 1997. “Object oriented finite element programming frameworks for analysis, algorithms and parallel computing.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California at Berkeley.
McKenna, F. 2011. “OpenSees: A framework for earthquake engineering simulation.” Comput. Sci. Eng. 13 (4): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.66.
Mendes, N., et al. 2017. “Methods and approaches for blind test predictions of out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls: A numerical comparative study.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 11 (1): 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2016.1238974.
Mohabeddine, A., Y. W. Koudri, J. A. F. Correia, and J. M. Castro. 2021. “Rotation capacity of steel members for the seismic assessment of steel buildings.” Eng. Struct. 244 (Jun): 112760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112760.
Ohtani, K., N. Ogawa, T. Katayama, and H. Shibata. 2004. “Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility).” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Okazaki, T., D. Liu, M. Nakashima, and M. D. Engelhardt. 2006. “Stability requirements for beams in seismic steel moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (9): 1334–1342. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:9(1334).
O’Reilly, G. J., and T. J. Sullivan. 2018. “Quantification of modelling uncertainty in existing Italian RC frames.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (4): 1054–1074. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3005.
Panagiotou, M., J. I. Restrepo, and J. P. Conte. 2011. “Shake-table test of a full-scale 7-Story building slice. Phase I: Rectangular wall.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (6): 691–704. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000332.
Pericoli, V., X. Lao, A. Ziccarelli, A. Kanvinde, and G. Deierlein. 2021. “Integration of an adaptive cohesive zone and continuum ductile fracture model to simulate crack propagation in steel structures.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 258 (Dec): 108041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.108041.
Richard, B., F. Voldoire, M. Fontan, J. Mazars, T. Chaudat, S. Abouri, and N. Bonfils. 2018. “SMART 2013: Lessons learned from the international benchmark about the seismic margin assessment of nuclear RC buildings.” Eng. Struct. 161 (Apr): 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.023.
Sato, M., and T. Inoue. 2004. “General frame work of research topics utilizing the 3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility.” J. JAEE 4 (3): 448–456. https://doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_448.
Sattar, S., A. B. Liel, and P. Martinelli. 2013. “Quantification of modeling uncertainties based on the blind prediction contest submissions.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2013, 1997–2008. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Silva, V., et al. 2019. “Current challenges and future trends in analytical fragility and vulnerability modeling.” Earthquake Spectra 35 (4): 1927–1952. https://doi.org/10.1193/042418EQS101O.
Skiadopoulos, A., A. Elkady, and D. G. Lignos. 2021. “Proposed panel zone model for seismic design of steel moment-resisting frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (4): 04021006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002935.
Skiadopoulos, A., and D. G. Lignos. 2021. “Development of inelastic panel zone database.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (4): 04721001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002957.
Suzuki, Y., and D. G. Lignos. 2021. “Experimental evaluation of steel columns under seismic hazard-consistent collapse loading protocols.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (4): 04021020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002963.
Terzic, V., M. J. Schoettler, J. I. Restrepo, and S. A. Mahin. 2015. Concrete column blind prediction contest 2010: Outcomes and observations. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Tomić, I., et al. 2023. “Shake-table testing of a stone masonry building aggregate: Overview of blind prediction study.” In Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 1–43. Berlin: Springer.
Tsitos, A., M. A. Bravo-Haro, and A. Y. Elghazouli. 2018. “Influence of deterioration modelling on the seismic response of steel moment frames designed to Eurocode 8.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (2): 356–376. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2954.
Unanwa, C., and M. Mahan. 2014. “Statistical analysis of concrete compressive strengths for California highway bridges.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 28 (1): 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000404.
Vamvatsikos, D. 2014. “Seismic performance uncertainty estimation via IDA with progressive accelerogram-wise Latin hypercube sampling.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (8): A4014015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001030.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (3): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
Vamvatsikos, D., and M. Fragiadakis. 2010. “Incremental dynamic analysis for estimating seismic performance sensitivity and uncertainty.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39 (2): 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.935.
Vassiliou, M. F., M. Broccardo, C. Cengiz, M. Dietz, L. Dihoru, S. Gunay, K. M. Mosalam, G. Mylonakis, A. Sextos, and B. Stojadinovic. 2021. “Shake table testing of a rocking podium: Results of a blind prediction contest.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (4): 1043–1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3386.
Vrouwenvelder, T. 1997. “The JCSS probabilistic model code.” Struct. Saf. 19 (3): 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4730(97)00008-8.
Wu, T.-Y., S. El-Tawil, and J. McCormick. 2018. “Seismic collapse response of steel moment frames with deep columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002150.
Zhang, H., O. Kwon, and C. Christopoulos. 2022. “Uncertainty quantification in the calibration of numerical elements in nonlinear seismic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 51 (12): 3000–3021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3711.
Zsarnóczay, A., and J. W. Baker. 2020. “Using model error in response history analysis to evaluate component calibration methods.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (2): 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3234.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 4 • April 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 7, 2023
Accepted: Nov 3, 2023
Published online: Feb 10, 2024
Published in print: Apr 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jul 10, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.