Parametric Studies on Seismic Performance of New Precast Braced Concrete Shear Walls under Cyclic Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 6
Abstract
A new precast concrete (PC) shear wall system with diagonal-shaped or cross-shaped concealed bracing was developed and experimentally validated, owning sufficient energy-dissipation capacity, in a previous study. Given that the seismic performance of such precast braced concrete shear (PBCS) walls is not comprehensively understood, this paper numerically investigates the influences of axial load ratio (ALR) and various reinforcement ratios (RRs) on the mechanical behavior of PBCS walls under cyclic loading. For this purpose, the numerical models based on the layered-shell element are developed to analyze the PBCS walls and validated regarding the deformation capacity of experimental results. A total of 156 PBCS wall models with different ALRs, longitudinal RRs of the boundary columns and bracing, and horizontal and vertical web RRs are established and tested under cyclic loading. It is concluded that the effects of bracing RR and horizontal web RR on the hysteretic responses are negligible and thus can be designed as the minimum suggested by the codes. However, the ALR, boundary column RR, and vertical web RR can significantly affect the lateral bearing capacity and displacement ductility of PBCS walls. In addition, the ALR limits for both types of PBCS walls are presented to satisfy the ductility requirements. Moreover, the simplified formulations regarding the bearing capacity and ductility of PBCS walls are proposed, respectively, which show good agreement with the numerical results. The outcomes of this research not only provide an in-depth understanding on the seismic behavior of the PBCS walls, but also promote the design code expansion and potential engineering application of such new types of PC shear walls.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51738007). The first author would like to acknowledge the financial support from the China Scholarship Council under Grant No. 202006060114. The authors sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for the constructive comments that greatly improved the quality of this paper.
References
Abdullah, S. A., and J. W. Wallace. 2019. “Drift capacity of RC structural walls with special boundary elements.” ACI Struct. J. 116 (1): 183–194. https://doi.org/10.14359/51710864.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2011. Building code requirements for structural concrete. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Alarcon, C., M. A. Hube, and J. Llera. 2014. “Effect of axial loads in the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete walls with unconfined wall boundaries.” Eng. Struct. 73 (Aug): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.047.
Aly, N., and K. Galal. 2020. “Experimental investigation of axial load and detailing effects on the inelastic response of reinforced-concrete masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (12): 04020259. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002842.
Arafa, A., A. S. Farghaly, and B. Benmokrane. 2018. “Effect of web reinforcement on the seismic response of concrete squat walls reinforced with glass-FRP bars.” Eng. Struct. 174 (Jun): 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.092.
ASCE. 2007. Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Benayoune, A., A. Samad, and A. Ali. 2007. “Response of pre-cast reinforced composite sandwich panels to axial loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (3): 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.011.
Bruhl, J. C., and A. H. Varma. 2017. “Experimental resistance and available ductility of steel-plate composite walls in one-way bending.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (4): 04016222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001714.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Choi, I. R., and H. G. Park. 2008. “Ductility and energy dissipation capacity of shear-dominated steel plate walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (9): 1495–1507. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:9(1495).
Dong, Y. H., L. Jaillon, P. Chu, and C. S. Poon. 2015. “Comparing carbon emissions of precast and cast-in-situ construction methods—A case study of high-rise private building.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (Jun): 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.145.
Ioani, A. M., and E. Tripa. 2012. “Structural behavior of an innovative all-precast concrete dual system for residential buildings.” PCI J. 57 (1): 110–123. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01012012.110.123.
José, S., and A. H. António. 2021. “Span-to-depth ratio limits for RC continuous beams and slabs based on MC2010 and EC2 ductility and deflection requirements.” Eng. Struct. 228 (Feb): 111565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111565.
Kim, J., A. Varma, J. Seo, J. Bruhl, K. Lee, and K. Kim. 2021a. “Steel-plate composite walls subjected to missile impact: Experimental evaluation of local damage.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (2): 04020312. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002806.
Kim, S. H., E. K. Lee, S. M. Kang, H. G. Park, and J. H. Park. 2021b. “Effect of boundary confinement on ductility of RC walls.” Eng. Struct. 230 (Mar): 111695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111695.
Kunnath, S. K., Y. A. Heo, and J. F. Mohle. 2009. “Nonlinear uniaxial material model for reinforcing steel bars.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (4): 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:4(335).
Kurama, Y. C., S. Sritharan, R. B. Fleischman, J. I. Restrepo, R. S. Henry, N. M. Cleland, S. K. Ghosh, and P. Bonelli. 2018. “Seismic-resistant precast concrete structures: State of the art.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (4): 03118001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001972.
Li, H. N., Y. C. Tang, C. Li, and L. M. Wang. 2019. “Experimental and numerical investigations on seismic behavior of hybrid braced precast concrete shear walls.” Eng. Struct. 198 (Jun): 109560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109560.
Looi, D. T. W., R. K. L. Su, B. Cheng, and H. H. Tsang. 2017. “Effects of axial load on seismic performance of reinforced concrete walls with short shear span.” Eng. Struct. 151 (Nov): 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.030.
Lu, X., X. Lu, H. Guan, and L. Ye. 2013a. “Collapse simulation of reinforced concrete high-rise building induced by extreme earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (5): 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2240.
Lu, X., X. Lu, H. Guan, W. Zhang, and L. Ye. 2013b. “Earthquake-induced collapse simulation of a super-tall mega-braced frame-core tube building.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 82 (Apr): 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.12.004.
Lu, X., Y. Tian, S. Cen, L. Xie, and L. Wang. 2018. “A high-performance quadrilateral flat shell element for seismic collapse simulation of tall buildings and its implementation in OpenSees.” J. Earthquake Eng. 22 (9): 1662–1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1297269.
Lu, X., L. Xie, H. Guan, Y. Huang, and X. Lu. 2015. “A shear wall element for nonlinear seismic analysis of super-tall buildings using OpenSees.” Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 98 (Jun): 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2015.01.006.
Lu, Y., and R. S. Henry. 2017. “Numerical modelling of reinforced concrete walls with minimum vertical reinforcement.” Eng. Struct. 143 (Jul): 330–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.043.
Lu, Y., R. S. Henry, R. Gultom, and Q. T. Ma. 2017. “Cyclic testing of reinforced concrete walls with distributed minimum vertical reinforcement.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (5): 04016225. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001723.
Massone, L. M., P. Bonelli, R. Lagos, C. Luders, J. Moehle, and J. W. Wallace. 2012. “Seismic design and construction practices for RC structural wall buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 28 (1): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000046.
Massone, L. M., B. L. Sayre, and J. W. Wallace. 2017. “Load–deformation responses of slender structural steel reinforced concrete walls.” Eng. Struct. 140 (Jun): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.050.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. Scott, and G. Fenves. 2006. The open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSEES) user command-language manual. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Moghimi, H., and R. G. Driver. 2014. “Performance—Based capacity design of steel plate shear walls. I: Development principles.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (12): 04014097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001023.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2010a. Code for design of concrete structures. Beijing: MOHURD.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2010b. Code for seismic design of buildings. Beijing: MOHURD.
Ou, Y. C., H. Alrasyid, and N. Nguyen. 2021. “Minimum shear reinforcement for columns with high-strength reinforcement and concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (2): 04020313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002854.
Park, R., M. J. Priestley, and W. D. Gill. 1982. “Ductility of square-confined concrete columns.” J. Struct. Div. 108 (4): 929–950. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005933.
Peng, Y., H. Wu, and Y. Zhuge. 2015. “Strength and drift capacity of squat recycled concrete shear walls under cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 100 (Jun): 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.06.025.
Qian, J., Z. Jiang, and X. Ji. 2012. “Behavior of steel tube-reinforced concrete composite walls subjected to high axial force and cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 36 (Mar): 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.10.026.
Segura, C. L., and J. W. Wallace. 2018. “Impact of geometry and detailing on drift capacity of slender walls.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (3): 885–895. https://doi.org/10.14359/51702046.
Sener, K. C., and A. H. Varma. 2021. “Steel-plate composite walls with different types of out-of-plane shear reinforcement: Behavior, analysis, and design.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (2): 04020329. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002870.
Shaingchin, S., P. Lukkunaprasit, and S. L. Wood. 2007. “Influence of diagonal web reinforcement on cyclic behavior of structural walls.” Eng. Struct. 29 (4): 498–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.05.016.
Shegay, A. V., C. J. Motter, K. J. Elwood, R. S. Henry, D. E. Lehman, and L. N. Lowes. 2018. “Impact of axial load on the seismic response of rectangular walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (8): 04018124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002122.
Shen, S. D., P. Pan, Q. S. Miao, W. F. Li, and R. H. Gong. 2019. “Test and analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) precast shear wall assembled using steel shear key (SSK).” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 48 (14): 1595–1612. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3215.
Sittipunt, C., and S. L. Wood. 1996. “Influence of web reinforcement on the cyclic response of structural walls.” ACI Struct. J. 92 (6): 745–756. https://doi.org/10.14359/9668.
Su, R., and S. M. Wong. 2007. “Seismic behavior of slender reinforced concrete shear wall under high axial load ratio.” Eng. Struct. 29 (8): 1957–1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.10.020.
Wallace, J. W., K. J. Elwood, and L. M. Massone. 2008. “Investigation of the axial load capacity for lightly reinforced wall piers.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (9): 1548–1557. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:9(1548).
Wallace, J. W., L. M. Massone, P. Bonelli, J. Dragovich, M. Lagos, C. Lüders, and J. Moehle. 2012. “Damage and implications for seismic design of RC structural wall buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 28 (1): 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000047.
Wang, B., H. Jiang, and X. Lu. 2017. “Seismic performance of steel plate reinforced concrete shear wall and its application in China Mainland.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 131 (Jun): 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.01.003.
Yuen, Y. P., and J. S. Kuang. 2015. “Effect of axial compression on ductility design of RC walls.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 168 (8): 554–569. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.14.00024.
Zerbin, M., A. Aprile, K. Beyer, and E. Spacone. 2019. “Ductility reduction factor formulations for seismic design of RC wall and frame structures.” Eng. Struct. 178 (Jan): 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.020.
Zhang, H., Y. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Duan, and H. Zhang. 2020. “Influence of axial load ratio on the seismic behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete composite shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (1): 04019171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002444.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 6 • June 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 10, 2022
Accepted: Feb 1, 2023
Published online: Mar 30, 2023
Published in print: Jun 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Aug 30, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Axial loads
- Bracing
- Concrete
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Continuum mechanics
- Cyclic loads
- Dynamic loads
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Engineering mechanics
- Foundation design
- Foundations
- Geotechnical engineering
- Load bearing capacity
- Materials engineering
- Precast concrete
- Seismic loads
- Shear walls
- Solid mechanics
- Static loads
- Statics (mechanics)
- Structural dynamics
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Walls
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.