Blast-Resistant Window Anchors. II: Numerical Investigation
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37, Issue 2
Abstract
A combined experimental and analytical investigation was conducted at the University of Ottawa to assess the performance of blast-resistant window retention anchors to generate design information. The experimental phase of research involved 46 full-scale window tests with different parameters. The analytical investigation included numerical modeling and dynamic analysis of windows to expand the experimental results and to assess the significance of design parameters. Computer software LS-DYNA was selected for the analyses. Analytical models of selected test windows with aspect ratios of 1.0 and 3.0 anchored on structural steel, reinforced concrete, concrete block masonry, and stone masonry substrates were modeled. The models were validated against experimental data. Additional windows with aspect ratios of 1.5 and 2.0 were also modeled for investigation. The models were used to conduct a parametric investigation with the parameters consisting of substrate flexibility, anchor fixity conditions, window size and aspect ratio, frame rigidity, number and spacing of anchors, and the threat level as defined by reflected pressure-impulse combinations. The significance of each parameter is illustrated with emphasis placed on the magnitude of anchor shear and tension design forces. The distribution of anchor forces is obtained numerically. Anchor forces and distributions are compared with those observed experimentally. Design force distribution along the perimeter of window frames is recommended for use in design. The paper provides the results of numerical simulations illustrating the significance of design parameters on anchor design force levels and their distributions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The data available include analytical models used in the numerical investigation and the resulting anchor displacement and force time histories with pressure–time distributions used in the numerical simulations.
Acknowledgments
The research program that forms the basis for this paper was funded by the Canadian Safety and Security Program of Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) under Grant No. EJ116-151018-001/sv. The contributions of Mr. A. Al-Bayti during the initial modeling stage of numerical research are greatly appreciated.
References
AAMA (American Architectural Manufacturers Association). 2006. Voluntary guide specifications for blast hazard mitigation for fenestration windows. AAMA 510-06. Schaumburg, IL: AAMA.
Alameer A. 2020. “Window retention anchors in blast-resistant windows.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ottawa.
Alameer, A., G. Elnabelsy, E. Jacques, M. Saatcioglu, and S. Foo. 2017. Tests of blast-resistant windows. Ottawa: Hazard Mitigation and Disaster Management Research Centre, Univ. of Ottawa.
Alameer, A., E. Jacques, G. Elnabelsy, and M. Saatcioglu. 2022. “Blast-resistant window anchors. I: Experimental investigation.” ASCE J. Prot. Struct. 37 (2): 04023003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001763.
Alameer, A., E. Jacques, and M. Saatcioglu. 2015. “Performance of glazed windows under blast loads.” In Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Shock & Impact Loads on Structures. Singapore: CI-Premier PTE.
Alameer, A., and M. Saatcioglu. 2022. “SDOF analysis for anchorage design of blast-resistant windows.” Eng. Struct.
Andersson, S., and H. Karlsson. 2012. “Structural response of reinforced concrete beams subjected to explosions.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers Univ. of Technology.
ARA (Applied Research Associates Inc.). 2005. Window glazing analysis response & design—WINGARD—Technical manual. ARA-TR-05-16462-2. Washington, DC: US General Services Administration.
ASCE. 2011. Blast protection of buildings. ASCE/SEI 59-11. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASTM. 2012a. Standard practice for determining load resistance of glass in buildings. ASTM E1300. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012b. Standard practice for specifying an equivalent 3-second duration design loading for blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass. ASTM F2248. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Belytschko, T., B. L. Wong, and H. Y. Chiang. 1989. “Improvement in low-order shell element for explicit transient analysis.” In Vol. 3 of Analytical and computational models of shells, edited by A. K. Noor, T. Belytschko, and J. Simo, 383–398. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Univ.
Belytschko, T., B. L. Wong, and H. Y. Chiang. 1992. “Advance in one point quadrature shell elements.” Comp. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 96 (1): 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(92)90100-X.
Carlsson, M., and R. Kristensson. 2012. “Structural response with regard to explosions—Mode superposition, damping and curtailment.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Lund Univ.
CERL (Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory). 2015. Department of foreign affairs, trade and development (DFATD) minimum blast design criteria—A guide to using protective film for security upgrade of glass windows level I. Ottawa: CERL.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2012. Design and assessment of buildings subjected to blast loads. CSA Standard S850-12. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2018. Blast-resistant window anchor systems. CSA Standard S852-18. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
Du Bois, P., S. Kolling, and W. Fassnacht. 2003. “Modelling of safety glass for crash simulation.” Comput. Mater. Sci. 28 (3–4): 675–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2003.08.023.
Flocker, F. W., and L. R. Dharani. 1997. “Stresses in laminated glass subjected to low velocity impact.” Eng. Struct. 19 (10): 851–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00162-4.
GSA (General Services Administration). 2003. Standard test method for glazing and window systems subject to dynamic overpressure loadings. Washington, DC: US General Services Administration.
Holmquist, T. J., G. R. Johnson, C. Lopatin, D. Grady, and E. S. Hertel Jr. 1995. “High strain rate properties and constitutive modeling of glass.” In Proc., 15th Int. Symp. on Ballistics. Washington, DC: DOE.
Hughes, T. J. R., and W. K. Liu. 1981a. “Nonlinear finite element analysis of shells: Three-dimensional shells.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. 26 (3): 331–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(81)90121-3.
Hughes, T. J. R., and W. K. Liu. 1981b. “Nonlinear finite element analysis of shells: Two-dimensional shells.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. 27 (2): 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(81)90148-1.
Kyei, C. 2014. “Effects of blast loading on seismically detailed reinforced concrete columns.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Carleton Univ.
Larcher, M., G. Solomos, F. Casadei, and N. Gebbeken. 2012. “Experimental and numerical investigations of laminated glass subjected to blast loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 39 (1): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.09.006.
Lin, L. H., E. Hinman, H. F. Stone, and A. M. Roberts. 2004. “Survey of window retrofit solutions for blast mitigation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 18 (2): 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2004)18:2(86).
Livermore Software Technology Corporation. 2007. LS-DYNA Version 971 keyword user’s manual. Livermore, CA: Livermore Software Technology Corporation.
Mays, G. C., and P. D. Smith. 2003. Blast effects on buildings—Design of buildings to optimize resistance to blast loading. London: Thomas Telford.
Moore, D. M. 1980. Proposed method for determining the glass thickness of rectangular glass solar collector panels subjected to uniform normal pressure loads. Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Oda, J., and M. Zang. 1997. “Analysis of impact fracture behavior of laminated glass of bilayer type using discrete element method.” In Vol. 145 of Key engineering materials, 349–354. Bach, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications.
PEC (Progressive Engineering and Consulting) and BakerRisk. 2008. Methodology manual for the single-degree-of-freedom blast effects design spreadsheets. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Peroni, M., G. Solomos, V. Pizzinato, and M. Larcher. 2011. “Experimental investigation of high strain-rate behaviour of glass.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 82 (Jul): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.82.63.
Rezaei, S. H. C. 2011. “Response of reinforced concrete elements to high-velocity impact load.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.
Saatcioglu, M., and E. Contastabile. 2015. Review of literature on blast resistant window anchor systems. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada.
Sun, D. Z., F. Andrieux, A. Ockewitz, H. Klamser, and J. Hogenmuller. 2005. “Modelling of the failure behaviour of windscreens and component tests.” In Vol. 25 of Proc., 5th European LS-DYNA User Conf. London: Arup Group.
Timmel, M., S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder, and P. A. Du Bois. 2007. “A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 34 (8): 1465–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.07.008.
US DoD (US Department of Defense). 2008. Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions. UFC 3-340. Washington, DC: Dept. of Defense.
Ward, S. P., and B. Jordan. 2006. “Anchoring blast resistant windows.” Accessed January 14, 2020. https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20-Jordan.pdf.
Zhang, X., and H. Hao. 2011. “Laboratory test and numerical simulation of laminated glass window response to impact and blast loads.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures. Perth, WA, Australia: Curtin Research Publications.
Zhang, X., H. Hao, and G. Ma. 2013a. “Laboratory test and numerical simulation of laminated glass window vulnerability to debris impact.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 55 (May): 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.01.002.
Zhang, X., H. Hao, and G. Ma. 2013b. “Parametric study of laminated glass window response to blast loads.” Eng. Struct. 56 (8): 1707–1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.07.008.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37 • Issue 2 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 30, 2021
Accepted: Sep 2, 2022
Published online: Jan 10, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 10, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.