Local Effects of Tornado-Generated Missiles

Nuclear power plant facilities and many other structures need protection against missiles generated by tornadoes and explosions. Empirical formulas are presented to determine the local effects on concrete barriers. Calculated depth of penetration, and thickness to prevent perforation and scabbing have been compared with all available results for full-scale simulated tornado-missile tests. The comparisons are excellent. The tests included missiles of various sizes, shapes, materials and impact velocities. The target properties also varied significantly. The new formulas can predict the local effects of missile impacts better than any other existing set of formulas.