Testing and Analysis of Optimized Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steel Trusses
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 3
Abstract
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal three-dimensional (3D) printing that can be used to fabricate large-scale elements of complex form, opening up opportunities to unleash the full potential of structural optimization. To demonstrate this potential, optimized steel trusses have been fabricated by means of WAAM and tested to investigate their structural performance. The tested metal 3D printed specimens, which are considered to be the first optimized WAAM structural systems of this kind and scale, comprised members of tubular cross section with varying diameters and thicknesses. Three different configurations were considered: cantilever, propped cantilever, and simply supported, all 2 m in length. Repeat tests enabled the variability in response between specimens to be evaluated; six optimized trusses were tested in total. The geometric features of the tested specimens were determined using 3D laser scanning, and digital image correlation was employed to monitor the displacement and strain fields during testing. Full details of the experimental program are provided; the obtained results are analyzed, and comparisons against equivalent conventional reference designs are made. The results of complementary numerical simulations, undertaken to gain further insight into particular features of the structural response of the examined specimens, are also presented. The structural efficiency of the optimized trusses, as measured by the capacity-to-mass ratio, was found to be up to 95% higher than that of the corresponding reference designs, underlining the benefits in terms of structural efficiency that can be achieved by the combination of WAAM with optimization methods.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research was possible thanks to funding and support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 820776 “Intelligent data-driven pipeline for the manufacturing of certified metal parts through Direct Energy Deposition process (INTEGRADDE).” The authors also gratefully acknowledge funding and support from the Onassis Foundation. Finally, the authors would like to thank Ben Weber, Gordon Herbert, Zuzanna Rydz, Les Clark, Paul Crudge, and Freddy Olivo for their contributions to the experimental study.
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Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 3 • March 2024
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© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 1, 2023
Accepted: Oct 5, 2023
Published online: Jan 11, 2024
Published in print: Mar 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Jun 11, 2024
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