Optimization of Electrocoagulation for Natural Organic Matter Removal and Its Impact on Disinfection By-Products Formation
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 8
Abstract
A batch electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminum electrodes was optimized for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and subsequent reduction in total trihalomethane (TTHM) formation potential from synthetic (SynW) and river water (RW) samples. Optimum operating conditions were found to be 45 min of electrolysis time, an initial NOM concentration of , and an applied voltage of 15 V. Initial NOM concentrations tested were 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and and treatment efficiency increased with increasing initial concentration. The kinetic study demonstrated that NOM removal followed second-order kinetics. NOM removal resulted in the reduction of trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in treated water. THM concentrations were measured in untreated and EC-treated water. Bromodichloromethane had the highest removal (92.4%) compared to trichloromethane (89.5%) after 10 min. The TTHM concentration after a 10–30 min treatment was below the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of . After 60 min, the TTHM concentration in the RW samples was reduced by 77.5%, which was considerably less than the reduction in the SynW samples (89.7%) within 10 min. The lower THMFP removal from RW may be due to interference from natural or anthropogenic constituents. The total amount of sludge generated in experiments was compared with the estimate derived using Faraday’s equation. A current efficiency of 1.4 was obtained, indicating super-faradaic behavior of the EC process at the optimum operating conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the generated sludge and entrapment of NOM in aluminum hydroxide [] flocs as the most likely removal mechanism. At optimum operating conditions, the energy consumption was . Thus, EC is an effective method for reducing NOM and THMFP from RW samples.
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Data Availability Statement
All data and models that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
Authors wish to thank all technical staff of Central Research Facility (CRF), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, for their technical support. Authors acknowledge Rajesh Kola for helping with the analysis.
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Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 8 • August 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 26, 2023
Accepted: Jan 22, 2024
Published online: May 30, 2024
Published in print: Aug 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Oct 30, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Aluminum (chemical)
- Chemical compounds
- Chemical elements
- Chemical processes
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Coagulation
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering mechanics
- Environmental engineering
- Heavy metals
- Kinetics
- Organic chemicals
- Organic compounds
- Organic matter
- Pollutants
- Sludge
- Solid mechanics
- Trihalomethanes
- Wastes
- Water treatment
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